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Le Canada : Une Culture De Métissage/Transcultural Canada

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Le Canada : Une Culture De Métissage/Transcultural Canada LE CANADA : UNE CULTURE DE MÉTISSAGE/ TRANSCULTURAL CANADA LE CANADA : UNE CULTURE DE MÉTISSAGE/ TRANSCULTURAL CANADA Sous la direction de PAUL D. MORRIS Nous remercions le Conseil des arts du Canada de son soutien. L’an dernier, le Conseil a investi 153 millions de dollars pour mettre de l’art dans la vie des Canadiennes et des Canadiens de tout le pays. We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts, which last year invested $153 million to bring the arts to Canadians throughout the country. Les Presses de l’Université Laval reçoivent chaque année du Conseil des Arts du Canada et de la Société de développement des entreprises culturelles du Québec une aide financière pour l’ensemble de leur programme de publication. Maquette de couverture : Laurie Patry Mise en pages : Danielle Motard ISBN papier : 978-2-7637-4269-4 ISBN pdf : 9782763742700 © Les Presses de l’Université Laval Tous droits réservés. Imprimé au Canada Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 2019 Les Presses de l’Université Laval www.pulaval.com Toute reproduction ou diffusion en tout ou en partie de ce livre par quelque moyen que ce soit est interdite sans l’autorisation écrite des Presses de l’Université Laval. … pour ma propre petite famille, métissée по-своему TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS XI INTRODUCTION 1 Paul D. Morris PREMIÈRE PARTIE INTERROGATIONS THÉORIQUES ET CRITIQUES 1 Six Theses on Transculturality: A View from the New World 19 Afef Benessaieh 2 À la recherche du Canadien : l’idée de métissage culturel, un aboutissement identitaire ? 39 Franck Chignier-Riboulon 3 L’altérité comme catégorie politique fondatrice Une lecture girardienne du multiculturalisme canadien 53 Paul Brochu et Anne Sechin DEUXIÈME PARTIE MÉTISSAGE DANS L’ESPACE PUBLIC 4 L’économie de la distinction : dialogue culturel, francophonie et développement 65 Étienne Rivard 5 Identité ethnolinguistique, profil socioéconomique et santé mentale des jeunes adultes métis du Manitoba 87 Danielle de Moissac, Ndeye Rokhaya Gueye et Stéfan Delaquis TROISIÈME PARTIE MÉTISSAGE/TRANSCULTURALISM ET DISCOURS LITTÉRAIRE 6 “To Live in the Borderlands Means …”: Border Thinking and the Transcultural Poetics of Lee Maracle 109 Astrid M. Fellner 7 “What Do You Write ?” : Science Fiction, Genre Expectations, and Indigenous Writing in Drew Hayden Taylor’s alterNatives 127 Svetlana Seibel 8 Itinéraires de vie, itinéraires de textes chez Régine Robin 147 Adina Balint QUATRIÈME PARTIE LES MÉTIS ET LE MÉTISSAGE CULTUREL AU CANADA, ET AILLEURS 9 Le comportement ethnopolitique des Métis de la Iakoutie (Sibérie orientale) et de l’Ouest canadien : perspective comparative 161 Mikhail Bashkirov 10 Material Métissage : Moccasins as Example of the Materialisation of Influences on Metis Identity 179 Christoph Laugs 11 Coopération et conciliation en milieu colonial ? Les auxiliaires métis de la police montée, 1874-1900 199 Peter Carrington et Aurelio Ayala 12 Les immigrants catholiques à Toronto et à Montréal : le passage d’une Église-nation à une Église multiculturelle (1908-1939) 229 Jean-Philippe Croteau PRÉSENTATION DES AUTEURS 253 REMERCIEMENTS Les contributions du présent volume ont d’abord été présentées dans le cadre d’un colloque international réunissant 27 spécialistes du métissage et du transculturalisme en provenance de 5 pays européens et nord- américains. Le colloque Le Canada : une culture de métissage/ Transcultural Canada a eu lieu à l’Université de Saint-Boniface, à Win- nipeg, les 24 et 25 octobre 2013. La préparation du manuscrit pour la publication de ces Actes, tout comme la planification et l’animation de cet événement scientifique, n’aurait pas été possible sans l’aide enthou- siaste et compétente de plusieurs collègues. Je tiens à exprimer ma vive reconnaissance à chacun des participants ayant contribué à créer le climat extraordinaire d’échange intellectuel dont a bénéficié le colloque. Je remercie également Gabor Csepregi, vice-recteur à l’enseignement et à la recherche à l’Université de Saint- Boniface, pour ses conseils et ses encouragements ; Philippe Mailhot, dont l’hospitalité a permis la tenue des séances scientifiques dans les espaces inspirants du Musée de Saint-Boniface ; Denis Gagnon, titulaire de la Chaire de recherche du Canada sur l’identité métisse ; le Bureau de la recherche de l’Université de Saint-Boniface ; et le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada pour sa contribution financière qui a rendu possible la publication de ce volume. Je ne saurais terminer ces remerciements sans exprimer une gratitude toute spéciale à la regrettée Marlène Cormier, à Antoine Cantin-Brault, à Sandrine Hallion, à Yves Labrèche, à Brigitte Savard et à Jean Valenti. Je leur suis redevable pour leur engagement et appui lors de l’organisation et de la tenue du colloque, pour leur travail de révision des textes et pour leur généreux soutien intellectuel. INTRODUCTION Paul D. Morris Les textes rassemblés dans le présent recueil sont le résultat d’un col- loque tenu à l’Université de Saint-Boniface en octobre 2013 à Winnipeg au Manitoba, un lieu paradigmatique de métissage et de contact inter- culturel canadiens. La répétition épanaleptique du mot « Canada » dans le titre, Le Canada : une culture de métissage/Transcultural Canada, non seulement annonce, à travers une césure linguistique, le format bilingue du colloque, mais indique également d’une manière plus pertinente le point d’appui entre deux concepts distincts mais interreliés et d’une certaine façon en tension : métissage et transculturalism. Le Canada, qu’il soit français ou anglais, est constitué de manière hétérogène ; son développement historique, réalisé dans les principaux incubateurs du métissage de la modernité que sont la mondialisation et la colonisation, témoigne d’un processus sans fin de rencontres avec la différence. Les articles contenus ici, qui proviennent de diverses disciplines, cherchent à comprendre plusieurs des diverses formes historiques, culturelles et discursives de cette hétérogénéité au Canada, selon les perspectives théoriques du métissage et de la transculturalité. Dans leur ensemble, les textes rassemblés dans Le Canada : une culture de métissage/ Transcultural Canada explorent diverses expressions et divers contextes de mixité et de différence au Canada, tout en offrant des pistes de réflexion non dogmatiques sur la façon de penser la condition historique et culturelle première du Canada. Si la rencontre avec l’hétérogénéité, la différence, l’autre et les muta- tions culturelles qui en résultent demeure une constante de l’expérience 2 LE CANADA : UNE CULTURE DE MÉTISSAGE / TRANSCULTURAL CANADA sociohistorique (coloniale et postcoloniale) du Canada, les discours et les termes conceptuels développés pour penser cette rencontre n’ont pas un sens arrêté. Les deux principaux termes de ce recueil – le métissage et le transculturalisme – portent les traces d’une certaine fluidité conceptuelle quant à leur définition. Cette polysémie significative est certainement le résultat de plusieurs facteurs, à commencer par l’historicité des deux termes, mais elle marque également l’évolution des réponses aux phéno- mènes que décrivent ces termes. Étant ancrés dans le contexte historique, ces concepts sont eux-mêmes assujettis à une logique d’évolution et de changement incessant selon les domaines dans lesquels ils interviennent : par exemple, les notions de métissage et de transculturalisme ne jouissent pas d’une application directe dans la sphère de la politique publique au Canada, contrairement à la notion d’interculturalisme et, surtout, à celle de multiculturalisme. Dans le contexte canadien, il ne faut pas oublier non plus le rôle joué par leur association à des espaces socioculturels et sociolinguistiques différents. Bien répandu et utilisé en français et dans la francosphère, le terme métissage est moins connu en anglais, tandis que transculturalism est plus aisément associé à l’anglosphère. Pour donner un exemple, on note que le livre Pensée métisse de Serge Gruzinski (1999) fut traduit en anglais comme The Mestizo Mind, tout comme A Fair Country de John Ralston Saul (2008) prit le titre Mon pays métis en traduction française. Et même si les deux concepts jouissent depuis quelques décennies d’une certaine reconnaissance des deux côtés de la scission linguistique canadienne, ils ne sont pas les seuls qui per- mettent de conceptualiser les mutations qui se produisent au contact de l’altérité. Ils partagent un champ sémantique avec bien d’autres termes servant à conceptualiser l’interaction des cultures : la créolité, la mixité, l’hybridité, l’acculturation, le multiculturalisme, l’interculturalisme, le pluralisme culturel, pour n’en nommer que quelques-uns. Dans la préface d’un livre intitulé Le métissage interculturel, François Laplantine fait référence à juste titre aux multiples formes par lesquelles le phénomène est identifié : « Ce que nous avons proposé d’appeler métissage, mais que d’autres auteurs désignent sous le nom de rhizome (Deleuze), de bran- chement (Amselle), de tiers-espace (Homi Bhabha), voire d’hybridation (en particulier en Amérique du Nord […] » (2005, p. 11). En fait, dans le contexte historique le plus récent, c’est peut-être la diversité – concept qui n’est pas mentionné par Laplantine – qui est le concept le plus puissant, INTRODUCTION 3 surtout par sa force normative et sa capacité à pénétrer dans les insti- tutions régulatrices de la vie sociale. Bien que le multiculturalisme au Canada soit depuis 1971 une pierre angulaire de l’identité nationale et du système constitutionnel
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