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The Politics of Law of Pancasila-Based Democracy in Indonesia As the World’S Third Largest Democracy

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The Politics of Law of Pancasila-Based Democracy in Indonesia As the World’S Third Largest Democracy E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 9 No 4 July 2020 ISSN 2281-3993 www.richtmann.org . Research Article © 2020 Fifiana Wisnaeni and Ratna Herawati. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) The Politics of Law of Pancasila-based Democracy in Indonesia as the World’s Third Largest Democracy Fifiana Wisnaeni Ratna Herawati Faculty of Law, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0059 Abstract The Indonesian Constitution explicitly states that Indonesia is a country that manages the democratic political system. In the practice of managing the State, democracy that takes place in Indonesia always changes following the development of the Indonesian constitutional system. The aim of this research is to investigate the political development of democratic law in the world's third largest democracy and the ideal democratic system for Indonesia at this time. The research method used is normative juridical, with descriptive analytical research specifications and secondary data types. The data collection method was carried out through a literature study and research results were analyzed by qualitative methods. The results showed that the ideal democracy for the Indonesian state was Pancasila democracy as stated in the Preamble to the Constitution, which stated that democracy was led by wisdom in the deliberative representation and stated that sovereignty was in the hands of the people and implemented according to the Constitution. Keywords: democracy, constitutional system, politics of law, Indonesia 1. Introduction In state theory, democracy is defined as a form of state organization in which the government is carried out by the people, as opposed to a monarchie government or an oligarchy government (Wahyono, 1989). Related to this, it can be said that Indonesia is a country that embraces a democratic political system because in its constitution it explicitly states that sovereignty is in the hands of the people. Democracy is a term that is loaded with meaning and interpretation. One thing that is certain is that understanding is closely linked to the social system that supports it (Muladi, 1997). Thus, it would appear that, in addition to containing universal elements or common denominator, democracy also contains contextual contents inherent in a particular social system or cultural relativism. In this case it is often said that perhaps not a single word has been given more meaning than democracy. In Indonesia, there have been several changes in the democratic system in line with the development of Indonesian state administration (Saraswati et al., 2020). Broadly speaking, the development of state administration in Indonesia can be divided into periods after independence, the era of the new order government and the reform order (Parasong, 2014). According to Hidayat (2006), democracy in Indonesia can be divided into parliamentary democracy (1945-1949), guided democracy (1959-1966), and Pancasila democracy (1966-1998), 39 E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 9 No 4 ISSN 2281-3993 www.richtmann.org July 2020 democracy in the reformation era (1998-present). It can be seen that democracy in Indonesia is strongly influenced by the development of the constitutional system in Indonesia. Furthermore, Mahfud (2009) states that legal politics refers to legal policy or official policy lines regarding the law that will be enforced either by making new laws or by replacing old laws, in order to achieve the goals of the country. The change in democracy in Indonesia is closely related to the political politics that apply when democracy is implemented in accordance with its period (Mahfud, 2012). Politics of law is manifested in changes in law, both in the form of making new laws and replacing old laws (Budiardjo, 2008). By looking at the development of democracy in Indonesia, since Indonesia's independence until now, this study seeks to investigate the development of democracy and Indonesian state administration from the perspective of legal politics that now prevails in Indonesia. The ideal question is the suitability of the political system and state administration for a multicultural Indonesia. Theoretically, the adoption of democracy and the state administration system can ultimately lead to the realization of the ideals of the country, namely creating a just and prosperous society based on the Pancasila and the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. 2. Methods The method of approach in this study is normative juridical, which is an approach that uses the concept of positivist legis which states that law is identical with written norms created and enacted by authorized institutions or officials (Marzuki, 2003). In addition, this concept also views law as a normative system that is autonomous, closed and independent of people's lives (Soemitro, 1988). From the research specifications, this research is analytical descriptive, namely describing, describing or revealing data that has relevance to the problem (Alwasilah, 2008). Based on the types and methods of data collection, the types of data from this study are secondary data. Secondary data consists of primary legal materials, in the form of laws and regulations consisting of the constitution that was and is currently in force in Indonesia. Secondary legal material in the form of books and literature related to the problem under study and primary legal material in the form of the internet. In accordance with the type of data, the data collection method used is library research. Data analysis in this study was carried out with qualitative data analysis. Qualitative methods are research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and observable behavior (Moleong, 2014). All data needed is processed and arranged systematically, so that it can produce conclusions in accordance with the problems and research objectives delivered in a descriptive form. 3. History of Indonesian Democracy and Constitution The development of democracy in Indonesia is closely related to the development of Indonesian state administration, which can be divided into four main developments. First, presidential democracy (August 17, 1945-Nov. 11, 1945). Since Indonesia became independent and sovereign as a country on August 17, 1945, the nation founders through the 1945 Constitution which was passed on August 18, 1945 have determined that the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia adheres to the democracy, where sovereignty is in the hands of the people and fully implemented by the People's Consultative Assembly. These provisions can be seen in the formulation of Article 1 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution which states that sovereignty is in the hands of the people and is carried out entirely by the People's Consultative Assembly. Thus, it also means that the Republic of Indonesia is classified as a country that embraces the representative democracy. The second development was Parliamentary democracy starting with the issuance of the November 14, 1945 announcement by the President, which contained a new cabinet arrangement under Prime Minister Sutan Syahir, accountable to Parliament, namely the Central Indonesian National Committee/KNIP. Based on the announcement of November 14, 1945 the President lost his 40 E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 9 No 4 ISSN 2281-3993 www.richtmann.org July 2020 position as Head of Government, because in the parliamentary system of government carried out by the Cabinet led by a Prime Minister responsible to Parliament/KNIP). The center of executive power has shifted from the President to the Prime Minister, because the day-to-day responsibilities of the government are in the hands of the Minister who will then be held accountable to Parliament and the President is only the head of state. There has been a fundamental change in the state administration in the political system o from a presidential system to a parliamentary system without making changes to the Constitution. At the time the parliamentary system came into force, the people had begun to enjoy basic rights freely including the right to assemble and associate by establishing and becoming members of political parties as evidenced by the emergence of political parties and a number of youth and women's mass organizations that were wrongly affiliated one party. The main function of the party was to join the government to win the independence revolution by instilling state awareness and the spirit of anti-imperialism and colonialism. Meanwhile, other basic elements of democracy cannot be fully realized. Accountability of office holders elected by the people, rotations of power, open political recruitment and general elections cannot be carried out (Feith & Castles, 2007). Third is guided democracy emerged because, since the end of the general election in 1955. Political parties in this time had been very much oriented towards their own ideological interests and paid less attention to national political interests as a whole. Therefore, Sukarno as the President of the Republic of Indonesia then threw up the idea that parliamentary democracy was incompatible with the personality of the Indonesian nation imbued with a spirit of kinship and mutual cooperation. In an effort to overcome the conflict that had the potential
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