Generalized Terminal Modeling of Electro-Magnetic Interference
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Generalized Terminal Modeling of Electro-Magnetic Interference Andrew Carson Baisden Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering Dushan Boroyevich, Chairman Fei Wang Shuo Wang Sedki M. Riad Traian Iliescu November 6, 2009 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Common Mode (CM), Differential Mode (DM), Electro-magnetic Interference (EMI), High frequency modeling, Terminal model Copyright 2009, Andrew Carson Baisden Generalized Terminal Modeling of Electro-Magnetic Interference by Andrew C. Baisden Dushan Boroyevich, Chairman Electrical Engineering ABSTRACT Terminal models have been used for various power electronic applications. In this work a two- and three-terminal black box model is proposed for electro-magnetic interference (EMI) characterization. The modeling procedure starts with a time-variant system at a particular operating condition, which can be a converter, set of converters, sub-system or collection of components. A unique, linear equivalent circuit is created for applications in the frequency domain. Impedances and current / voltage sources define the noise throughout the entire EMI frequency spectrum. All parameters needed to create the model are clearly defined to ensure convergence and maximize accuracy. The model is then used to predict the attenuation caused by a filter with increased accuracy over small signal insertion gain measurements performed with network analyzers. Knowledge of EMI filters interactions with the converter allows for advanced techniques and design constraints to optimize the filter for size, weight, and cost. Additionally, the model is also demonstrated when the operating point of the system does not remain constant, as with AC power systems. Modeling of a varying operating point requires information of all the operating conditions for a complete and accurate model. However, the data collection and processing quickly become unmanageable due to the large amounts of data needed. Therefore, simplification techniques are used to reduce the complexity of the model while maintaining accuracy throughout the frequency spectrum. The modeling approach is verified for linear and power electronic networks including: a dc- dc boost converter, phase-leg module, and a simulated dc-ac inverter. The accuracy of the model is confirmed up to 100 MHz in simulation and at least 50 MHz for experimental validation. Andrew C. Baisden ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my greatest thanks to my advisor Dr. Dushan Boroyevich. He has continually guided and pushed me to excel past any barrier through his perpetual questioning. His support, knowledge, confidence, and mentorship are unprecedented and I strive to incessantly learn from him day in and day out. His creative approach has kept my interest and drive at its peak throughout my graduate degrees. I would also like to thank the rest of my committee members, Dr. Fred Wang and his vast knowledge of the subject matter assisted me to always find something to improve upon. Dr. Shuo Wang’s EMI and experimental experience furthered my understanding and expanded my capabilities to struggle through this phenomenon. Dr. Sedki Riad and Dr. Traian Iliescu have been a pleasure to work with. They are very kind and generous with their time and efforts in assisting me during this task. I would also like to thank all of the staff at CPES for their assistance for the ever so important day to day matters. Bob Martin, Dan Huff, Doug Sterk, and David Gilham kept the labs in working order and provided insight to many problems along the way. Marianne Hawthorne, Trish Rose, Teresa Shaw, Linda Gallagher, Linda Long, Elizabeth Tranter, and Michelle Czamanske for their administrative ingenious to get me from one day to the next. Additionally, the assistance and guidance of my industrial sponsor including Nicolas Gazel, Regis Meuret, and Remi Robutel is greatly appreciated. None of this could have been possible without the network within CPES; working at CPES has provided the knowledge and experience of nearly a hundred people at my fingertips. I want to express my thanks to all of the CPES students who have helped me along the way, especially, Bryan Charboneau, Tim Thacker, Jerry Francis, Anish Prasai, Fang Luo, Igor Cvetkovic, Rixin Lai, Hemant Bishnoi, Yoann Maillet, Daniel Ghizoni, Qian Liu, Bing Lu, and Arman Roshan for their suggestions and friendship whether it be related to this work or not. I would also like to thank Vassilis Siomos, Rory Cantu, Brandon Hoeft, and Chad Hudson for their support and friendship throughout our lives. My family has provided me the strength to continue on through their love and support. First and foremost my beautiful and loving wife, Kristie Baisden, has had infinite patience during my studies. Her love and support never wavered through the arduous times caused by our distance apart while I finished my degree. I am forever grateful and honored to have her by my side for iii Andrew C. Baisden ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS all the new journeys we will encounter together. I want to thank my mother, Theresa Baisden, and father, John Baisden for an endless amount of love, support, and belief in their youngest son. Finally, I would like to send a thank you to all my brothers, Jeff and Steve, my sister, Jennifer, and all their families, as well as my entire extended family. This work was supported in part by the Engineering Research Center Program of the National Science Foundation under NSF Award Number EEC-9731677 and the Safran Groupe. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. This work was supported in part by the CPES Industry Partnership Program via shared facilities and resources. This work was conducted with the use of Simplorer, donated in kind by the Ansoft Corporation of the CPES Industrial Consortium. All work, figures, and photos are by the author. iv Andrew C. Baisden ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my beautiful and devoted wife Kristie Wolfe Baisden And My loving and supportive parents John and Theresa Baisden v Andrew C. Baisden TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... xv 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Detailed, Physics Based Modeling Approach ............................................................. 6 1.2.2 Behavioral (Terminal) Modeling Approach ............................................................. 10 1.3 MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 12 2 MODELING DEFINITION AND THEORY ................................................................... 15 2.1 TWO-TERMINAL ............................................................................................................. 15 2.1.1 Equivalent Circuit ..................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Error Analysis & Required Parameters ................................................................... 17 2.2 MODEL LIMITATIONS ..................................................................................................... 21 2.3 THREE-TERMINAL .......................................................................................................... 26 2.4 N-TERMINAL ................................................................................................................. 29 3 MODELING VALIDATION AND APPLICATION ...................................................... 33 3.1 MODEL VERIFICATION THROUGH SIMULATIONS ........................................................... 33 3.1.1 Two-Terminal ............................................................................................................ 33 3.1.2 Three-Terminal ......................................................................................................... 47 3.1.3 Four-Terminal........................................................................................................... 53 3.2 MEASUREMENT VALIDATION ......................................................................................... 56 3.2.1 Procedure .................................................................................................................. 56 3.2.2 Boost Converter ........................................................................................................ 58