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Brazil E O Teorema Zero Te UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES FLAVIO ARTIOLI NETO OS FUTUROS DE TERRY GILLIAM: BRAZIL E O TEOREMA ZERO TERRY GILLIAM’S FUTURES: BRAZIL AND THE ZERO THEOREM CAMPINAS 2017 Flavio Artioli Neto Os Futuros de Terry Gilliam: Brazil e O Teorema Zero Terry Gilliam’s Futures: Brazil and The Zero Theorem Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Multimeios Dissertation presented to the Institute of Arts of the State University of Campinas as part of the requirements required to obtain the title of Master in Multimedia ORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. Alfredo Luiz Paes de Oliveira Suppia ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO FLAVIO ARTIOLI NETO, E ORIENTADO PELO PROF. DR. ALFREDO LUIZ PAES DE OLIVEIRA SUPPIA. CAMPINAS 2017 BANCA EXAMINADORA DA DEFESA DE MESTRADO FLAVIO ARTIOLI NETO ORIENTADOR - PROF. DR. ALFREDO LUIZ PAES DE OLIVEIRA SUPPIA MEMBROS: 1.PROF. DR. ALFREDO LUIZ PAES DE OLIVEIRA SUPPIA 2.PROF. DR. PEDRO MACIEL GUIMARÃES JÚNIOR 3.PROFA. DRA. MARTA MOURÃO KANASHIRO Programa de Pós-Graduação em MULTIMEIOS do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. A ata de defesa com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros da banca examinadora encontra-se no processo de vida acadêmica da aluno(a). Campinas, 30 Agosto de 2017. Aos meus pais, pelo apoio e compreensão todos esses anos AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Comissão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Nível Superior (CAPES) pelo apoio financeiro por meio da bolsa concedida. Aos professores, colegas e orientadores pelos ensinamentos. Aos amigos, que aprenderam junto e muito me ensinaram, e, mais importante, que compartilharam momentos fundamentais de distração comigo. À minha família, pelo apoio financeiro, e, muito mais importante, por estarem sempre lá quando precisei. Resumo A obra do diretor Terry Gilliam possui filmes que são emblemáticos dentro da história do cinema. Os filmes do diretor carregam a forte marca estilística de Gilliam - seu estilo cartunesco e caricato, suas colagens elaboradas e seu humor repleto de crítica social - e trazem questões que passam pelos estudos de cinema, gênero e estudos sociais. Dentro desta obra o filme de 1985, Brazil, se destaca, sendo visto como o expoente do diretor e também como marco na produção cinematográfica. O filme retrata uma sociedade distópica onde a burocracia impera, e as pessoas são tratadas como meros processos dentro de uma vasta máquina social. Já em 2013, outro filme se destaca na obra do diretor: O Teorema Zero. Mais recente, e não tendo alcançado o sucesso de seu antecessor, o novo filme se aproxima do anterior ao trabalhar com muitos temas em comum, atualizando-os para os tempos contemporâneos. Ambos os filmes se situam em mundos distintos do nosso, em distopias, e utilizam-se das estratégias deste gênero de origem literária para trazer a tona diversas questões políticas e sociais. De fato, o gênero das distopias, oriundo do gênero das utopias, é ideal para o retrato de sociedades distintas da nossa, com o objetivo de trabalhar não questões hipotéticas e fantasiosas, mas sim questões reais de nossa sociedade. Ao criar mundos fantasiosos, as distopias em Brazil e O Teorema Zero falam sobre as sociedades em que eles foram produzidos. Assim, os filmes são retratos das preocupações e questões sociais e políticas que permeiam as épocas em que foram produzidos, isto é, os anos próximos a 1985 e a 2013. Ao estudarmos os filmes, em conjunto com obras de críticos sociais de suas épocas, percebemos a proeminência dos temas sociais que as sociedades distópicas desses destacam: questões que envolvem a estrutura social e de poder, do uso da tecnologia e de sua presença na ideologia e no funcionamento social, questões de consumo e de trabalho, e questões que envolvem vigilância em diversas de suas formas. Essas questões evoluem com o tempo e tais mudanças são percebidas e estudadas pelos críticos sociais. Em paralelo essas mudanças podem também ser vistas ao colocarmos lado a lado os dois filmes de Gilliam. Ao tratarem de temas semelhantes e terem sido produzidos em momentos distintos, os filmes retratam as mudanças que estes temas sofreram com o passar do tempo. A mudança social, na tecnologia, as reformulações das estruturas de trabalho e consumo e as novas formas de vigilância figuram ao analisarmos o filme O Teorema Zero em contraste com Brazil, através de uma abordagem pelo viés dos estudos das distopias. Percebemos assim, através destes paralelos, como os filmes trabalham questões sociais e as mudanças que estas sofreram com o passar do tempo, se enquadrando no corpus do gênero das distopias e se colocando como ícones dentro da obra do diretor Terry Gilliam. Palavras-chave: Distopia, Terry Gilliam, Brazil, O Teorema Zero. Abstract The work of director Terry Gilliam has emblematic films in the history of cinema. The director’s movies bear his strong stylistic mark - his cartoonistic and caricature style, his elaborate collages and his humor filled with social critique - and bring issues that embark the cinema studies, gender studies and social studies. Within this work, the movie from 1985, Brazil, stands out, seen as an exponent of the director and also as a mark on the film production. The movie portraits a dystopian society where bureaucracy reigns, and people are treated as mere cogs inside the vast social machine. In 2013, another movie stands out in the work of the director: The Zero Theorem. More recently, and not having achieved the success of its predecessor, the new movie relates to the previous by working with a lot of the same themes, updating them to contemporary times. Both movies portrait different worlds from ours, in dystopies, and use this genre’s strategies, of literary origin, to bring forth various social and political issues. Indeed, the dystopian genre, native from the utopian genre, is ideal to portrait societies distinct from ours, with the objective of dealing not with hypothetical and fantastic issues, but with real issues from our society. By creating fantasy worlds, Brazil and The Zero Theorem’s dystopias talk about the societies where they were produced. That way the movies can be seen as portraits of the worries and social and political issues that permeate the times they were made, that is, the years next to 1985 and 2013. By studying those movies, along with the work of social critics from their times, we notice the prominence of the social themes that these dystopic societies highlight: issues that involve the social and power structures, use of technology and its presence in ideology and social workings, issues of consumption and work, and issues that involve surveillance in its various forms. Those issues evolve with time and these changes are notice and studied by social critics. In parallel, those changes can also be seen when we study together Gilliam’s two movies. By working with so many similar themes, and by being produced in distinct moments, those movies portrait the changes those themes presented with the passing of time. The social change, the changes in technology, the reformulations in the structures of work and consumption, and the new forms in surveillance, comes forth when we study the movie The Zero Theorem in contrast with Brazil, through the dystopian studies. Therefore we notice, with those parallels, how the movies work with social issues and the changes those issues presented with the passing of time, framing themselves in the genre corpus of dystopia and placing themselves as icons the the works of director Terry Gilliam. Keywords: Dystopia, Terry Gilliam, Brazil, The Zero Theorem. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 - Sam em pânico, filmado por uma grande-angular……….……...37 Figura 2 - Qohen se sente oprimido………………………………….….….38 Figura 3 - pressão e desconforto em um Dutch angle…………………........39 Figura 4 - revelando a realidade aos poucos………………………….….....40 Figura 5 - os perfis pessoais vazam libertos do grande computador da Mancom……..............................................................................................................90 Figura 6 - O horizonte em O Teorema Zero…………………………….......95 Figura 7 - consumidores para Cristo………………………………….....…..98 Figura 8 - O mundo real começa a invadir os sonhos de Sam......................102 Figura 9 - Sonho final de Sam………………………………………….….104 Figura 10 - Cena final de Brazil – antes e depois da sobreposição das nuvens na parede da câmara……………………………..............................…………...…….105 Figura 11 - Pausa para a burocracia – plano aberto e bem iluminado…......111 Figura 12 - Ataque terrorista no restaurante – normalidade no primeiro plano, caos no fundo de campo……………………………................................…….…...115 Figura 13 - Casa de Qohen – uma mistura de elementos díspares……........119 Figura 14 - Praia de realidade virtual – como se saída de um sonho…….....121 Figura 15 - Cartaz sobre vigilância, na fábrica…………………….........….126 Figura 16 - Jill contra a burocracia. Detalhe para a câmera-olho à esquerda – cômica mas eficiente………………………………………..........………….......….130 Figura 17 - logo da Mancom - vigilante………………………….….......….133 Figura 18 - Câmera de vigilância – onisciente e onipresente………....…….135 Figura 19 - Buraco negro traga o conteúdo do computador central da Mancom…..............................................................................................................…140 Figura 20 - Tecnologia e religião – perdendo a fé………………......…...…155
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