Assessment of Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils at Gournadi Upazila Under Barisal District

Asian Journal of Research in Biosciences

2(1): 49-58, 2020; Article no.AJORIB.254

Assessment of Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils at Gournadi Upazila under Barisal District

Md. Redwan Khan1, Md. Isfatuzzaman Bhuyan2, Nowrose Jahan Lipi2, Md. Monirul Slam1* and Tanvir Hasan Swadhin3

1Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. 2Department of Agronomy, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. 3Department of Agroforestry, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Received 24 July 2020 Original Research Article Accepted 28 September 2020 Published 14 October 2020

ABSTRACT

The soil samples were collected from Gournadi Upazila of the Barishal district of Bangladesh. The soils were analyzed for texture, pH, EC, N, P, K, S, and Na to determine the qualitative analysis of some essential plant nutrients in agricultural soil to examine the nutrient status of soils for assessing crop suitability. The texture classes were silt loam in Gournadi Upazila. Sand fractions varied from 13.25-26.25%. Silt fractions varied from 44.5-77.5% and clay fractions varied from 10.25-29.25%. The soil pH of Gournadi ranged from 7.16-8.72. The soil of this zone is practically alkaline. Measurement of electrical conductivity helps to identify the level of salinity. The EC values ranged from 0.09-0.24 dS/m which indicated the soils were none saline. Total N content at Gournadi ranged from 0.028-0.74%. The average total N content observed at this Upazilla was 0.11%. The amount of total N in maximum locations was Optimum. This might be due to the addition of high organic matter, remaining of crop residue in the field. The amount of available P in Gournadi ranged from 9.25-24.11 ppm. The average of available P in here was 16.72ppm. The Exchangeable K of Gournadi ranged from 0.13-0.36 me/100 g soils. The available S content of Gournadi ranged from 14.16-24.18 ppm. The average concentration of available S was 18.65 ppm. The Na+ concentration ranged from 0.19-1.07%. The average sodium concentration was found at 0.45%. It can be stated that most of the soil nutrients status of the study areas were lies at the optimum level which is good for crop production.

Keywords: Physical; chemical; properties of soils; Gournadi; Upazila; Barisal District.

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*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

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1. INTRODUCTION physiographic, soil, hydrological, and agro- climatic characteristics [8]. The soil series are Soil is a vital natural resource that performs key classified based on soil characteristics such as environmental, economic, and social functions soil texture, structure, soil color, organic matter non-renewable within human time scales. Soil content, soil pH, etc. in a different layer of soils. quality has been defined as the capacity of the Soil is a major source of nutrients needed by soil to function within the ecosystem and land- plants for growth. The three main nutrients are N, use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, P, and K. Together they make up the trio known maintain environmental quality, and promote as NPK. Other important nutrients are Ca, Mg, plant, animal, and human health. High-quality and S. Plants also need Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, and soils not only produce better food and fiber but Mo, known as trace elements because only also help to establish natural ecosystems and traces are needed by the plant. The quality of soil enhance air and water quality. Soil fertility refers not only its lack of degradation or changes and the nutrient balances are taken as contamination, but also to its overall fitness, or key indicators of soil quality. The economic effectiveness for supporting plant growth, development of Bangladesh depends on managing water, and responding to agricultural development. Agriculture is suffering environmental stresses [6]. Hence, a person from various problems such as nutrient dealing with soil should be acquainted with the deficiency, natural calamities, insect and disease chemical properties to decide whether the soil is hazards, improper soil and crop management, suitable for plant growth. At present, the farmers etc. For proper land use, agricultural planning, of the country are desperately trying to increase and better crop production, basic data on the the crop yield by applying more and more soil's physical and chemical properties are very inorganic chemicals, mainly nitrogenous important. Sustainable soil management is fertilizers, pesticides, and by increasing cropping essential for maintaining proper soil health for the intensity. For these reasons, reserve nutrient future production of crops [1] Both the climatic becomes depleted. Again, an excessive amount and physicochemical characteristics are very of applied fertilizers hinder the other nutrient important to determine the type of crops to be availability too. Our farmer does not know the grown in an area [2,3]. Due to long term land use inherent nutrient status of the soils and they use resulted in a significant decline in soil physical fertilizers blindly. To minimize these problems, it and chemical properties [4]. is very pertinent to evaluate the fertility status of our soils at the farmers’ level [9], Ahsan and Soil chemical characteristics represent the nature Karim, 1988; [10]. The rigidity and supporting of the genetic process, it's the development and powers, freedom of drainage, moisture storage present nutrient status. So, for evaluating the soil capacity, ease penetration by roots, aeration, profile characteristics and present fertility status and retention of plant nutrients are all intimately of soil, chemical analysis has got much related to soil physical and chemical conditions. importance. Proper fertilizer use depends on soil If the soil has good physical and chemical nutrient content. As a consequence of properties then it will be considered as an anthropogenic activities over a long period, the appropriate soil for agriculture [11,12]. Gournadi vegetation, as well as soil properties, are also Upazila is located in the Barisal district and about changed [5]. The quality of soil refers not only to the population of this Upazila engage in its lack of degradation or contamination, but also agricultural production. People cultivate different to its overall fitness, or effectiveness for crops here and they use several inorganic and supporting plant growth, managing water, and organic manure in soils of Gournadi Upazila. responding to environmental stresses [6]. People have a little knowledge about the nutrient status of soils for which the present study gets Hence, a person dealing with soil should be attention and different essential plant nutrients acquainted with the chemical properties to status in soils of Gournadi Upazila will be decide whether the soil is suitable for plant determined for qualitative analysis. This region growth. Spatial variability of soil chemical occupies an extensive area of tidal floodplain properties is critical for improving crop land in the south-west of the country. The greater productivity and sustainable farming techniques part of this region has smooth relief. Gournadi [7]. At present, the soils of Bangladesh are Upazila is located in AEZ 13. There is a general divided into 30 Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ). An pattern of grey, slightly calcareous, heavy soils agro-ecological zone (AEZ) is a zone or region on river banks and grey to dark grey, which has a unique combination of noncalcareous, heavy silty clays in the extensive

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basins. Noncalcareous Grey Floodplain soil is carried to the laboratory for physical, chemical the major component of general soil types. Acid analysis. The samples were dried at room Sulphate soil also occupies a significant part of temperature, mixed thoroughly, crushed, sieved the area where it is extremely acidic during the with a 20-mesh sieve, and preserved in dry season. In general, most of the topsoils are plastic bags for subsequent laboratory acidic and subsoil’s are neutral to mildly alkaline. analysis.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.2 Methods for Analysis of Physical

The experiment was carried out in the Properties of Soil Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University to determine the Analysis of soil texture was carried out by essential plant nutrients from soils of Gournadi hydrometer method and fifty grams of oven-dry Upazila, Barisal district. The materials and soil from each sampling depth was taken methods followed in this experiment are separately in a dispersion cup and 10 ml of 5% discussed in this section. Calgon solution was added to the sample and allowed to soak for 15 minutes. Ninety ml tap 2.1 Soil Sample Collection and water was added to the dispersion cup. The Preparation suspension was then stirred with an electrical stirrer for 15 minutes. The content of the Twenty soils were collected for laboratory dispersion cup was then transferred to a one-liter analyses. The collected soil samples were sedimentation cylinder and tap.

Fig. 1. Map showing study area of Gournadi upzila under Barisal district

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Table 1. Detail information regarding surface soil sources of Gournadi

Sample number Depth of soil(cm) Sample location S 1 0-15 Bhurghata, Gournadi S 2 “ Bhurghata, Gournadi S 3 “ Khanjapur, Gournadi S 4 “ Khanjapur, Gournadi S 5 “ Barthi, Gournadi S 6 “ Barthi, Gournadi S 7 “ Uttar Dhandoba, Gournadi S 8 “ Uttar Dhandoba , Gournadi S 9 “ Chandshi, Gournadi S 10 “ Chandshi, Gournadi S 11 “ Gournadi S 12 “ Gournadi S 13 “ Mahilara, Gournadi S 14 “ Mahilara, Gournadi S 15 “ Nalchira, Gournadi S 16 “ Nalchira, Gournadi S 17 “ Batajore, Gournadi S 18 “ Batajore, Gournadi S 19 “ Sarikal, Gournadi S 20 “ Sarikal, Gournadi

Fig. 2. Triangular diagram of textural classes of soil [13]

Water was added to make the volume up to the as the hydrometer was calibrated at 68°F. The mark. A cork was placed on the mouth of the triangular diagram of textural classes of soil [13] cylinder and the cylinder was inverted several is shown in Fig. 2. The percentage of sand, silt, times until the whole soil mass appeared in the and clay were calculated as follows: suspension. The cylinder was set upright and the hydrometer readings were taken at 40 seconds %( Silt + Clay) = Corrected Hydrometer Reading and 2 hours of sedimentation. The temperature after 40 Second /Weight of oven dry soil*100 of suspension was recorded with a thermometer %Sand = 100 − % (Silt + Clay) at 40 seconds and 2 hours of sedimentation. The corrections of hydrometer readings were made %Silt = % (Silt + Clay) − % Clay

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% clay = (Corrected hydrometer reading at 2 B= Value of blank reading (ml) hours/wt. of soil)*100 W = Weight of the soil (g) 0.014= Correction factor. The textural class of soil for different depths of each series was then determined by plotting the 2.3.4 Available phosphorus (P) results on triangular diagram designed by Marshall [13] following USDA system. Available phosphorus present in soil was determined by Olsen’s method calorimetrically, 2.3 Methods for Analysis of Chemical where SnCl2 was used as a reductant. Extracted Properties with 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate solution [14].

The methods followed to determine the different 2.3.5 Exchangeable potassium (K) soil chemical properties were briefly described below. Exchangeable potassium was determined by the ammonium acetate extraction method. In this 2.3.1 Soil pH method, soil samples were saturated by ammonium acetate (NH4OAC) solution and the Soil pH was determined by glass electrode pH supernatant clear solution was separated and meter. Twenty grams of air-dried soil from each collected. Then NH4OAC solution was added sampling depth was taken in 50 ml beaker again to make the final volume up to 100ml for separately and 50 ml of distilled water added to each sample. For the above cation the Flame each beaker. The suspension was stirred well photometer was separated, adjusted and several times during the next 30 minutes and different standard curves were prepared to final allowed to stand for about an hour. The position out the concentration of the cation but the of the electrode was adjusted in the clamp of the extracting solution used for each sample was the electrode holder. Then the electrode was same. The reading was recorded by a flame immersed into partly settled soil suspension and photometer. From each reading, the pH was measured. concentration of the ion was obtained from its standard curves.

2.3.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 2.3.6 Available sulphur (S)

Soil salinity was determined by the help of an Available sulphur (S) was determined by electrical conductivity meter. Twenty grams of extracting the soil samples by calcium chloride air-dried soil sample was taken in a beaker. solution (0.15%) as and S content in the extract Distilled water was slowly added to the beaker was estimated turbid metrically by with stirring with a spatula until saturation. The spectrophotometer at 420 nm wave length. soil water suspension was then allowed to stand for an hour undercover and the criteria for 2.3.7 Determination of Sodium (Na) saturation were reached and distilled water was Sodium was determined with the help of a flame added if necessary for attaining saturation. emission spectrophotometer (Model Jenway 2.3.3 Total nitrogen (%) PFP7) by using sodium filters respectively. The samples were done to filtrate by Whatman No: The total nitrogen content in the soil was 42. Then samples were aspirated into a gas determined by the Semi-Micro Kjeldahl method. flame was carried out in a carefully controlled Micro Kjeldahl method following concentrated and reproducible conditions. The air pressure sulphuric acid digestion and distillation with 40% was fixed at 10 psi. The desired spectral line was sodium hydroxide. The ammonia evolved was isolated using interference filters, the intensity of collected in the boric acid indicator and was light was 422 nm, 589 nm, and 766 nm for the titrated with 0.01 N sulphuric. The % N in soil elements of sodium. The present emission was was calculated by the following formula: recorded following the methods by Ghosh et al. [15]. % N= (R-B)*S*0.014/W*100 3. RESULTS Where, The results on some physical and chemical R= Reading of the sample in burette (H2S04) (ml) characteristics of the soils of the study area are S= Strength of H2S04 (N) presented and discussed below.

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Table 2. Particle size fractions and textural classes of selected soil

Location Sample Soil depth % sand % silt % clay Textural number (cm) class Bhurghata S 1 0-15 19.25 58.5 22.25 Silt loam Bhurghata S 2 “ 18.50 64.25 17.25 Silt loam Khanjapur S 3 “ 26.25 44.5 29.25 Loam Khanjapur S 4 “ 20.75 60.5 18.75 Silt loam Barthi S 5 “ 20.25 55.5 21.25 Silt loam Barthi S 6 “ 24.75 55.5 21.75 Silt loam Uttar Dhandoba S 7 “ 17.25 61.5 20.25 Silt loam Uttar Dhandoba S 8 “ 17.75 64.5 17.75 Silt loam Chandshi S 9 “ 13.25 69.5 17.25 Silt loam Chandshi S 10 “ 23.25 62.5 20.25 Silt loam Gournadi S 11 “ 21.25 59.5 20.25 Silt loam Gournadi S 12 “ 25.25 46.5 28.25 loam Mahilara S 13 “ 20.25 63.5 12.25 Silt loam Mahilara S 14 “ 15.75 64.5 19.75 Silt loam Nalchira S 15 “ 14.25 75.5 10.25 Silt loam Nalchira S 16 “ 22.75 54.5 22.75 Silt loam Batajore S 17 “ 15.75 71.5 12.75 Silt loam Batajore S 18 “ 15.25 65.5 19.25 Silt loam Sarikal S 19 “ 16.25 63.5 20.25 Silt loam Sarikal S 20 “ 13.25 77.5 11.25 Silt loam Ranged 13.25-26.25 44.5-77.5 10.25-29.25 Silt loam Mean 19.06 61.93 19.15 Sd (±) 4.0 8.3 4.93

Table 3. PH and EC of soil samples collected from Gournadi upzila, Barisal

Location Sample number Soil depth pH EC (dS/m) (cm) Bhurghata S 1 0-15 7.16 0.15 Bhurghata S 2 “ 8.19 0.18 Khanjapur S 3 “ 8.15 0.14 Khanjapur S 4 “ 8.43 0.10 Barthi S 5 “ 8.21 0.10 Barthi S 6 “ 8.35 0.12 Uttar Dhandoba S 7 “ 7.97 0.13 Uttar Dhandoba S 8 “ 8.28 0.16 Chandshi S 9 “ 8.17 0.21 Chandshi S 10 “ 8.11 0.24 Gournadi S 11 “ 8.24 0.15 Gournadi S 12 “ 8.27 0.17 Mahilara S 13 “ 8.22 0.12 Mahilara S 14 “ 7.79 0.09 Nalchira S 15 “ 8.57 0.15 Nalchira S 16 “ 7.86 0.09 Batajore S 17 “ 7.92 0.13 Batajore S 18 “ 7.39 0.12 Sarikal S 19 “ 8.46 0.13 Sarikal S 20 “ 8.72 0.12 Ranged 7.16-8.72 0.09-0.24 Mean 8.12 0.14 Sd (±) 0.37 0.038

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Table 4. N (%) and Phosphorus (ppm) of soil samples collected from Gournadi upzila, Barisal

Location Sample Soil depth Total N (%) Phosphorus number (cm) (ppm) Bhurghata S 1 0-15 0.12 12.64 Bhurghata S 2 “ 0.107 11.66 Khanjapur S 3 “ 0.119 9.56 Khanjapur S 4 “ 0.017 14.44 Barthi S 5 “ 0.028 21.27 Barthi S 6 “ 0.061 15.35 Uttar Dhandoba S 7 “ 0.081 16.22 Uttar Dhandoba S 8 “ 0.039 9.25 Chandshi S 9 “ 0.047 12.36 Chandshi S 10 “ 0.092 15.02 Gournadi S 11 “ 0.068 23.93 Gournadi S 12 “ 0.069 21.66 Mahilara S 13 “ 0.073 24.11 Mahilara S 14 “ 0.32 19.93 Nalchira S 15 “ 0.018 13.66 Nalchira S 16 “ 0.098 24.11 Batajore S 17 “ 0.124 17.32 Batajore S 18 “ 0.114 18.45 Sarikal S 19 “ 0.053 21.45 Sarikal S 20 “ 0.74 12.18 Ranged 0.028-0.74 9.25-24.11 Mean 0.11 16.72 Sd (±) 0.15 4.78

Table 5. Potassium, sulphur and Na (%) of soil samples collected from Gournadi upzila, Barisal

Location Sample Soil depth Potassium Sulphur Na (%) number (cm) (me/100g soils) (ppm) Bhurghata S 1 0-15 0.21 15.19 0.71 Bhurghata S 2 “ 0.28 17.23 0.48 Khanjapur S 3 “ 0.19 15.24 0.19 Khanjapur S 4 “ 0.27 18.89 0.47 Barthi S 5 “ 0.21 17.91 0.38 Barthi S 6 “ 0.26 19.45 0.21 Uttar Dhandoba S 7 “ 0.33 18.34 0.68 Uttar Dhandoba S 8 “ 0.27 17.23 0.65 Chandshi S 9 “ 0.35 14.16 0.33 Chandshi S 10 “ 0.31 19.47 0.43 Gournadi S 11 “ 0.27 17.38 0.38 Gournadi S 12 “ 0.26 21.31 0.26 Mahilara S 13 “ 0.28 23.13 0.59 Mahilara S 14 “ 0.26 21.35 0.43 Nalchira S 15 “ 0.36 19.27 0.32 Nalchira S 16 “ 0.31 16.37 0.24 Batajore S 17 “ 0.28 24.18 0.37 Batajore S 18 “ 0.13 22.31 1.07 Sarikal S 19 “ 0.29 18.53 0.52 Sarikal S 20 “ 0.24 16.23 0.31 Ranged 0.13-0.36 14.16-24.18 0.19-1.07 Mean 0.26 18.65 0.45 Sd (±) 0.054 2.72 0.21

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4. DISCUSSION 4.4.2 Electrical conductivity (EC)

4.1 Physical Characteristics of Soil Measurement of electrical conductivity helps to identify the level of salinity. Among the studied 4.1.1 Soil texture location, the EC values ranged from 0.09-0.24 ds/m (Table 2). The highest value of soil EC 0.24 The mechanical analysis was done for the dS/m was found at sample no. S 10, Observed in determination of the relative percentage of the Chandshi, Gournadi, and the lowest value of EC sand, silt, and clay in the soils and ultimately to 0.09 dSm-1 at sample no.S 14 and S 16, find out the textural classes. The data on the collected from Mahilara and Nalchira, Gournadi. particle size distribution of soils of Gournadi The average EC value of Gournadi Upazila was presented in (Table 1). It was observed from the 0.14 dS/m and the effect of salinity is negligible table that the percentage of sand, silt, and clay to crop cultivation. contents varied widely among different Places and within the different samples. 4.2.3 Total nitrogen (%)

The texture classes were silt loam in Gournadi. Data on total N showed that total N content at Sand fractions varied from 13.25-26.25%. Silt Gournadi ranged from 0.02 to 0.74% (Table 3). fractions varied from 44.5-77.5% and clay The highest total N content 0.74% observed at fractions varied from 10.25-29.25%. The surface sample no. S 20 and a place named Sarikal, layer of the soil had a relatively higher sand Gournadi. The lowest was 0.02% at sample no. fraction than the deeper layers. On the other S 5 was found in Barthi, Gournadi. The average hand, silt and clay percent of the deeper layer total N content observed at this Upazilla was was relatively higher than the surface layer. 0.11%. The amount of total N in maximum locations was optimum. This might be due to the Among all, the highest sand fraction was 26.25% addition of high organic matter, remaining of crop at the sample no. S 3 and collected from residue in the field. Khanjapur, Gournadi. The lowest value of Sand was 13.25% in the sample no. S 9 and S 20 4.2.4 Available phosphorus (P) collected from Chandshi, & Sarikal, Gournadi. The highest silt fraction was 77.5% at sample no. The amount of available P in Gournadi ranged S 20 was collected from Sarikal, Babuganj. The from 9.25-24.11 ppm (Table 3). The highest lowest silt fraction was 44.5 % in sample no. S 3 amount of available phosphorus 24.11 ppm and collected from Khanjapur, Gournadi. The was observed in S 16 collected at Nalchira, highest clay fraction was 29.25% in sample no. S Gournadi, and the lowest 9.25 ppm at Uttar 3 and Collected from Khanjapur, Gournadi. The Dhandoba, Gournadi in sample no. S 8. The lowest silt was found 10.25% in S 15 and average of available P in here was 16.72 Collected from Nalchira, Gournadi. In maximum ppm. soils, the silt loam texture was found. 4.2.5 Exchangeable potassium (me/100 g 4.2 Chemical Characteristics of Soils soils)

Data on K presented in (Table 4) showed that the 4.2.1 Soil reaction (pH) Exchangeable K of Gournadi ranged from 0.13- 0.36 me/100 g soils. The highest content of The data on soil pH at Gournadi are presented in exchangeable K 0.36me/100g soils observed in Table 2. The soil pH of Gournadi ranged from Nalchira, Gournadi, and lowest 0.13 me/100g 7.16-8.72 (Table 2). The highest pH was 8.72 at soils in Batajore, Gournadi was collected from sample no. S 20, Collected from Sarikal, sample no. S 18. The average exchangeable K Gournadi, and lowest was 7.16 at sample no. S 1 in Gournadi was 0.26 me/100g soil. The observed in Bhurghata, Gournadi. The average exchangeable K tends to maintain an equilibrium value of pH was 8.12. It can be said that the soil concentration with the soil solution from which of this zone is practically alkaline. So, Rice, roots absorb K+. Organic soils tend to be Water Melon, etc. can be cultivated in this zone. deficient in available K because they contain few Soil pH depends on the kinds of basic rock or minerals with K. The earth’s crust has an parent materials. Rainfall can increase soil average K content of 2.6%. Parent materials and acidity. youthful soils could easily contain in a plow layer

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40,000 to 50,000 pounds per acre or kilograms southwestern Bangladesh, Malaysian per hectare. Journal of Soil Science 2019;23:31-41 2. Hossain MM, Sattar MA. Physical and 4.2.6 Available Sulphur (ppm) chemical properties of some selected soils of Bangladesh. M. S. Thesis. Department The available S content of Gournadi ranged from of Soil Science. BAU, Mymensingh. 2002; 14.16-24.18ppm (Table 4). The highest amount 1-58. of available S 24.18 ppm was observed in S 17 3. Sarker BC, Hara M, Zaman MW. Suitability collected at Batajore, Gournadi, and the lowest assessment of natural water in relation to 14.16 ppm at Chandshi, Gournadi in sample no. irrigation and soil properties. Soil Science S 9. The average of available S in here was and Plant Nutrition. 2000;46(4):773–786. 18.65 ppm. 4. Haque MM, Biswas JC, Islam MR, Islam A, Kabir MS. Effect of long-term chemical and 4.2.7 Sodium concentration (%) organic fertilization on rice productivity, nutrient use-efficiency, and balance under The data on soil sodium concentration at a rice-fallow-rice system. Journal of Plant Gournadi were presented in (Table 4). The Na+ Nutrition. 2019;42(20):2901-2914. concentration of Gournadi ranged from 0.19- 5. Quddus MA. Effect of ecosystem on soil 1.07%. The highest Na+ concentration was properties. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Department 1.07% found in sample no. S 18 was collected of Soil Science, BAU, Mymensingh. 1997; from Batajore, Gournadi. The lowest Na+ 1-55. concentration was 0.19% recorded in sample no. 6. Lewandowski A, Zumwinkle M, Fish A. S 3 was collected from Khanjapur, Gournadi. The Assessing the soil system: Arevies of soil average sodium concentration was found 0.45% quality literature. Minnesota Department of in Gournadi Upazila, Barisal. Agriculture, Energy and Sustainable Agriculture Program, St. Paul; 1999. 5. CONCLUSION 7. Mamun MAA, Haque MM, Khaliq QA, Karim MA, Karim AJMS, Mridha AJ, Twenty soil samples were collected from Saleque MA. Assessment of soil chemical Gournadi Upazila to determine the physical and properties and rice yield in tidal chemical properties to characterize the soils of submergence ecosystem. Bangladesh. Gournadi based on physiochemical properties Agron. J. 2015;18(2):79-87. and to examine the nutrient status of soils for 8. Department of Agriculture Extension Assessing Crop suitability. From the evaluation (DAE). Agro meteorological system of the results, it can be concluded that most of development project, Bangladesh Agro the soil nutrients status of the study areas were meteorological information portal; 2019. in good condition for crop production. 9. Bhuiya ZH, Sattar MA, Islam MS. Physical and chemical studies of some soils of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 1974;11-21. 10. Bhuiyan NI. Co-ordinated project on The authors thank Professor Dr. Md. Fazlul potassium studies Progress Report Haque, Chairman, Department of Soil Science, BARRI, Joydevpur, Gazipur. 1988;1-45. Patuakhali Science and Technology University, 11. Tester M, Davenport R. Na+ tolerance and Dumki, Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh for his Na+ transport in higher plants. Annals of valuable suggestions and cordial cooperation. Botany. 2003;91(5):503–527.

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