DOCSLIB.ORG

Diplomatic Struggles: British Support in Spain and Portugal, 1800 •Fi 1810

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diplomatic Struggles: British Support in Spain and Portugal, 1800 •Fi 1810 Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Diplomatic Struggles: British Support in Spain and Portugal, 1800 1810 Frederick H. Black Jr. Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DIPLOMATIC STRUGGLES: BRITISH SUPPORT IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL, 1800 – 1810 By FREDERICK H. BLACK, JR. A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2005 Copyright © 2005 Frederick H. Black, Jr. All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Frederick H. Black, Jr., defended on 28 April 2005. _____________________ Donald D. Horward Professor Directing Dissertation _____________________ Patrick M. O’Sullivan Outside Committee Member _____________________ Michael Creswell Committee Member _____________________ Jonathan A. Grant Committee Member _____________________ Joe M. Richardson Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the course of completing this dissertation, I have incurred debts to many people, for which I must give proper recognition. Despite all of the assistance I have received from many different sources, any errors in this work are mine alone. No study of this type could be accomplished without the help of a good library, and the Napoleon collection at Florida State’s Strozier Library is the premier such collection in the United States for researchers. I must especially thank Dr. Lucy Patrick and her staff in the Special Collections Division and the librarians in the Subbasement for all of their assistance in locating needed resources. The United States Military Academy Library also deserves special thanks. The library became my quiet haven in which to work, and many of the staff there also became good friends of mine over the course of my three- year assignment at West Point. I must specifically thank the Inter-Library Loan staff, namely Mona Pelkey, Heather Bischoff, Debbie Disalvo, and Bob Sorce. They consistently provided excellent service in quickly finding the books that I needed to complete this project. I could not have completed this degree without the help of so many good librarians at both Florida State and West Point. I had the good fortune to take two trips to London over the course of this project. In both cases, the staffs at the British Library in London and the Public Record Office in Kew Gardens were also especially helpful. I must also thank Dr. Ben Weider, and Dr. George Knight for their financial assistance which facilitated, in part, my first trip to London to conduct primary research. As the first recipient of the General Antoine-Henri Jomini Fellowship, I am indebted to Baron Roger and Baroness Gladys Jomini; this enabled me to complete my second research trip to England in 2004. In a similar vein, I must thank the United States Military Academy Dean of the Academic Board, Brigadier General Daniel J. Kaufman, for the assistance provided by his office to junior military faculty members conducting research trips. iii I am definitely grateful to all of the people who have helped me over the past five years in the History Department at Florida State. In particular, the members of my committees, Dr. Michael Creswell, Dr. James P. Jones, Dr. Jonathan A. Grant, and Dr. Joe M. Richardson have provided excellent classroom instruction, helpful comments on this dissertation, and friendly advice throughout my time at Florida State. My outside committee member, Dr. Patrick M. O’Sullivan has given freely of his time to serve on yet another committee for one of Dr. Horward’s students. I would be remiss if I did not thank Ms. Debbie Perry and Ms. Chris Pignatiello for all of their assistance, starting with my first day at FSU, and continuing on through many frantic phone calls while I worked on finishing this project. I reserve my most gracious thanks for my major professor, Dr. Donald D. Horward. When we first talked on the phone in December 1999, he impressed on me the level of concern he had for his students, and even his potential students. He also told me that many single Army officers left Tallahassee with a wife. While I did not think much about that comment at the time, Dr. Horward was correct again in my case. I came to realize over my two years in Tallahassee and in the years since, that his enthusiasm for teaching and mentoring undergraduate and graduate students is unparalleled, and his commitment to his students is endless. This topic originated with an idea of his, and I have him to thank for all of the excellent guidance and suggestions that he has provided throughout our time together, especially during the final four months as we resorted to priority mail, overnight mail, and finally the fax machine. I can only hope to pass on some of his excitement for Napoleon to my students, and if I can do so with even a small fraction of the success that he has attained in this regard, I will consider myself most fortunate. As he enters into his retirement, I wish him and his wife the best of luck, and I hope he can find someway to relax after spending so many years focusing so much of his energies on his students. I know he would have had it no other way, and all of us owe him an eternal debt of gratitude as a result. I am thankful to all those around me who have helped me throughout this process. My fellow students at Florida State, especially those in the Institute on Napoleon and the French Revolution have always provided helpful advice, critique, and many shared library books. Specifically, Jack Sigler, Alexander Mikaberidze, Jason Musteen, Jolynda iv Chenicek, Kevin McCranie, and Karen Greene deserve special mention for their friendship and advice. At West Point, I must acknowledge the support of my senior officer leadership, including Colonel Robert A. Doughty, Colonel Lance A. Betros, Colonel Matthew Moten, and Lieutenant Colonel James T. Seidule. Their support and encouragement has helped me in numerous ways over my three years in the Department of History. In a similar regard, I thank Colonel Scott Hampton for his support, both at FSU and at West Point. My colleagues have also leant a helping hand throughout our time together. I especially thank Major Bryan Gibby, Major John Hall, Major Tom Hanson, Major Tom Rider, Dr. Ethan Rafuse, and Dr. Steve Waddell for their friendship, support, and encouragement. Ms. Melissa Mills deserves special mention and special thanks for her assistance with the details of my second trip to London, and for her constantly positive attitude that she brings to every task. I owe thanks to Lieutenant Colonel Pilar Ryan for loaning me her library carrel for the past two years. It has made a significant difference in my ability to get quality work done in a comfortable setting. I am grateful to my family for all they have given me over the years. My parents, Fred and Sylvia, have always advocated the value of a good education. They have personified that principle in their own lives, and consistently pushed me to strive towards a higher standard. Again, I will be fortunate if I can attain nearly as much success as they have in the educational arena. I thank my son Derek for just making every day brighter. His smile, his laugh, and his constant joy have made my life infinitely better. Finally, I must thank my lovely wife Jennifer for her constant patience and understanding. She always cheered me up when I needed it or offered kind words at just the right time. She abandoned her Florida lifestyle, and weather, to move to New York with me, and has put her own dissertation work behind mine so that I could finish in time. She accepted the thankless role of an Army Wife, and watched me pack up and head to Iraq after only three days of our marriage; but she has never complained. For all that she has done for me I offer my eternal love and gratitude. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ....................................................................................……..........vii Abstract .............................................................................................………..…viii Introduction ........................................................................................…………....1 1. John Hookham Frere in Portugal, 1800 - 1802.................................................11 2. John Hookham Frere in Spain, 1802 - 1804.....................................................47 3. The Inquiry Following Frere’s First Mission in Spain, 1804 - 1805….…..….73 4. John Hookham Frere’s Return to Spain, 1808 - 1809............................…......94 5. John Charles Villiers in Portugal, 1808 - 1810......................................…….132 6. British Diplomacy: The Portuguese – Spanish Linkage, 1800 - 1810……....166 Conclusion..................................................................….………………….…....175 Bibliography............................................................................................……….180 Biographical Sketch........................................................................…………..…189 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Coalitions Chart..….....……………………………………………………….2 2. Portrait of John Hookham Frere...…………………………………………...13 3. Portrait of John Charles Villiers..….....…………………………………….139 vii ABSTRACT Historians have studied the Peninsular War
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Poems About Poets
    1 BYRON’S POEMS ABOUT POETS Some of the funniest of Byron’s poems spring with seeming spontaneity from his pen in the middle of his letters. Much of this section comes from correspondence, though there is some formal verse. Several pieces are parodies, some one-off squibs, some full-length. Byron’s distaste for most of the poets of his day shines through, with the recurrent and well-worn traditional joke that their books will end either as stuffing in hatshops, wrapped around pastries, or as toilet-tissue. Byron admired the English poets of the past – the Augustans especially – much more than he did any of his contemporaries. Of “the Romantic Movement” he knew no more than did any of the other writers supposed now to have been members of it. Southey he loathed, as a dreadful doppelgänger – see below. Of Wordsworth he also had a low opinion, based largely on The Excursion – to the ambitions of which Don Juan can be regarded as a riposte (there are as many negative comments about Wordsworth in Don Juan as there are about Southey). He was as abusive of Keats as it’s possible to be, and only relented (as he said), when Shelley showed him Hyperion. Of the poetry of his friend Shelley he was very guarded indeed, and compensated by defending Shelley’s moral reputation. Blake he seems not to have known (“Blake” was him the name of a well-known Fleet Street barber). The only poet of whom his judgement and modern estimate coincide is Coleridge: he was strong in his admiration for The Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan, and Christabel; about the conversational poems he seems blank, and he feigns total incomprehension of the Biographia Literaria (see below).
    [Show full text]
  • CJR - Iraqgate, by Russ W
    CJR - Iraqgate, by Russ W. Baker March/April 1993 | Contents IRAQGATE The Big One That (Almost) Got Away Who Chased it -- and Who Didn't by Russ W. Baker Baker, a member of the adjunct faculty at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, is a free-lance writer who regularly contributes to The Village Voice. Research assistance was provided by Julie Asher in Washington and Daniel Eisenberg in New York. ABC News Nightline opened last June 9 with words to make the heart stop. "It is becoming increasingly clear," said a grave Ted Koppel, "that George Bush, operating largely behind the scenes throughout the 1980s, initiated and supported much of the financing, intelligence, and military help that built Saddam's Iraq into the aggressive power that the United States ultimately had to destroy." Is this accurate? Just about every reporter following the story thinks so. Most say that the so-called Iraqgate scandal is far more significant then either Watergate or Iran-contra, both in its scope and its consequences. And all believe that, with investigations continuing, it is bound to get bigger. Why, then, have some of our top papers provided so little coverage? Certainly, if you watched Nightline or read the London Financial Times or the Los Angeles Times, you saw this monster grow. But if you studied the news columns of The Washington Post or, especially, The New York Times, you practically missed the whole thing. Those two papers were very slow to come to the story and, when they finally did get to it, their pieces all too frequently were boring, complicated,and short of the analysis readers required to fathom just what was going on.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Chamber Music of the Eighteenth Century. Richard Xavier Sanchez Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1975 Spanish Chamber Music of the Eighteenth Century. Richard Xavier Sanchez Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Sanchez, Richard Xavier, "Spanish Chamber Music of the Eighteenth Century." (1975). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2893. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2893 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and dius cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Johnstones, 1191-1909, with Descriptions of Border Life
    SECRETARY JOHNSTON 161 service. In 171 1 a Custom House official wrote to his superior in Edinburgh, " that in Ruthwell the people are such friends to the traffic, no one can be found to lodge a Government officer for the night." April 17, 1717, was appointed as a day of solemn fasting to avert the intended invasion of an enemy, and the threatened scarcity of bread- generally made of rye or oatmeal—owing to the severity of the weather. In 1720 we find a complaint at the meeting of the Presbytery that the Kirk was losing its power over the people, swearing—so far as the expressions in a theatre was opened "faith" and "devil" were sometimes heard ; and 1729 in Edinburgh. A minister wa3 suspended for attending it. The Scots were notably a charitable people, and, though the population of Scotland was but a million and a quarter, they supported a vagrant population 1 of 200,000 early in the eighteenth century, besides licensed bedesmen. In better times there were periodical offertories in the Churches for the benefit of seamen enslaved by the Turkish and Barbary Corsairs in the Mediterranean, in the galleys others who had their tongues cut out or been otherwise crippled ; were still in need of ransom. But the epidemics carried about by the vagrants, the dearness of provisions, added to the abolition of the Scottish Parliament, sent many landowners, particularly on the Borders, to live in England. The in and it new Marquis of Annandale began to spend most of his time London ; was on the " parlour door of his lodgings in the Abbey " of Westminster that Robert Allane, Sheriff's messenger of Annan, knocked the six knocks and affixed the document showing that he had been put to the horn, because, as Provost of Annan, he had taken no steps to arrest Galabank for debt—the application having been made by Mr Patrick Inglis, the deposed Episcopalian minister of Annan.
    [Show full text]
  • {FREE} Napoleon Bonaparte Ebook
    NAPOLEON BONAPARTE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Gregory Fremont-Barnes,Peter Dennis | 64 pages | 25 May 2010 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781846034589 | English | Oxford, England, United Kingdom Napoleon Bonaparte - Quotes, Death & Facts - Biography They may have presented themselves as continental out of a desire for honor and distinction, but this does not prove they really were as foreign as they themselves often imagined. We might say that they grew all the more attached to their Italian origins as they moved further and further away from them, becoming ever more deeply integrated into Corsican society through marriages. This was as true of the Buonapartes as of anyone else related to the Genoese and Tuscan nobilities by virtue of titles that were, to tell the truth, suspect. The Buonapartes were also the relatives, by marriage and by birth, of the Pietrasentas, Costas, Paraviccinis, and Bonellis, all Corsican families of the interior. Napoleon was born there on 15 August , their fourth child and third son. A boy and girl were born first but died in infancy. Napoleon was baptised as a Catholic. Napoleon was born the same year the Republic of Genoa ceded Corsica to France. His father was an attorney who went on to be named Corsica's representative to the court of Louis XVI in The dominant influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, whose firm discipline restrained a rambunctious child. Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time. When he turned 9 years old, [18] [19] he moved to the French mainland and enrolled at a religious school in Autun in January Napoleon was routinely bullied by his peers for his accent, birthplace, short stature, mannerisms and inability to speak French quickly.
    [Show full text]
  • Administrative Stay Memorandum
    Case 1:20-cv-01437-CKK Document 33-1 Filed 07/20/20 Page 1 of 18 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ____________________________________ ) MOHAMED SOLTAN, ) ) Civil Action No.: 20-cv-1437 (CKK) Plaintiff, ) ) ) v. ) ) HAZEM ABDEL AZIZ EL BEBLAWI, ) ) Defendant. ) ____________________________________) PLAINTIFF’S MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF HIS MOTION FOR ADMINISTRATIVE STAY OF PROCEEDINGS FOR THE COURT TO ASSESS THE STATUS OF DEFENDANT BEBLAWI’S CLAIM OF DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY Eric L. Lewis (D.C. Bar #394643) Waleed Nassar (D.C. Bar #992659) Jeffrey D. Robinson (D.C. Bar #376037) Aisha E. Bembry (D.C. Bar #4889500) LEWIS BAACH KAUFMANN MIDDLEMISS PLLC 1101 New York Ave., N.W, Suite 1000 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 833‐ 8900 (voice) (202) 466‐5738 (facsimile) Counsel for Plaintiff Mohamed Soltan Case 1:20-cv-01437-CKK Document 33-1 Filed 07/20/20 Page 2 of 18 TABLE OF AUTHORIES Agreement between the United States of America and the United Nations regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, Art. V, Section 15, November 21, 1947, 61 Stat. 3416 https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2011/volume-11-I-147-English.pdf. ..........................................................................................................................................................7 Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, Art. IX, Section. 8, July 22, 1944, 60 Stat. 1401, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aa/index.htm ..........................1 IMF Executive Directors and Voting Power, https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/eds.aspx ...................................................................8 IMF Members’ Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors. https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx ..........................................................8 IMF Organization Chart, https://www.imf.org/external/np/obp/orgcht.htm ...................................8 Office of Foreign Missions, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial Inscriptions Bathwick LHS D-426
    St Mary the Virgin, Bathwick – Smallcombe Cemetery – Memorial Inscriptions Bathwick LHS Row P Names Inscriptions Notes D.P.25 Dorothy Harrison East: Bullock (1836-1914) In Loving Memory Edward Bullock of (1799-) DOROTHY HARRISON BULLOCK 2ND DAUGHTER OF Georgiana Sarah EDWARD BULLOCK ESQRE Bullock (1837-1922) SOME YEARS COMMON SERJEANT OF THE CITY OF LONDON FELL ASLEEP JANUARY 11TH 1914 Cross on 3 plinths. ―•― “HE GIVETH HIS BELOVED SLEEP.” In the 1851 census at 40 Woburn Square, Bloomsbury, London: Edward South: Bullock, aged 51 widower, Common Sergt of London, born at Spanish Also of Town, Jamaica, children: Catherine Elizth, aged 18, born at GEORGIANA Bloomsbury, Dorothy H, aged 14, born at Bloomsbury, and Georgiana, SARAH BULLOCK aged 13, born at Bloomsbury, a governess and three servants. YOUNGER DAUGHTER OF EDWARD BULLOCK ESQRE From The Edinburgh Gazette of Tue 27 Dec 1853 (No. 6346 p1033) FELL ASLEEP APRIL 16TH 1922. WHITEHALL, December 1, 1853. ― The Queen has been pleased to issue a new Commission of “O LORD IN THEE I HAVE TRUSTED.” Lieutenancy for the City of London, constituting and appointing the several persons under-mentioned to be Her Majesty’s Commissioners for that purpose, viz ... Edward Bullock, Esquire, Common Serjeant of Our City of London, and the Common Serjeant of Our said city for the time being; ... In Cambridge University Calendar for the Year 1857 in an advertisement for the English and Irish Church and University Assurance Society, 4, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross, London on p 40 one of the trustees is: Edward Bullock, Esq., M.A., (Christ Church, Oxford), late Common Serjeant of London.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Records of the 79Th Cameron Highlanders
    %. Z-. W ^ 1 "V X*"* t-' HISTORICAL RECORDS OF THE 79-m QUEEN'S OWN CAMERON HIGHLANDERS antr (Kiritsft 1m CAPTAIN T. A. MACKENZIE, LIEUTENANT AND ADJUTANT J. S. EWART, AND LIEUTENANT C. FINDLAY, FROM THE ORDERLY ROOM RECORDS. HAMILTON, ADAMS & Co., 32 PATERNOSTER Row. JDebonport \ A. H. 111 112 FOUE ,STRSET. SWISS, & ; 1887. Ms PRINTED AT THE " " BREMNER PRINTING WORKS, DEVOXPORT. HENRY MORSE STETHEMS ILLUSTRATIONS. THE PHOTOGRAVURES are by the London Typographic Etching Company, from Photographs and Engravings kindly lent by the Officers' and Sergeants' Messes and various Officers of the Regiment. The Photogravure of the Uniform Levee Dress, 1835, is from a Photograph of Lieutenant Lumsden, dressed in the uniform belonging to the late Major W. A. Riach. CONTENTS. PAGK PREFACE vii 1793 RAISING THE REGIMENT 1 1801 EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN 16 1808 PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN .. 27 1815 WATERLOO CAMPAIGN .. 54 1840 GIBRALTAR 96 1848 CANADA 98 1854 CRIMEAN CAMPAIGN 103 1857 INDIAN MUTINY 128 1872 HOME 150 1879 GIBRALTAR ... ... .. ... 161 1882 EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN 166 1884 NILE EXPEDITION ... .'. ... 181 1885 SOUDAN CAMPAIGN 183 SERVICES OF THE OFFICERS 203 SERVICES OF THE WARRANT OFFICERS ETC. .... 291 APPENDIX 307 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, SIR JOHN DOUGLAS Frontispiece REGIMENTAL COLOUR To face SIR NEIL DOUGLAS To face 56 LA BELLE ALLIANCE : WHERE THE REGIMENT BIVOUACKED AFTER THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO .. ,, 58 SIR RONALD FERGUSON ,, 86 ILLUSTRATION OF LEVEE DRESS ,, 94 SIR RICHARD TAYLOR ,, 130 COLOURS PRESENTED BY THE QUEEN ,, 152 GENERAL MILLER ,, 154 COLONEL CUMING ,, 160 COLONEL LEITH , 172 KOSHEH FORT ,, 186 REPRESENTATIVE GROUP OF CAMERON HIGHLANDERS 196 PREFACE. WANT has long been felt in the Regiment for some complete history of the 79th Cameron Highlanders down to the present time, and, at the request of Lieutenant-Colonel Everett, D-S.O., and the officers of the Regiment a committee, con- Lieutenant and sisting of Captain T.
    [Show full text]
  • John Hookham Frere 1769-1846
    JOHN HOOKHAM FRERE 1769-1846 Ta' A. CREMONA FOST il-Meċenti tal-Lsien Malti nistgħu ngħoddu lil JOHN HOOKHAM FRERE li barra mill-imħabba li kellu għall-ilsna barranin, Grieg, Latin, Spanjol, li scudjahom u kien jafhom tajjeb, kien wera ħrara u ħeġġa kbira biex imexxi '1 quddiem l-istudju tal-Malti, kif ukoll tal-ilsna orjentali, fosthom il-Lhudi u l-Għarbi, ma' tul iż-żmien li kien hawn Malta u baqa' hawnhekk sa mewtu. JOHN HOOKHAM FRERE twieled Londra fil-21 ta' Mejju, 1769. FI-1785 beda l-istudji tiegħu fil-Kulleġġ ta' Eton. Niesu mhux dejjem kienu jo­ qogtldu b'darhom Londra, iżda dlonk ma' tul is-sena kienu jmorru jgħixu ukoll Roydon f'Norfolk u f'Redington f'Surrey. F'Eton, fejn studja l-lette­ ratura Ingliża, Griega u Latina, kien sar ħabib tal-qalb ta' George Canning li l-ħbiberija tagħhom baqgħet għal għomorhom. Fl-1786, flimkien ma' xi studenti tal-Kulleġġ [la sehem fil-pubblikazzjoni tar-u vista Microcosm li bil-kitba letterar;a li kien fiha kienet ħadet isem fost l-istudenti ta' barra -il-kulleġġ. Minn Eton, Hookham Frere kien daħal f'Caius College, f'Cam­ bridge, fejn ħa l-grad tal-Baċellerat tal-Arti 8-1792 u l-Magister Artium fl-1795, u kiseb ie-titlu ta' Fellow of Caius għall-kitba tiegħu klassika ta' proża u versi. Fl-1797 issieħeb ma' Canning u xi żgħażagħ oħra fil-pub­ blikazzjoni tal-ġumal Anti-] acobin li kien joħroġ kull ġimgħa, nhar ta' Tnejn, bil-ħsieb li jrażżan il-propaganda tal-Partit Republikan Franċiż li kien qed ihedded il-monarkija tal-Istati Ewropej bil-filosofija Ġakbina tiegħu.
    [Show full text]
  • HC-125-(S)-09: Domestic Employees Prenotification Secretariat
    UNITED STATES MISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS NEW YORK October 23, 2009 HC-125(S)-09 The United States Mission to the United Nations presents its compliments to the United Nations Secretariat and has the honor to refer to the standards applicable to the employment of personal workers, attendants, and any other domestic workers employed by United Nations officials who are in the United States in nonimmigrant G-5 visa status. The United States Mission wishes to emphasize the importance to the United States Government of providing fair treatment to domestic workers who come to the United States to work for members of the diplomatic community and to request that the United Nations Secretary-General take any and all measures necessary to ensure that the officials of the Organization employing such workers respect the laws relating to the treatment to be accorded domestic workers. This note supersedes previous notes on this subject. New Domestic Worker Visa Eligibility Requirements The United States Mission wishes to inform the United Nations Secretariat of two new requirements it is implementing in connection with the employment of domestic workers by United Nations officials that pertain to the visa eligibility of prospective domestic workers. The United States Mission currently requires that it be notified at the time of the arrival in and departure from the United States of all domestic workers. DIPLOMATIC NOTE -2- Effective November 15, 2009, the United States Mission will also require that it be provided with notification of any prospective domestic worker before the worker applies for a visa. This “pre-notification” requires that the Visa Committee of the United Nations Office of Human Resources Management submit a completed “Pre-Notification of a Domestic Worker” form (“Pre-Notification Form”) addressed to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Fact Checking User-Generated Content for Journalists
    An Automated Approach to Fact Checking User-Generated Content for Journalists Lindsay Holmwood [email protected] Södertörns högskola Abstract Journalists have exhibited widespread caution in regard to using content generated by citizen journalists because of the threat it poses to traditional news values and their role as gatekeepers. But text, photos and videos provided by citizens who witness breaking news events is one category of user-generated content that journalists are willing to use, which helps supplement their storytelling when fewer resources means journalists cannot personally be there. This willingness does not dampen several of their concerns; journalists require fact checking to be an integral part of any system that aggregates and accepts submissions by citizen journalists. This paper explores three different sets of tools that could be used to automate fact checking in a system that hosts user-generated content to ensure that content is accurate, neutral, timely and useful. These tools include vandalism detection software that identifies bias, inappropriate language, spam and copyright violations; crowdsourcing, which ensures that content is relevant, helpful and accurate; and photo and video authentication tools. Keywords Citizen journalism, user-generated content, design-oriented research, curation, fact checking Introduction "Instead of dying, newspapers will in effect be reborn." - Ken Paulson, president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors The traditional model of journalism, that of a one-way dissemination of information from large news organizations like newspapers, television broadcasters and radio stations to the general public, is changing rapidly. The last decade has seen an accelerating loss of newspaper readers, as well as revenue.
    [Show full text]
  • Macroeconomic Aspects of Spanish American Independence
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics Working Paper 03-45 Economic History and Institutions Dept. Economic History and Institutions Series 09 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid September 2003 Calle Madrid 126 28903 Getafe (Spain) Fax (34) 91 624 9574 MACROECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SPANISH AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. The effects of Fiscal and Currency Fragmentation, 1800s-1860s∗ Maria Alejandra Irigoin+ Abstract_______________________________________________________________ Economic historians explaining the divergent economic path in North and South America over time focus on the post-independence period in the former British or Spanish colonies. Their institutional explanation for Latin American economic backwardness is anchored in the political disorder that occurred in the postcolonial period, which did not provide the right conditions for economic growth. Yet, more important than political aspects, fiscal and monetary fragmentation of the Spanish Empire were major factors in hindering the economic growth later in the 19th century. This paper argues that economic struggle over resources determined political outcomes rather than the other way round. By assessing the macroeconomic effects of Independence on the contemporary and further economic and political development it shows that comparisons with North America are ill conceived. The study focuses on the disintegration of colonial fiscal and monetary regimes, that had organised the economy around silver mining and the export of silver currency as fiscal revenues, and the subsequent transformation into export-led economies, specialised in producing raw materials and foodstuff. Keywords: macroeconomic determinants of institutional change, fiscal and monetary history, political and economic transitions, macroeconomic policy.
    [Show full text]