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Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini) of Western and Central Europe Oryx Vol 41 No 1 January 2007 The decline of the bumble bees and cuckoo bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini) of Western and Central Europe Andrzej Kosior, Waldemar Celary, Paweł Olejniczak, Jan Fijał, Wiesław Kro´l, Wojciech Solarz and Piotr Płonka Abstract The bumble and cuckooo bees (Hymeno- in the countries considered. More species went extinct ptera: Apidae: Bombini; Bombus spp. and Psithyrus spp., per country in the second than in the first half of the 20th respectively) are important plant pollinators and any century, and four taxa went extinct in all 11 countries decline in numbers or species constitutes a significant during 1951–2000. Amongst the factors adversely threat both to biological diversity and to whole affecting the Bombini anthropogenic factors (particu- economies. The distribution, status and factors threa- larly those associated with large-scale farming schemes) tening all 60 known taxa (species and subspecies) of appear to be of greater importance than natural factors. Bombini of 11 countries of Western and Central Europe To halt population declines and species extinctions it (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, will be necessary to preserve aspects of traditional Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, farming practices and for all Bombini to be afforded Slovakia, Hungary, Poland) were assessed from the legal protection in all countries of the region. The beginning of the 20th century. The analysis was based implementation of the European Union’s Common on a literature review, unpublished data, personal Agricultural Policy is likely to have the greatest single communications, our own observations, and an expert impact upon pollinators in the near future. review. The IUCN Red List categories were used for assessing the threat of extinction. Eighty per cent of taxa Keywords Agriculture, Apidae, bees, Bombini, were threatened in at least one country of the region, Bombus, Europe, Hymenoptera, pollinator loss, and 30% of taxa were threatened throughout their range Psithyrus, threats. Introduction and .60% of plant species show pollination limitation (Burd, 1994). The drop in the numbers of insect Because of their role as pollinators the bumble and pollinators, particularly Bombini, constitutes a signifi- cuckoo bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini; Bombus cant threat both to biological diversity and to whole spp. and Psithyrus spp., respectively) have been receiv- economies. ing increasing attention, and a marked decrease in In most regions of the world, however, there is a numbers has been noted worldwide (Williams, 1982, significant lack of data on the biology, distribution, 1988, 1989, 2005; Corbet et al., 1991; Monsevicˇius, 1995; status or causes of the decline of the Bombini. This is the Allen-Wardell et al., 1998; Kearns et al., 1998; Goulson, case even in Europe with its relatively long tradition of 2003; Goulson et al., 2005). Pollinators play a key role in entomological studies. Here we assess the distribution, ecosystems, ensuring production value in crops, survi- status and factors threatening all known taxa of Bombini val and maintenance of plant diversity, and trophic in 11 Western and Central European countries, and integrity (Herrera & Pellmyr, 2002). An estimated .80% assess the implications of the decline in these taxa for of crops in the European Union directly depend upon agriculture and biodiversity. biotic pollination (Williams, 1994). Similarly, .80% of all wild plant species depend on insect pollination Methods We assessed the Bombini of Belgium, the Netherlands, Andrzej Kosior (Corresponding author), Paweł Olejniczak, Jan Fijał, Wiesław Kro´ l, Wojciech Solarz and Piotr Płonka Institute of Nature Conservation, Luxembourg, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Krako´w, Poland. Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland (Fig. 1). E-mail [email protected] The evaluation of species composition and ranges were Waldemar Celary Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, based on a literature review, unpublished data, and our Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Krako´w, Poland. own observations. A significant part of this information, Received 19 November 2004. Revision requested 17 March 2005. as well as the degree of threat to individual species and Accepted 19 September 2005. the factors adversely affecting them, was obtained from 79 ß 2007 FFI, Oryx, 41(1), 79–88 doi:10.1017/S0030605307001597 Printed in the United Kingdom Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.14, on 28 Sep 2021 at 08:14:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307001597 80 A. Kosior et al. Fig. 1 The 11 countries of Western and Central Europe for which information on Bombini was collated: BEL, Belgium; NLD, the Netherlands; LUX, Luxembourg; DNK, Denmark; DEU, Germany; CHE, Switzerland; AUT, Austria; CZE, Czech Republic; SVK, Slovakia; HUN, Hungary; POL, Poland. questionnaires completed by experts from the countries P. Rasmont (pers. comm., 2002). Denmark: I. Calabuig covered by the analysis. (pers. comm., 2004), H.B. Madsen (pers. comm., 2004), For assessing the threat of extinction we used the H.B. Madsen & R. Mortensen. (unpubl. data). Germany: IUCN Red List categories (IUCN, 2001). For each taxon Riess et al. (1976), Wergin (1977), Warncke et al. (1984), (species or subspecies) an index of overall threat was Warncke (1986), Westrich (1990), Schwartz et al. (1996), also calculated by dividing the number of countries in Westrich et al. (1998), van der Smissen & Rasmont which the species was in one of the Red List cate- (1999), von Hagen & Aichhorn (2003). Switzerland: gories (EX, Extinct; CR, Critically Endangered; EN, Warncke (1986), F. Amiet (pers. comm., 1994, 2004), Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near Threatened) by Rasmont et al. (1995), von Hagen & Aichhorn (2003), the total number of countries in which the species was S. Durrer (pers. comm., 2004). Austria: Aichorn (1983), present. Kosior (1992a), Schwartz et al. (1996), Neumayer & To test whether there has been an increase in threats Paulus (1999), J. Neumayer (pers. comm., 2002), von to the Bombini the 20th century was divided into pre- Hagen & Aichhorn (2003). Czech Republic: May (1959), and post-1950 periods and the total number of extinction Tkalcu˚ (1974, 1999), Pagliano (1994), M. Pavelka (pers. events in all countries compared for these two periods. comm., 2002), I. Valterova (pers. comm., 2002), Prˇidal & A list of 21 anthropogenic and natural factors adversely Tkalcu˚ (2003), Prˇidal (2004), A. Prˇidal (pers. comm., affecting the Bombini was prepared from a literature 2004). Slovakia: May (1959), Tkalcu˚ (1974), Bela´kova´ et al. review. The experts, to whom this list was sent, chose (1979), Pagliano (1994), Lukas (2001), R. Chlebo (pers. factors that they considered to be drivers of Bombini comm., 2002, 2004), J. Slamecka (pers. comm., 2002), decline in their countries. Systematics of the Bombini Prˇidal & Tkalcu˚ (2003), Pridal (2004), V. Pta´cˇek (pers. followed Reinig (1981), von Hagen & Aichorn (2003), comm., 2004), V. Smetana (pers. comm., 2004). Hungary: Prˇidal (2004) and NHM (2005). Mo´cza´r (1957), Rasmont (1983), K. Szauter (pers. comm., Data were obtained from the following sources: 2001), M. Sa´rospataki (pers. comm., 2002), Sa´rospataki Belgium: Rasmont & Mersch (1988), Rasmont et al. et al. (2003). Poland: Kosior (1987, 1990, 1992c), Kosior & (1993), Rasmont (1995), Rasmont et al. (1995), P. Rasmont Nosek (1987), Banaszak (1993, 1996, 2002), Dylewska (pers. comm., 2002, 2004). Netherlands: Warncke (1986), (1996), Kosior & Witkowski (1997), Celary et al. (2004), Peeters et al. (1999), C. Achterberg (pers. comm., 2002). T. Pawlikowski (unpubl. data), Starzyk & Kosior Luxembourg: Warncke (1986), Rasmont et al. (1995), (1985). ß 2007 FFI, Oryx, 41(1), 79–88 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.14, on 28 Sep 2021 at 08:14:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307001597 Bombini of Europe 81 Results Republic (29), Germany and Austria (28 each), and the lowest in Poland (15) and Slovakia (16). When the The earliest information on Bombini for the countires percentages of threatened taxa were considered, the considered dates from the last half of the 19th century, most threatened are in Switzerland (79.5%), Hungary from Poland (Siła-Nowicki, 1864; Wierzejski, 1868, 1874; (78.1%), Czech Republic (74.4%) and Belgium (72.2%), S´niez˙ek 1893, 1899) and Austria (Mu¨ ller, 1881). There and the least in Slovakia (42.1%) and Poland (36.6%). are records for the first half of the 20th century Correlations between the percentage of species catego- from Belgium (Rasmont & Mersch, 1988), Denmark rized as EX, threatened (CR, EN, VU) or NT in each (H.B. Madsen & R. Mortensen, unpubl. data) and the country, both separately and pooled, and country area Netherlands (C. Achterberg, pers. comm., 2002), and were insignificant. later from Hungary (Mo´cza´r, 1957), the area of the Six and 13 taxa, respectively, became extinct in at least Czech Republic and Slovakia (May, 1959) and the one country in the periods 1901–1950 and 1951–2000 remaining countries of Western and Central Europe (Table 3). Four species became totally extinct in the 11 considered here. The information pertained mainly to countries (B. armeniacus, B. cullumanus, B. serrisquama records
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