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American Recent Eulipotyphla Nesophontids, Solenodons, Moles, and Shrews in the New World

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American Recent Eulipotyphla Nesophontids, Solenodons, Moles, and Shrews in the New World Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to zoology • number 650 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press American Recent Eulipotyphla Nesophontids, Solenodons, Moles, and Shrews in the New World Neal Woodman SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years in thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press (SISP) publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on research and collections of the Institution’s museums and research centers. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via exchange mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Contributions Series undergo substantive peer review and evalu- ation by SISP’s Editorial Board, as well as evaluation by SISP for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines (available at https://scholarlypress.si.edu). For fully searchable PDFs of all open access series and publications of the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, visit Open SI at https://opensi.si.edu. smithsonian contributions to zoology • numb e r 6 5 0 American Recent Eulipotyphla Nesophontids, Solenodons, Moles, and Shrews in the New World Neal Woodman WASHINGTON, D.C. 2018 ABSTRACT Woodman, Neal. American Recent Eulipotyphla: Nesophontids, Solenodons, Moles, and Shrews in the New World. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 650, vi + 107 pages, 27 figures, 1 table, 4 appendixes, 2 indexes, 2018. — The mammalian taxonomic order Eulipotyphla comprises the living families Erinaceidae (gymnures, hedgehogs, and moonrats), Solenodontidae (solenodons), Soricidae (shrews), and Talpidae (desmans and moles), as well as the recently extinct Nesophontidae (nesophontids). Morphological and molecular studies continue to alter our view of relationships within and among these families, and this research has added considerably to our understanding of the diversity, distribu- tions, and relationships of many of the New World (i.e., North and South America and associated islands) species that comprise them. Currently, there are more than 450 recognized living species worldwide, making the Eulipotyphla the third most speciose order of mammals. In this work, I attempt to summarize the taxonomic results of recent studies, provide a guide to the most appropriate current applications of New World taxonomic names and their synonyms, and indicate current understanding of their distributions. The eulipotyphlans of this region currently include 111 recognized species of shrews, seven species of moles, and both living species of solenodons. Cover images, from left to right: Solenodon cubanus (Figure 7, top), Neurotrichus gibbsii (Figure 12), Sorex brevicaudatus (detail from Figure 17). Published by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SCHOLARLY PRESS P.O. Box 37012, MRC 957, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 https://scholarlypress.si.edu Compilation copyright © 2018 Smithsonian Institution The text and certain figures in this publication are in the public domain. The rights to credited images in this publication, including cover and interior designs, are owned either by the Smithsonian Institution or by third parties. Fair use of materi- als is permitted for personal, educational, or noncommercial purposes. Users must cite author and source of content, must not alter or modify copyrighted content, and must comply with all other terms or restrictions that may be applicable. Users are responsible for securing permission from a rights holder for any other use. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Woodman, Neal, author. | Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, publisher. Title: American recent Eulipotyphla : Nesophontids, Solenodons, Moles, and Shrews in the New World / Neal Woodman. Other titles: Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 650. 0081-0282 Description: Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2018. | Series: Smithsonian contributions to zoology, ISSN 0081-0282 ; number 650 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Smithsonian Institution Compilation copyright 2018 Identifiers: LCCN 2018038627 Subjects: LCSH: Solenodontidae—North America. | Solenodontidae—South America. | Moles (Animals)—North America. | Moles (Animals)—South America. | Shrews—North America. | Shrews—South America. Classification: LCC QL737.S7 W66 2018 | DDC 599.33097—dc23 | SUDOC SI 1.27:650 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018038627 ISSN: 1943-6696 (online); 0081-0282 (print) Publication date (online): 16 November 2018 Ó The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48–1992. Contents LIST OF FIGURES v INTRODUCTION 1 Phylogenetic Relationships of the Eulipotyphla 2 What Happened to the “Insectivora”? 3 Organization of the List 4 EARLY NAMES FOR NORTH AMERICAN EULIPOTYPHLANS 5 RECENT AMERICAN EULIPOTYPHLA 10 Order Eulipotyphla 10 Family Nesophontidae Anthony, 1916 10 Genus Nesophontes Anthony, 1916 10 Family Solenodontidae Gill, 1872 12 Genus Solenodon Brandt, 1833 12 Family Talpidae G. Fischer, 1814 14 Tribe Condylurini Gill, 1875 14 Genus Condylura Illiger, 1811 14 Tribe Neurotrichini Hutterer, 2005 17 Genus Neurotrichus Günther, 1880 17 Tribe Scalopini Gill, 1875 19 Genus Parascalops True, 1894 19 Genus Scalopus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 20 Genus Scapanus Pomel, 1848 25 Family Soricidae G. Fischer, 1814 28 Subfamily Soricinae G. Fischer, 1814 28 Tribe Blarinini Kretzoi, 1965 28 Genus Blarina Gray, 1838 28 Genus Cryptotis Pomel, 1848 34 Tribe Notiosoricini Reumer, 1984 45 Genus Megasorex Hibbard, 1950 45 Genus Notiosorex Coues, 1877 45 Tribe Soricini G. Fischer, 1814 46 Genus Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 46 Acknowledgments 76 iv • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY APPENDIX A: PHYLOGENETIC LISTING OF SPECIES 77 APPENDIX B: LITERATURE ABBREVIATIONS 81 APPENDIX C: INSTITUTIONAL ABBREVIATIONS 87 APPENDIX D: DISTRIBUTION OF TYPE LOCALITIES 89 REFERENCES 91 TAXONOMIC INDEX 101 AUTHORITY INDEX 105 Figures 1. Numbers of recognized species of New World Soricidae through time 2 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the families of Eulipotyphla 3 3. Sorex avellanarum É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 7 4. John Bachman’s (1837) shrews: Sorex richardsonii Bachman, 1837 (=Sorex arcticus Kerr, 1792); Sorex forsteri Richardson, 1828 (=Sorex cinereus Kerr, 1792); Sorex cooperi Bachman, 1837 (=Sorex cinereus Kerr, 1792); Sorex fimbripes Bachman, 1837 8 5. Pen-over-pencil sketch of the “black-eared shrew” or “corn mouse,” Sorex melanotis Rafinesque, 1818b 9 6. The “red mole,” Seba’s (1734) Talpa, rubra, Americana 10 7. The Cuban solenodon, Solenodon cubanus Peters, 1861 13 8. The Hispaniolan solenodon, Solenodon paradoxus Brandt, 1833 14 9. “La Taupe du Canada,” Talpa canadensis De la Faille, 1769 (=Condylura cristata (Linnaeus 1758)) 15 10. Condylura macroura Harlan, 1825 (=Condylura cristata (Linnaeus, 1758)) 16 11. Spencer Baird’s shrews and mole: Blarina exilipes Baird, 1857 (=Sorex parvus Say, 1822 = Cryptotis parvus); Blarina berlandieri Baird, 1857 (=Cryptotis berlandieri); Sorex hoyi Baird, 1857; Sorex platyrhinus De Kay, 1842 (=Sorex cinereus Kerr, 1792); Urotrichus gibbsii Baird, 1857 (=Neurotrichus gibbsii) 18 12. Neurotrichus gibbsii (Baird, 1857) 19 13. Thomas Pennant’s (1771) “radiated mole” (=Sorex cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 = Condylura cristata) and “long-tailed mole” (=Scalops breweri Bachman, 1841= Parascalops breweri) 21 14. Ventral view of the “purple mole,” Seba’s (1734) Talpa, Virginianus, niger, supinus (=Sorex aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 = Scalopus aquaticus) 23 15. Sorex aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 (=Scalopus aquaticus) 23 16. Sorex brevicaudus Say, 1822 (=Blarina brevicauda) and Sorex parvus Say, 1822 (=Cryptotis parvus) 29 17. Sorex brevicaudatus Duvernoy, 1842 (=Sorex brevicaudus Say, 1842 = Blarina brevicauda) 30 18. Benjamin Barton’s (1806) “black shrew” from the vicinity of Philadelphia, the basis for Sorex niger Ord, 1815 (=Sorex talpoides Gapper, 1830 = Blarina brevicauda talpoides) 31 vi • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 19. Sorex talpoides Gapper, 1830 (=Blarina brevicauda talpoides) 31 20. John Bachman’s (1837) shrews: Sorex carolinensis Bachman, 1837 (=Blarina carolinensis); Sorex longirostris Bachman, 1837; Sorex cinereus Bachman, 1837 (=Blarina floridana Merriam, 1895 = Cryptotis parvus floridanus); Sorex dekayi Bachman, 1837 (=Sorex talpoides Gapper, 1830 = Blarina brevicauda talpoides) 33 21. Sorex harlani Duvernoy, 1842 (=Cryptotis parvus (Say, 1822)) 42 22. Sorex veraepacis Alston,
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