Desarrollo De Nuevos Marcadores Genómicos Y Su Aplicación a La Filogenia Y Variabilidad Genética De Mamíferos

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Desarrollo De Nuevos Marcadores Genómicos Y Su Aplicación a La Filogenia Y Variabilidad Genética De Mamíferos Desarrollo de nuevos marcadores genómicos y su aplicación a la filogenia y variabilidad genética de mamíferos Javier Igea de Castro Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- NoComercial – SenseObraDerivada 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – SinObraDerivada 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0. Spain License. DESARROLLO DE NUEVOS MARCADORES GENÓMICOS Y SU APLICACIÓN A LA FILOGENIA Y VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA DE MAMÍFEROS Javier Igea de Castro FACULTAT DE BIOLOGIA DEPARTAMENT DE GENÈTICA Programa de Doctorado de Genètica Desarrollo de nuevos marcadores genómicos y su aplicación a la filogenia y variabilidad genética de mamíferos Memoria presentada por Javier Igea de Castro para optar al título de Doctor por la Universidad de Barcelona Trabajo realizado en el Instituto de Biología Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) Javier Igea de Castro Barcelona, Noviembre de 2012 Director Tutor José Castresana Villamor Julio Rozas Liras Investigador Científico Catedrático de Genética Instituto de Biología Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) Universitat de Barcelona AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, quiero agradecerle a Jose Castresana el darme la oportunidad de hacer la tesis en el grupo y apoyarme durante todo el proceso, en sus épocas buenas y en las no tan buenas. Me llevo un buen carro de conocimientos y experiencias aprendidas que espero saber aprovechar. También me gustaría agradecer a Julio Rozas por haber aceptado ser mi tutor y ayudarme en el complicado mundo del papeleo universitario. Por supuesto, no puede faltar una mención al P59 y asociados: Gerard, Víctor, Álex, Joan y Ana. Gracias a todos por los momentos compartidos, las risas, las birras, el marmolet y todos los consejos y ayudas. También me gustaría agradecer al resto de compañeros del instituto, especialmente a Dolors y la gente de su laboratorio, que acogieron mis inicios en el cacharreo en el laboratorio en los (lejanos) tiempos del CID. Y sin duda, también ha habido muchas otras personas sin cuyo aporte de ideas, muestras o ayuda en el laboratorio esta tesis no hubiera podido llegar a buen puerto. A todos ellos, muchas gracias. Por último me gustaría agradecer a mis amigos, por estar siempre disponibles para una charla-cerveza y por tener la paciencia casi infinita (“¿infinita o…?”) necesaria para soportar mi a veces peculiar sentido del humor. Y como no, a mi familia, especialmente a Luis y a Bea, por acogerme cuando llegué a Barcelona y cuidar tan bien de mí estos años y, por supuesto, a mi madre, gracias por TODO. CONTENIDO I.-INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................. 1 1. MARCADORES MOLECULARES EN RECONSTRUCCIÓN FILOGENÉTICA ....... 3 1.1 Alozimas ............................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Polimorfismos de longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (RFLPs) .............. 5 1.3 Microsatélites ....................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Polimorfismos de longitud de los fragmentos amplificados (AFLPs) ............... 7 1.5 ADN mitocondrial ................................................................................................ 8 1.6 Genes nucleares ................................................................................................... 9 1.7. Polimorfismos de nucleótido simple (SNPs) ..................................................... 11 2. ÁRBOLES DE GENES Y ÁRBOLES DE ESPECIES .................................................. 13 2.1 Discordancia de los árboles de genes y el árbol de especies ............................. 14 2.2 Separación incompleta de linajes ...................................................................... 15 3. ORGANISMOS DE ESTUDIO .................................................................................. 18 3.1 Galemys pyrenaicus como modelo de especie con requerimientos ecológicos estrictos .................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Galemys pyrenaicus (E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1811) .......................................... 19 3.3 El género Neomys Kaup 1829 como modelo para estudiar especiación y divergencia poblacional .......................................................................................... 22 3.4 Los musgaños del género Neomys .................................................................... 23 II.-OBJETIVOS ....................................................................... 27 III.-MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .............................................. 31 1. DESARROLLO DE NUEVOS MARCADORES GENÓMICOS ................................. 33 1.1 Protocolo de extracción y filtrado de intrones de mamíferos .......................... 33 1.1.1 Extracción de intrones de los genomas ....................................................... 33 1.1.2 Filtrado de los intrones ............................................................................... 34 1.2 Validación experimental de los nuevos marcadores moleculares ................... 37 1.2.1 Diseño de los cebadores y especies empleadas ........................................... 37 1.2.2 Extracciones de ADN genómico a partir de tejido fresco ........................... 38 1.2.3 Amplificación por PCR de intrones ............................................................ 38 1.2.4 Clonación de productos de PCR .................................................................. 39 1.2.5 Análisis filogenéticos de los nuevos marcadores ........................................ 39 2. FILOGEOGRAFÍA DEL DESMÁN IBÉRICO EMPLEANDO SECUENCIAS MITOCONDRIALES E INTRÓNICAS ......................................................................... 40 2.1 Obtención de muestras ...................................................................................... 40 2.1.1 Prospección de excrementos de desmán ..................................................... 40 2.1.2 Muestras de tejido fresco ............................................................................ 40 2.1.3 Muestras de colecciones de museo ............................................................. 40 2.2 Extracciones de ADN genómico y PCR ............................................................. 41 2.2.1 Extracciones de ADN genómico a partir de tejido fresco ............................ 41 2.2.2 Extracciones de ADN genómico a partir de excrementos .......................... 41 2.2.3 Extracción de ADN genómico a partir de muestras de museos ................. 41 2.2.4 Amplificación por PCR de secuencias mitocondriales .............................. 42 2.2.5 Amplificación por PCR a partir de ADN de museo .................................... 42 2.2.6 Amplificación por PCR de intrones nucleares ........................................... 43 2.3 Análisis filogenéticos del desmán ibérico ......................................................... 44 2.3.1 Filogenia mitocondrial ................................................................................ 44 2.3.2 Análisis de secuencias nucleares ................................................................ 44 2.4 Análisis de diversidad genética, demografía y estructura genética .............. 45 2.5 Estima del tiempo al ancestro común más reciente de las secuencias mitocondriales ......................................................................................................... 46 2.6 Modelado de la distribución de la especies ...................................................... 48 3. ESTIMA DEL ÁRBOL DE ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO NEOMYS ............................. 50 3.1 Obtención de muestras ...................................................................................... 50 3.2 Extracciones de ADN genómico y PCR ............................................................. 50 3.2.1 Extracción de ADN genómico a partir de tejido fresco .............................. 50 3.2.2 Extracción de ADN genómico a partir de excrementos ............................. 50 3.2.2 Extracción de ADN genómico de un cráneo hallado en una egagrópila ... 50 3.2.3 Amplificación por PCR del citocromo b ..................................................... 50 3.2.4 Amplificación por PCR de intrones nucleares ............................................ 51 3.3 Filogenia mitocondrial del género Neomys ...................................................... 51 3.4 Estima del árbol de especies del género Neomys ............................................. 53 3.4.1 Obtención de las tasas evolutivas correspondientes al género Neomys .... 53 3.4.2.Estima de árboles de especies con *BEAST ............................................... 55 3.4.3 Efecto de distintos priors en las tasas evolutivas sobre la estima de los tiempos de divergencia en *BEAST ..................................................................... 56 3.5 Aplicación de un modelo de aislamiento con migracón a la divergencia de los linajes de Neomys anomalus ................................................................................... 57 IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ............................................ 59 1. DESARROLLO DE UN NUEVO CONJUNTO DE MARCADORES GENÓMICOS PARA LA FILOGENIA DE ESPECIES CERCANAS DE MAMÍFEROS ........................ 61 1.1 Resultados ..........................................................................................................
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