Assessment of Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils at Gournadi Upazila Under Barisal District
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Asian Journal of Research in Biosciences 2(1): 49-58, 2020; Article no.AJORIB.254 Assessment of Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils at Gournadi Upazila under Barisal District Md. Redwan Khan1, Md. Isfatuzzaman Bhuyan2, Nowrose Jahan Lipi2, Md. Monirul Slam1* and Tanvir Hasan Swadhin3 1Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. 2Department of Agronomy, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. 3Department of Agroforestry, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Received 24 July 2020 Original Research Article Accepted 28 September 2020 Published 14 October 2020 ABSTRACT The soil samples were collected from Gournadi Upazila of the Barishal district of Bangladesh. The soils were analyzed for texture, pH, EC, N, P, K, S, and Na to determine the qualitative analysis of some essential plant nutrients in agricultural soil to examine the nutrient status of soils for assessing crop suitability. The texture classes were silt loam in Gournadi Upazila. Sand fractions varied from 13.25-26.25%. Silt fractions varied from 44.5-77.5% and clay fractions varied from 10.25-29.25%. The soil pH of Gournadi ranged from 7.16-8.72. The soil of this zone is practically alkaline. Measurement of electrical conductivity helps to identify the level of salinity. The EC values ranged from 0.09-0.24 dS/m which indicated the soils were none saline. Total N content at Gournadi ranged from 0.028-0.74%. The average total N content observed at this Upazilla was 0.11%. The amount of total N in maximum locations was Optimum. This might be due to the addition of high organic matter, remaining of crop residue in the field. The amount of available P in Gournadi ranged from 9.25-24.11 ppm. The average of available P in here was 16.72ppm. The Exchangeable K of Gournadi ranged from 0.13-0.36 me/100 g soils. The available S content of Gournadi ranged from 14.16-24.18 ppm. The average concentration of available S was 18.65 ppm. The Na+ concentration ranged from 0.19-1.07%. The average sodium concentration was found at 0.45%. It can be stated that most of the soil nutrients status of the study areas were lies at the optimum level which is good for crop production. Keywords: Physical; chemical; properties of soils; Gournadi; Upazila; Barisal District. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Khan et al.; AJORIB, 2(1): 49-58, 2020; Article no.AJORIB.254 1. INTRODUCTION physiographic, soil, hydrological, and agro- climatic characteristics [8]. The soil series are Soil is a vital natural resource that performs key classified based on soil characteristics such as environmental, economic, and social functions soil texture, structure, soil color, organic matter non-renewable within human time scales. Soil content, soil pH, etc. in a different layer of soils. quality has been defined as the capacity of the Soil is a major source of nutrients needed by soil to function within the ecosystem and land- plants for growth. The three main nutrients are N, use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, P, and K. Together they make up the trio known maintain environmental quality, and promote as NPK. Other important nutrients are Ca, Mg, plant, animal, and human health. High-quality and S. Plants also need Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, and soils not only produce better food and fiber but Mo, known as trace elements because only also help to establish natural ecosystems and traces are needed by the plant. The quality of soil enhance air and water quality. Soil fertility refers not only its lack of degradation or changes and the nutrient balances are taken as contamination, but also to its overall fitness, or key indicators of soil quality. The economic effectiveness for supporting plant growth, development of Bangladesh depends on managing water, and responding to agricultural development. Agriculture is suffering environmental stresses [6]. Hence, a person from various problems such as nutrient dealing with soil should be acquainted with the deficiency, natural calamities, insect and disease chemical properties to decide whether the soil is hazards, improper soil and crop management, suitable for plant growth. At present, the farmers etc. For proper land use, agricultural planning, of the country are desperately trying to increase and better crop production, basic data on the the crop yield by applying more and more soil's physical and chemical properties are very inorganic chemicals, mainly nitrogenous important. Sustainable soil management is fertilizers, pesticides, and by increasing cropping essential for maintaining proper soil health for the intensity. For these reasons, reserve nutrient future production of crops [1] Both the climatic becomes depleted. Again, an excessive amount and physicochemical characteristics are very of applied fertilizers hinder the other nutrient important to determine the type of crops to be availability too. Our farmer does not know the grown in an area [2,3]. Due to long term land use inherent nutrient status of the soils and they use resulted in a significant decline in soil physical fertilizers blindly. To minimize these problems, it and chemical properties [4]. is very pertinent to evaluate the fertility status of our soils at the farmers’ level [9], Ahsan and Soil chemical characteristics represent the nature Karim, 1988; [10]. The rigidity and supporting of the genetic process, it's the development and powers, freedom of drainage, moisture storage present nutrient status. So, for evaluating the soil capacity, ease penetration by roots, aeration, profile characteristics and present fertility status and retention of plant nutrients are all intimately of soil, chemical analysis has got much related to soil physical and chemical conditions. importance. Proper fertilizer use depends on soil If the soil has good physical and chemical nutrient content. As a consequence of properties then it will be considered as an anthropogenic activities over a long period, the appropriate soil for agriculture [11,12]. Gournadi vegetation, as well as soil properties, are also Upazila is located in the Barisal district and about changed [5]. The quality of soil refers not only to the population of this Upazila engage in its lack of degradation or contamination, but also agricultural production. People cultivate different to its overall fitness, or effectiveness for crops here and they use several inorganic and supporting plant growth, managing water, and organic manure in soils of Gournadi Upazila. responding to environmental stresses [6]. People have a little knowledge about the nutrient status of soils for which the present study gets Hence, a person dealing with soil should be attention and different essential plant nutrients acquainted with the chemical properties to status in soils of Gournadi Upazila will be decide whether the soil is suitable for plant determined for qualitative analysis. This region growth. Spatial variability of soil chemical occupies an extensive area of tidal floodplain properties is critical for improving crop land in the south-west of the country. The greater productivity and sustainable farming techniques part of this region has smooth relief. Gournadi [7]. At present, the soils of Bangladesh are Upazila is located in AEZ 13. There is a general divided into 30 Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ). An pattern of grey, slightly calcareous, heavy soils agro-ecological zone (AEZ) is a zone or region on river banks and grey to dark grey, which has a unique combination of noncalcareous, heavy silty clays in the extensive 50 Khan et al.; AJORIB, 2(1): 49-58, 2020; Article no.AJORIB.254 basins. Noncalcareous Grey Floodplain soil is carried to the laboratory for physical, chemical the major component of general soil types. Acid analysis. The samples were dried at room Sulphate soil also occupies a significant part of temperature, mixed thoroughly, crushed, sieved the area where it is extremely acidic during the with a 20-mesh sieve, and preserved in dry season. In general, most of the topsoils are plastic bags for subsequent laboratory acidic and subsoil’s are neutral to mildly alkaline. analysis. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.2 Methods for Analysis of Physical The experiment was carried out in the Properties of Soil Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University to determine the Analysis of soil texture was carried out by essential plant nutrients from soils of Gournadi hydrometer method and fifty grams of oven-dry Upazila, Barisal district. The materials and soil from each sampling depth was taken methods followed in this experiment are separately in a dispersion cup and 10 ml of 5% discussed in this section. Calgon solution was added to the sample and allowed to soak for 15 minutes. Ninety ml tap 2.1 Soil Sample Collection and water was added to the dispersion cup. The Preparation suspension was then stirred with an electrical stirrer for 15 minutes. The content of the Twenty soils were collected for laboratory dispersion cup was then transferred to a one-liter analyses. The collected soil samples were sedimentation cylinder and tap. Fig. 1. Map showing study area of Gournadi upzila under Barisal district 51 Khan et al.; AJORIB, 2(1): 49-58, 2020; Article no.AJORIB.254 Table 1. Detail information regarding surface soil sources of Gournadi Sample number Depth of soil(cm) Sample location S 1 0-15 Bhurghata, Gournadi S 2 “ Bhurghata, Gournadi S 3 “ Khanjapur, Gournadi S 4 “ Khanjapur, Gournadi S 5 “ Barthi, Gournadi S 6 “ Barthi, Gournadi S 7 “ Uttar Dhandoba, Gournadi S 8 “ Uttar Dhandoba , Gournadi S 9 “ Chandshi, Gournadi S 10 “ Chandshi, Gournadi S 11 “ Gournadi S 12 “ Gournadi S 13 “ Mahilara, Gournadi S 14 “ Mahilara, Gournadi S 15 “ Nalchira, Gournadi S 16 “ Nalchira, Gournadi S 17 “ Batajore, Gournadi S 18 “ Batajore, Gournadi S 19 “ Sarikal, Gournadi S 20 “ Sarikal, Gournadi Fig.