DOCSLIB.ORG

Particle Transport in Tokamak Plasmas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Particle Transport in Tokamak Plasmas PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN TOKAMAK PLASMAS THÈSE NO 3252 (2005) PRÉSENTÉE À LA FACULTÉ SCIENCES DE BASE CRPP Association Euratom SECTION DE PHYSIQUE ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE POUR L'OBTENTION DU GRADE DE DOCTEUR ÈS SCIENCES PAR Alexey ZABOLOTSKIY M.Sc. in physics, Université de Novosibirsk, Russie et de nationalité russe acceptée sur proposition du jury: Dr H. Weisen, directeur de thèse Prof. A. Bay, rapporteur Dr R. Dux, rapporteur Dr X. Garbet, rapporteur Lausanne, EPFL 2005 Version abr´eg´ee Le transport des particules dans les plasmas confin´es magn´etiquement est d’une grande importance pour le d´eveloppement de l’´energie de fusion. Il sera d´eterminant pour les techniques d’alimentation en combustible, pour le contrˆole des impuret´es et pour l’´evacuation des particules alpha produites par les r´eactions de fusion. Les questions li´ees au transport des particules ont re¸cu, jusqu’a relativement r´ecemment, moins d’attention que celles concernant le transport de la chaleur. Ajout´e a la difficult´e plus grande des mesure exp´erimentales de transport des particules, ceci peut expliquer pourquoi notre compr´ehension de ce sujet est encore lacunaire. Le but de cette th`ese est de documenter exp´erimentalement le comportement des profils de densit´e dans les tokamaks TCV (Tokamak `a Configuration Variable)etJET(Joint European Torus) et d’en tenter des interpr´etations dans le cadre de diff´erents mod`eles th´eoriques et empiriques. Le tokamak TCV est bien adapt´eaux´etudes de transport des particules grˆace `a ses possibilit´es extrˆemes de variation de forme, qui permettent d’explorer un large ´eventail de diff´erentes conditions de plasma. Cette polyvalence est renforc´ee par le syst`eme puissant et flexible de chauffage cyclotronique ´electronique (ECH) de TCV, qui permet de contrˆolerlesprofilslocauxded´epˆot de puissance et des profils de courant non inductif. Une ´etude sur le tokamak JET nous a permis de comparer les r´esultats de TCV `a ceux obtenus dans un dispositif beaucoup plus grand et de compl´eter ainsi les ´etude de TCV avec l’analyse d’un r´egime pertinent `aunr´eacteur, le mode de haut confinement (mode H). L’information exp´erimentale a ´et´e assembl´ee dans une base de donn´ees des profils de densit´een´etat d’´equilibre, qui contient pr`es de 1000 ´echantillons pour TCV et 600 ´echantillons pour JET. Les donn´ees analys´ees sont repr´esentatives d’un vaste ´eventail de conditions de d´echarge, comprenant le mode de bas confinement (mode L), le mode H, des types de chauffage diff´erents, nottamment l’ECH, l’ICH (chauffage cyclotronique ionique), la LHCD (chauffage par ondes hybrides inf´erieures), et le NBI (chauffage par injection de faisceaux des neutres ´energ´etiques), et comprennent des d´echarges dont le courant est enti`erement g´en´er´ee de maniere non inductive. Les param`etres les plus important qui influencent les profils de densit´eont´et´ed´etermin´es par r´egression statistique. Une analyse d´etaill´ee des sources de particules a prouv´e que les particules neutres qui p´en`etrent depuis le bord dans TCV et JET ne peuvent pas ˆetre responsables du gradi- ent de densit´e a l’int´erieur de plasma, confirmant la pr´esence d’un transport convectif de particules (’pincement’). L’existence d’un pincement anomal a ´et´e clairement d´emontr´ee sur JET et sur TCV par l’observation des profils piqu´es dans des d´echarges stationaires soutenues enti`erement par un courant non inductif, c.`a.d. en l’absence du pincement n´eoclassique de Ware. Une diff´erence inattendue dans les d´ependances param´etriques a ´et´e trouv´ee entre les mode L et H. En mode L, dans TCV et dans JET, les longueurs de gradient de densit´e (ou le ’piquage’ des profils) d´ependent du cisaillement magn´etique et sont ind´ependants de la collisionalit´e´electronique. L’absence de d´ependance de la colli- sionalit´e en mode L est en contradiction avec les mod`eles th´eoriques existants. Les profils de densit´eenmodeHdansJET,parcontre,d´ependent clairement de la collisionalit´e en accord avec la th´eorie et avec une observation ant´erieure dans le tokamak ASDEX- Upgrade, tout en exhibant seulement une faible, voire aucune d´ependance des profils de cisaillement et de temp´erature. En mode L, tant dans TCV que dans JET, le piquage de densit´epeutˆetre interpret´e comme ´etant dˆu a l’equipartition turbulente, qui est bas´ee sur l’hypoth`ese la conservation du moment magn´etique et l’invariant longitudinal pendant le transport. L’observation d’une r´eduction du piquage sur TCV avec ECH soutient la th´eorie de turbulence des ondes de d´erives, qui pr´evoit l’apparition d’une convection des particules dirig´ee vers l’ext´erieur, quand les modes d’´electrons pi´eg´es sont d´estabilis´es.DanslemodeHsurJET, l’observation d’une corr´elation secondaire faible du piquage et du rapport des temp´eratures ´electronique et ionique, Te/Ti,peut´egalement ˆetre consid´er´e, au moins qualitativement, comme ´etant en accord avec la th´eorie de la turbulence des ondes de d´erive. Abstract The transport of particles in magnetically confined plasmas is of great importance for the development of fusion energy. It will determine techniques for fuelling, for controlling impurity concentrations and for the removal of the alpha particles produced by fusion reactions. The issues related to particle transport have received, until relatively recently, less attention than those regarding heat transport. Besides the greater experimental difficulty of measuring particle transport, this may explain why our understanding of this subject is still incomplete. The aim of this thesis is to document and tentatively interpret the experimental den- sity profile behaviour in the TCV (Tokamaka ` Configuration Variable)andJET(Joint European Torus) tokamaks in the framework of different theoretical and semi-empirical models. The TCV tokamak is well suited to transport studies due to its extreme shaping capability, which allows the exploration of a wide range of different plasma conditions. This versatility is matched by the powerful and flexible electron cyclotron heating (ECH) system on TCV, which allows a control of the local power deposition profiles and current drive profiles. A study of particle transport on the JET tokamak has allowed us to com- pare the results of TCV to those of a much larger device and supplement the TCV study with the analysis in reactor relevant high confinement regime (H-mode). The experimental information was compiled into a database of density profiles in steady state, containing nearly 1000 samples for TCV and 600 samples for JET. The data analyzed covered a wide range of discharge conditions, including low confinement regime (L-mode) and H-mode discharges, ECH, ICH (ion cyclotron heating), LHCD (low hy- brid), beam heated plasmas and include fully current drive discharges. The most relevant parameters which influence the density profiles were determined by regression. A detailed analysis of the particle sources showed that edge fuelling in TCV and JET cannot be responsible for density gradient in the plasma bulk, confirming the presence of particle convection or a ’pinch’. The existence of an anomalous pinch was unambiguously demonstrated both on JET and on TCV by the observation of peaked density profiles in stationary, fully relaxed, fully current driven discharges and hence in the absence of the neoclassical Ware pinch. An unexpected difference in the parameter dependencies was found in L-and H-modes. In TCV and JET, density gradient lengths (or profile peaking parameters) in L-mode were found to depend on magnetic shear with no dependence on collisionality. This lack of collisionality dependence in L- mode is inconsistent with current theoretical models. H-mode density profiles in JET, on the other hand, are clearly dependent on collisionality in agreement with theory and a prior observation on ASDEX- Upgrade, while exhibiting only a weak or no dependence on shear and temperature profiles. It was found that for TCV and JET, L mode density peaking can be interpreted as being due to turbulent equipartition, which assumes conservation of the magnetic moment and the longitudinal invariant during transport. The observation of a reduction of peaking in TCV with ECH supports drift wave turbulence theory, which predicts the appearance of outward particle convection, when trapped electron modes are destabilized. In JET H-mode, the weak secondary correlation of peaking with the electron-ion temperature ratio Te/Ti, may also be considered, at least quantitatively, as being supportive of drift wave turbulence theory. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1Nuclearfusion.................................. 1 1.2Thetokamakconcept.............................. 3 1.3Particletransportintokamaks......................... 4 1.4Outlineofthethesis.............................. 6 2 TCV and JET tokamaks 9 2.1TheTCVtokamak............................... 9 2.2TCVdiagnostics................................ 11 2.2.1 Thomsonscattering........................... 13 2.2.2 TheFIRinterferometer......................... 14 2.2.3 Softx-raytomography......................... 16 2.3TheJETtokamak............................... 17 2.4ThemainJETdiagnostics........................... 19 2.4.1 JETLIDARThomsonscattering................... 19 2.4.2 JETFIRinterferometer........................ 20 2.5JETdensityprofileinversion.......................... 21 2.5.1 ElectrondensityprofilesinJET.................... 21 2.5.2 Electrondensityprofilereconstruction................ 26 2.5.3 Applications............................... 28 2.5.4
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anti-Aging Effects of Deuterium Depletion on Mn-Induced Toxicity in a C
    Toxicology Letters 211 (2012) 319–324 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Toxicology Letters jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxlet Anti-aging effects of deuterium depletion on Mn-induced toxicity in a C. elegans model a,c b b c,d,e,∗ Daiana Silva Ávila , Gábor Somlyai , Ildikó Somlyai , Michael Aschner a Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472 Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil b HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Furj u.2., Budapest H-1124, Hungary c Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA d Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA e Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Work with sub-natural levels of deuterium (D) in animals has demonstrated an anti-cancer effect of low Received 17 February 2012 D-concentration in water. Our objective was to investigate whether deuterium-depleted water (DDW) Received in revised form 19 April 2012 can overturn reverse manganese (Mn)-induced reduction in life span, using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. Accepted 20 April 2012 elegans) as a model system. DDW per se had no effect on worm’s life span 48 h after treatment; however, it Available online 26 April 2012 reversed the Mn-induced decrease in C. elegans life span. Mn reduced DAF-16 levels, a transcription factor strongly associated with life-span regulation. Low D-concentration (90 ppm) restored the Mn-induced Keywords: changes in DAF-16 to levels indistinguishable from controls, suggesting DDW can regulate the DAF-16 Deuterium depletion DDW pathway.
    [Show full text]
  • Deuterated Molecules in Star-Forming Regions
    Jagiellonian University Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science Deuterated Molecules in Star-Forming Regions Magdalena Jastrzębska Dissertation for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Promotor: prof. dr hab. Ryszard Szczerba co-promotor: dr Agata Karska "Not all who wander are lost." J.R.R. Tolkien–Lord of the Rings Rodzicom Danucie i Antoniemu i Chciałabym serdecznie podziękować Panu profesorowi Darkowi Lisowi, bez którego moja rozprawa doktorska by nie powstała. Pani profesor Maryvonne Gerin, która wprowadzała mnie w tajniki redukcji danych spektroskopowych i której wyjątkowe zaangażowanie przyczyniło się do powstania moich artykułów. Panu profesorowi dr hab. Ryszardowi Szczerbie za cierpliwość i merytoryczną pomoc podczas pisania pracy. Paniom dr Agacie Karskiej i dr Nataszy Siódmiak za wnikliwą analizę tekstu. Rodzinie za wsparcie, Kindze i Stasiowi za twórczą obecność, a sobie za kosmiczną determinację. ii Oświadczenie Ja niżej podpisana Magdalena Jastrzębska (nr indeksu: WFAI-D-150) doktorantka Wydziału Fizyki, Astronomii i Informatyki Stosowanej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego oświadczam, że przedłożona przeze mnie rozprawa doktorska pt. „Deuterated Molecules in Star-Forming Regions” jest oryginalna i przedstawia wyniki badań wykonanych przeze mnie osobiście, pod kierunkiem prof. dr hab. Ryszarda Szczerby. Pracę napisałam samodzielnie. Oświadczam, że moja rozprawa doktorska została opracowana zgodnie z Ustawą o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r (Dziennik Ustaw 1994 nr 24 poz. 83 z późniejszymi zmianami). Jestem świadoma, że niezgodność niniejszego oświadczenia z prawdą ujawniona w dowolnym czasie, niezależnie od skutków prawnych wynikających z ww. ustawy, może spowodować unieważnienie stopnia na podstawie tej rozprawy. ................................. ................................. Data Podpis autora pracy iii Contents Contents 1 Abstract 2 2 Summary in Polish 4 3 Synopsis 6 3.1 A brief history ...............................
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrophobically Functionalized Poly (Acrylic Acid) Comprising the Ester
    polymers Article Hydrophobically Functionalized Poly(Acrylic Acid) Comprising the Ester-Type Labile Spacer: Synthesis and Self-Organization in Water Łukasz Lamch 1,*, Sylwia Ronka 2, Izabela Moszy ´nska 1, Piotr Warszy ´nski 3 and Kazimiera A. Wilk 1,* 1 Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrze˙zeWyspia´nskiego27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Engineering and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrze˙zeWyspia´nskiego27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 3 Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Ł.L.); [email protected] (K.A.W.) Received: 22 April 2020; Accepted: 18 May 2020; Published: 22 May 2020 Abstract: One of the most important properties of hydrophobically functionalized polyelectrolytes (HF-PEs) and their assemblies is their ability to encapsulate hydrophobic/amphiphilic agents and provide release on demand of the entrapped payload. The aim of the present work was to synthesize and study self-organization behavior in aqueous solution of hydrophobically functionalized poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) comprising the ester-type pH labile moiety with various degrees of hydrophobization and side-chain lengths in the absence and presence of appropriate mono- and polyvalent electrolytes (i.e., NaCl or CaCl2). The synthesis and purification of hydrophobically functionalized PAA were performed under mild conditions in order to avoid chemical degradation of the polymers.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
    Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride
    [Show full text]
  • Revealing Water's Secrets: Deuterium Depleted Water
    Goncharuk et al. Chemistry Central Journal 2013, 7:103 http://journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/7/1/103 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Revealing water’s secrets: deuterium depleted water Vladyslav V Goncharuk, Alina A Kavitskaya, Iryna Yu Romanyukina and Oleksandr A Loboda* Abstract Background: The anomalous properties of water have been of great interest for generations of scientists. However the impact of small amount of deuterium content which is always present in water has never been explored before. For the first time the fundamental properties of deuterium depleted (light) water at 4°C and 20°C are here presented. Results: The obtained results show the important role of the deuterium in the properties of bulk water. At 4°C the lowest value of the kinematic viscosity (1.46 mm2/s) has been found for 96.5 ppm D/H ratio. The significant deviation in surface tension values has been observed in deuterium depleted water samples at the both temperature regimes. The experimental data provides direct evidence that density, surface tension and viscosity anomalies of water are caused by the presence of variable concentration of deuterium which leads to the formation of water clusters of different size and quantity. Conclusions: The investigated properties of light water reveal the origin of the water anomalies. The new theoretical model of cluster formation with account of isotope effect is proposed. Keywords: Deuterium depleted water, Surface tension, Viscosity, Water clusters Introduction At zero°C the ice structure has all hydrogens in a Foroverthousandyearswaterkeptitssecrets.Atthe “bonded” state. With the gradual increase of temperature first glance water seems to be one of the most simple thenumberofbrokenwaterhydrogenbondsincreases and abundant substances, however in addition to H2Oit too.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermophoresis of Biological and Biocompatible Systems
    Thermophoresis of biological and biocompatible systems Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Universit¨at zu K¨oln vorgelegt von Doreen Niether aus Eberswalde-Finow K¨oln, 2018 Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Annette Schmidt (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Simone Wiegand Prof. Dr. Guillaume Galliero Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 17.05.2018 i Abstract Thermophoresis, or thermodiffusion, is mass transport driven by a temperature gradient. This work focuses on thermodiffusion in a biological context, where there are two major applications for the effect: accumulation of a component in microfluidic devices through a combination of thermodiffusion and convection, and monitoring of protein binding reac- tions through the sensitivity of thermodiffusion to complex formation. Both applications are investigated, the first as an accumulation process in the context of origin-of-life theories and the second in light of the question what we can learn from the observed changes in thermodiffusion about modifications of the hydration shell upon complex formation. While thermodiffusion in non-polar liquids can be predicted with reasonable accuracy, the descrip- tion of aqueous systems is complicated as their concentration and temperature dependence is often anomalous. The underlying goal of this work is to gain a better understanding of the interactions between components in an aqueous mixture and how they influence thermo- diffusion. We find that the temperature dependence of a solute's thermodiffusion correlates with its hydrophilicity and argue that the temperature sensitivity of hydrogen bonds, which domi- nate the interactions in aqueous solutions, might induce a temperature dependence of the chemical potential. Such a temperature dependence is as of yet not considered in theore- tical descriptions of thermodiffusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenhouse Gas Profiling by Infrared- Laser and Microwave Occultation: Atmospheric Influences and Retrieval Algorithm in Clear and Cloudy Air
    Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change University of Graz Scientific Report No. 63-2014 Greenhouse gas profiling by infrared- laser and microwave occultation: Atmospheric influences and retrieval algorithm in clear and cloudy air Veronika Proschek December 2014 Financially supported by The Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change combines as an interdisciplinary, internationally oriented research institute the competences of the University of Graz in the research area “Climate, Environmental and Global Change”. It brings together, in a dedicated building close to the University central campus, research teams and scientists from fields such as geo- and climate physics, meteorology, economics, geography, and regional sciences. At the same time close links exist and are further developed with many cooperation partners, both nationally and internationally. The research interests extend from monitoring, analysis, modeling and prediction of climate and environmental change via climate impact research to the analysis of the human dimensions of these changes, i.e., the role of humans in causing and being effected by climate and environmental change as well as in adaptation and mitigation. (more information at www.wegcenter.at) The present report is the result of a dissertation work completed in April 2014. The work was funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) under ESA-ESTEC Contract No. 21507/08/NL/HE (ACTLIMB project) and the Austrian Space Applications Programme (ASAP) / Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) under FFG-ALR Contract No. 819706 (ACCU-Clouds project). Alfred Wegener (1880-1930), after whom the Wegener Center is named, was founding holder of the University of Graz Geophysics Chair (1924-1930).
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Hydrogen Bonding of Cyclodextrin–Drug Complexes
    Article pubs.acs.org/Langmuir Role of Hydrogen Bonding of Cyclodextrin−Drug Complexes Probed by Thermodiffusion † ‡ § ‡ † ∥ Doreen Niether, Tsubasa Kawaguchi, Jana Hovancova,́Kazuya Eguchi, Jan K. G. Dhont, , ‡ ⊥ † # Rio Kita,*, , and Simone Wiegand*, , † ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany ‡ ⊥ Department of Physics and Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan § Chemistry Department, Pavol Jozef Šafariḱ Univerzity, 041 80 Kosice,̌ Slovakia ∥ Department of Physics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversitatDü ̈sseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany # Department für ChemiePhysikalische Chemie, UniversitatzuKö ̈ln, D-50939 Cologne, Germany *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Temperature gradient-induced migration of biomolecules, known as thermophoresis or thermodiffusion, changes upon ligand binding. In recent years, this effect has been used to determine protein−ligand binding constants. The mechanism through which thermodiffusive properties change when complexes are formed, however, is not understood. An important contribution to thermodiffusive properties origi- nates from the thermal response of hydrogen bonds. Because there is a considerable difference between the degree of solvation of the protein−ligand complex and its isolated components, ligand-binding is accompanied by a significant change in hydration. The aim of the present work is therefore to investigate the role played by hydrogen bonding on the change in thermodiffusive behavior upon ligand-binding. As a model system, we use cyclodextrins (CDs) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), where quite a significant change in hydration is expected and where no conformational changes occur when a CD/ASA complex is formed in aqueous solution. Thermophoresis was investigated in the temperature range of 10−50 °C by infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering.
    [Show full text]
  • Vibrational Spectroscopy of Semiheavy Water (HDO) As a Probe of Solute Hydration*
    Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 82, No. 10, pp. 1869–1887, 2010. doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-09-10-14 © 2010 IUPAC, Publication date (Web): 6 August 2010 Vibrational spectroscopy of semiheavy water (HDO) as a probe of solute hydration* Maciej Śmiechowski‡ and Janusz Stangret Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland Abstract: Vibrational spectroscopy is an ideally suited tool for the study of solute hydration. Nevertheless, water is commonly considered by spectroscopists a difficult solvent to work with. However, by using the isotopic dilution technique, in which a small amount of D2O is introduced into H2O or vice versa with formation of semiheavy water (HDO), many techni- cal and interpretative problems connected with measurement of infrared spectra of water may be circumvented. Particularly, the isotopic decoupling of stretching vibrational modes greatly simplifies interpretation of the spectra. Systematic studies conducted in several laboratories since the 1980s up to the present day have provided a vast amount of data, concerning mainly ionic hydration. Many of these experiments have been performed in our laboratory. The analysis method we applied is based on the quantitative version of the difference spectra tech- nique and allows separation of the spectrum of solute-affected HDO from the bulk solvent. This review illustrates the development of vibrational spectroscopy of HDO and spectral analysis methods over the years, as well as summarizes the results obtained for ionic and nonionic solutes, including some general hydration models formulated on their basis. Keywords: aqueous solutions; difference spectra method; semiheavy water (HDO); hydra- tion; vibrational spectroscopy.
    [Show full text]
  • Near-Infrared Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopic
    Article Cite This: ACS Sens. 2019, 4, 1899−1908 pubs.acs.org/acssensors Near-Infrared Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopic Multigas Sensor Using a 1650 nm Light Emitting Diode † † † † † † Kaiyuan Zheng, Chuantao Zheng,*, Ningning Ma, Zidi Liu, Yue Yang, Yu Zhang, † ‡ Yiding Wang, and Frank K. Tittel † State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China ‡ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: A near-infrared broadband cavity-enhanced sensor system was demonstrated for the first time using an energy-efficient light emitting diode (LED) with a central emission wavelength at 1650 nm and a light power of ∼16 mW. A portable absorption gas cell was designed for realizing a compact and stable optical system for easy alignment. An ultrashort 8-cm-long cavity was fabricated consisting of two ∼ fl mirrors with a 99.35% re ectivity. Methane (CH4) measure- ment was performed employing two detection schemes, i.e., NIRQuest InGaAs spectrometer and scanning monochroma- tor combined with phase-sensitive detection. Retrieval of CH4 concentration was performed using a least-squares fitting algorithm. Sensitivities (i.e., minimum detectable absorption coefficient) were achieved of 1.25 × 10−6 cm−1 for an averaging time of 45 s using the NIRQuest InGaAs spectrometer and 1.85 × 10−6 cm−1 for an averaging time of 8 min using the scanning spectrometer in combination with lock-in detection. Field monitoring of CH4 gas leakage was performed using the NIRQuest spectrometer.
    [Show full text]
  • HALO 3 D2O/HDO Trace Level Heavy Water Analyzer
    HALO 3 D2O/HDO Trace Level Heavy Water Analyzer GASES & CHEMICALS CEMS ENERGY SEMI & HB LED ATMOSPHERIC LAB & LIFE SCIENCE The HALO 3 D2O/HDO analyzer ensures purity and process protection with: z Parts-per-billion (ppb) D2O and HDO detection capability z Wide measurement range z Freedom from calibration (absolute CRDS measurement technology) z Low cost of ownership and zero maintenance z Easy to use touchscreen and remote software interface 2 Deuterium (D2 or H2), also known as “heavy deuterium purity analysis. Compact and easy to use, hydrogen”, is used in a variety of applications, this analyzer features Tiger Optics’ proven Cavity including industrial and university research Ring-Down Spectroscopy technology to effortlessly comparisons between hydrogen and deuterium detect single-digit ppb levels of D2O and HDO in in deposited film analysis, rapid thermal anneal for your sample. certain semiconductor devices, and optical fiber Users enjoy freedom from periodic sensor manufacturing to eliminate the water peak in the maintenance, and with no calibration gases telecom E-band. Whether it is for process control or required, operating costs are nearly eliminated. quality assurance, gas suppliers need accurate, low- With drift-free stability and rapid response time, the level contaminant monitoring to ensure deuterium HALO 3 D2O/HDO analyzer is ideal for continuous, purity, especially for the detection of trace D2O online gas monitoring that is critical to process (heavy water) and HDO (semiheavy water). control in gas and chemical industries
    [Show full text]
  • Download Version of Record (PDF / 488Kb)
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Water heavily fractionated as it ascends on Mars as revealed by ExoMars/NOMAD Journal Item How to cite: Villanueva, Geronimo L.; Liuzzi, Giuliano; Crismani, Matteo M. J.; Aoki, Shohei; Vandaele, Ann Carine; Daerden, Frank; Smith, Michael D.; Mumma, Michael J.; Knutsen, Elise W.; Neary, Lori; Viscardy, Sebastien; Thomas, Ian R.; Lopez-Valverde, Miguel Angel; Ristic, Bojan; Patel, Manish R.; Holmes, James A.; Bellucci, Giancarlo and Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan (2021). Water heavily fractionated as it ascends on Mars as revealed by ExoMars/NOMAD. Science Advances, 7(7), article no. eabc8843. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2021 Geronimo L. Villanueva et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc8843 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE ASTRONOMY Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; Water heavily fractionated as it ascends on Mars exclusive licensee American Association as revealed by ExoMars/NOMAD for the Advancement Geronimo L. Villanueva1*, Giuliano Liuzzi1,2, Matteo M. J. Crismani3,4, Shohei Aoki5,6, of Science. No claim to 4 4 1 1 1,2 original U.S. Government Ann Carine Vandaele , Frank Daerden , Michael D. Smith , Michael J.
    [Show full text]