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ril .+ Articles of the Month :fl \r/ ,x MESSAGE FROM SOONG CHING IING PUBTISHED MONIHLY IN ENGIISH, FRENCH, SPAN6H, ARABTC AND BIMONTHIy tN Crnuml gV Linking post ond THE CHINA WELFARE INSTITUTE present on new (sooNc cHtNG uNG, CHAIRMANI Chino's 30th birth- doy, Soong Ching Ling (Mme. Sun Yot- sen) soyS lts people, vot. xxv[! No. t0 ocToBER reTe hoving won notion'ol equolity ond embork- ed on soiiolism, ore morching toword CONTENTS economic ond tech- nicol equolity in the To the Readers ot China Reconstructs Soong Ching Ling ,2 modern w6rld. Crucial Steps in China's Modernizalion Wen Zong 3 Poge 2 Self-Heliance and Imported Technology How Shanghai,s Petrochemical - Complex Relates the Two Bian Hui g CRUCIAT STEPS TO MODERNIZATION Thirty You Yuwen 13 Tuning up the economy ond widening the scope of Thirty Years of Controlling China's Greatebt River sociolist Lin Yishan democrocy ond low; decisiJns by Chino.s fi People's Congress. poge 3 Seven Returns.to the Homeland Interview with Zhao Haosheng -An 24 Country Fair Rong Lie TAMING CHINA'S 28 TONGEST RIVER Virtuoso lsaac Stern Charms Chinese Audiences JJ Australian Youth Orchestra in China Flood control, irrigo- 35 tion ond new building Siity Years in an Artist's Life Li Kuchan JO for vost electric power; Beijing Scenes (Photos) 39 project chief for three Do You Know? Tian An Men 43 decodes tells of steps Largest Acupuncture in hornessing the Symposium Ever 44 Chongjiong (Yongtze). China's Wldening Research bn Acupuncture eian Xinzhong 47 Poge 17 Things Chinese: The Rhododendrons of Mount Emei 50 Chinese History - Xlll The Glory That Was Tang: 2 Relations with Many WHAT MAKES ACUPUNCIURE WORI(? Peoples Jiao JiAn - 54 Symposium of 500 Treasures from Abroad Prized in Sui-Tang Times yi Shui 58 scientists, foreig n Fierce or Fanciful: Folk Animal Toys Can Be both ond Chinese, finds Xiao Qing and Wen Zhen 60 o new opprooch Children: A Young Mountain in recent world Eagle 63 discoveries obout 'Roof of the World' Still Moving Northward Teng Jiwen 64 the huinon broin. Going to Night School in Tianjin you yuwen 66 Poge 44 Across the Land: High Energy physics Experimental Center 6B Debate Among Historiais: A Forum on the' Taiping Revolution 69 The Karlst Caverns of Yixing Han eitou .70 SEVEN RETURNS TO IHE HOMETAND Building Up China's Rail Transport-An lnterview with Hoving Guo Weicheng, Minister left Chino in 1948, of Baiiways 74 ond returning olmost onnuolly Cartoons 78 since 1973, Prof, Zhoo Hoo- Language Corner: Yole yangshuo his Lesson 10: Going to 79 tes of oc COVER PICTURES: .- ms. Front: Victory Dance Zheng Huaning Poge 24 Back'. The Great Wall, Gao Hong

Editoriol.Olliccl Wol Wen Building, Beijing ,,C(tRECON,, (37), Chino. .Coble: Beijing-. Generol Distributor: OUOZT SHUDiAli, P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino. To the Readers

ol'Ghina Reconstructs'

-Ir--1 ry/'*5

nN the occasion of the 30th anniversary of our ing to the full the unprecedented potentials'of so- U P"opl"'" Republic of China, I greet you all, cialisrn, in transf orming society, nature and' man wherever you are. himself. Our 30 years have been a vast new birth. World "The elevation of China to a position of freedom historie we4e the victories with which it began. One and equality among the nations," that was how in was the final overthrow of the feudal social system 1925, in his last Testament, Sun Yat-sen summed up which had oppressed and exploited our'- people, a the aim of his 40 years of leadership of China's dem- fifth of all humanity, for over 2,000 years. An- ocratic revolution. In 1949, under the leadership of other was the final smashing of the imperialist con- the Chinese Commuhist Party, that goal was reached. trol, by practically every foreign power, severally or Chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed at the founding jointly, under which we had labored for a century. of the People's Rdiublic of China, "Ours will no longer subject insult and humiliation. Finally, because the long revolution was brought to be a nation to Since then we. have established triumph by the Communist Party, our people were We have stood up." relations with over 100 other countries, large able to uproot China's bureaucrat-capitalist mo- new and small. They are equal relations. No other kind, nopolies which were linked to both feudalism and with China, is now possible. Only in equality can imperialtm, and take the road to socialism. different countries help each other, learn from each social struggles of the The national and liberation other what they truly need, work together for world Chinese people have been inseparably intertwined peace and progress. with those of the rest of the world. We have been Politically we won equality by our revolution. But the helped forward by the ideas and examples of economically, educationally and scientifically, we are deinocratic revolutions in America and France, of still behind the advanced nations. Our new Long the October Socialist Revolution in Russia, and of March, our socialist "four modernizations" are aimed battles for freedom in all oppressed countries. Many at fiiling the gap. In this effort, we look for coop- foreign friends genuinely inspired by those ideas eration with all willing to woik with us for mutual have fought shoulder to shoulder with us on our benefit. own soil, some laying down their lives, as well as in Among our oldest and best friends have been the mass suppo'rt movements abroad. We shall never readers of China Reconstructs, itself now 27 years forget them. old. I trust their numbers will multiply. We, on our For three decades now our people have been build- par$ shall continue to perform, better and more ing socialism, a new system. Their accomplishments fully, the task set for us by the late Premier Z}rott are recognized everywhere. There have also been Enlai: "Spread further and wider the Chinese peo- setbacks, halts and errors. And we still. face immense ple's wish for fribndship with aII the peoples of the problems of material and ctrltural growth, of utiliz- riorld, and strengthen our unity with them. E

2 CHINA BECONSTBUCTS GRUGIAT STEPS lil GHI[il's il(lltER]ilzAT!(lil

WEN ZONG

tTt UIS 30th anniversary' of the decade 1966-1976 by the sabotage salary earners, in industry and I Feople's Republic of China of Lin Biao and the gang qf four other fields, got increases in pay. finds its 900 million people taking which brought the economy to the In view of the preceding circum- a key step in their advance toward brink of ruin, and the recovery stances, such gains in a developing socialist modernization by the since 1976 when sound policies, country with a fifth of the world's century's end. enjoying general support, again population can be termed rapid Three years, beginning with prevailed. and impressive. 1979, are being devoted to read- In the year 1978, the third since Yet, viewed from the standpoint justing, restructuring, consolidat- the fall of the gang, China's econo. of what has to be done in the na- ing and improving the national my began a rapid turn for the tionwide striving for moderniza- economy in order to lay the better. In agriculturq, despite in- tion, - the economy still has malad- f oundation f or well-proportioned clemencies of nature, grain output justments and difficulties, some and high speed development from per capita topped past records. In very grave. then on. industry, the output of steel, coal, Hence the need for "readjust- Concurrently socialist democracy crude oil, power, chemical ferti- ment, restructuring, consolidation is being promoted and the socialist lizers and synthetic fibers increased and improvement." legal system strengthened to re- substantially as did freight car- ried on the railways.- The average -lease and protect the initiative and Four Initial Tasks creativeness of China's people of income of the peasants the great majority of the population- all nationalities for the immense - from Readjustment: The purpose is task. their collective work was 17..7 to correct major disproportions. percent higher 1976. Both programs, the economic and than in Sixty Through it, within three years, percent of China's wage and China the political and social, were out- hopes to achieve: Iined and analyzed with clear-cut facts and figures at the two-week long Second Session, of the Fifth National'People's Congress held in June by Premier Hua Guofeng in his- report on government work and in speeches by other leaders. The Congress, China's highest organ of state power, discussed and approved the report and adopted'the required decisions and Iaws. What is China's economic Situa' tion at present? Three factors enter into it the great progress made between- the liberation in 1949 and the early 1960s, the grave harm done in the

WEN ZONG is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs. Uulty anil Stabillty Li Binsheng antl Sln Yizeng

OCTOBER T9?9 t978 Perrentdge lnrreose wet ljlT t978 Pertenioge lntreose over 1977

Ioiol Agrkulturol 0utput

145,900 B 9 % million yuon Irodors Groin

304.75 I .Bolo 113,500 3olo million tons

Cotlon Roil treight 2161 l, 070 million lons million lons

Oilseed Crops Retoil soles

5 2tB I 52, 750 million tons million yuon

Totol lndustriol 0ulput lmprt ond 423, I 00 35, 500 million yuon million yuon

Sreel lnveslment in Copilol Construttion 31 .78 million tons Notionol

(ool 39, 500 million yuon laol

8,400 "'1 million yuon ESil ,,1'bu 110 milliontons l.l/0 Completed Proieds Eletrritity 256, 550 99 lorge ond iledium Size million kwh

Chemitol tertilizer q,693 l!/ rorriol Units million tons .17, o Growth of grain and other o Closing the gap between production by agriculture and its available fuels (coal' qnd pe sidelines corresponding to the troleum), power, modern building growth of population and of materials, transport and com- industry, munications and needs of the Agriculture is the foundation of economy in these baslc respects. China's national economy. OnIy o Heavy industry to advance not if it is well developed'can there only in the quantity but in the be abundant food for the cities and variety and quality of lts.outptit. industrial population, and enough o Better quality, lower costs and raw materials for expanding the a shortening of construction time light and textile industries for for capital projects. These wiII be both home use and export. And temporarily curtailed in scale and getting the best only when the 800 million peas- scope and aim at returns investment. ants are well off can the domestic for o A continued rise in the in- market expand, both for consumer comes of workers and goods machines and Peasants. and for the present, this involves some production At other aids which mod- further wage increases on the ohe ern farming requires. hand, and substantially uPPed o Development of the light and state purchase prices for farm and textile industries at a pace equal sideline products on the other. to, or somewhat faster than, that Total rural income, including that of heavy industry to provide more of the communes- and of their goods for the people to buy with members from individual side- their rising purchasing power and lines, is to increase by 13,000 mil- for a considerable growth of ex- lion yuan this year. ports to accumulate funds for The city people, besides their the four- modernizations. wage hikes, are to have over 30 After renovatlng its old oqulpment, thls unit of the Anshrn lrotr and Steel Works produces more and better chains. Xinhua

Anhui province reaped a good wheat harvest (hls year. Xinhua

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Xinhud workers of the Dongfanghong sitk Filsture Mill tn wuxi share their know-how. million square meters of housing of the eeonomy. The state will according to his work" will be fullY space built for them. And over give individual units engaged in applied. The income of enterprises, seven million young people, now industry, agriculture, trade, trans- as well as of workers and staff, awaiting job assignments, will take port and communications greater will be commensurate with the jobs in enterprises owned by the powers of decision and initiative quantity and qualitY of their Pro- state or by collectives. in production and management. duction. Administrative organs Restructuring: Firm reform, The socialist principle "from each witl be reformed f or greater step by step, of the management according to his ability and to each economic efficacy. Local authori-

Public trial of a criminal case in Beiiing's Intermediate Court- Zhang Jingde

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CHINA BECONSTRUCTS ties will have greater power to de- cide on how to work for the na- tional economy in their own areas, in accordance with conditions on A lDernoeratie Congreas the spot. Consolidation: The running of A CTM socialist democracy was strongly manifeStbd in the existing enterprises, especially fL rye1ft of the National People's Congress session itself and that of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Con- those whose management is in a sultative Conference held at the same Members of the tangle, shaken Their time. will be up. Iatter attended the former, hearing the main reports. The Ieading bodies will be strengthened C.P.P.C.C. is a united front body with members drawn from both politically and professionally, many sectors of society. The present session has the broadest and include technical specialists representation ever. really fit for the job. Production At the National People's Congress, the 3,312 deputies and operation must be more ra- participating submitted 1,890 motions. More than half concerned tional and efficient. issues of China's economic construction. The rest related to law, Improoement: AII enterprises national defense, foreign affairs, science, education, medicine should improve in production, and other subjects. All were referred to appropriate bodies for technology and management. Peo- consideration, the results to be reported to the next Congress ple in economic'work should raise session. their ability and skills. A number Deputies meeting in regional panels as well as in full session of major enterprises are to adopt pressed for many improvements in government work. They the most advanced technology by spoke out against abuses by some functionaries including learning from foreign countries, pursuit of privilege, "back-door" approaches, suppression- of importing technology and their others' democratic rights, bureaucratic attitudes and'inefficiency. own inventive and innovative Three women deputies, an aetress, a model worker and a teacher efforts. submitted a joint motion asking that a code of discipline govern In carrying out these measures, state personnel at various levels. This should stipulate their it is the policy of the state to keep living standards, spending and housing, and forbid the use of the market prices of things for position and power for personal or family advantage. To strengthen the work of the National People's Congress, people's basic needs stable. Some more vice-chairmen were elected individual prices, at present irral to its Standing Committee, which acts for it between sessions. They are Peng Zhen, former Price tional, will be adjusted. mayor of Beijing, Xiao Jingguang, commander of China's navy, control will be strengthened. and two leaders of parties other than the Communist, Zhu ' Another policy to be energetical- Yunshan of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang ly pursued is the accelerated de- and Shi Liang of the Democratic League. Ngapoi Ngawang velopment of science, education Jigmi, a Tibetan already a vice-chairman, was chosen to head. and culture, and of the training of the Nationalities Committee of the Congress, composed of 81 personnel for modernization. deputies from every nationality in China. Import of technology will con- To bring more efficacy and experience to the leadership of tinue. How can China pay? Ex- the economy, three new vice-premiers of the government were panded foreign trade must provide appointed on Premier Hua Guofeng's recommendation. They the main means. Another will be are Chen Yun, Po Yipo and Yao Yilin, revolutionary veterans tourism, to be vigorously expand- who before the cultural revolution had been prominent in ed. And some foreign investment economic work. Chen Yun is Chairman, Li Xiannian Vice- will be encouraged. A Law on Chairman, and Yao Yilin Secretary-Genera1 of the new Financial Joint Ventures with Chinese and and Economic Commission under the State Council Foreign Investments, passed by the Like the Congress, the National Committee of the C.P.P.C.C. Congress session, lays the ground has been broadened and strengthened. for this on the basis of China's Among its 1,734 mernbers, 110 are new. They include the sovereignty and economic in- .85-year-old Luo Zhanglong, a founding member of the Com- dependence. Relevant regulations munist Party of China, the patriot Miao Yuntai of the same age, are being drawn up in detail. former high official of the Kuomintang government who has Important both economically just returned from the U.S.A. to settle in China, Wang Guang- and socially is prbmotion of family mei, widow of Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-chi), Ding Ling, a weII- planning to control population rise. known writer and Wang Renmei, a noted film actress. A[ had This work rfill continue and be been out of public life for a long time. irnproved. This is particularly Elected as additional vice-chairman of-the united front body necessary now that young people was Banqen Erdini (Panchen Erdeni) Quoigyi Gyancan, a tradi- tional notable in religious and other Iife in Tibet. born in the late 1950s and 1960s, -_,- E (Conti,nued on p. 53) ocToBEE 1979 Self.Reliance and lmported TechnologV

- How shanghai's Petrochemical complex Relates the Two

BIAN HUI

A RE China's self-reliance and crude oil, the main raw material. Company sent 70 percent of its ll' hsr import of technology in Because of Hangzhou Bay's sharply plumbers and asserhblers to help. contradiction? Some friends dropping tides, sw,ift waves and At the peak of the work, Shang- abroad have asked this question. strong winds some doubted hai authorities mobilized most of The two are harmoniously com- whether one could be built there. the installers from the city's tex- bined in the Shanghai General Pe- A research team spent three tile, chemical, metallurgical and trochernical Complex. Devoted mainly to making and processing synthetic fibers, it is the biggest construction project ever under- taken in China's textile industry. It is also the fruit of the coopera- tive elfort of tens of thousands of workers and peasants, and of dif- ferent areas of China. Shop director Sun Start Self-Reliance Guojin (left) sets from production informa- tion from a staff Twenty-five provinces, auto- member at the cou- nomous regions and municipalities trol panel. in China were involved in the first Zhani Shuicheno .stage of construction, which has already created what is virtually a to new industrial city at a once- months investigating the iluestion electric machinery industries desolate spot on Hangzhou Bay and concluded the dock could ,assist. AIso 2,000 workers came south of Shanghai. be built. Construction workers from Sichuan province. Some 50,000 local peasants and anchored it with 50-meter-1ong Shanghai workers converged there piles driven into the sea bed. At Foreign Plus Chinese Technology in the winter of L972 to erect a sea first they could only drive one pile First-stage projects, which went wall to protect the 670-hectare a day, but later they got so that into trial operation in July 1977 plant site. Despite snow and rain, they could install 13 a day. The and were officially certified by dock was finished in a over they completed the dam in 32 days little state industrial .departments in and nights, having moved 1.2 a year, half the allotted time. June 1979, include six mills pro- million cubic meters of earth. Nearly 100 factories from Shang-, ducing cheinical products, syn- Also built was an olfshore dock hai joined in manufacturing and thetic fibbrs and plastics; four for 25,000-ton tankers to bring installing key equipment for the auxiliary plants to provide the project - about 120,000 tons in the water supply, machine repair, BIAN HUI is a staff reporter for first year or so. The Shanghai In- power and waste-water treatment; China Reconstructs, dustrial Equipment Installation a crude-oil unloading dock, a

8 CHINA BECONSTBUCTS r r I :

.1 -: Iht =.'="-t'::Si-;a.nghlii {iemerzri Fetrochemicai Complex, Shi Y tLn iilrng f.iuanqiia.j, Z;. heads the crew o{ the central panel xt tire ethi.'le!-re umi{ im {,he petrochernical plant No- 1. Ye Shentu, 25, heads the tery- Zhong Sltuichenc iene plan6's es{,r"rization section, Zh"ang Shuir:heng

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2."), repa,i[s ii1- the *rlqln plant. Zhattg Shuit:lien;1 A fotest of spintlles in the terylene plant's long-fiber shop. Zhano Shuiclteng

Sedimentation tanks in the waste water treatment plant. double-decker bridge over the produced on 150,000 heCtares of far northwest China, sent the main Eluangpu River and water and land. They can also turn out 60,000 parts for a constant pressure Iand transport facilities. In addi- tons of plastic resin and 2.8 million device. Kaifeng in central China tion, there is a 'residential area tons of petroleum and other built the entire oxygen-purifica- with apartment buildings, medical chemical products each year. tion unit. Changsha on the middle facilities, schools, administrative Here are some examples of the reaches of Changjiang River offices and a cornmercial network. combination of imported equip- supplied 17 huge water pumps. By the end of May 1979 the plant ment with that made in China and Major textile machinery plants had achieved a gross output value' with Chinese initiative, An ultra- produced a1l the machines and of 2.4 billion yuan and had rdturn- pressure compressor for a Japan- equipment for the orlon, vinylon ed to the state 920 million yuan - made high-pressure polyethylene and terylene mills. a term greater than the entire cost unit required 2,000 piles for its Three gigantic steel structures of imported equipment and patents foundation according to the im- with towers and tanks, standing and equaling 40 percent of the ported design. Engineers from the abreast, mark the skyline of total investment. Shanghai Light Industry Designing Chemical Works No. 2. One is an Half of the key production ma- Institute analyzed the site's geo- acetaldehyde column from West chinery for the plant was imported logical conditions and decided that Germany. Another a vinyl cyanide from Japan and West Germany. 661 piles would be enough. This column from Japan. Between The other half, plus a great deal saved 2 million yuan and two them is a Chinese-made acetic acid of auxiliary equipment, is Chinese- mgnths of time. column. The inner-cooling process made. The imported technology is China designed, manufactured, formerly used in China's acetic among the world's most advanced assembled and installed the equip- acid production was clumsy, com- and helps fill a gap in China's ment for the orlon and polyvinyl plex and time-consuming. The petrochemical and chemical fiber mills and part of the terylene mill, Shanghai Chemical Industry industry. The responsibility: for as well as for the power, water Designing Institute developed a planning, capital construction and supply, machine repair and water new outer-cooling process. A installation was entirely in Chinese treatment plants. Designated and Shanghai steel plant produced the hands. organized by the state, 500' fac- special rolled steel for the new The first:stage projects are tories frorn around the country system. designed to produce 102,000 tons aird in Shanghai quickly provided China at first planned to import of synthetic fiber annually the a great variety of equipment and the main parts for orlon produc- equivalent of the amount of cotton- materials. Lanzhou, a city in the tion. Later she decided to build

China-made production line in the wool-tops section of the orlon mill. Shi Yun ,.lir l:1]r9 . !t, r"{;

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The offshore oil dock at Chenshan. Shi Yun the equipment herself . Fifteen and veteran workers with ex- towers, heat exchangers, con- textile machinery and chemical perience in the textile or chemical tainers, troughs and pumps and fiber plants in Shanghai muni- industries. Three-fourths of the several dozen pipe lines. Tracing cipality and four provinces were work force were youngsters newiy the blueprints, Sun explored every mobilized to make it. Steel plants out of middle school. So the lead- section of pipe line, valve and in Ar,rshan, Dalian, Beijing, Tai- ers of the enterprise asked the every piece of machinery, crawling yuan and Shanghai provided high- Shanghai Textile Engineering into narrow holes and climbing to quality steel that would resist College to run a workers' training the top of the high tower. Now corrosion. Factories in Anhui and school for the plant, and sent he knows his shop like the back Guangdong provinces developed workers and technicians to study at of ,his hand. automatic meters and instruments. other units in the same fielil. The filament finishing section'in Within a year and a half the Workers and technicians also had the spinning shop of the terylene various enterprises delivered their to learn to install and operate the mill has four false twisters. Japa- products to the worksite. The imported equipment. nese engineers helped train 40 orlon mill was completed Sccording Sun Guojin, the 45-year-old spinners who had to be able to doff to plan. director of shop No. 3 in the 88 spindles in 20 minutes by the Chemical Works No. 1, had work- end of the course. AII women, they Learning and Improving ed at the Shanghai Coking Plant, passed the test. The fastest needed Such a big and modern complex but knew nothing about the only 11 minutes to complete it. needs a great number of technical aromatic hydrocarbon extraction Now the section is overfulfilling and administrative personnel. But and xylene devices in the new its monthly quotas by 10 percent petrochemical operation was begun p1ant. The aromatic hydrocarbon and the elastic fibers it turns out i j with only a handful of engineers device is composed of 150 units - are 98 percent top-grade. E t2 CIIINA RECONSTEUC'TS Th

YOU YUWEN

The yeor they come into the world--f949*one stage with revolutionory ospirotions there qome disruption hy Lin ol the Chinese revolution wos thunderinq dolyn the home Bioo ond the gong ol four os thesi* fslse prophuis lonrr:nted stretch. ln Jonuory the People's Liberotion Army took Beijing onorchy in the nome of revolution, reoqhing lor perscnol (then Peiping), in April it crossed the Chongjiong (Yongtze) power in the contusion. River ond took Chiong Koi-shek's copitol Noniing, The Chinese Where ore they now, these young people who, like the people, with the Chinese Communist Porty i6 the forefront, new Chino, were born in 1949 ond, like it* ore now lf ? Events werg fighling to free themselves trom the old regime, under led o tew of them for o time to disillusion, clnicism, or to which they lived hungry ond ill-e lod ond whose policies ond petty crime, ond such socioi problerns i*{t lrovn (hore yeors economy were controlled by foreign imperiolists. By the end ure still being solved. of the yeor of their birth o new Chino, too, hod been born - Eelow, three who with itrorr{ ',"dili iiirj olherwist, t€!ll thFiit the People's Republic hsd been set up ond work nos being experiences. Due lo circumstdrcei no'{ $rqr!} of Chino's young done to right the wrongs of centuries, ond to creote the con- people hove hod the striking ;uecess of thcse three. Yet their ditions lor o secure ond hoppy childhood, slories hsve on element in commsn Nvith those ol most ,oung When they reoched lheir teens they themselves were people in Chino todoy*the desire to do their best io creote cought up in o new storm, the Greot Proletorion Culturol o modern sociolist industry, agrieullure, sciense ond detense Revolution which beEon in t966" llrose were unsettling yeors for their country for this too is porl of the revolution which - irregular schooling, yeors in the couhtryside, , Along is their birthriEht,

to learn from Lei Feng, an out- such things faze him. He kePt his standing Pgople's Liberation Army faith and dedication to China's man, I tried my best to help socialist revolution and construc- others and do good things for the tion. "Many young people with people. At the end of my second broad knowledge of science will year in junior middle school I was be needed," he said. His words named an outstanding Beijing and Chairman Mao's admonition, student and given two gold pins. "Study well and make Progress The cultural revolution began every day" helped me keeP on while I was still in junior middle with my scientific studies. school. My schoolmates and I With a few close friends I began plunged ourselves into it with making various kinds of radio great enthusiasm. We traveled equipment. We haunted the radio about to a number of cities it stores for parts and bookshoPs for ,..&. seems that we walked over -half any new literature on the subject. of China-to exchange experi- Thus began my interest in ence on how to make revolution. electronics. WU QIANG, technical innovator at When I came back I was puzzled In 1968 I was assigned to work the Beijing Silk Mill and delegate as a spinner in the Beijing SiIk to the Beijing People's Congress. to find that students who had remained were attacking teachers Mill. It did not have modern we had respected. I did not re- machinery. The workers in the T WORKED hard on my lessons I alize until much later that some preparation shop had to keeP their when I was in middle school. eyes on several hundred warp classes go people were urging the Recl After J would out to broken ends. plant Guards to follow an ultra-Lif ' reels, watching for collect and insect specimens many to or work my line of attacking all intellectuals. Severe eyestrain caused on transistor radio or glasses. With support from go to some scientific activity in Even my father, an engineer who wear had always worked very hard, the mill leaders I tried to make Beijing Children's Palace. I took job, part in math and composition con- came under fire merely for being equipment to do this but it tests. When we had a campaign an old intellectual. was not successful. Hoping to find I began to wonder why I should out what went wrong, I read more YOU YUWEN is a staff reporter for work hard if it would only come books and went, to the Beijing China Reconstructs. to this, but my father did not let Chemical Engineering Institute for ocToBER 1979 13 help. Eight months later after re- and reduced' coniumption of ;iaw peated experiments I perfected a materials by four-fifths. Since pulse-controlled automatic warp then our mill has produced over stop device which was quickly 10,000 extra meters of silk with adopted throughout the shop. The raw material saved. eyestrain was ended and produc- Our group has made six kinds tion went up by 20 percent. of electronically-controlled equip- This led to the desire to make ment for loomS in the Past few the weaving shop automatic - years. These have opened a new automatic shuttle change, TV in- horizon for us in applying elec- spection and push-button control tronics in the silk industrY. so that the weavers didn't need to Now six of us have gone to walk around the shop. For this study in college. People have ask- project, on my own I studied ed me whether I planned to take physics, math, computer science, examination for college en- silicon-controlled rectifiers, lasers the I considered the matter. and engineering drawing, and trance. It's true that China's moderniza- CAO NANWEI, graduate student read some material from abroad. PhYsics Re- tion needs a lot of professional re- in the High EnergY Later we set up an electronics Chinese pearch personnel, but it also needs search Institute of the group to concentrate on technical Academy of Sciences. innovation. We worked very hard. a lot of workers with advanced knowledge. I feel I can Sometimes I didn't get much sleep technical was five mY father continue to improve my theo- fYfHEN I tor days on end while we were W died and my mother, an carrying on an experiment. To retical background in connection government worker, suP- job, ordinary make the weft fault detector I had with problems right on the ported us four children on her to try dozens of bulbs and regulate so I've decided not to try for not-very-high wage. The govern- the voltage over and over in order college. ment paid our school tuition fees to observe the changes of lamp Now I am married to a worker and later living subsidies while in filament and brightness. My eyes from our mill. Since she is not in college. often watered and hurt so sorne- very good health, I have to do I was lucky because of mY high times I had to stop and do eye ex- quite a lot at home. But she sup- marks to be admitted to a keY erciseS before continuing. ports my work for innovation and middle school where I got better We finally made the fault de- never complains when I don't teaching. I wanted to be a scien- tector. It has improved quality come home because of it. tist. Once I had an argument with a classmate. She said that there was no woman who was a leading Wu and other members of the electronics group discuss a problem, scientist. I mentioned Madame Zhang Jingde Curie. "But she was a foreigner," put in another friend who was with us. "There's never been one in China." I had no answer, but in my heart was unwilling to ac- cept the idea. The girls in mY class were as good academicallY as the boys. ,WhY couldn't theY become leading scientists? My elder sister was studYing philosophy at Beijing UniversitY and I wanted to studY PhYsics. I had the idea that we could work together to use materialist dialec- tics to study elemental particles. In 1964 I got a letter from mY sister. She was very excited about the visit to China of Shoichi Sa- kata, a Japanese PhYsicist, intro- ducing the "Sakata Model." He had applied materialist dialectics to the study of elemental particles. "Think of it;" my sister wrote, "a scientist from a capitalist country gave lectures on materialist dia- t4 CHINA BEICONSTRUCTS certain problems to be solved in this field. I also wrote an article "Field-Current Identity and the Total Decay Width of the P-State New Particles" and sent it to the Sci,ence Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and they published it. I kept in touch with Professor EIe and he and other scientists in Shanghai gave me a lot of help. After the gang of four fell the system of entrance exaininations for college enrollment was restored. I took the examination for graduate students and in 19?? was accepted in the .Academy's High Energy Physics Research t Institute. Professor He is my teacher. I hope that my studies -i, wiil enable me to contribute to the modernization of our country.

With Professor IIe Zuoxiu. S14n Yunshafl

Iectics for members of academic university science students, and circles in socialist China. Isn't some in higher mathematics and this something for our Chinese physics. To learn more about the young people to think about?" evolution of the elemental particle Prof. Sakata had met with Chair- theory I studied English on my man Mao several times during his own and even tried to read some fi 'it ,:j visit. books in the original English and I'L '.j I was senior middle school looked magazines in in through HUANf ANLUN, composer with when the cultural revolution be- English, .Italian and Japanese. the Central Opera and Dance gan. As it went on, our school My greatest difficulty was how Drama Theater. Of him, Margot could no longer hold classes as to get books, since did not have I Fonteyn, famous ballerina and usual. After graduation in 1968 the money to buy them. Since I honorary president the Royal most of. my class went to live and had no job didn't have a work of I Ballet Academy of Great Britain, work in the countryside. I was card, and had to use my class- said, are have a not in good health so I did not go" mate's to get into the Shanghai "You lucky to Since I had nothing to do, I library to read. But I was afraid talented composer. He has written good began on my own studying ma- I would be denied the use of the really music," after she saw ballet terials that my elder brother and library if found out. Fortunately The Little Match Girl, a sister had used in university. the library was only a 40-minute adapted from Hans Christian An- Since I didn't have a teacher to walk from home so I could go derson's story with music by help me, I took a great deal of there every day and stay till it Huang Anlun. Another of his time and sometimes got to a thing closed. works, a piano piece Prelude and by taking the long way around. In September 1975 Professor He Dance was performed by Chinese We didn't have much money so Zuoxiu, a Chinese high energy pianist Liu Shikun while on tour I bought paper for my notes and physicist, published a thesis "A in the United States. exercises from a waste materials New Possible Quantized Field collection station. Over seven Theory of C,omposite Particles". I lfY father Huanp Feili is head years I finished all the math and After reading it I wrote him a IYI of the conducti"ng department physics courses normally taken by letter and gai" *y opinions lbout of the Central Conservatory of ocToBER 1979 15 Music. When I was born in the siasm. When I learned that there his opinions on creating a national city of Guangzhou he was study- was a small organ in a primary music. "Xian Xinghai studied ing music in the United States. school four kilometers away, I western music in France but he In 1951 he didn't want to stay walked there every day to use it. used it to serve China in her away from China any longer. He I didn't even skip one day when struggle against the JaPanese in- gave up the opportunity for a there was a blizzard. The teachers vasion," he pointed out. "A Per- sheeP, European tour with his teacher at the primary school were very son may eat the meat of goes making him a Hindemith and to finish his aca- sympathetic, which made my but it into must alwaYs remember demic degree and returned to give work there easier. man. You 1972 veteran composer only your closeness to the his all to the new China. This In the that were planning Chinese nation can give Your feeiing is reflected in painstak- Chen Zi and others the to create an opera The Miner's music vitalitY." ing way he me. educated Daughter. I was asked to go to Now I am working on an oPera I started to study the piano at Beijing to coordinate the instru- on Yue Fei, a hero of the Song the age of five. But my mind was mentation. I was determined to dynasty (960-1279). I have collect: outside in the yard where my make the best of this rare chance. ed a dozen taPes of an oPera in friends were playing. For this I In the course of the work I learn- Fujian province stYle to studY as got quite a few spankings, but ed a lot from these veteran musi- a basis for my work. I want to now that I lclok back over it, I cians and gained a deeper under- achieve the good qualities of think my parents should have standing of music itself. modern western music such as been even more strict. Chen Zi was a student of the lucidity and free-flowing stYle- When I was six I was sent to Iate great composer Xian Xinghai. But I want my music to exPress study piano in a spare-time pri- In the 1930s he and several of healthy sentiments, deeP revolu- mary school and at 12 I entered his schoolmates had gone to Yanan tionary feeling and be in charac- the middle school attached to the to join the Chinese revolution. teristic Chinese style. Central Conservatory of Music to The others went into the army, I am married now. MY wife major in piano. One day I was while he became a musician at works as a pianist in a dance shooting away with a slingshot the Lu Xun Academy of Arts in school. Since mY mother takes and the when a teacher named Shao Yanan. During the time I worked care of our household am able to give aII mY Yuanxin called me in. I ex- with him Chen Zi often talked children, I personal and time to pected him to scold me. Instead about his experiences composing. E he asked, "Do you really under- stand music?" I made a face and At the piano, retorted, "No, I hate it." He didn't get angry, but let me hear a piece by Schubert and explained it to me in detai-I. Before I knew it my resentment had vanished. I could feel the music with every nerve. From then on I stayed at the piano eight or nine hours a day. My schooling was interrupted during the cultural revolution. My classmates and I were assigned to do farm work in a village near Zhangjiakou, a city north of the Great WalI. I wept bitterly at the thought that I wouldn't be able to play the piano. Then I was struck by an idea: Even if I couldn't play maybe I could learn to com- pose. My father agreed. On my next visit to my family in Beijing I got some teaching materials from the conservatory's composing de- partment. My father set me tasks of scoring symphonic music for piano. I took to composing in that re mote village in a fever of enthu-

l6 CHINA EECONSTBUCTS Navigation through the gorges in Sichuan Provlnce is now constant and safe. Shen Yontai

''.i;ffii

T, vE BEEN working on the con- r trol of China's greatest river, the Changjiang (Yangtze), for some 30 years. It should be familiar to me, you might think, and it is. But when this summer I went with 100 other water conservation and Tt{IRTY EARS OI geological workers to survey its world-famous gorges, I was stirred as seldom before. Standing on a mountain top, seeing it wind TOI{TROLLI}|G CHIt.lA'S east along its seaward course f'was struck, as though for the first time, by its beauty and promise. For at these gorges, we shall build the biggest dam in China and one G REA RII|ER of the biggest in the world, as part of the project to curb the river from flooding and harness its vast potential for irrigation and electric power-to protect our people and bring them a brighter, more abun- dant life. LIN YISTIAN Born of peasant stock, I learned the tragedieq,of both too little and too much v&ter not from hydre

LIN YISEAN ls Cbairman of the Changjiang River Valley Lon8l-range @mmission.

OCTOBEtr Tg?E t7 Plateau are the inexhaustible res- ervoir of its life-giving water. This reliable survey has revealed that the Changjiang River is 6,300 kilometers long, and not 5,800 as was formerly believed.

Jingjiang Biver Project In the liberation year, in Wuhan in the summer of 1.949, I got caught up in a battle to protect the dikes and save that major city from.flood, Torrential rains had rapidly raised the water level and speed of flow in the upper reaches of the Changjiang in Sichuan province. June to August is the peak period of the Apex of the 2,000-year-old Dujiangyan irri- Zhong Shuicheng high-water season. which lasts gatioD system renovated after liberation. from May to October. Then tor- rents pour down from the upper reaches into the gorges, and flood logy, in which I have no formal tions, waterlogging, drought, and the plains of Hunan and Hubei training, but from the ground up. schistosomiasis (snail fever) har- provinces below, breaching many And in the course of guerrilla war- assed the people along its of the flimsier dikes. Things get fare against the Japanese invadgrs, banks. Things began to change in . worse if too much silt accumulates in 1939 I dug wells and built irri. 1949, when the people took'power. in the riverbed. If fldodwaters gation ditches with the local peas- Very early, despite lack of equip- from the upper reaches meet those ants in the base areas led by the mdnt and efficient technicians, the from the tributaries in the rniddle Communist Party. people's government set up the reaches, inundation of great areas After 1949, when our country Changjiang River Valley Long- in the middle and lower reaches is was liberated, I was put in charge range Planning Commission. Over inevitable. of iontrol work on this mighty 1,000 water conservation workers, The Changjiang River is his- waterway. In the spring of 1953, 10,000 hydrographers and geolo- torically reputed to have burst its when Chairman Mao Zedong was gists were assigned to it. banks over 200 tirnes in 2,000 inspecting the region, he discussed We did a iot of surveying , years. In 1931, its overflow drown- with me the overall task, and later and inspection work and gathered ed over three million hectares of instructed me and other colleagues and collated much basic data. land in six provinces and killed to draw up a comprehensive plan. Here are the main accomplish- 140,000 people. A total of 28 Flood prevention, to save ments since then. million people suffered from the thousands of lives, was thE main effects. In the 1935 flood, an- emphasis. other 140,000 lives were lost. With this in mind we water Tracing the Source Following the liberation, flood conservation workers have traveled prevention became a primary task the length of. the river from its Detailed work was done to of our newborn people's govern- source, the Tongtian River in locate exactly the river's main ment, and was embarked on im- China's far west, to the sea source. This had long been be- mediately. Some 3,000 kilometers outlet at Wusongkou (Woo- lieved to be the Minjiang River in of dikes were rebuilt and strength- sung) near Shanghai. We took part Sichuan province. In 1641, the ened. The key Jingjiang River in every big project built on noted geographer Xu Xiake wrote Dike was raised by three meters the 'tributaries. Over the years, that the Jinsha River was the and widened by eight meters along we rejoiced in the growing achieve- source. But prior to liberation no- a l80-kilometer stretch, and ments in averting flood damage, body investigated its upper reaches numerous small ones . were irrigating crops to feed more peo- or the Tongtian River and its constructed on the iributaries as ple, the production of power for five tributaries. outposts against flooding. industry, improvement of naviga- In the summer of 1976 one such Flood diversion and storage are tion and scientific research. tributary, the Tuotuo, was de- of prime importance in safeguard- In old China, under its reac- finitely identified as the true ing key regions during periods of tionary ruling classes no effective source of the Changjiang. The unusually high water. The first measures were ever taken to tame towering snowcapped mountains undeitaking to do this was the the river. For centuries inunda- and glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibet Jingjiang River Flood-di.rersion

18 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS Gezhouba, the initial waten conservation pro- iect wesl of the gorges, uniler construction. Shen Yantai

Survey of thc ehannel at the gorBes. Zhou Youma

--The Jianghan plain protected by the .Iingjiang River ilike. Sun Shuqing Shen Yanldi Project. The plan for it was approved by Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou Enlai. In April 1952 Ihe Changiiang-Ghina's Longest tiver a force of 300,000 construction workers, peasants and soldiers rnHE Changjiang, Cbinq'F largest river, rises in the Tanggula threw themselves into the battle to I Mountains on the Plateau and traverses 6,300 build within 75 days. The job Qinghai-Tibet it kilometers through one munigipality, one autonomous region was to create a 900-square-kilome- and eight provinces. ter basin in a low-lying plain south is fed along its long course by over 700 rivers and streams. of the Jingjiang River, \Mith inlet It Every year discharges one million million cubic meters of siuice gates capable of admitting it water into East China near Shanghai 20 times as much 8,000 cubic meters of water per the Sea as the Huanghe (Yellow) River, China's second- largest. second. drained by Changjiang measures 1.8 million The project soon proved worth The basin the of China's total area, and vast July squflre tifth the effort. Late in of the entire area of Europe. The 1954, heavy downpours raised the equival t 300 in this basin cultivate rice, cotton Changiiang to an excep- mil i 27 million hectares of fertile land, growing 40 per- tionaily high level, threatening and rape on of China's grain one third of her cotton. disaster to the middle and Iower cent and The area is also rich in mineral and timber resources. The reaches. Three times the dam's carries B0 percent of all China's internal waterborne traffic. sluice gates were opened to release river the swollen waters. A serious disaster was averted. ln the ]ate 1960s, after careful study oI the Jingjiang River with an ef f ective capacity of 50 host of the organisms that cause it, .system it was decided to do more thousand miliion cubic meters of f ormerly bred in abundance on work here straighten to out two water. The middle and lower lakesides, in river bends and in biggest- bends situated in of its reaches of the Changjiang no ditches and pools. WhoLe vi),lages Hubei province. shortened This longer face floods every year, were depopulated by this scourge. the tiver by 80 kilometers and When there is no threat, the land In the spring 1950, when peril. of lessened the flood reclaimed from the lakes produces investigating the Iake area near much grain. Wuhan, we of ten traveled long Flood Diversion to Lakes Hubei is caLled "the province distances without coming across with a thousand lakes." The any sign of human habitation. Many lakes linked with the four largest, which include On one occasion we did meet the Changjiang River, including major Lake Honghu, cover 11,000 square middle-aged mother of seven chil- ones the Dongting in Hunan kilometers. After liberation, a dren. They all bore dif- province,- Honghu in Hubei prov- diversion dam was constructed as ferent surnames, f or she had ince and Poyang in Jiangxi prov- part of a projected comprehensive married seven times. Each of her ince-were once natural reservoirs control program. Then, between husbands had died of schistoso- Ior floodwaters. But silting and 1959 and early 1960, half a year's miasis contracted while working in the reclamation of Iakeside land effort by 200,000 construction the paddy fields. Only because over the years considerably re- workers completed four iong neither she nor the children duced their storage capacity. drainage canals with a total length worked in the fields had they After: the liberation it was of 390 kilometers. In 1973, a avoided the same fate. Time will decided to restore this function of storage and drainage project four never banish those tragic scenes the lakes. Around the shillow ones, times the size of the Jingjiang from my memory. dikes and sluice dams were built one' was completed on Lake With liberation, the extermina- to maintain the water at a low Honghu. tion of these snails became an in- the bank the Chang- level or check inflow at normal On south of tegral part of the lake harnessing jiang River a similar project was times. This increased their capac- program. Countless iives have ity to accommodate floodwaters also built on the Dongting Lake been saved. wheh required. During low-water (China's biggest inland body of seasons the land is drained and fresh water): Seventy percent of sown to crops (with the under- the farmland in ten lakeside More Land Irrigated standing that they will be sacri- counties now yield high stable ficed if down-river cities or regions crops regardless of weather. The greater part of the Chang- are endangered by floods). These Harnessing of the lakes has also jiang River basin has an abundant projects, plus the Jingjiang River helped fish breeding and inland rainful. But unfortunately the Flood-diversion Project, have navigation. 'It has cut down vir- rain does not always arrive when created a diversion and storage tually the killer disease, schistoso- most needed by the crops. area of 10,000 square kilometers, miasis. Snails, the intermediate Drought used constantly to threat-

OCTOBER T9?9 21 ir;):t ...

A small-sized multistage hydropower Lin Yishan (center) antl hydrologists, inclrrding 83-year-old station in Badong county, Ilubei Prof. Tao Shuzeng with a walking stick in the first row, provrnce. Huang Taoming surveying the site for the dam of the gorges. Ma ,Iun en farriring, especially in hilly courses and tens of thousands of power station, a Iock and two irri- areas. Since liberation we have tributary beds have been newly gation canals. Power is supplied built over 800 big and medium- dug, widened or deepened to form to industry and agriculture in sized reservoirs and .130,000 a new multipurpose drainage, Hubei and Henan provinces. electric irrigation and drainage diversion and storage network, The total. generating poteniial of stations. Today the river valley is with enhanced irrigation and the Changjiang River and its trib- studded with canals, ponds and transport capacity. utaries is imrnense estimated reservoirs which irrigate 14.6 Sti1l lower, the Jiangdu Key at 230 million kilowatts,- 40 percent million hectares of farmland. Water Control Project aims to of the nationai totai. Present The struggle to make water divert water from the Changjiang generating capacity of the 20,000 available the time began big, medium and hydro- at right River to the Grand Canal and small many centuries ago. power stations built sirice libera- thence to the Huaihe River to The Dujiangyan irrigati0n proj- tion is six million kw. irr'rgate the north China plain. The ect in Sichuan province on the With ample water, supplement- upper reaches was built in first stage, completed in 1977 con- ed from tributaries, the Chang- 250 B.C. Later, lack of necessary sists of four of China's largest irri- jiang River is a vital transport repairs caused croplands served gation and drainage stations, a artery, navigable the year round. by it to shrink from 200,000 to check gate, a lock and a number of But the 1,03S-kilometer stretch about 130,000 hectares. After the waterways. Already benefited are from Yibin in Sichuan povince to liberation, by the 1960s the ancient 660,000 hectares of farmland. Yichang in Hubei province, along network was restordd and expand- which the river passes through its ed. Areas benefited rose to Power and Navigation far famed gorges, was always haz- half a rnillion hectares, including ardous. The people's government hill areas it had never served Power generation and river has improved navigation condi- before. tions: 154 shoals have been re- transport are also provided for in Among new irrigation areas moved and rock-clearance in the many of the projects built on the watered by the Changjiang is gorges now allows ships to pass major tributaries. Biggest so far, Shaoshan, Chairman Mao's native through day and night. The 24 district in Hunan province. is the Danjiangkou project on the river harbors, 270 stopover points Lower down, the Taihu Lake Hanjiang River. The first stage and 200 docks provide ample area is known as "the land of rice completed in the 1970s includes a loading and unloading facilities. and fish." Over 100 main rivei Z.5-kilometer dam, a 900,000-kw. Navigation including that on

22 CHINA BECONSTBUCTS Huaryhai tu ' ,[---../. (- .) li*- .fr2(\ .a lhthp Izke il / a J$uryfiat '.alr)t \ r

LndnqBng t{uer ValE hundary It \ l,1ain rssloir Poltotg hke ,--== P tkd drvmim areo \

ffi Lar^qe ir'rgalion dislricl \ {

* lmporlanl dike * cdnal $ @ Main hydromwa slalion

\ .+xry Zhexi " t)' Chongiiory (Yongtze) River Yolley nfiecrs

the tributaries has been extended during an all-night discussion used in the construction of thq- from 10,000 to 30,000 kilometers. listened attentively to my report main part of the gorges project. on the gorges. Then he asked me This summer's new survey and to write it out for the Party Cen- current debate on its findings Project The Key the Gorges - tral Committee to study. In the are expected to decide which of spring of 1958 Chairman Mao the suggested sites for the dam is Despite the achievements of asked Premier Zhou Eniai to look the best. these - 30 years, full flood into the matter further. The Pre- Chairman Mao's famous poem, control has not yet been achieved. mier concluded that a dam at the Sroimming envisions the splendid about three percent of Only gorges would eliminate the tlood prospects of river control at the the ,actual. water resources of the menace and make the river serve Changjiang Gorges: Changjiang are put to use. the interests of the people for all Navigation is still at far too low a time. Walls of stone rrill stand level. Greatly encouraged by Chair- upstream to the west Therefore, we hydrologists are man Mao and Premier Zhou, we To hol,d back Wushan's working on a grandiose scheme to river workers have done a trg- c'l,oud.s and rain tame the entire Changjiang River, mendous amount of preparation in Till a smooth lake rises in with the gorges as the key link. years. early these 30 In the the namou gorges. The tremendous flow from the 1970s, to our great joy, the building upper reaches, the 12O-meter head of the Gezhou Dam was begun. The mountain goddess if drop along the 600 kilometers This huge construction p-roject she is still. there gorges, above the and the sheer is located at the outlet of the WiLL maroel at a world so cliffs on either side make this an gorges. The first stage includes changed. ideal site for a huge control two lock gates, a six-arch scouring installation. sluice, a 27-arch flood-discharge His hope will be realized in the In February 1953, when Chair- gate and a power station. During not distant future. Reservoirs will man Mao talked with me about the second stage a 2,561-meter accommodate all flood waters. taming the river, he pointed to dam will be built across the river, Power stations along the river wiII the gorges on a map and suggested and the generating capacity is ex- generate far more hydroelectricity that the outlet be bottled up, as a pected to reach 2,700,000 kw. The than the whole countrY now first step, to form a reservoir. rise in the water level will im- produces. After the serious 1954 flood, he prove navigation facilities. The As a hydrologist, I am haPPY again inspected the river, and electric power obtained will be and proud to play mY Part. E ocToBER 1979 23 Zhoo Hoosheng (Howord Choo), o Chinese'Americon professor in the Deportment ol Eost Asion Longuoges ond Literoture ot Yole University, since 1973 hos returned seYen times to Chino, wheri he hos trsyeled widely, written odicles ond given lectures. Recently we visited him ot the seoside resort o{ Beidoihe (Peitoiho} where he wos spending o briel holidoy. Mr. Zhoo's Joponese-Americon wife, Chie lmoizumi, took port in our conversotion. The following ore the high points.

Seven Retu rns to the Homeland Zhao Haoshcng nt the (ireat $'all. -An lnterview with Zhao Haosheng Staff Reporters

A SAYING among the Chinese Nanjing (Nanking), so I had a number of phases during these last /r goes: "Every stream has its front seat in the theater of history thirty years source and every tree its roots," preceding China's liberation. The first phase, beginning with meaning that all things have their In 1948, when I was 28, I went the liberation of the mainland, was origins. Before I begin talking to Japan as a foreign correspond- one of suspicion and fear of the about my impressions, let me tell ent. I was still in Japan when the China under Chinese Communist you about my past. That'Il briefly Chinese mainland was liberated rule, since most such people had make it easier for you to under- in 1949. I didn't know where to lived in an anti-communist en- stand my feelings. go I felt like a kite with a vironment and had been exposed I was born in 1920 in a very - broken string. Because of the cir- to anti-communist propaganda. small, very poor county town in cumstgnces at the time I didn't Even so, there was also a feeling central China's Henan province. come back to China. Instead, I' of pride over the birth of the new How small? Well, they used to say went to the United States to study, and over the fact that the that if you tripped and fell outside China, found work there, got married and the town's east gate, you'd prob- Chinese people had stood up" brought up a family. I've lived ably pick your hat up or-rtside the The second phase lasted Ionger there since 1952, which makes it 27 west gate. I grew up there, and from the outbreak of the years now. - then went to study in Sichuan Korean war to China's defiance of province during the Second World A S FAR AS impressions of the the attempt by the Soviet Union War. Later I worked as a reporter 4 r new China go, many Chinese to dominate her, and her own in Chongqing (Chungking) and living abroad have gone through a successful A-bomb tests. These

24 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS were greeted with surprise and munist officials and I felt nervous. calmer and more collected than on admiration. What if I went and they didn't let the first trip back, but I didn't The third phase started with me out again? Would there be notice any problems in China since Nixon's visit to China and the bjg trouble if someone saw me er,rter they hadn't come to the surface' rise in China's international pres- the embassy? Years of "red yet. tige. More and more Chinese phobia" made me hesitate. I On my third trip in 1975, how- abroad began wanting to identify talked it over with my wife. On ever, I began to sense that some- themselves with the new China the day I went she was to wait in thing was wrong. There were re- and to corne back to visit. a coffee house opposite the em- fusals to let me visit some places, The fourth phase began with the bassy. If I didn't come out by noon conversations broken off at a cer- passing away first of Premier that would signify I was in trouble. tain point. I was aware of a ten- Zhou, and then of Chairman Mao. That's how fearful I was. sion, a strained, unnatural feeling in 1976, and the events related to I went on the appointed day and in the air. It wa-s at the end of the gang of four. These shocks, entered the embassy at nine the year and I'd come back for my coming one after the other, chang- o'clock. About eleven I came out, mother's funeral. I arrived in ed their feeling about the home- smiling. Moreover, I had fixed a Beijing from my home town just land from exhilaration to one of date for another meeting. As I had about the time Premier Zhott apprehension. one talk after another with Chi- passed away. F,or the second time In the fifth phase, that is in the nese Communist officials my fears last couple of years, they saw that gradually dissipated. Not long China has been able to withstand after that I heard, in Paris, about these shocks, and both her strong Kissinger's secret visit to Beijing. With his claughter Patricia, now work- ing in Beijing, in front of Tian An Men points and weaknesses had been I was overjoyed and told my Gate. revealed. People saw the realities, family that very soon we should be and they saw real hope. able to go for a visit.

"[::",x""'.'" M " " M';xJ ]J "-:i T', ;;;:'i T" i o 3H I "': Ti: phases. I first resumed contact young man of less than 30 when I with my homeland in 1971. In Ieft the country, and now my hair Paris I saw a film from the new was streaked with gray. My wife China called The Red, Flag Canal. who had been married to me for It was most moving, the story of 20 years but had never met my how the people of Linxian county family, came with me. I could in my native Henan cut an irriga- barely suppress my excitement. tion canal through mountains, It The contrast between the old was 20 years since I had seen China of my memories and the China, and the sight of it, even new China overwhelmed me. I though only on the screen, put me was stimed by every tree and blade in a fever of excitement. I imme- of grass in my home town for diately rang up the Chinese em- which I had yearned more than bassy in France saying that I 20 years. Even the first taste wanted to drop in for a visit. The of shaobr.ng (griddle-baked sesame I put on the black armband of voice at the other end said I was biscuits) and goutiao (crullers) in mourning. I somehow sensed that welcome to come and asked me to Beijing brought tears to my eyes. the Chinese people's grief was fix the hour for an appointment. Once whetted, my desire to re- mixed with a premonition that Later I began to have second visit my homeland could no longer something awful might happen thoughts. This was the first time be contained. I returned in both and this told me that something I'd had contact with Chinese Com- 1974 and 1975. In 7974 I was was definitely very wrong. ocToBER l9r9 25 Then in close succession came the Tian An Men incident, the Tangshan earthquake and the passing of Chairman Mao. I be- came more and more depressed. I didn't even want to turn on the radio. I felt as though some calam- ity might befall the country at any moment. China survived the shocks. This, and the neat and efficient removal of the gang of four, proved the solidity of China's foundations. She had swayed without falling, gone through crises without suff ering irremediable conse- quences. On coming back in 1978, I saw that people had not lost hope through the momentous turn of events. With his wife. Chie Imaizumi, chatiing with the director of the Research Institute of Culture and History at Shanhai- guan where the Great Wall meets the sea. Zhou Youtna ON ^, trip back this year, I've v sensed a new enthusiasm, a forward-looking atmosphere. Peo- pare the present with the past, and Now that China has these three ple talk freely about everything China with the United States. If f oundations, only one thing is and anything. L,eaders admit their we think about it with a clear missing' mistakes. Compared with 1975 this head - has China wasted her time :ou".rr:"tto"._ is like spring sunshine after a bad these last 30 years ? China isn't winter. Of course, I have learned up to some of the over-inflated MRS. ZHAO: I am Japanese. My that there are many problems I boasts of the gang of four, but she mother, who is 85, is visiting China had never been aware of, and has already laid a solid foundation. with us for the first time. She have seen phenomena I hadn't There are three things nobody was born in the Meiji period (1868- imagined existed. On thinking it in the world can deny: First, those 1912). In this period the Japanese over, I realize that all these things triple mountains of politic-al people were forward-looking, tvvere there before, only they'd oppression imperialism, bureau- although their life was not as good - been hidden under the carpet. feudalism as today. She, says she sees a crat capitalism and - Now they're coming to light. are gone, once and for all. Sec- similar atmosphere in China - in Since China has been cut off ondly, China is firmly unified. Shanghai, Hangzhou, Suzhou and from the world for so long, sudden And third, China is able to defend Beijing. Coming back to China contact with foreign corintries has herself, and the'principle of "we with my husband, I find that the created a number of problems people's - will not attack unless we are Chinese life is improving problems such as inevitably ac- attacked; if we are attacked we every year. I feel the dignity of company sudden ih"rrge.. Some will certainly counterattack" has the people. When I first met my young people, for instance, seem been tested and proven. With sister-in-law the wife of my to think that everything abroad is - these three fundamental things in husband's youngest brother - in good - nothing in China suits her possession, a slight lag in ma- my husband's home town in Henan them. Thjs, I believe, is chiefly terial conditions doesn't count for I felt that she represented the because these young people don't so much. But young people usually earth itself - stable, solid, honest compare the present with the past. don't realize that. Comparing and unspoiled. She's a woman I lived 28 years in the old China, China with other countries solely from the countryside without, per- another 27 in the United States, from the point of view of standard haps, much education, but I found and now I've seen the new China, of living they are bound to feel in her as I find in the majority of So I think I'm qualified to com- impatient. the Chinese people dignity backed

26 CHINA BECONSTRUCIS by the long years of splendid They are willing to listen to our cigarettes had come all the way civiiization. Every time I come to talk these* U"r.. from Beijing. China, I feel really that the next * ? Such sentiments are very heart- century will be China's century. warming. They're the kind shared MB. ZHAOz Some things that +++ people belonging to one and happen are quite interesting. Many by the same family. It's something MB. ZHAOT Not so long ago people have told me that because inborn, you might soY, and China's strides toward moderniza- their parents came from Taiwan indestructible. tion - perhaps b<-icause they were they used to keep their copies of just beginning were too fast - the China Pictorial, published here I /fY daushter was born and and too big. But readjustments in Beijing, hidden away under A IYlg""* ,rl ,., ,n" United states. were made as soon as this became pile of other magazines. But later When she was four years old we evident. And the mistakes were they out that the old peo- - found were living in California then - corrected f aster than would be ple were reading them on the sly, I took her for the first time to possible under any other social and taking more and more interest Chinatown in San Francisco. system. in them. In the end those parents Afterward I asked her: There are still problems, of simply asked their children to let "Patricia, what did You find course. I believe China's modern- them read all the books and print- most interesting there todaY?" ization should have own fea- its ed matter they had from the main- "Everybody had black hair," tures and not simply be a copy of Iand. When China and the United she answered. what others have done. Chairman States set up diplomatic relations Young as she was, she seemed Mao didn't copy the Russians demonstrations to celebrate the to have found her "roots." And when he led Chinese revolu- the occasion were held in New York's so in February this year, after she tion. It wouldn't have succeeded Chinatown, and the five-star red graduated from college, she came you if he had. Of course, should flag flew there for the first time. to China to work. Before she left see more of the outside world, and Some Chinese storeowners didn't we said to her, "Although You're old conventions break away from hang'out this flag, because they an American citizen, Your roots and patterns. get much of their stock from are in China. You needn't have get A very important thing is to Taiwan. Nor did they join the any apprehensions whatsoever, agriculture and education in good demonstrations. But when the pa- especially now that there are shape. College students in China raders went past they clapped and diplomatic relations between pay any fees and ?5 don't tuition applauded most enthusiastically. China and the United States. It's percent of thein get a state And here's something else. I've your natural and bounden dutY to subsidy for living expenses. often taken out reporters or mem- act as a bridge between the But care must be taken not to bers of delegations from the peo- Chinese and American PeoPles." breed a privileged class. The rural ple's republic to meals in Chinese And so wiII it be f or our areas are doing well now my - restaurants. I was their host, but younger generation, and lor their brother Gengsheng personally told by their clothes they could easily children and grandchiidren. As me about that. Then there's be identified as coming from -the for myself, every time I've come another matter, and that is solving mainland. Well, on several occa- back, my homeland has treated population question. the sions the proprietor appeared and me like a mother welcoming a son Chineie circles the United in announced that the meal was on back from faraway Places, so States in a react very sensitive way the house. This happened when I much so that it makes me feel developments jn China. . to . . was taking out two reporters for undeserving. Radio Beijing. They wanted to ex- So this time I decided not just to MRS. ZTIAO: In 1973, when we press their thanks in some way, look at things but to do some went back to the United States but they had nothing to give in the work, and gave Iectures at the after our first visit here, I felt that way of presents. So they produced Institute of Journalism. some people from Taiwan tried a pack of Zhonghua cigarettes to From now on I hope to come almost to avoid us. But recently be distributed among the cooks and back here every summer and do things have changed. Those peo- helpers in the kitchen. The entire something useful here. Let thal ple just can't help being curious. kitchen staff came out to shake be my small contribution to They want to know about China. hands with them, because the China's modernization. B

OCTOBER T979 27 Countn

RONG LIE

T T was Sundav market day in potato seedlings that someone eLse Chengdu, capital of Sichuan, is an I Xindu township in Sichuan had brought to the fair to sell. Han important trading center for farm, province's Xindu county. The vil-' lvanted to grow sweet potatoes on sideline and other local products Iages were astir at the crack of his private p),ot for the tive pigs f or the 13 people's communes dawn as a steady stream of com- he was raising. nearby. It had long been the site rnune members poured in from far Most of the 20,000 who attended of a lively local fair. But from and near, bringing home produce the fair that day were, Iike OId 1968 on, Lin Biao and later the like chickens, ducks, eggs, tobacco, Han, commune members buying gang of four spread the idea that pigs and bamboo by cart, bicycle, and selling small produce, and a small sideline production bY the basket or shoulder poIe. Thursday few were representatives of com- commune members was a vestige and Sunday are fair days with the mune production Such brigades. of capitalism. The f airs lvere private latter busier. This Sunday was small-scale and mainly ex- ciosed down and commune mem- particularly busy, for the com- change is still a necessary part of bers were not allowed to market tnune brigades had given their commerce in the stage of socialism. their produce. They were unhaPPY members a half-day off so that That day the voiume of trade was because they had things to sell but they could go to the and 45,000 yuan, equivaient 15 fair buy the of no place to sell them, In fact, ces- things they needed before they got percent of the total volume of re- sation of the fair-s opened the door 'busy with the summer harvest. tail sales in the township's state- to speculation and black marketing As I edged my way through the run stores that day. crowd I ran into Han Dashuan The Xindu is among the by a few peasants. fair gang hunkering down in front of some biggest of the 5,000 fairs held After the downfall of the sweet potato seedlings.. A 54- regularly in Sichuan province. This of four, from 1977 on, the state year-ol.d commune member known township, located at the junction policy on marketing could again be for his industriousness, he had just of the highway between Sichuan carried out. According to it, com- sold the duck he had raised for and Shaanxi provinces and the rail mune members have the right to 1.35 yuan and was selecting sweet Iine from Baoji in Shaanxi to engage in sideline undertakings such as home weaving, keePing Ii.vestock and gathering things Iike Production brigades. as rvell as individuals, bring in vegetables to sell. medicinal herbs, and to sell these and the produce from their Private plots, provided that this does not impair collective economic devel- opment. Sales are limited to what can be grown on the small Private plots, so the volume of such trad- ing is quite small. It is from work on collective projects that com- mune members get their main in- come and food grain, which is allocated according to collective workpoints earned.

Pigs, Peppers, Potatoes

To facilitate the fairs, the county department of industry and com- merce has provided two sites near the east and west gates of the town, at either end of iis shop- lined main street. Bamboo, timber

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS ..

!.

:i i

E

& L c{}rnPl of thr: fair"

State stores operate booths too.

Weighing stafion rnaintained by the fair,s administration rlelrartment.

,r'!... .. :

Cleaning ee Buying trabY chiclils,

high mountain region Rabbit raisers selling t(r a state Purehasing agent.

The hanrboo ware for sale.

Pllolos bu Wang Hongtun ahd pigs are traded on the east, Near the vegetable shed many sturdy, easy to care for, quick- and on the west end there is brisk people had crowded around some growing and early to lay eggs trading in farm and sideline pro- carts of pepper seedlings. persuaded many people to buy and g The duce, From to 11 a.m, is the Sichuanese are fond of peppers and raise a few. busiest people time, though arrive very particular about them so Pig-raising is the main sideline much eariier at.the roofed shed every year the production brigades produetion in peasant households. which serves to shelter the vege- sell some to farnilies who want to This benefits the commune table sellers, That Sunday, indi- members in income and also helps grow ,Jhem around their homes. viduals had brought more than 20 At the east end qf the poultry the collectives with manure sold to the production team. More than kinds of vegetables for sale in- stalls were eight big baskets of 700 pigs, big and small, were sold cluding lettuce, garlic greens, lively ducklings. The seller was cabbage, that day, It was near the summcr bamboo shoots and peas. a young man from a eommune Along southern harvest, so things like baskets and the side a roW of brigade which was trying to people squatted behind their scoops wovcn of bamboo were in introduce a new strain of duck great demand. Although commune baskets of chicks and ducklings, f rom Jiangsu province, His members can make these them- hampers of live poultry, the heads description of tfre breed bs being sclv€s or buy them from the state sticking out this way and that, and unpenned fowls which were un- willing to stay put to be viewed, Lining a broad aisle in the middte were other people with eggs, chickens and ducks and vegetable seedlings. Along the west corn, rice and fodder were on sale. If there is a large amount of some product to be sold, negotiations at the fair are handled by a represen- tative of the seller's production brigade. Ovei in one corner a crowd had gathered to watch some people cleaning eels for sale. Eels are harmful to rice fields as they make holes in the ridges. Children often go out in the evenings with flash- Iights to catch them. They selt for ,lt 0.60 yuan per kilogram uncleaned and 1.80 yuan cleaned. Production brigade representatives buy sweetr potato seedlings at lhe fair.

Co-op Restaurant near the fairgiounds is ready for a crowd on fairday. supply and marketing co-op, they always seem to be in need of more. Large quantities of aII the above bamboo ware, pigs, chicks and- ducklings, and seedlings 'and vegetable seeds are sold at fairs ,, for these are rfeeded- in both col- lective and individual production and in everyday life. The ability to market produce at the fairs has stimulated home sideline production and helped many families to improve their livelihood. Production team No. 8 in the Dafeng commune does not ' have much land. So for some time 27 of its 44 households had in- comes so low that they were get- ting government aid. Last year the team mobilized its members to make use of the abundant local

OCTOBER I9?9 31 bamboo for both collective and from people on the Plain, and ones, causing considerable losses to individual sideline production of others buy corn and beans for the production brigades, was woven articles. As a result animal feed. Over 6,000 kg. of arrested and dealt with according the incomes from collective production grain was traded at the fair I at- to law, but for lesser offenses educate the rose and in addition these families tended in May, twice that at a staff simply tries to made an average 40 yuan each fair the previous December. offender. from home production in the first The reduction in the Price of Stop at the Teahouse three months of 1979. grain has led to lowering of Prices for pigs and other livestock, and Sichuan is f amous for its Prices Follow Supply other prices have come down too. teahouses and restaurants' As Vegetables sell from 0.04 to 0.14 noontime .approached, those along The seller is allowed to ask what yuan per kg., nearly the same as the street between the two markets he will at the f air, but this in the state store. Some people began "to fill up and crowds to frequently comes down after make brown sugar from their own gather around the counters set uP bargaining. Prices generally find ' cane and now it sel]s for one for the fair serving noodles, boozi their own level according to yuan per kg., the same as the state (steamed buns with meat filling), market supply. When the fairs price. Bamboo is 0.12 yuan per rice with dishes and fermented one of the were first resumed there was not kg., even below the 0.16 state glutinous rice. EverY Teahouse much to be sold and sellers set the price. The following table com- 200 seats in the Dongfeng was occupied and six staff mem- prices of some goods two or three' pares some prrces. times higher than those charged bers were kept busY brewing by the state. Today, with greater Rape- tea. After a busy morning it was supply, prices have come down Hens Eggs seed Tobacco a good place for fairgoers to rest, tea and stabilized. OiI Leaves and over a five feri cuP of May exchange the latest news and In the past no free trading was market' 1978 3.00 3.00 5.00 5.40 opinions on the croPs and allowed in grain, which was uP I May As the fair was breaking handled exclusively through state Dashuan again turning 1979 2.L0 2.80 '2.20 met Han purchase and marketing. This 2.L0 toward home, his basket on his helped to reverse the situation State back filled with sweet Potato and before liberation when grain was price 2.00 1.80 1.60 2.04 pepper seedlings. He also had a always short in spring before the (Prices in Yuan per kilogram) bag of glutinous rice which he winter wheat was harvested, and wanted to ferment to make some the Iandlord and capitalist dealers urged him to stoP for a Staff wine. I took advantage of this to raise Aid from County cup of tea before going on his prices. Planned purchase and Under a tree in the center of the way, but he declined. "Got to get marketing by the government, west gate fairgrounds two young back and get these Plants in the which became a nationwide men with scales were weighing ground," he said, "and I've got a system in November 1953, guaran- people's purchases. This was one lot to get ready f oY the wheat teed that enough food grain was of the three weighing centers set harvest." E available. But if a production up by the county as a public serv- brigade had a bad year, its ice. After a price is agreed upon members might still be short of buyers and sellers can bring their grain in ,spring. Individuals goods to them for weighing. There elsewhere who had grown more is a service charge of one percent grain and had' a- surplus might of the sale price. bring it to shortage areas to seII The state maintains a temporarY at high prices on black markets. purchasing center at the fair- ,The 19?8 grain produbtion in grounds. One thing it buys is a lot Xindu county was five percent of rabbits. Many people raise them over that for 1977 so the average but other commune members don't food'grain distributed per capita want to buy them, so the state leached 300 kg. in some feams. purchases them and exports their Now families who do not wish to skins. consume this much can sell it The county does much to educate legally at the fairs. This plus the peasants about market policy. produce frorh private plots has Its staff is frequently called in to generally made more grain availa- mediate disputes between b"T- ble. for sale. Commune members gainers over prices or to investigate -from the hilly regions like to sell fraud. A man found to have sold t\eir corn and beans and buy rice bad vegetable seeds for good

at CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Stern and Golub give a dem- Coaching. onstration for students at the Central Conservatory of Music.

E\ROM the very beginning of his violinist should practice €very day. announced selection and played r visit to China ]ast summer, But seeing that no questions were instea.d a Debussy sonata for violin American violinist Isaac Stern coming from the balcony, from his and piano. After hearing Chinese showed his friendship for its peo- position in the center of the stage music on this visit, he told the ple through his warm relations he shouted up, "Why haven't you audiehce he was reminded of how with Chinese audiences and his people up there asked any ques- much oriental music had in- willingness to help their musicians tions? Are you Shy?" The haII fluenced some of Debussy's works learn. He turned an open dress exploded into laughter. His especially in color and harmony, rehearsal before 2,000 spectators warmth, friendliness and humor and he wanted the Chinese au- in Beijing's newly acoustically were widely talked about among dience to know this too. reconstructed Red Tower Theater the capital's music lovers. into a question and answer session Some felt he demonstrated a T SAAC Stern was the first violin- with the audience. He was asked particularly warm feeling for I i.t of world stature to tour about everything from when his China when at one Beijing per- China for two decades. At his violin was made to how long a formance he canceled a previously- premiere in Beijing, Mme. Soong ocToBEB 1979 33 fnrmed concertos for violin and orchestra by Mozart and Bt'ahms, Stern's recitals were regarded by all as a good opportunity for learning. His strict and meticulous attitude toward music left a deep impression on the Chinese musi- cians, He showed himself lamiliar

A. not only with his violin part but also with the piano and all the orchestra parts. He put emphasis on respecting the intent of the composer, the style of a work and the trisiorieal backgrourtd of each work, Tlre perfnrmer's own in- terpretation and creation, he holds, should come second if a perf ormer elverstresses his- own artistic interest and way of pres- enl,ation, the piece can be utterly changed. Stern several tinrcs said that a musician must first move himsclf before he can move the Xilht.ta Pho(o rvilh Soong Ching Ling afler the performance. audience. His serious approach together with his accomplished technique made every program unforgettable. Giving classes at the Central Conservatory of Music, like a lov- ing grandfather with his spectacles on his forehead, he listened atten- tively to the young performers. He explained points on violin playing in simple and vivid terms and dem- onstrated for the students. When Lii Siqing, a nine-year-old boy finished playing Mozart's Third Concerto, Isaac Stern hugged him and said that his skill was of in- ternational Ievel. Stern's vigor, diligence and superb skill greatly struck the Chinese students. E With China's Ceniral Philharmonic Orchestra, Li Delun conducting.

Congratulating Lii si- qing-nine years oId.

Ching Ling, Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Na- tional People's Congress, Huang Zhen, the Minister of Culture and Huang Hua, the Foreign Minister were in the audience. Accompanied by pianist David Golub, Stern performed sonatas by Beethoven, Bach, Brahms, Debus- sy and Franck. With China's Central Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Li Delun, he per-

34 ",,} Vicior Sangiorgio, featrured soloisi.

Exchanging pointers during a visit Pholos bV Zhang Jingd.e (o the Central Conservatory of Music.

Concertmasier Sandra Tanr,ihudek.

THE Australian Youth Orchestra shown whether in Mozart's r composd of 74 young people sprightly overture lo The Magic selected f rom a music summer Flute or Handel's stately Water camp, visited China early this Music. Victor Sangiorgio, the fea- June. The average age was 1?. tured pianist, played Liszt and youngest The was a 15-year-old Grieg. The performers' homeland Frencb horn players, Erench horn player. Lovely and was represented by Irish Tune and graceful Sandra Tancibudek the Morlly on the Shore by the noted concertmaster was herself only 22. Australian composer Percy Under the baton of John Hopkins Grainger, and by the Australian the ensemble performed in Bei- folk song Waltzi,ng Matilda- jing, Nanjing, Shanghai and In Beijing the young musicians Guangzhou. Praises could be had a get-together with Chinese heard for the high accornplishment students at the Central Conser- and excellent coordination of a vatory of Music. The hosts played group so young. traditional Chinese melodies on The wide choice of selections Chinese instruments svch as zheng included classics and European (2S-stringed harp), pipa (4-stringed romantic works, works by national Chinese lute) and srcono horn. Un- composers from northern and der the baton of Mr. Hopkins, the eastern European countries and by young artists' of both countries Australian composers, and Austra- played the Chinese Spring Festioal Iian folk music. High skill was Ouerture. ocToBER 1979 35 Sy gf,rs The author in his studio. Huo Jianying

in am r&Es&'r A

LI KUCHAN

I.INE might say that lor me this was born into a poor peasant cooled I divided it into three por- \-/ is a double-thirtieth an- family in Gaotang county, Shan- tions for the day's three meals. I niversary. I lived for 30 years in dong province. My ambition to '*'ent everywhere on foot, even on this ancient city of Beijing before become a painter was inspired by journeys of several dozen Ii. What liberation and now I have lived the folk artists who decorated the hardships I went through tb learn another 30 years in the city since temples and monasteries in that to paint ! the founding of the new China. The area. When I was 22 I managed to A classmate gave me the journey I have traversed is not one make my way to Beijing. First pseudonym "Kuchan" for' my that I can easily forget. Sixty there was the Work-Study Society. paintings. Ku means bitterness, years &Bo, in 1919, I came to Chan* is the name of a branch of Beijing just Later I entered Beijing University after the turbulent to study literature, then the Public Buddhism, and in olden times May Fourth Movement. was It Arts School to learn painting. freehand traditional painting was here while taking part in the i eked out a living pulling a known as a Buddhist art. Once the activities of the Work-Study by rickshaw in the evening. painter Lin Fengmian saw a Society met Mao that I first Beijing was much coldelthen. painting of mine signed with this Zedong, who later became the The north winds cut right through name and took it for a painting by leader of our new China. Here I my cotton padded jacket and froze a destitute monk ! In f act I did have lived, studied, painted and me to the bone. Poor as I was, not fare any better than one. Some done what I could. good-hearted peopie advised me given however, I held on to my dignity. My whole career has been to adopt a more auspicious name, to painting Chinese traditional I never sought the company of classmates from wealthy fami- but I have insisted upon using it paintings in freehand style and until this day. It reminds me of teaching' fine art. People say lies I was too pioud to put up - , my antecedents. that the fine arts should be a with their supercilious stares. I thought of every possible means quest for truth, beauty and studying to economize with my hard-earned T HAD started out goodness. But I found misery and I western-style painting under money. I would pick up discarded frustration much of the time. I Xu Beihong and several foreign art pencil stubs for my practice sketch- teachers. But there was little sale ing. In the most difficult days LI KUCHAN, 82, is a well-known for oils among Chinese so I had to traditional-style Chinese painter and all I could afford was one pot of professor find someone to sell my paintings calligrapher. He is now a in porridge per sprinkled a the Chinese traditional painting depart- day. I ment of the Central Academy of Fine thin layer of dried shrimp shells 1 Known abroad by its Japanese pro- Arts in Beijing. on top of it and when it had nunciation Zen.

36 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS to foreigners in the legation was Qi Baishi and I decided to quarter and to buy the materials I learn from him. needed through them. After being One day in 1923 I was 26 - - continually bullied and fleeced, I I walked into Qi Baishi's home in w- finally decided to switch to tradi- the western part of Beijing. tional Chinese painting. The ex- Without ceremony and refusing pense involved in oils was one to accept the customary in- factor, but I had always been troductory presents he took me as attracted to this traditional art. his student. When he heard of my situation he even refused to accept tuition D EIJING had no lack of talented fees. Sometimes he would -L) traditional painters, but at that ask me stay for a meal or buy me some colors. I was more than time a stultifying "back to the grateful, ancients" trend prevailed in the for I knew that he supported his arts. Most paintings were no more his family with brush and his paintings sold for insipid imitations works than of Iittle in those days, So as not to by four artists of the late Qing disturb him I would do nothing dynasty. Our good tradition of but watch when he painted, trying painting from nature was ignored; hard to grasp his intention and there was little creativity. But analyze his brushwork, trying to amid this stagnancy there was one ask as few questions as possible. artist who was blazing a trail of I never asked him for a painting his own. Assimilating the good as a present. points of the old masters .without Qi Baishi was a patient teacher. letting himself be limited by them, When he finished each painting he he painted entirely from his im- would explain the techniques he pressions of life as he saw it. This had used. He warned me, "Those Premier Zhou Enlai with some of the who learn the essence of my work members of the Beijing Chinese Tra- ditional Painting Academy when it was will survive, those who copy me founded in May f957. Li Kuchan is in Li Kuchan with his teaeher Qi Baishi will perish." He advised me to the center row, first lefi. (seated) in the 1940s. f ollow in his tradition, drawing inspiration from my own ex- perience of life, but not to imitate ing. After the Japanese occupa- his paintings. tion of Beijing the Chinese Com- munist intensified its under-' One of his unforgettable quali- Party ground activities both inside arid ties was superhuman diligence. outside the city. Often a friend of The memory of it has spurred me mine would bring strangers to stay on till this day. Through several several days my small dozen years he painted from six for in studio. By then I had stopped in the morning until eleven at teaching because refused to work night, stopping only for meals and I brief rests. He refrained from for the Japanese, who had taken lived drinking and smoking, and wasted over the schools. My family solely the proceeds from m5l no time on cultivating social con- on paintings and we could give these tacts or seeking benefactors among comrades only very simple fare by powerful. the rich and selling paintirr-gs. I managed to buy them second-hand clothes for ETINALLY I became a professor I painting disguises and supply them with of in a college, but money for travel expenses. Eor life continued insecure. to be this I was reported to Japanese Those were times plagued by war- gendarmes and arrested. In the lord fighting, skyrocketing prices prison, situated in the basement of and frequent wage cuts. My main the old Beijing University, I was salary was not much so to support tortured. I bear a big scar on my my family I had to lecture in leg from it to this day. several other places. Occasionally Beijing was liberated in 1949. I was lucky en-ough to sell a paint- At that time my financial problems ing at an exhibition. In those dif- were even r:rore serious. Then I ficult days I made some friends thought of Chairman Mao with outside art circles friends who whom I had studied in the Work-. were poor but honest- and upstand- Study Society. I wrote him a letter ocToBER 1979 5l in big brush characters on a roll stant fear. We were dragged onto u'hat they called 'ocapitalist re- of paper three meters long. Chair- the platform before a crowd to be storation" and ":'everting to the man Mao mentioned my problem accused. I was subjected to beat- past." The pictures we had done in a letter to Xu Beihong, pre- ings, curses and forced labor. We became "black paintings." Once sident of the Central Academy of were kept under guard in a again I was subjected to abuse and Fine Arts and sent one of his sec- "monster shed" an unofficial attack. I had done a picture en- retaries to my home. "Chairman and illegal detention- room in the titled."Lotus and Kingfishers" for Mao is busy," he said. "He cgn't school and more than once the Beijing International Club, and come himself so he sent me to see paraded- through the streets in a Premier Zhou had approved of it. what we can do. The Chairman truck. When we passed the places But the gang of four put it in an says our country's economy is still where I had pulled a rickshaw in exhibition of paintings to be crit- in difficulty but things will im- the old days, I felt particularly icized, claiming that the eight prove anci life wiil get better. He bitter. Here I had once suffered. lotus flowers in it were libelous urges you to go on painting so as But what had our new society take-offs on their "eight model to leave something to posterity. . . ." come to that I was being forced to theatrical works" which they had "Busy as he is, Chairman Mao suffer again? boosted to the skies. With all this still thinks of me," I said to the they were really attacking Premier secretary. "Truly, he makes the DREMIER Zhou did much to Zhou by innuendo. people's welfare his first concern. I bring old artists back into the When the gang of four was I regret now that I wrote him that picture. In 1972 he wanted guest finally deposed by the Party Cen- letter burdening him with my per- houses for foreign visitors decorat- tral Committee headed by Chair- sonal problems," Soon afterward ed with paintings. The State Coun- man Hua we old people went from Chairman Mao gave instructions to cil asked me and some other old house to house talking about the assign me work and help me over artists to do some. At first I .happy news. Visitors filled my my financial problems, He knew couldn't shake off my fears after home. In the first flush of joy and what the common people felt. those terrible years, but friends excitement I painted several pic- and colleagues encouraged me. tures of red plum blossoms in EIOR a while after liberation I I worked in the land. reform Words fail to describe my agitation bloom. These I sent to an exhibi- movement in Sichuan province. on the day I took up my"brush tion in the National Art Gallery, Then I turned to teaching freehand again. Before long I lost myself a place where for years I had not traditional painting which is what in my work. I painted a Iarge dared set foot. I have been doing ever since. Now piece 4X6 meters in size, the big- Now I am glad to see China em- and then I took part in social ac' gest in my career. In the next two barking on a rrew period of order tivities. I gave classroom painting years I produced 300 scrolls. One and prosperity. I feel very demonstrations and helped students day a message from Premier Zhou fortunate to have lived to see this analyze my drawings, This made was relayed to me telling me that happy day. That is why I asked it easier for the students to com- I had done a good job. "Kuchan's somebody to carve me a narhe seal prehend diffiiult points. I taught bamboos are excellent," the Pre- with the characters "Happy to be students from Egypt, India and mier commented. This inspired rne alive in these great times." I often Czechoslovakia and became fast to work ali the harder. use it to mark my pictures. ' My friends with them. But the gang of four once again painter friends have taken up their Since foreign friends were in- gained the upper hand. They brushes again and paint with teresteil in the freehand school of whipped up a campaign to criticize enthusiasm. tr Chinese traditional painting I was E often invited to give demonstra- tions. Some got so excited that "Clearing after Snow," painted shortly after the alownfB,ll of the gang of four. they hugged me. One man had a bristly beard that tickled me. But everybody was happy. I felt re- warded when I thought that this Chinese art had played such an im- portant part in building up good will. Suddenly in 1966, .when I was nearly 70, I was plunged into hu- miliation. Instigated by bad peo- ple some students attacked me and many others on the faculty, saying we were ttmonsters,t' "reactionary academic tyrants" and "old scoundrels who poison the minds of the young." We lived in con-

38 CHINA REbONSTEUCTS A drove of mail deliv- erers Ieaves the main post office. Zhou Youma

BEIIING SCENES

Taijiqian exercises Heaven) Park. Zhou Youma

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Spring at the Summer palace. Liu Chen

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Winter on Kunming Lake, Summer Palace. Liu Changzhong i{'s

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Ruins of an earlier summer palace yuanrning.vuan, Zhau Youma rlestroyed in 1900 by troops ot eight alliecl poirers.

Auturnn at Fragrant llill. ZhOtt.liandong East side cloverleaf.

A typical oltl Beiiing courtyard dwellins.

Beijing duck restaurant.

Worker's farnily at supper.

Pholos by Zltou Youma w

if-i*i-\: i'

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Tian An Men Square during Qingmjng festiyal in 1976' Xu Xiat)datl

rf IAN AN MEN Gate is situated ties important state ceremonies Tian An Men has been rePair- r in the center of Beijing, and were held at Tian An Men. They ed and repainted many times its imposing structure appears on included sacrificial rites, sending since the founding of the PeoPle's China's national emblem. It was off military expeditions, proclama- Republic of China. The sguare has here that Chairman Mao Zedong tions of imperial edicts and an- been enlarged to 40 hectares and In proclaimed the f ounding of the nouncements of the names of those paved with concrete blocks. to the PeoPle's People's Republic of China on who had passed imperial examina- 1958 the Monument its southern October 1, 1949. tions, When the emperor personal- Heroes was erected in The present Tian .An Men Gate part. The f ollowing year two ly appeared, it wai with a corps (The Gate of Heavenly Peace), the magnificent buildings were Put uP of 110,908 officers and guards a front gate to the Imperial Palace, on either side of the square the great pomp. EverY- - was built in 1651. The 33.7- scehe of Great HaII of the PeoPle to the gate the meter-high gate tower has autumn in front of the west and the Museum of Chinese five entrances through the red Ministry of Punishments staged History and Museum of the wall. It has nine bays along its re-trials of death-penalty Cases Chinese Revolution to the east. In length and five along its width. presented from different provinces. 19?6 the Memorial HalI to According to The Book of In 1644 when the peasant army Chairman Mao Zedong was built Changes, a very ancient philo- that overthrew the Ming dynastY to the south of the mcinument. sophical work, the combination of entered Beijing its leader Li Here people from all over China nine and five symbolizes the im- Zicheng shot an arrow at the and the world come to view his their resPect perial throne. The tower has 36 name board over Tian An Men, remains in token of his great achievements. high windows with lozenge-shaped showing the people's anger and for On April 5, 19?6 at Iatticework. hatred toward the feudal Qingming Just outside is a moat called the the traditional day in China to r[onarchy. - Jinshuihe (River of Golden Water) commemorate the dead - a rnillion which is spanned by five marble people flocked to Tian An Men bridges. To the south are two AN Mav 4. i919 students and Square to honor the memorY of u *o.t held a demonstration Zhou Enlai and marble columns engraved with a "rs the late Prernier cloud-and-dragon design and in front of Tian An Men against protest against the gang of four's topped with the figure of a the imperialists and warlords. attempt to seize supreme Power. mythical animal. Two big stone This, the famous "May Fourth This event, a prelude to the gang's lions flank the main entrance. Movement," ushered in the new downf all several months later, During the Ming (1368-1644) democratic revolution in moderir wrote another chapter in the and Qing (1644-1911) dynas- China. history of Tian An Men. E

OCTOBER T9?9 43 ERGEST ACIJPUNCTURE SY]-|POSIU1,| EVER

China's National Symposium on Acupuncture and Moribustion add Acupuncture Anesthesia lu,as held, in Beijing from June 1 to 5. Attending it uere ouer i00 Chinese specialists in this field as roell as 150 foreign scholors, practitioners and other interest- ed persons from 30 countries. Ooer 500 papers lDere read, 25 of them bg Joreign particepants. This largest symposium euer held on thi.s subject summarized and discussed China's usork in acupuncture oDer the past 30 gears, especially results of clini,cal" application and *. theoretical studg in recent years. Stccesses ach,ieaed iu, other countries uere also reported. Our staff reytorter interuieused some participants. Qiu Maoliang (Professor of the Nanjing College of Traditional Zhang Anzhong, from the acupuncture aneslhesia research Chinese Medicine): group in the Shanghai First Medical College, reading a re- Lin Chuan search paper, "Endorphins and Acupuncture Analgesia," Of all the symPosiums on acu- puncture and acupuncture anes- thesia I've attended, nationwide or regional, this has been the largest and most fruitful. I am an acu- puncture researcher with 40 Years of clinical practice, and I have learned a good deal not only from my colleagues in China but also from the many outstanding Prac- titioners and students of acuPunc- ture from other countries. The theses read at the sYmPo- sium show that a great deal has been done both in China and abroad in applYing modern science to the study of this ancient medical skill. Previously reports on acu- puncture written bY Chinese tra- ditional doctors were often con- fined to observing and summariz- ing its. effects. The research papers presented this time, such as those on treating coronary heart disease and correcting the position of the fetus, have provided more accurate data obtained through the use of modern scientific instru- ments and methods such as electro- cardiograms, rheoencephalograms* and endocrinology. These will greatly help us in analYzing and determining the reasons for the curative effects of acuPuncture,

rA rheoencephqlograph is a medical device used to test and examine the state of blood vessels and llow of blood inside the head.

CHINA RECONSIRUCTS and will take this ancient medical art an important step forward. The papers on the channel theory present new achievements proving that this ancient theory can be ex- plained in terms of modern science.

-W:

5$u* *.,; A Iarger-than-life bronze figure with acupuncture points Zhang Hetotto made by Nanjins Medical College, a replica of one first used for teaching purposes in the year 1207. Haruto Kinoshita (Chairman of the Acupuncture and Moxibustion Society of Japan): pagated sensation along channels in thousands of subjects men This has been an academic dis- and women, old and young, in,both- cussion of very high level. I was good and poor health. Such large- surprised and impressed by the scale investigation would be un- efforts and successes China has thinkable in Japan. In China, made in acupuncture, both clini- nationwide, coordinated studies cally and theoretically. carried on by medical colleges and Why can acupuncture suppress institutes are conducted on all pain? Why can it be used in sur- aspects of acupuncture and acu- gery? What is the mechanism of puncture anesthesia. This has acupuncture analgesia? These are produced a vast amount of data problems of common interest in invaluable for future research. medical circles. Research on en- Acupuncture was introduced dorphins in some countries is help- into Japan 1,500 years ago. Banned ing to unravel the mystery of by government law for a time David J. Mayer (Professor of phy- acupuncture anesthesia. In addi- after the Meiji Reform late in the siology in the medical college, tion to their painstaking work last century, it was used only Virginia Commonwealth Univer- on endorphins, Chinese medical among the people. But promoted sity in the United States)**: scientists have achieved com- by enthusiasts, acupuncture began most gratified to have the mendable results in studying to command more and more at- I'm chance to attend this unprecedent- acupuncture anesthesia from the tention. Now it is used and ed academic discussion. This is a standpoint of electrophysiology studied in several major medical good opportunity for the partici- and anatomy. institutes in Japan. Today in my pants to exchange experience and The channel theory is the basis country 40,000 practitioners and opinions. impressed by the of classical acupuncture treatment. 2,000-3,000 researchers are engaged I'm Many reports by Chinese doctors in acupuncture. We hope we Will on the phenomenon of propqgated have more chances to expand ex- t Phenomenon of propagated sensation sensation along channels* and changes and cooperation in this along channels: a feeling of soreness, conduction pathways of needling field with Chinese scientists. I swelling, numbness and warmth, caused by stimulating certain points on sensation are particularly impres- have suggested to my Chinese col- the body by needling and transmitted sive. More time and money have leagues that we work together on along the jing\uo or channels. been put into such research in numbering the acupuncture points ** Professor Mayer made the first at- China than in any other country, under a unified international sys- tempts to relate opiate receptors including present in the membranes of lbrain cells Japan. China has ob- tem So that foreigners can learn with acupuncture analgesia through ex- served the phenomena of pro- them more easily. periments with naloxone. ocToBER 1979 45 ITatt Xiaoltua Prof. Bruce Porneranz from Canada asks a question aa a panel session.

lated to the endorphin system in held several training courses in the brain. China and made a number of I have, read several theses writ- study touls. Of these, I think ten by research groups in acupunc- those concerned with acupuncture ture anesthesia at the Beijing and Chinese traditional medicine Medical College and Shanghai were the most popular. Forty- First Medical College. At the seven doctors from 26 developing symposium I met and talked with countries attended. In 1977 a WHO Symposlum participants u,atch a Cac- Chinese colleagues whom I knew delegation came to this country to s&rean section under acupunciure from medical magazines and study Chinese traditional medicine. anesthesia in the Bei jing Maternity Hospital. Han Xiaohua through letters. I learned what Its 29 participants included senior a great deal'China has done in health administrators, professors studying endorphins, and' how and members of the field health quantity and quality of the papers much in common I have with my staff from all six WHO regions, presented by Chinese researchers, Chinese colleagues. I found the We are delighted by this sympo- My interest was triggered in Chinese scientists working, very sium, because it enables still more 1964 when I read Zou Gang's thesis hard. They are real scientists, I scientists and doctors to exchange published in Scientia Sinica. Ac- hope one day to read their theses knowledge and study China's ex- cording to Zou Gang, injecting 0.1 in international, as well as Chi- perience, percent of the normal dose of nese, academic journals. Acupuncture has a history of morphine into "the central gray 2,000.years in China. Stone knives matter" of the brain can produce and other sharp tools were once a strong analgesic effect. This, used as needles. Only 40 years to me, was a most enlightening ago, the use of acupuncture skills discovery in the physiology of pain. was handed down from generation In 1971 China's publication of to generation and still limited to its successes in surgery under those who inherited it. Now I'm acupuncture anesthesia intensified happy to say that this skill has my interest. Recent experiments become available to everyone, in- and studies by scientists of several cluding peasants in rural areas. countries have initially proved Improved equipment is being em- that a pain eontrol system exists ployed, such as stainless steel within the central nervous system needles and electrical devices to which involves morphine-like sub replace rhanual manipulation of stances called endorphins. Need- the needles. ling stimulation can increase the R. H. Bannerman (Program Man- In recent years we have seen endorphin contents rapidly, and ager of Traditional Medicine in the many effective methods of health suppress pain. In 1975 I made an World Health Organization): care in China, kindling hope in the experiment using naloxone, an hearts of health administrators in antagonist of morphine to block It gives me great pleasure to the developing countries, who face the effect of acupuncture anal- attend this symposium on behalf of many problems. China's successes gesia. It showed that this an- the World Health Organization. in public health work since 1949 tagonist of morphinc likewise con- Many changes have taken place convince me that the goal set by teracts the effect of acupuncture in our work since the People's the WHO of "health for all by the analgesia. Furthermore, it prove,C Republic of China joined the WHO year 2000" can become a realitY that acupuncture analgesia is re- in L972. Since 1975 WHO has for every country.

46 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Aeupuncture has been found, in 645 cases, to havo a good effect on acute bacillary dysentery. Judg- ing by the clinical symptoms and ehima's iemlm e$*ere signs and the results of stool cul- ture, 92 percent of these patients were cured within ten days. Fol- Iow-up of 268 cases six months (upumeture after treatment revealed relapse sn only in 33, Through experiments, obsbrvations and analyses we con- QrAN XTNZHONG cluded that the therapeutic effect of aeupuncture in acute bacillary dysentery is rq.latr:d ttt the increase A CUPUNCTURE and moxibus- ture and moxibustion have ap- of body irnnrunity following acu- la. 116p constitute an important peared in newspapers and maga- puncture needling. part of Chinese traditional medi- zines. Starting from the several Acupuneture is definitely useful cine and pharmacology. Found hundred acupuncture points pre- against gallstones. The total ex- among relics of the primitive viously in use, we have discovered pulsion rate in 522 cases treated by society of Cfrina's New Stone Age many new ones through practical electro-acupuncture and oral ad- (10,000 to 4,000 years ago) "pin- experience, and new methods have ministration of magnesium sulfate ning stones" wbre the predecessors been created. These new points was 78 percent. In 69 percent of of acupuncture nee,Cles. By the and techniques .have played a very the cases stone expulsion began time of the Spring and Autumn important role in extending the one to five days after treatment. and Warring States periods (770- application of acupuncture and This procedure is readily accepted 221 B.C.), the theory of Jingluo moxibustion and in improving by patients because with it sur- (channels and collaterals) had their medical effect. gery can be avoided in some been established. It was system- In the last 20 years or so th4ough cases. atically illustrated in the ancient combining western and Chinese Our doctors have also shown medical classic Huangdi Neijing traditional medicine great head- interest in correcting abnormal (Canon of Medicine of the Yellow way has been made in our research position of the fetus by moxibus- Emperor). The book Zhen Jr.u Jia on acupuncture, moxibustion and tion. Moxibustion at Zhiyin point Yi Jing, a classic on acupuncture acupuncture anesthesia. I shall during the 29th-40th weeks of and moxibustion was published dwell'only on the following four pregnancy corrected 90 percent of sometime between A.D. 256 and aspects, drawing on material in the cases with various abnormal 260. It is the earliest complete papers reieived for the nationwide fetal positions. It is believed that ' work on acupuncture and moxibus- symposium in June 1979. its mechanism may lic in increas- tion so far discovered, ing the activify of the uterus and In our own times, treatment by Clinical Observation movements of the fetus. Acupunc- combined traditional Chinese and ture is also effective in inducing western Clinically, acupuncture and labor and in the treatment of medicine, training of moxibustion acupunctdrists and the publication have been used to cervical erosion. treat about 300 diseases, of books on acupuncture and different Acupuncture has certain thera- good good moxibustion won new encourage- with or very results in peutic effect in various types of ment in the liberated areas under about 100. Meticulous observation paralysis, on diseases of the eye, the leadership of the Communist of the use of acupuncture in 600 ear, laryngopharynx, nose and Party of China in the years before cases of coronary heart disease mouth, and it has a comparatively our revolution's victory in 1949. showed it to be effective in reliev- good anti-phlogistic and analgesic This was warmly welcomed by the ing symptoms and in eliminating effect. masses. Since the founding of the angina pectoris. In 500 cases elec- The function of acupuncture and people's republic, greater attention trocardiograms taken before and moxibustion on the human body has been paid to these therapies, after the acupuncture therapy re- varies. According to ancient and they have been further vealed an effectiveness rate of 53 Chinese medical theory, they cure developed. percent. Observations and ana- diseases mainly by means of ad- From 1949 to 1977 we have held lyses made by some units by means justing the relationship between all kinds of training classes and of electrocardiography, ultra-sound Aang and promoting com- published Uin, many special and other cardiography, measurement'of the munication between the channels publications on the subject. As cardiac output and cerebral and cOllaterals, regulating the many as B,000 articles on acupune- hemadromography showed that vital energy (qi) and blood, pro- acupuncture moting positive factors and QIAN XINZHONG is Minister of Public could improve elimi- Health and President of thc Chinese coronarf circulation, left heart nating negative ones. From the Medical Associotion. function and cerebral circulation. point of view of modern medicine, ocToBER r.979 47 satisfactory results by a few units However, these do not depreciate in operations such as Caesarean its value as a useful anesthetic section, partial removal of the procedure under specific condi- stomach, total removal of the tions. It is a new addition to the spleen and larynx and operations armory of anesthesiology. on the cervical vertebra through the anterior approach. Some hos- Mechanisms pitals make their first choice for it acupuncture- craniocerebral surgery, removal of Popularization of moxibustion therapy and extensive the prostate, the rneniscus (discs use of acupuncture anesthesia have. of fibro-cartilage in the knee joint) nationwide coordinated lobes Since 1972 Ied to or of of the lung. dis- used open heart studies of many different it has been in mechanisms in- surgery undertaken under extra- ciplines on the Academically, there exist corporeal circulation with satis- volved. different theories, the neuro- factory results. two humoral and the channel-collateral recent years, with a view to In say something about improving the effect acupunc- theory. I'll of each of them. throughout the development of ture anesthesia, units Action acupuncture on the the country have worked in con- of body: the light of indications cert study its principles and In to acupuncture therapy revealed practice. doing by for They are this presumed looking for more effective points, thus far, it is that acu- puncture acts in two ways, i.e. to improving methods of needling, functions Zhang Xiangtong, noted neurophysio- the judicious use of adjuvants and regulate the of lhe logist and head of the Shanghai Insti- various systems of the body and to 'the more accurate preoperative fore- tute of Physiolosy of Chinese strengthen its resistance to disease. Academy of Sciences, tests the pain: casts so as to increase the adapta- amount experimental relieving qualities of acupuncture on bility of the patient to operation. A large of animals. work that need- Much headway been 'made on animals shows has points may produce throtigh repeated practice. Take ling certain the principal action of acupuncture lung and stomach operation for obvious regulating action on the respiratory, di- and moxibustion is to regulate the example, the number of needles function of the gestive, urinary, en- function of the body and increase required to effect anesthesia' in circulatory, its resistance. these operations has gradually docrine, nervous and energy metabolism systems. As shown bY been decreased from several dozen the results of experiments on dogs, Acupuncture Anesthesia to as few as one or two today. Acupuncture anesthesia has its needling the Nei,guan, Renzhong, Acupuncture anesthesia can be points may special advantages. First, patients Chengjiang and other called an invention by the masses greatly increase stability of the remain in a conscious state the of Chinese medical personnel on blood pressure regulating system. the basis of acupuncture analgesia throughout the operation. Thus they usually can cooperate weII Laboratory observation showed through countless cases in clinical acupuncture has a with the operating surgeon. Sec- that therapy practice. We now have a clearer marked effect on enhancing the knowledge of this procedure, its ond., Iittle or no other anesthesia is needed, thereby preventing the immunological functions of human indications and the principles blood ce1ls. Animal experiments governing its clinical application. post-operative side-effects of post-operative pain showed that moxibustion can in- It may be said that its value as an drugs. Third, giant is mild, and generally there are no crease the activity of the anesthetic measure is alrea,Cy firm- phagocytes antibody titer such reactions as nausea and and the ly established Some laboratories vomiting. Both food intake and in the blood. There is wide scope for its clin- reported after needling the physical activity can be r-esumed that ical application. So far more than content of sulfohy'dryl in the tis- early. Anti-disease factors in the two million operations have been sues, which is closely relate,C to performed in China under such body are apparantly mobilized and the defensive mechanism, was anesthesia. The effect is compara- enhanced, thus hastening post- increased. tively stable in 20 to 30 kinds of operative rehabilitation. Fourth, Medical researchers have carried sophisticated are ordinary . operations. Generally no instruments out a series of exleriments prob- speaking, it is thought to be more needed and manipulation is simple ing the analgesic action of acu- effective in head, neck and chest and easy to master. Of course, puncture on humans and animals. surgery. It has also been widely acupuncture anesthesia also has In recent years more rapid ad- adopted in thyroid, maxillary some disadvantages, namely: in- vances have been made in the sinus, glaucoma and abdominal complete analgesia, incornplete study of this action and its tubal ligation operations. It is control of visceral reaction, and mechanism. Research on nervous being used routinely with rather unsatisfactory muscle relaiation. physiological principles of anal-

48 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS gesic action of acupuncture has and collaterals. This phenomenon gested by some laboratory studies been carried out in many of our is called "sensation propagation and this needs further investiga- modern electro-physiological labo- along the channels." Since 1972 tion. ratories with good results. units in more than 20 provinces, Our scientific workers have In recent years discovery of an municipalities and autonomous re- made extensive anatomical and endogenous morphine-Iike sub- gions have carried out a series of histological studies of the acupunc- stance has stimulated research and investigations into this phenome- ture points on cadavers. Through the assumption of the presence of non. It has been found that it these investigations they found the an intrinsic anti-pain mechanism appears in people of various na- existence of a definite relation- in the nervous system. The rela- tionalities, of all age groups. in ship between the points and the tionship between this endogenous both sexes and in different condi- Iines connecting them with the morphine-like substance and the tions of health. When the sensa- peripheral nerves and blood analgesia resulting from acupunc- tion reaches a corresponding organ, vessels. ture has aroused much interest it gives rise to change in function In the past two decades we have among scientific workers. In a of that organ. When it is trans- made considerable progress in our short period of two to three years mitted to the diseased region, the scientific study of acupuncture, our scientists have succeeded in symptoms often improve. How- moxibustion and acupuncture working out methods for isolation, ever, the nature of sensation trans- anesthesia. However, the objective extraction and determination of mission along the course of the world is still developing and inan's this substance, as well as in syn- channels is still obscure. recognition of it never comes to thesizing artificially the high- The action of acupuncture on an end. We are confident that the ly active enkephalin and its the transmission pathway: Num- studies will deepen. The Chinese derivatives. erous laboratory studies show scientists engaged are now sum- The role played by other factors that when the involved factor, the ming up their experience over the in acupuncture analgesia, includ- nerve or the body fluid, is blocked, past 20 years. They are strengthen- ing the psychological factor, is destroyed or removed, the effect ing international exchanges in this under active research. of acupuncture become cor- field to push forward this research To sum up, we have a general respondingly weakened or disap- and the combination of Chinese picture of the mechanism of acu- pears entirely, This confirms the and western medicine as a whole. puncture analgesia. Acupuncture presumption that acupuncture Our ultimate goal is to establish analgesia is a complicated dynamic mainly acts through the nerves and a new system of medicine and process in which under stimulation body fluids. However, the pos- pharmacology for China and speed of needling a series of changes sibility of participation of some up modernization of our medical occur, extending from the peri- factors other than these is sug- phery to various levels of the central nervous system and involv- Modern equipmeat is used to do research into the channel- ing many factors such as the 'collateral theory and the theory of acupuneture anesthesia nerves and the body fluids, includ- at the Anhui Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine. ing the causation and relief of pain. Many problems, of course, * remain to be elucidated. & & Channels and Collaterals ,iB, The theory of channels and col- & laterals forms the theoretical ba- * sis for acupuncture-moxibustion therapy. In recent years the study of the channel-collateral theory x' r t*' #'S,,'$}i has been c.entered on: the pheno- *s '$s$tS'#:::; menon of sensation transmission , i4 -* s#;l;"i along the channels; the action of needling on the pathway of trans- ..d d mission; the relation between the visceral organs and the body sur- face; and the morphologic basis of the channels and collaterals. When stimulation is applied to the points of the channels, a sensa- tion of soreness, numbness, disten- sion and burning is transmitted along the course of the channels

ocToBER r97e tr&su$ ffi$ euf;mft mfr et Wi,lson, a bush with purPle / flowers blooming in March just when the snow begins to melt; and also the mandarin rhododendron (Rh, Discolor Fr.), and the canary rhododendron (Rh, Lutescens), DHODODENDRON Iorests grow ft much higher, 2,000-2,500 meters above sea level on the southern face, Here one finds the queen of the rhododendron world, the bigleaf rhododendron (Rh. Calophtum Fr.). It is a tree .four to five meters high bearing blossoms of up to three dozen small lavender-pink flowers clustered together in a large and dazzlingly beautiful ball. Its com- panions are the hairystalk rho- (Rh. PachAgriehum Fr.) purirle dodendron A slope of rhododendrons btends with the mist on (Rh' mystic Mt. Emei. Chen Zhenge and scarletball rhododendron Strigillosum). AII burst into flower THE rhododendron is known in over the surrounding plains, it has in May in colors ranging from red r China as the cuckoo flower. a difference in temperature of a and white to lavender. Why cuckoo? Legend has it that ,dozen degrees between foot and One of the most exotic sights is in the ancient time Wang Di, a summit. Hence it is often shrouded at the Elephant Bathing Pool and king of Shu (today's Sichuan prov- in clouds and mist. This, with on Emei's Seven-mile SioPe. Here ince) well-regarded by the people plentiful rainfall, accounts for the the Rh. Dendrocharis Fr., a small for his efforts to develop agricul- lushness and variety ilf its plants. parasitic plant with tiny branches ture, was driven from his throne The mountain is carpeted with and dainty leaves Presents rose- by a usurper and had to flee for rhododendrons of different kinds red flowers in May. From Seven- his life to a distant state. He blooming in succession in gorgeous mile Slope up to the summit, at yearned for his homeland and hues through spring and summer. an altitude of about 3,000 meters, two rhododendron beauties when he died his soul became ,a Botanists have counted 23 varie- are - cuckoo which every spring when ties of rhododendron that grow the Faber rhododendron with the flowers began to bloom poured here. On the iower slopes between white flowers and large calYxes out its lament. One day its heart 500 and 1,000 meters above sea and the puckerleaf with Pink, burst with grief, the blood stain- level, are the azalea (Rh. Simsii, small-calyxed blossoms. These ing the flowers red. Thus the name Planchon) and the Iongstamen rho- often grow on sheer preciPices and cuckoo flower. dodendron (Rh. Stanineum Fr.). have winding trunks that resemble Known for its beauty and grace, The formbr blossoms , in early curling dragons. Between Thou- the rhododendron grows in China spring and late fall, its flowers sand-Buddha Peak and Ten- in 400 varieties. Those on Mount flame-red. The latter blooms in thousand-Buddha Peak, both on Emei are the most famous. April in the forests. An extra- the southwestern sloPe near the ordinarily long stamen rising out summit, three other varieties grow OUNT EMEI rises abruptly of white, fragrant petals makes interspersed among stretches of from a plain in subtropical the species unique. glossyleaf chinacane. All three southwesterly Si,chuan to an alti- On the middle levels of the bloom in June, one with PurPIe tude of 3,099 meters above sea mountain, 1,000-2,000 meters above flowers and the others with light level. Sheer cliffs and thrusting sea level, nine other varieties are yellow, funnel-shaped flowers and peaks clad in dense woods make.it found. Among them are the silver- big white ones. one of China's famed scenic areas. leaf rhododendron (Rh. Arggro- People often doubt that the The many monastbries and histori- phgllum Fr.), growing among varieties of rhododendron on cal sites on the mountain testify to shrubs and rocks and putting forth Mount Emei number Only 23, as its special meaning to Chinese white bell-like flowers in the botanists claim. Standing on the 'Buddhism. Towering 2,500 meters month of May; Rh. Ririei Hemsley mountain and looking down into

50 CIIINA RECONSTBUCTS Bigleaf rhododenilron

! #[

t

Williams rhododendron

Puekerleaf rhodoilentlron

Canary rhotlodenclron the vaileys, one sees rhododendron Modernizotion citizens against illegai infririgement shrubs trees thousand and in a (Continued from p. 7) by any person or institution. Im- shapes flaunting a multitude oI prisonment without legal sanction, color"s beside crystal springs or Years cf high popuiation grou,th, frame-ups f under overhanging rocks. So are rcaciring the age of marriage. on alse charges and dazz\ng is the scene that the In 1978, the population growth extortion of confession through nun-lb*i' of varieties seems to have w'as 12 per thousand. This year's torture are strictly prohibited. Ali muitiplied. eftort is to bring it down to 10 for these abuses, promoted by Lin From March to July the rhodo- all except the national minorities Biao and the gang of four, are de- dendrons, beginning to bloom at clared illegal and punishable. The the foot of the mountain, spread who live in vast but under- populated assembling of a crowd to "beat, gradually toward the summit in a parts of the country. spectacle unparalleled in China. If all these things can be done smash and loot," rife in their day, The Emei rhododendrons have in the current three years, China's is also forbidden and punishable been acclaimed through the ages economy will assume a new look, by law. poetry in and prose. After a trip And by 1981, when her Sixth Five There is a clear division of to the mountain, the Song dynasty function between public security (960-1279) )'ear Flan begins, big ne',r' strrdes rvriter Fan Chengda organs, which are empowered to wrote: "White and red are the can be taken in modernization. rhododendrons. They bloom in make provisional arrests and procura- spring and summer, but only on Democracy and Legal System criminal investigations, this mountain. They greet you at torates which must approve all the foot of the mountain. Democratic principies and im- arrests and initiate prosecutions, Higher portant up they are everywhere to be safeguards of citizens' and the courts which try of{enders seen." rights rvere embodied in legislation and pass sentences, They both Having viewed the rhododen- by the People's Congress, i,hich complement and check on each drons on Emei, an l8th century included some constitutional other'. Judiciary organs are given traveler marveled, "When the amendments and several mhjor' independence in their work. tlowers are at their best, the laws. mountain seems to decked In order to guard against misuse be out The organization of local peo- in colorful silk balls. The trees of serious charges, such as occllr- ple's congresses and people's gov- are about seven chi (over 2 meters) red in recent vears. a strict limit high, and the leaves deep green. ernments (which for some years is placed on prosecutions for The flowers blossom at the tips of had been replaced by revolution- counter-revolutionary offences, the branches, a dozen clustering in ary committees but are now re- which can only be for' "acts under- one Red, pink calyx. and white, instituted) was redef ined. Con- mining the People's Republic of they look like hibiscus. The trees gresses at county level will hence- China with the aim of overthrow- die if transplanted outside the forth be elected by direct popular mountain, ing the political power of the dic- because they are ac- vote, not indirectly as before. A customed to cold weather and are tatorship of the proletariat and the candidate can nominated by sacred plants not for the apprecia- be socialist system." tion of mortals." Local Buddhists any voter with three seconders. Every accused person is entitled refer to.them as their sara trees*. No member of any people's con- to legal defense (the training and "Saras grow only around the gress at or above the county level use of lawyers is resumed). The Buddha,'i ,'Likll they say. rosy can be arrested or tried without system of people's assessors clouds these trees bloom all over the consent of its standing com- (jurors) is to be strengthened. With Emei. Although the Buddha does mittee. A people's congress (or its not a very few exceptions, as in cases live here all year round, seeing standing committee) can elect or the flowers is equal to seeing the involving state secrets, serious Buddha-" appoint, and has the power to sexual offences, or offences by Many measures have been taken remove members of the people's minors, all trials must be public. to protect the rhododendrons of government at its own level. Being drafted are a Civil Law, Emei. Chinese botanists have The Criminal Law and Law of,, Law of Civil Procedure, new Mar'- made collections of specimens. Criminal Procedure adopted at the riage Law. Family Planning Law, Many are displayed in the Bao Guo Congress will come into force on Factory Law, Labor Law, Contract Temple at the foot of the mountain. January 1, 1980. It stresses that Part Law, Energy Law and Law of En- of Mt. Emei is now acces- all men are equal before the law, sible to tourists, and pathways and vironmental Protection. and no one has the privilege of accommodations are being built. ! In short, the Congress marks a being beyond or above it. It pro- great advance in stabilitY, unitY, r An Indian tree (Cyathea spinulosa) tects the right of person and de- efficacy and democracy in the firsl intimately associated with Buddhism. mocratic and other rightb of steps of the new Long March. @ ocToBDn 1979 53 Chinese History-)(lll

# Iory hat &$ ffirlffi

2 * Relations w.Eth arly ffiopl*s

JIAO JIAN

THE AREA under Tang dynasty rule (618-907) of the "Western Regions" (covering today's Xinjiang I extended from the sea on the east to beyond and some areas to the west) had maintained close Lake Balkhash in the west, and from the Outer contacts with the Han people in other parts of Khingan Mountains north of the Heilong River to the China. By the middle of' the sixth century the South China Sea Islands. Tang culture was gradually Turks, then a nomadic people living around the Altai carried to its outermost reaches inhabited by peoples Mountains had grown strong and brought under of many nationalities. Ties between peoples were their control a vast area from the Khingan Mountains . strengthened and various cultures mingled to create to the Caspian Sea. By the end of the century they a richer, varied whole. A thriving economy and had split into Eastern and Western Turks. culture and efficient international communications Durirrg the early Tang period the chiefs of the brought China's relations with other countries to new Eastern Turks frequently ted them to make forays heights. toward the south. They often seized captives whom they enslaved. On one occasion 100,000 Eastern the Northwest Turks in Turk horsemen reached the northern bank of the From the third to sixth centuries from the time Wei River near Changan. In 629 Tang Emperor Tai of the Three Kingdoms period onward, the peoples Zong sent more than 100,000 troops under General 2 6,+ { Carving on stone by a Turkic people who inhabited areas in :, the north and west of China dating from Tang times pic- tures scenes of nomatlic life. /-.-.----

I{xrn + +i fr *, 4 rt. ,k *f ,lb r+ A ,t d"L ,6 )4 rlq (r1 a' Early-Tang certificate ap- (v i.-{".+3i*illr: pointing the Turk Fandeda as official in the newly- established Suiye militarY .),_.* i district south of Lake Balkhash.

54 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Li Jing against the Eastern Turks. The following emperor. By the middle of the 9th century Ouigour year the Tang army routed them at their head- power had disintegrated and most of the Ouigours quarters in the Yinshan Mountains (in today,s Inner had moved westward to Gansu and Xinjilrng. They Mongolia). In the territory once overrun by the exchangd horses, furs and hides for the silk dnd tea Eastern Turks Emperor Tai Zong set up prefectural of the Hans. The workd of the famous Tang poets administrations and appointed a Turk noble as mili- were well known among the Ouigours. Kakmanl, tary governor. an Ouigour poet, wrote in the Han language. Then the Western Turk khan sent envoys to Changan on friendly terms. Mohes in the Northeast Military commands were set up in certain areas and later administrations. One was Anxi Early in the 7th century the valleys of the established in 640 in the lands south of the Tianshan Heilong, Songhua and Wusuli rivers in the far north Mountains, including the Pamir Mountains, with were inhabited by the Mohe people. They lived in headquarters at what is today's Turpan in Xinjiang. dugout-shelters in the winter and herded pigs in the The other was Beiting set up in ?02 by Empress Wu summer. In 681 the Heishui, one of the two main Ze Tian* north of the Tianshans and including the branches of the Mohes who lived along the lower Hei- Altai Mountains and the area west of Lake Balkhash long River, began to pay tribute to the Tang court with headquarters at what is today's Ji,msar in and increase political ties with it. ln 722 the Tang Xinjiang. government appointed the Heishui leader magistrate Suiye, south of Lake Balkhash, one of the four of Boli district (at the junction of the Heilong and military districts under the Anxi administration (the Wusuli rivers). A few years later a fairly complete other three were today's Kuqa, Hotan and Kashi administration existed in the Heilong River valley the latter two also known as Khotan and Kashgar),- with Heishui leaders as - military governor and was particularly important in consolidating defences district magistrates. in the border area and protecting the overland route In the area to the south, the other large tribe of Mohe people, Sumos, submitted Tang connecting China with the west. Scenes of life in the the to authority early in the dynasty. By the end of the this region are vividly described in the works of the 7th century the Sumo leader Dazuorong had brought Tang poet Cen Can who served in the army there. most other Mohe tribes under his rule. The area Into both these government areas the Tang in- became the Bohai principality under Tang and troduced a system under which soldiers were Emperor Xuan Zong conferred on him the title of encouraged to reclaim land and grow crops. People prince. Henceforth the Sumo tribe became known of the Han nationality went to these regions with as the Bohai. advanced farming techniques which helped promote There were about 100,000 households in the Bohai agricultural production. The peoples of these regions region. They grew'rice, millet, ,wheat and beans, went to the capital Changan to study and took back made wine, wove cotton and silk cloth and produced Han classics such as The Analects of Confucius which fine pottery vessels. People were sent to Changan came to be used as textbooks in the schools. Many to study "ancient and present systems" and brought musicians and painters from the far regions moved to back with them books in the Han language. The the Han areas and found their artistry highly economy and culture in the area were developed, regarded. nearly on a par with that elsewhere in China. Sable furs, sealskins, falcons, ginseng, musk, horses and Huairen Khan of the Ouigours copper were sold to other areas.

In the early Tang period the Ouigours, nomads Nanzhaos in the South along the Selenga River, were subject to the Eastern Turks. After Tang conquered the Eastern In Yunnan in the far south, prefectural and Turks, the Ouigours gradually extended their power county administrations under the central government southwards and came into more contact with Tang. had existed from as early as Western Han times. By 744 their leader Guolbelga had defeated many During the early Tang period the tribes living around other tribes and controlled a huge expanse of Erhai Lake in northwestern Yunnan including the territory from the Heilong River in the east to the ancestors of today's Yi and Bai natignalities were steppes below the Altai Mountains in the west. He amalgamated into six zhao. The southernmost were was given the title of Huairen Khan by the Tang the Nanzhao. In 738 Emperor Tang Xuan Zong made the Nanzhao chieftain Piloko Prince of Yunnan. With permission emperor, and his tWu Ze Tian was a young concubine of Emperor Tai Zong. from the Tang Piloko After he died she became a nun in a temple. Emperor Gao son Kolofeng conquered the other tribes. The Zong summoned her ,back to the court and later promoted Nanzhao were in the stage of slave society. Slaves her to be his wife, In 960 at the age of 66.she proclaimed herself empress, the only woman in Chinese history to rule worked in the fields under overseers sent by nobles, as sdvereign in her own right. officials and slaveowners, and rr.Iost of their produce

ocIoBER 1979 55 ?:: u Statues of Songtsan Gambo (lett) and princess ll'en Cheng preserved in Tibet's Potala Palace,

Ink sticks, a favorite import from Korea shown with a Chinese ink went to their masters. Cultural influences f rom stick (risht)" other parts of China hastened the economic and culturai development of the Nanzhao. Many artisans from Chengdu (in today's Sichuan province) went there and helped bring the quality of silk fabrics Later Tang Emperor Zhong Zong gave Princess there to a par with Sichuan's products. Marked Jin Cheng in marriage to the Tibetan ruler Chide achievements were also made in architecture and art. Zutsan and the latter wrote the emperor saying that Three pagodas from this period still stand in the the Tibetan and Tang governments had become "har- 1,O0O-year-old Chong Sheng Temp1e near Erhai Lake. monious as one family." In 821 the Tibetans con- cluded an alliance with Tang, stipulating that one The Tibetans party shotrld aid the other in adversity and that neither should attack or plunder the other. A stone The ancestors of the modern Tibeians, the Tubo tablet recording this alliance still stands before the people, had been living on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. These close contacts were since much earlier times. Some were farmers raising to develop, by the 13th century, into the administra- qingke (highland barley), wheat, buckwheat and peas, tive unification of Tibet into the multi-national some were nomadic herders. Their domestic animals Chinese state. included yaks, cattle, horses, pigs and dromedaries. The Tubos wore clothes made of felt and lived Exchange with Other Countries: in felt tents. The Qinghai-Tibet plateau was rich in Korea and Japan gold, silver, copper, iron and tin and the Tubos were highly skilled in making vessels of goid, silver and The close relations that existed between China bronze. They also made excellent iron armor and and Korea became still closer in Tang times. During weapons. the early part of the period the Korean peninsula was Early in the ?th century Songtsan Gambo, the divided into three states Kokuli, Silla and Paikche. Tubo ruler, brought the scattered tribes of the Musicians from Kokuli and- Paikche came to Changan Qinghai-Tibet plateau under one rule with Lhasa as and were well received. Kokuii music was included its political center. Wanting to cement his relations in Tang players' repertoires. In the latter part of the with the Tang rulers, several times he requested the ?th century Silla brought the peninsula under one hand of a Han princess in marriage. So in 641 Tang rule and sent many students to Changan to study Chi- Emperor Tai Zong sent Princess Wen Cheng to be his nese politics, history, philosophy, astronomy, calendar bride. An admirer of Tang culture, Songtsan Gambo science and medicine. Tang poetry was very popular built for her mansions in Tang style. The princess among those from Silla. Through contact with Chi- brought with her vegetable seeds, fine handicraft arti- nese artisans its weavers began making exquisite cles and books on medicine and production tech- brocades with cloud and other designs. niques. Tang artisans came bringing the stone mill, Trade between China and Korea flourished in the arts of distilling and paper and ink-making and Tang times. Chinese silk, tea, porcelain, medicine silkworm raising. and books exchanged for cattle, horses, hemp, cotton

56 CHINA RECONSTRUCTE cloth, paper, writing brushe-s, ink and folding fans from the Korean peninsula. These helped enrich the economic and cultural life of both countries. Japan had begun to send envoys to China as early as the Han dynasty. As many as 13 or 14 missions were sent to China during the Tang dynasty. They included officials and students, and the largest had iv.*r; i : 600 members. Students from Japan studied Chinese philosophy, history, the political system, literature, 1r.."::-::.',i. l!:i,1 iilli.i: -t: :, : i art and handicrafts. Some remained for 20 to 40 years. One who came from Japan to study was Abeno Nakamaro, who was known in China by the name Chao Heng, He excelled at poetry in the Han lan- guage and won the admiration and friendship of the great Tang poets Li Bo and Wang Wei. When Chao was about to return to Japan, Wang Wei wrote a fare- well poem. He became the subject of another poem .,The Poet Mourns His The three pagodas in the 1000-year-old Chongsheng- Temple Japanese Friend', by Li Bo. It was built in yunnan province by the Nanzhaos during the Tang composed in deep grief by the Tang poet when it was period. falsely rumored that Chao had died in a storm at sea. It stands today as a moving record of a friendship between nationals of the two countries. Xuan Zang's travels became the theme of novels written between The Tang culture which the students took back the 13th and 17th centuries. Most popular Pi,Lgrimage exerted great influence on Japanese culture. The is to the lVest by Wu Chengen (c. 1500 Japanese took up the Tang system of land distribution - c. 1582) which features the Monkey King Sun Wukong. is and taxation. The ancient Japanese capital Kyoto was It well known in nearly every house- hold in China. modeled on Changan. The radicals of the Han charac- ters were utilized to create a script for the Japanese Persia, Arabia, Byzantium language. Some Tang customs in food and dress and other ways of life have been preserved in Japan Closer relations developed with Persia, Arabia down to the present day. and Byzantium, with many embassies from them visiting China. In the hundred-some years from the reigns of Emperor Gao Zong to Emperor De Zong The Monk Xuan Zang (mid-7th to early 9th centuries) more than 30 em- bassies came India and China exchanged envoys during the to China from Arabia. Merchants, reign of Emperor Tai Zong (626-649). Indian medi_ students, artists and religious per- sonnel cine, astronomy, calendar science, music and handi_ from Persia and Arabia could be found in almost every big Tang crafts were introduced into China, and the Chinese city of times. Throughout most the period Tang policy classics and the art of making paper to India. The of the rulers followed a of tolerance toward reiigious monk Xuan Zang (Hsuan Tsang) left from Changan their beliefs and customs, Arabs the in 629 and traveled via Xinjiang and over the pamir built first mosque in China in Guangzhou Mountains to Indi.a to get the Buddhist religibus.writ_ during this time. Students from many countries studied in schools in Changan, and artists ings from their source. He visited the birthplace of from abroad taught music, dancing and acrobatics there. Sakyamuni in Nepal and many monasteries in Inclia. The Tang government encouraged merchants While there he learned many languages and made a from abroad to come to trade in China. Tang local wide study of the Buddhist scriptures. In he 64i officials were prohibited brought more than 600 religious works back to from levying extra taxes on them. Some came and went, others in Changan. .He spent the next 20 years translating but settled and carried on long-term trading in silk and jewels. 1,300 volumes of them. These translations have Thousands of Persian merchants resided in Changan proven invaluable for researchers on Buddhism and and Yangzhou. Some of them operated Indian culture, since many of the originals small shops in India selling grapewine and wgre lost. Xuan Zang and home-baked cakes. his disciples wrote a de_ Chinese silks, handicraft products tailed account of the trip, entitled and cultural Records of Western objects traveled to western Asia and Trauels, It noted the mountains Europe in large and rivers, local quantities via the Old Silk Road. Through Arabia products, customs and habits, religious beliefs and the Chinese arts of papermaking, silk weaving and legends of the 130 states he visited and particularly handicrafts found their way to many countries in those of India. Africa and Europe. E ocToBEB 1979 57 Treasures from Abroad Prized in $ui-Tang Times

YI SHUI rT\HE flow of silks westward found in 1957 at Xi'an in a tomb found a gold stem-cuP and one of I over the OId Silk Road is well dated 608 belonging to the grand- silver in the stYle of the Persian known, but what flowed along it daughter of a Princess. Made in Sassanian dynastY, a Sassanian eastward to China from central characteristically west Asian style, silver coin from the reign of King and western Asia? One thing of it is a string of 28 finelY-worked Peroz (459-484) and five glass rvhich there is considerable gold beads with a clasP made of a vessels. material evidence is the Pdssage blue stone with the design of a big- of luxury goods during the Sui horned deer. The large Pieces in Chinese and Persian Elements (581-618) and Tang (618-907) dY- front are of gold, jade and Precious nasties. Jewelry and vessels of stones. 'In this tomb were also Imitations of gold and silver vessels that began to aPPear on the market show Sassanian influence and some might have been made by Persian .handicraf tsmen in China. GenerallY sPeaking, the Chinese copies resemble the Per- sian prototypes in shaPe, but the decoration is usually in typically Tang Chinese style. An examPle are three octagonal stem-cuPs of silver chased with gold unearthed in 19?0 at Hejia village near Xi'an on the site of the mansion of Prince Bin, a cousin of Tang Em- peror Xuan Zong. The shaPe, the ring handle with thumbPiece on top and the "pearled" edge and The camel-and-tender motif inside a typically Persian me- So is design pattern on found in Xinjia.ng bears the foot are Sassanian. dallion silk at Turpan the Chinese characters "foreign king." in relief on one of the cuPs of

gold and silver were some of the main items, and they were much Silver ewer from Persia and the heaal ol the man at its top. sought after by the uPPer strata of Chinese society. So much in demand were theY that imitations of them were produced bY artisans in China. Changan (present-day Xi'an in Shaanxi province), caPital during these dynasties, became the center of economic and cultural inter- course for the Asian PeoPIes and such goods, both imPorts and copies, were sold in its shoPs., One of the shops excavated on the site of the old western market Yielded head of a west Asian man with Iarge quantities of ornaments set deep-set eyes and a high nose. with pearls and agates and made But the figures of dancers and of crystal, and some of gold. musicians on each of the eight An exquisite gold necklace sides are typically Chinese in both evidently from west Asia was costume and facial features. An- other silver stem-cup is Sassanian YI SHUI is a researcher at the Insti- in shape but the bodY is decorated the'Academy of tute of Archeology of with a Tang hunting scene. Among Social Sciences.

EECONSTRUCTS 58 CHINA the 270 silver and gold vessels found there, 6ome are obviously imitations. Excavated with these were a Sassanian silver coin of King Chosroes II (590-628) and a Byzan- tine gold coin bearing the likeness of Heraclius (610-641). They seem to have been preserved as treasures.

Sassanian Relics Quite a number of silver coins have been discovered in tombs in Chinese copy of Persian silver stem-cup bears Persian-style handle and "pearled" edge and foot, but figure of Tang dancer side. the Turpan oasis in Xinjiang on on the Old Silk Road. Apparently some special power was attributed freasured coins: Japanese Wakokaichin to them; many of them were found could use them in manufacturing silks for export to Persia and thus silver coin (top), three Arabian Omay- in the mouths of the dead. Most yad dynasiy gold coins, and front and numerous are those minted by became part of China's culture too. back of a Byzantine gold coin and a Shapur (310-379) Ardashir Quite a few examples of brocades Persian silver coin (bottom), all found II and near Xi'an" II (379-383) and Chosroes II. By- with Persian designs have been zantine gold coins or their imita- found at stops along the Old Silk tions were also found there. Road, particularly at Astana in the Other Sassanian-style silver ves- Turpan oasis. These include the sels were found in 1975 in an typically Sassanian medallion ancient tom6 in Inner Mongolia's design with a "pearled" border Aohan banner. They include an and inside two birds facing ,each ewer, ell oval-shaped cup and a other. Motifs inside other medal- dish with an animal design ham- lion patterns include riders, eagles, mered in from the back. The deer and a boar's head. The riders ewer is particularly nbteworthy for have Persian features and. the rib- the head of a mustached man at bons over their shoulders are the point where the handle joins exactly the same as those on the the mouth. This and the "pearled" crown of a king depicted on a edge around the base make it safe Sassanian silver dish and silver to identify as an import from coins. The most interesting medal- Persia. lion designs featirre motifs of Eastward along the Old Silk camels and their tenders. Each Road also came a number of set of figures includes the Chinese aristocrats of the Sassanian dy- characters for "foreign king." nasty seeking refuge in China after its downfall. In 1955 the tomb- Japanese Coins stone of a woman named Ma was Arabian and unearthed in Xi'an. Writing in Three Arabian gold coins were both Chinese and the Persian unearthed in a late-Tang tomb at Pahlavi script states that she was Xi'an. Inscriptions in Kufic script the wife of a Zoroastrian named quote from the Koran and note the Suren, the descendant of one of date of minting, the earliest ?02, these aristocrats. As a monument the latest 746 or 747. These are it is a worthy representative of the earliest coins from an Islamic Sassanian traditional culture, even country found in China, and this though it was put up much later was the first time gold coins of in 874 at the time of her death. the Arabian Omayyad dynasty had This the stone engraved is first been found here. with Pahlavi cursive script be to Among the finds in Prince Bin's discovered in China. mansion at Hejia village were five from the Designs for Weaving Wakokaichin silver coins time of Emperor Genmei of the Persian designs were brought to Nara dynasty in Japan, relics of China so that Chinese weavers relations with that country. E

OCTOBEf,, 1979 59 [ierce or fanciful,

XIAO QING and WEN'ZHEN f\ HINESE folk toys are works \-t of art in their clever design and fine craftsmanship. Loved by adults as well as children, many of them reflect the people's desire for a happy and peaceful life and their confidence that all evils can be defeated. The city of Wuxi in Jiangsu province is famous for its toys of clay. The clay cats look more like tigers than house peis. Mice are a constant threat to the silkworms raised in this part of China so all the farmers keep cats. Perhaps the toy cats personify the fierce alertness the people hope for in their real cats. In contrast, other toys are fanci- ful, even mischievous ir"r appear- ance. Among them are the paper- mache lions made in Fengxiang county, Shaanxi province, stuffed tigers with embroidered faces from Shanxi province and the lions and tigers made in Weifang in Shan- dong province. A brightly-colored shoes off, the shoes become an and wind and dive into the sea to lion may sport a red flower on interesting plaything. The sole is stir up turbulent waves. The toY either ear. A tiger may wear a of wood and the upper sturdily dragon, however, is a symbol oi mask. made pieces A lion of of woven of straw. The big red eyes benevolent power that helps people silk may be cavorting with a ball. seem to be keeping an eye on the fight off disasters. craftsmen purposely change The road for the tiny wearer. mYthical ones The Qilin, another fierce animals into comic to The hedgehog, beetle and moirse please the animal with the body of a deer, the children. A favorite is from Shandong province can also a lion with a head greatly larger tail of a bull, a single horn and serve as pincushions. The hedge- scales all over its body, is a sYmbol than its body. hog's quills are imaginatively in- The tiger for good luck. Toys in this form stuffed with a head at dicated by white sawtooth strips each end from Shandong province are frequent gifts at birthdays or pasted on the black body. usually serves as a pillow a weddings. for figures child. In the countryside of north Some of the toys are CIay figurines made in Shaanxi China it was once believed that if from legends. A palm fiber dragon province portray characters from a child slept such a pillow in is made in Hunan province. The local operas. They are stronglY spring he would not get iII all Iegendary dragon has the head of local in shape and color. year. a bull, horns of a deer, eyes of a Many toys reflect the familiar prawn, mouth of a donkey, beard things in daily life. Tht claY A TOY often serves a practical of a human being, ears of a pig, donkey made in Shanxi, for fLpurpose. Take the straw shoes body of a serpent, feet of a example, looks like one, from a the peasants in Henan province phoenix and scales of a fish. It folk story illustration, ready to make for their small children. can grasp, scratch, kick and stamp, carry a young bride to visit her Since babies like to take their It can rise to the sky to make rain mother. E

60 CHINA NECONSTRUCTS Clay cats (Jiangsu) Clay baby with fish (tlebei)

Dragon (coir palm fiber, Hunan)

Clay theatrical figures (Shaanxi)

Lion (paper-rnache, Shaanxi)

Straw shoes (trIenan)

Embroitlered cloth iiger (Shanxi) CLOTH FOLK TOYS FROM SHANDONG

lledgehog

Mandarin duc\

Tiny tigers CHITDREN But what about the sheep? He made an effort to open his eyes and stand up. He took up the camel's rein and led it on patrol around the flock. Jumjuma loved his commune's sheep. He had- often heard his father say that only after the Iiberation could his family and the other herdsmen have so many sheep and live a good life. He had often gone herding with his father KAZAK herdsmen in Chi- came worried. He quickly drove THE or brother after school. When he I na's western Xinjiang the to place and far call cart the new went saw rams fighting with their their heroes "mountain eagles." In back to look for When he him. horns he would throw a stone to Five-tree commune Xinjiang's heard the news, Sabit, head of the in separate them. When a lamb was Mori county they call Jumjuma, a commune production team, went afraid to cross a stream he would 12-year-old boy, a young mountain out with doctor and several a carry it over. When a sheep got eagle. herdsmen search for the to ilL he would hurry to call a veteri- Jumjuma's father is a herdsman boy. was already The It dark. narian. In this way he helped the in the commune. One morning last people gazed worriedly into the older herders. December his family was driving blizzard. Where was Jumjuma? The night seemed endless. Jum- the sheep to a winter paddock 15 By that time the boy had been juma kept on going round and ki-lometers away. His parents rode racing after the flock against the round. He felt that now he was a ahead in the cart loaded with their driving snow for a whole day, real herdsman on duty. "You just yurt (felt tent) and other things. hungry, cold and dog-tired. He have to stick it out," he told Jumjuma's elder brother, who had a single thought in his mind: himself . usually herded the flock from the Keep the sheep safe. At last it was light. The sheep rear, had a boil on his leg and began to hop about and the camel could not help that day. So their rfrHAT night the temperature on held its head high. They peace- father let Jumjuma bring up the I- the Gebi desert dropped to 30" fully moved ahead in the direction rear. The boy mounted a camel below zero. In the cold and dark- chosen their driver. and set off with a crack of his ness the frightened sheep began to by little whip. scatter. The boy was kept busy mHE PEOPLE had been search- driving this one, then that one, I fVfEATHER on the Gebi desert back to the f]ock. The camel was ing for lhe boy lhrough the W changes quickly. Without too tired to move so Jumjuma ran night. Through the morning glow warnir,g snow began to faII and a after the sheep on foot with a whip they saw something white far in strong northwest wind blew up. in his hand, staggering and the east. Soon they saw it clearly. Jumjuma could hardly see the way. stumbling in the snow. Finally he ft was a moving flock. They dash- Suddenly a frozen canal blocked managed to get all 288 sheep ed toward it. It was Jumjuma the way of the flock. He jumped together again. with the sheep. down, dragged the bellwether It was late in the night before "Pa, I've brought all 288 sheep across first, and then went back the flock quieted down. The boy back," Jumjuma greeted his for the others. The sheep couldn't was too tired even to hold the father. climb the high bank against the whip. He collapsed onto the snow, His father embraced him, but heavy snow and strong wind so hardly able to keep his eyes open. couldn't utter a word. Jumjuma pushed them up one by "Don't go to sleep," he told him- "A young mountain eagle," said one. Sweat streamed down his self, "you might freeze to death." Sabit and the others. E face, but he didn't care. By the time he had the sheep all across he couldn't see his parents ahead any more. The blizzard got worse. The flock was blown toward the east. What should he do? He knew that the farther they went toward the east, the farther they wodd get from his father. He wanted to save the commune's sheep so he ran after the flock. When the father found that his son was not following him he be- Drowings bv Sho Gengshi

ocIoBER le70 63 'Roof of the tfforld' Stf II oving orthward

TENG JIWEN

THE two million-square-kilo- Citing data obtained through years into what we know as Alrica, r meter Qinghai-Tibet plateau of survey and research in support South America and other southern lies at an average of 4,000 meters of their view, most of them were hemisphere lands, The expansion above sea level. Once it was the in agreement on certain theories. of the floor of the Indian Ocean bottom of a great sea. The entire sent the Indian subcontinent drift- area rose out of the r,r,ater about Collision of Continents ing northeast. In the Eocene epoch 3 million years ago and began to (about million years ago) As ascertained geologists in 30-40 it form what became the world's by collided with the Eurasian plate the past decade or so, the crust of highest peak, Mt. Qomolangma and settled down there" The colli- the earth consists of "plates" that (known as Mt. Everest in the west). sion of the two plates deformed the slide over the hot semiplastic How did this immense and dra- rock the earth's clust, layer below. strata of matic change occur? creating folds and deep rifts which In the Carboniferous-Permian At an academic symposium last gradually form as today's period (300 million years the took spring scientists from a team ago) Himalayas and the Indian subcontinent lay along the Qinghai-Tibet which made a general survey of plateau. is southeast side of present-day N{t. Qomolangma the plateau and geologists from all the ultimate outconre trf this colli- Africa. Both were part of the over China discussed the cause and sion and conrplession. process of the plateau's upthrust. ancient continent Gondwana which then embraced all the land in the Moving Plates southern hemisphere. In the early TENG JIWEN is a research worker of the Geophysical lnstitute under the Chi- Cretaceous period (100 million The movement of the earth s neso Academy of S(riences. years ago) Gondwana broke up plates is the lesult of massive and

Precise surveys in 1975 tletermined that the Himalayan up- thrust has pushed the ancient sea bottom up to a height of 8848.13 meters al the peak of Mt. Qomolangma. At the nroutlr ol arr i('e ('a\ t'

s.E?

64 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS long-term movement of matter Salt Range in Pakistan. The area glaciation in this period is the In- within the earth itself . Many south of the Yarlung Zangbo from dian subcontinent. It must have methods are used to determine the river to the southern edge of experienced this glaciation while and prove the movement of the the Himalayas is a long collision- it was still in the southern hemi- plates. Reliable quantitative data compression belt where the Indian sphere, before Gondwana split up. is now provided by paleomag- subcontinent (now on the Indo- netics, the study of the direction Australian, sometimes called South The Himalayan Upthrust of magnetic poles in ancient rock. Asian plate) meets the Eurasian When rock layers are formed, that p1ate. Though collision with the Eura- is when lava cools off or when sed- Recent geological findings sup- sian plate slowed down the north- imentation accumulates and hard- port the paleomagnetic evidence of w-ard movement of the South ens, they are influenced by the this collision of plates. These in- Asran plaie, it is still moving magnetisrn of the earth. Rock clude evidence of glaciation similai nrrrthward. Now 3,000 km. away Iayers formed in past geologic ages to that in Gondwana, stepano- Irom its place of origin, it is ;till preserve these lines magnetic plant of viella and well-preserved moving at a speed of 50-60 milli- force, thus it can be told from fossils of Glossopteris found flora meters a year. Under compression, them when and where the rock on the northern slope of Mt. Qo- the earth's crust continures to fold, was formed. molangma, which is south of the pushing the Himalayas higher. Paleomagnetic studies of rock on Yarlung Zangbo. AII these are still ttre Qinghai-Tibet plateau show also found in lands which were This has a great influence on that north of the Yarlung Zangbo once part of Gondwana. So far changes in physical features of the (Yalutsangpo) River it has the no evidence of such deposits and plateau and adjacent areas, and on same paleomagnetism as rock in fossils has been found north of the the atmospheric circulation of Yunnan, Guangdong and Sichuan Yarlung Zangbo. eastern Asia. The differences in in China and even with those in In the Carbonif erous-Permian geomorphology and vegetation are Korea and the Soviet Union. In period a great ice cap starting from most apparent. The northern slope other words, the north side of the the South PoIe enveloped the of the range consists of barren river is part of the Eurasian plate. whole of the southern hemisphere. mountains, but on the south side But magnetism of rocks on the Even what are today tropical areas are valleys where tropical fruits south side of the Yarlung Zangbo of Africa were covered with ice. grow. The compression zone itself corresponds with that of the The only place on the northern is rich in mineral deposits and Deccan plateau in India and the hemisphere which shows traces of sources of geothermal heat. E

Massive rock 16 meters tall anrl weighing over 10,000 tons thrusts up to a height of 5,400 meters above sea level on the north slope.

I )z s v$

i: .,,;, 'i i'

ocToBER 1979 65 ilil

llll Going to ilight $chool in Tlaniin ill I llll You YU*EN i t iilr t.:

- :.i

to China's modernization has brought many more aPPlications than the schools can accommodate. When one night middle school an-' nounced it would take in 240 new students, ten times that number signed up.

Enthusiastic to Learn As everywhere, attending night school involves considerable sacrifice. It often means going right to class after work without changing clothes or eating, and doing homework late into the night. Zhu Shuhua, who teaches music in a primarY school and is Class in drafting at Workers' Cultural Palace No. l. studying in teacher-education at the Xinhua Evening LTniversity, HEN ttre day's work is over and other schools in the city or has to bring her 6-Year-old around 6 p.m., many factory engineers and veteran workers daughter along to class (with Per- and office workers in the north from industrial plants. mission of the school) because her China's metropolis of Tianjin do Tianjin has other night schools husband, a driver with irregular not go home but instead attend run directly by the department of hours, is not at home to care for classes. One place they go to is education. One is the Xinhua the child. Workers' Cultural Palace No. l, Evening University. It has its own For six Years another student, which houses a large night school teaching staff, full or part-time, Sun Keyuan, 42, has made the operated by the municipal federa- and offers special university-level 50-kilometer triP from Tanggu tion of trade uaions with the help instruction in science, engineering, Harbor where he works to the of the city education department. literature. history, philosophy and cultural palace. His son, a Young It offers college-Ieve1 courses using medicine. Duration varies accord- worker, is also studYing at the standard college texts, special ing to the needs of the students.. school. technical training classes ranging People can also take a variety Devoting all his time to studY from two months to one to two of subjects in the "July 21" work- and technical innovation, uP to years in duration and technical ers' universities, the name given now 33-year-old Li Yuming, who lectures on particular problems. to advanced education units set up works in a radio Platrt, hasn't They are given by teachers from by factories, mines and other sought female comPany, but today Tianjin and Nankai r:niversities places of work for their own per- he thinks that if he were to find sonnel. Others study from televi- a young woman with his ideals it affect his studY. In YOU YUWEN is a stall reporter lor sion or radio or correspondence would not China Reconstructs. courses. The desire to contribute this respect Sun BaiYuan, who

66 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS works in the telegraph office and is a part-time teacher at the cul- tural palace, is a good example. While studying lhere in 1957 not Iong after the school opened, he feII in'love with and married a fel.low-student, who works in a chemical plant. They did not let marriage interfere with learning. When she wanted to do further study for her job Sun did his share of the washing, cooking and mending. They helped each other and made progress together.

Learning While Teaching Su Shanli.i, a teacher at the Tianjin Radio School, also teaches the fundamentals of radio at the cultural palace. He found that some students had a hard time understanding because they lacked basic knowledge. Others raised questions related to their own work radio factories which he Zhu Shuhua's turn at the in piano as fellow members found difficult to answer because of a course in PrimarY he lacked practical experience. eilucation learn a new With a list of specific problems 6Orlg. in mind he went to work for a time in a radio plant, he learned Sun Baiyuan antl his wife what the workers really needed to do their homework to- know and was able to organize his geiher. material in a way easier for his Photos by Wong Xinmin students to understand. The Tianjin Datly recently car- ried several articles on Song Jingkang, an outstanding worker in the Tianjin Industrial Pump Plant. "We say a lot about build- ing socialism," it quoted Song as saying, "but it'Il be just empty talk if workers don't improve ting together information from lhe group of the Tianjin Mass Sci- their technical knowledge." He two sources, with heIP from his ence and TechnologY CooPeration himself had tried to improve out- night-school teachers and friends, Association. dated equipment, but found it in three months he made such a Many of the students have hard because of insufficient tech- drill himself. It cut the processing studied several subjects. The same nical grounding. Later he studied time for making a certain casing person may be teacher in one sub in the workers' university at his from 230 to 30 minutes, imProved ject and student in another. Li plant and also took courses in accuracy and reduced labor Yuming observes that his studies machinery at the cultural palace. intensity. have taken him through three Once he happened to see in a Helped by night-school studies, stages of electronic technologY - foreign magazine a new type of Shi Guozhong, a young worker in electron tubes, transistors and in- drill which can make deep holes the Tianjin Ocean Navigation tegrated circuits. "Night-school with high polish and accuracy. Instrument Plant, beeame an ex- classes have given me the knowl- But the magazine contained no pert on cutting tools and comPiler edge with which to heIP mod- details about its structure. Not of the Concise Lathe OPerator'i ernize our countrY," he saYs. Con- long afterward from a Chinese Handbook. He has had a hand in fidence that theY can acquire this magazine he learned that a fac- some 100 innovations at his Plant knowledge is perhaPs the most im- tory in Sichuan province was try- or other factories and been elected portant thing that all the students ing'to make a simiiar drill. Put- a vice-leader of the metal-cutting have learned at night school' [f]

ocToBER 1979 67 t l

Scieniists discussing the general layout of the 50 bev proton synchroaroD. :\('Il0SS'[tlF] l,AN f, f\ HINA'S first high energy \-r physics experimental center is to be built near Beijing. Surveying fi^fi ffinrengy ffiftnysfies frg is in full swing f or construc- tion of China's first 50 bev Experimental Center (billion-electron-volt) proton syn- chrotron. The high-energy particle accel- erator is an experimental installa- tion to supply high energy charged particles. Involving the assistance of prominent foreign physicists, it will help train Chinese scientists in this advanced field. Such re- search can lead to a deeper under- standing of the physical microcos- mos which in turn may yield ideas for use in industry. t i E Scientists trying the prototype cavity of the line accelerator made by the Institute of tligh Energy Physics untler the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Left inset shows the inner structure of the prototype cavity. Photos b1y Yang Wumin

68 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS A week-long forum on the .:. wealth. This generated serious in- / r history of the Taiping Revolu- I ternal conflicts in the Taiping tion of 1851-64, one of the greatest I ranks. Others claimed that he was I peasant uprisings in China's long blameless in all respects, [)eoate Among Historians i history, was held in Nanjing last As regards Shi Dakai, a senior summer. Attendance by 260 Tbiping general, the participants specialists and other historians - concurred that his departure on a not only from China but from separate expedition was not a sign Britain, the U.S.A., the Federal of hostility to the revolution. But Republic Germany, Belgium, of A Forum they differed about his reputed Japan and Canada - testified to "humble petition to surrender" to the wide interest in the subject. the Qing dynasty forces when his The Taipings fought successfully o the Taipi army was besieged at the Dadu for ten years against the feudal River in Sichuan province. Some Qing dynasty (1644-1911) and felt that it was a tale inade up aggressors frorn abroad. They ReYolution by the enemy. Others felt it was provided valuable experience and true and inexcusable, and that Iessons for the Chinese people in the fact that he did not betray the* their struggle to finally liberate Taipings after capture should not themselves almost a century later. excuse his surrender. Nanjing, the one-time capital of Li Xiucheng, another noted the Taiping state (known as the Taiping general, aroused particu- Taiping Heavenly Kingdom) was a lar controversy. His defenders fitting f.r co-'-oeo-,,-il-,r-,r-,,oo=r*,rlr site for the forum. said his heroic merits oi-rtweighed Chinese and foreign participants his faults, and that his confession presented papers 2L7 expressing God." Another stressed his as a prisoner was a tactical move, different views on somd major borrowing of some Christian not a capitulation. Others historical questions. Among these concepts. Others said Confucian declared that even though his were: ideas were the base. previous fighting services should be recognized, by this confession l. What ideas guided the 2. What should be the judgment Li Xiucheng negated and disgraced Taiping Revolution? of history on certain of the his Taiping title of "Loyal Opinions were exchanged on the Taiping leaders? Prince.'l origin and evolution of the think- Hong Xiuquan was seen by all ing of Hong Xiuquan, the move- as an outstanding peasant revolu- 3. What was the nature of the ment's founder and supreme tionary leader of immense achieve- Taiping State? leader. Many agreed that it was ment and a pioneer in trying to One view was that it was an a mixture of certain Christian learn from the west things needed anti-imperialist and anti-feudal teachings, the equalitarian concepts for the emancipation of China and peasant political Power. A second of past peasant uprisings in China, her people. But they did not regarded it as still mainly feudal. and the "universal harmony,, regard him as infallible, or as A third held that it contained both preached by the Confucians. As being free from mistakes, includ- aspects. That is, while it was to which aspect predominated, ing serious ones. anti-feudal at the start, it had not however, there was debate. Yang Xiuqing, one of Hong's shaken off his own feudal features One view held that the essence chief assistants in building the and so, as time passed, let them was peasant revolutionary thought movement, was alsoassayed. Some become predominant and moved directed against feudalism and thought him an outstanding leader toward inevitable defeat. foreign aggression and ac- to be commended for great exploits In liveliness of the debate, and companied by naive peasant which were inseparable from the in serious approach to documenta- equalitarianism inherited from early successes of thE Taipings, but tion and argument, the forum was the past, and that Hong Xiuquan also one who made grave errors. an expression of the policy, "let a borrowed front' the west only the One of these was to wage a hundred schools of thought con- religious form and his "One True struggle for personal power and tend." i E

ocToBER 1979 69 /-r ONNOISEURS of chinaware U generally associate the name Yixing (Yihsing) with the famous red stoneware teapots made in the city, sometimes called China's "pottery capital." Yixing has another claim to interest its wonderful karst caverns formed- by water washing and dripping against soft rock over eons of time" HAN QILOU The southernmost city in Jiang- su province, Yixing lies on the west shore of Taihu Lake on the lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. It is bordered on three sides by fertile lake-dotted plains. To the southwest rises a chain of hills. The caverns are at their foot. Best-known are the Shanjuan and Zhanggong Caverns. The former, situated in Mount Luoyan some 25 kilometers from the town, is the subject of many legends, the chief one about the poet called Shanjuan for whom it is named. Four to five thousand years ego when the legendary Huanghe River va1ley rulers Yao, Shun and Yu were transferring their king- ship to one another, Yao abdicated in favor of Shun, and Shun in turn tried to give the position to the poet Shanjuan. The latter refused indignantly. "I am free to go wherever I please between heaven and earth, so. what do I want with the throne!" Feeling that Shun's words had sullied his ears Shan- juan washed them in a river, then went south to live in seclusion in this cavern.

It IORE reliable historical records lYl ptace the discovery of these caverns some 2,000 years ago in the Spring and Autumn period (770- 476 B.C.). Totaling about 5,000 square meters in area, the Shan- juan Caverns are in three tiers, and consist of the upper cavern and middle, Iower and water

Nature's indoor scenery, Shanjuan Caverns. Han Qilou

CTIINA RECONSTRUCTS A stretch of the underground river is navigable. Jin Baoyuan

Slalactites reflected in ihe rvater create a lotus oond Jiang Wei I

'1+

ii

! ti:-

L a "F fuuudalirrn rr!liar"' stalagffiitr,. 3:,(itr0 yea!rr il-gr {}H ilrq CLLen CfLunxLla.

Th+ ecrie r€{'os.ses ol the \1'a(er Cave!'n, Slranjuan Caverns, Jin Battuua

.{{eui;ing '"loIus " Shanjrran JiaitE Wei. caverns, Deep, mysterious r€_ and Thunder Gate, War Drum board, tlrus the cave'$ name Chess- cesses, winding galleries, booming Gate and Ten-Thousand Horses board Cavern. Here, says a legend, cataracts and assortment .an ot Gate, The source of these effects the g

ocToBER 1919 73 Building Up Ghina's Rail Transport - An interview with Guo Weicheng, Minister of Railways

A groduote of Fudon University in Shonghoi, Guo Weicheng hos been engoged in the recon- struction ond development of Chino's roil system since he become heod Roilwoy '1945 of the Qiqihor Bureou in ot the end of the Joponese occupo- tion of northeost Chino" He wos oppointed Minister of Roilwoy's in 1978. Minister f,vh#flT}::s' a. In the 30 years since the founding of the new our huge cou4try, about the size of the whole of China, wha,t progress has been made in developing Europe, had only 22,000 kilometers of tracks, of and expanding the railroads? which only half were usable. They were of different gauges and in general poor. The control system, A. In railroads as in industry and agriculture, China communications and signal systems were outdated. has made great progress. At the time of liberation The rolling stock was old.

Chino's Roilroods

Urunqi q . r;5\ - ---. tb.h

Under Comtrud'nn

---"Lines Built Afler l-ibralion lhnnirg I

Built klore 1949

map B Pei Xhomd

CHINA RECONSTBUCTS A bridge over ahe Buha River on the Qinghai-Tibet llne being built by ihe P.L.A. railway corps.

Between 1949 when the railroads were taken A. The reasons are historical. Before liberation over by our new state and last year, 1978, we in- about 60 percent of our lines were concentrated creased our track in operation to 50,000 kilometers. along the coast. Most of those were built by foreign Large-scale construction was done, on a dozen trunk imperialists, to help them exploit our natural re- Iines in the northwest, southwest and border regions. sources and seize our territorj. The northwest and We also repaired and improved the old ones. A11 southwest, where scores of our minority natioriali- main lines, for example, have been double tracked. ties live, had virtually no railways. In 1950 we Communication and systems hdve been im- signal began to construct new lines in the northwest. Now proved, using advanced technology. Some of our we have a rail network there, with its center at main depots have installed mechanized or semi- Lanzhou Gansu province. automated camel-hump marshaling y4rds to speed in up operations, In the southwest seven main lines were built in As to passenger and freight traffic, in 1950 we Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. They are carried 150 million passengers, and' last year 800 the Chengdu-Chongqing, Baoji-Chengdu, Chongqing- million. In the same period the volume of freight Guiyang, Guiyang-Kunming, Chengdu-Kunming, rose from 100 milLion tons to 1,070 million. We've Zhuzhou-Guiyang and Xiangfan-Chongqing lines. also developed our rolling stock industry, we now Together they form a circular network, Iinking those produce large numbers of diesel and electri.c locomo- three provinces with Beijing and other parts of the tives and,other modern items. So We've made con- country. siderable progress in the last 30 years. But of We have also constructed some electrified lines course we have a long way to go to catch up with such as the Baoji-Chengdu and Yangpingguan- the more advanced countries. Ankang, both already in use. Two more, the Xiang- a. In describing new railway building you em- fan-Chongqing line and Baoji-Tianshui-Lanzhou phasized the northwest and southwest regions. Why? line, are under construction. ocToBER, 1979 75 a. And the other areas of China? Being built now is a 470-km, line from Turpan to Korla in southern Xinjiang. It is the first line in A. We've also built some new main lines in the southern Xinjiang. north, east and south. For example, in the Changbal Then there is the Qinghai-Tibet line (Xining to and Greater and Lesser Hinggan Mourrtains of north- Lhasa), the first stage of which, the 830-km" stretch east China, we've built forest railways. from Xiningto Golmud, has already been built. It's We've converted the old Beijing-Shanghai and a very difficult line to construct as it crosses the Beijing-Guangzhou lines, two of our early main "roof of the world," north-south lines, Io double track and added several In eastern and southern China, the 560:km. main and branch lines along them, including the Anhui-Jiangxi line (Wuhu to Guixi) rs under con- TaiyuanlJiaozuo, Jiaozuo-Zhicheng and Zhicheng- struction frorh both ends. Its completion wiII shorten Liuzhou lines. the distance from Nanjing to Jiangxi or Fujian prov- Ail play a prominent part in helping to develop incas by 300 km. Also newly in operation is the China's economy, to strengthen her national defeilse 853-km. Iine from Zhicheng in Hubei to Liuzhou in and to promote unity and friendly intercoufse among the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. her different nationalities. In the north, the line between Beijing and Tongliao in Jilin province has just been completed and is now a. TVhat other lines are being built today?" in operation. This 870-km. line is the second main A. AII in all, our railway system has not,kept pace line linking north China with the northeast. with our expanding economy and socialist construc- There are also branch lines being built from the tion. Now we are changing this. main mining and industrial centers. A. Chini is vast and immensely varied and complex Minorlty women flash happy smiles: in terrain. Supely the railroad builders must have The Chengdu-Kunming rall llne brings had to overcome many problems. Can you tell us more goods from industrlal areas. about some of them? A. The difficulties have been many, but by relying on their' own efforts and hard work and utilizing the local resoufcec our railway builders have over- come them. This is true of the Lanzhou-Urumqi, Baotou-Lanzhou, Fengtai-Shacheng, Baoji-Chengdu, On the Chengdu- Kunming line. Yingtan-Xiamen, Kunming-Guiyang, Zhuzhou-Gui- yang and Chongqing-Guiyang lines and particularly' of the Chengdu-Kunming and Xiangfan-Chongqing lines, which were the most difficult, They cross mountains, rivers, deserts, swamps, permafrost and mud-rock flow areas, seismic belts and other dif- ficult terrain. In some places there is a danger of landslides. The 669 km.-long Baoji-Chengdu line, built just after liberation, crosses the Qinling Mountains that separate Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces. ' It has 303 tunnels totaling 84 km. and 994 bridges totaling 27 km. That's an average of 1.5 bridges and half a tunnel per kilometer of line. The line was completed in five and a half years. The Qinghai-Tibet line passes over a salt lake 32 km. across. The embankment is constructed with halogen rock and gravel. Perhaps the most difficult line was the 901 km. from Xiangfan to Chongqing, 45 percent of which consists of bridges and tunnels. Our railway engi- neers and workbrs have gained a lot of valuable experience. e. Some foreign countries now treat rail transport as secondary. They concentrate on air and road transport. Does China plan to do this? A. Modern means of transport haven't yet been wldely developed in China. Railroads are still our main emphasis. Because our natural resources' CHINA RECONSTRUCIS minqs, industrial centers and ports are scattered over a vast area, transport over long distances is required. Today, railways carry 60 percent of all our passenger and freight traffic. As this situation will remain for some time, we are making great efforts to expand our railways,

A. How is China modernizing her rolling stock industry?

A. Again, let's start with history. Before 1949 we only had a dozen repair depots. There was no such thing as a Iocomotive or even car built entirely in China. About 110 different types of locomotives and 700 kinds of wagons arld cars were in a motley variety. China built her first steam locomotive in 1952. In 1958 we began to design and make our own diesel and electric ones. Recently we have made more powerful models. We also make special-purpose cars. Our rolling stock industry has become a com- prehensive System which can do both repairs and manuf acturing. Even so we still can't meet the needs of mod- ernization. We are trying to improve our technology production, I and increase to catch up with the ad- vanced countries. We will import what technology we need for this. a. What did you learn during your recent tour abroad?

A. The four countries we visited France, West Germany, Belgium and Japan all- 'have modern railway systems. In the 1950s- and 60s they were already using electric and diesel locomotives exten- sively. We, by comparison, up to the end. of last year had only 1,026 km. of electrified track. Steam locomotives are still our main form of traction. Those countries all have 30-40 percent automatic blocking lines, whereas we cinly have 13 percent. Trains on their main lines weigh between 5,000 and 10,000'tons, on ours only 3,000 tons. Their highest speed passenger trains go at 160 kilometers per hour and some even reach 200 k.p.h. Our top speed is only around 100 k.p.h. In some of these countries a train ;;:/ departs every four to six minutes, whereas our short- Difficult terrain crossed by ihe Xiangfan-Chongqing line. est intervals are twice that. Photos bg Xinhua I would like, through your magazine, to again thank these host countries for their thoughtfut planning during our visit and for giving us every continue to replace the old steam locomotives with opportunity to study their railway systems in all electric and diesel ones so that by 1985 these witl aspects. I send my warm greetings to all our friends make up about 60 percent. accom- in the government and rail bureaus who gave us Here.are some other things we hope to such hospitality. plish: Our passenger cars will be lighter and more comfortable and our freight cars larger. We'II in- a. What measures are you taking now,. or planning crease the percentage of freight carried by specialized for the future, to enable China's railways to better cars. Dispatehing, station operation and traffic aid her modernization? management will be automated or semi-automated on the major lines. By 1985 we hope to have mech- A. While concentrating on modernizing our old anized 80 percent of our loading and unloading, Iine lines, ws are also building new ones. By imprbving construction, maintenance and repairs, the old lines, I mean increasing their haulage We also plan by then to builil six more rnaior capacity, train speeds and traific density. We shall trunk lines and some branch ones. E ocToBER 1979 tt CARTOONS

The lazy matr's application of the principle of terrestrial gravity to a fruit tree Li Fengutt

IlIiao Yintang

Gootl for the waisiline but not for the sapllng Li Shiming and. Fon Guanglin

CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS Lesson L0 Going to Yangshuo

( a"€*. ii + i.p&a q'r> {ff,f, iif6 rtl\ E & *t* Ifi (JiEnddA flng HuA ltry6utuan birfen Shimisi: Qidnmiirn nA zud shin hloxiing yi ding (Canada visit China tourist group portion Smith: Ahead that hill looks like a u{ d"n * fiu * rH#t ) tE+. tl A fi '/v't ch6ngyu6n c6ng^L&+t- Guilin ch6ng chuAn qir Ydngshud) mirozi. '13Nn jiio sh6nme shin ne? members from Guilin (going) by boat to Yangshuo) hat. That called what hill? *.Fs,f: ,{L #Pr- * ralfl 6 ? wz Az #13 rrf trtE . fi lE if , Shimisl: C6ng Guilin qir YAngshub y6u du6 yutrn? W4ng: Ni jino Guiny{n. Z:Ai wing qiAn, Smith: From Guilin to Yangshuo has how far'l Wang: That (is) called Crown Rock. Further ahead 1z y 4b krt d A-E. -,rL L *h ai t, lilAng: Zad chuAn diryuE y6u ^fb6shi gdngli. jiit shl zhirming de ^.q@h"JiumlhuirshEn' ZAi Wang: Ride boat about have 80 kilometers. is famous Nine Horses Picture Hill. At gq's tfl,fr *\,ftt t, 4b L T v)( fiKft i*,;r q E L, 4" K , 'i1i. Wdmen zAi chudnshirng kEyi xinshlng Lijieng sMn shi shirng, rtgu6 xixin guinshlng, iit We at boat on can enjoy r jjiang hill rock oo, if(you) carefully look at, (you) A1 Df,"X. frV n *467^.-++atril, de fEngguEing. n6ng rln chii zttiri bt ylyimC de iin scenery. can recognize out postures not same nine A*'1, iil)t aIJ ,l<, 4 -ft ,FIr IL+ Eq +. Mili: Lijieng de' shui zhEn qing a! Jih[ pi ml lAi. Marib: Lijiang's water really clear! Almost horses. h?, h 1l ,K,t* al E *o . trrt,i:tr 4 X- lt E Tt n6ng kindAo shuidi de shitou. Sekast: Zhin shi tiri mEi le! can see to water bottom's stones. Sachs: (It) really is very beautiful! hiln' {. t h4r {. fr, )t ffi H all Az El 1 fall#L R. *. B6llng: GCng m6i de hei shi jEng lilng irn de W6ng: Dirole YAngshuir iinesa gdng m6i. Brown: More beautiful still is river both banks Wang: (When we) arrive in Yangshuo scenery (is) more beautiful. fli.,E +J,+- *E E,ftl tr faln wH 4 k Jre+, g^' nirxiE qif6ng yishi." Timen ddu Y6ngshud sizh6u d6u shi sMnfGng, zhdnggC those fantastic hills (and) strange rocks. They all Yangshuo all around all are hills, whole d ,87 ,4t fHlI.,-rt, * + *.iL" ydu mingzi ma? Ydngshud iit xiirng yi dud lidnhud. have names? ' Yang'shuo just like a lotus flower. -Lz 6 'f,t'fll h, ,i E Jr n{ * *.#,'ts'tiL f E +{\ ,+A fr* W6ng: Y6u." Nimen kirn, zhO zud shin iiiro Xiirng Shlmisl: Ting shu6 Zhbnggu6 g[rhi shtr6n z]nmEi Wang: Have. You look, this hill called Elephant Smith: (I) hear China's ancient poets praise ,It 4,:t, Hh t !t* * k*- tLtt- ,F P RT " BI ShEn, yinwdi ti htroxiing -yi t6u dirxiirng Guilh sh5nshul jil tiiinxii. Trunk Hill, because it tooks like an elephant Guilin landscape (as) best heaven under. lv- ++ ,ff,$ )r g, ,J. d5 az tr&4 /\ t+fr,! frx raf[ bI bizi sh6njin jieng [, xiiochudn WAng: Ddrn yE y6u r6n tabi6 zinmEi Ydneshud trunk stretch river in, (a) small boat Wang: But also have people especially praise Yangshuo's Tv){ A * ++ T lflit. tl &{<, if,, "tr]afifl &,F kEyi c6ng xiimg bizi xii tdnggu6. de sb5nshui, shu6, "YAngshud shEnsbul can from eleph4nt trunk under pass through. landscape, say, "Yangshuo's landscape

'ocToBER r9?9 79 ,iL E' Wang: When we arrive in Yangshuo, the scenery is even morc f lllt-." fr, frfo € beautiful. Yangshuo is surrounded by hills. Yang- Guilin." Kirn, (i6nmiln jit shl iil shuo iS shaped like a lotus flower. is best in Guilin." I-ook. ahead is Smith: I heard that Chinais poets praised ,E ancient Guilin's #),+ landscape as the best under heaven, BiliAnfEng. " Wang: But some people especially praise the landscape of Green Lotus Hill. Yangshuo, saying, "Its landscape is the best in Guilin." Look, ahead is the Green Lotus Hill. 4,1 fH ,q? 4*,1:'Kuiri 'l* lA 1 Marie: Are we arriving in Yangshuo soon? MAlt: dAo Ydngshud le ma? Wang: Yes, We'll be there immediately. Marie: Soon arrive Yangshuo? -I: F/t * 4{ 1" Notes W{ng: Jit yio diro Ie. Wang: immediately (we) will arrive. 1. Yiro. . . Ie *..'J to show immediate fu- ture. For example. lVdmen yio dio Ydngshutr le Translation *.{n*r,l falnl (We will arrive in Yangshuo (Some members of the Canadian Chiha tour group are going soon.) \ildmen tudyiln de xihgli yio dio le *\,mjs to Yangshuo from Guilin by boat) Efr1Jii+*+rl T (Our checked baggage will arive Smith: How far is it from Guilin to Yangshuo? soon). Yio . . . le can be replaced by jiu yio . . . le Wang: About 80 kilometers by boat. On the boat we can ,-rt*... yio . . . le yio... enjoy the scenery of the Lijiang River. T ;,kuiri t**... 1, iiilng .lf jiu. ,l* Marie: The water in Lijiang River is really clear. We can le *... T, . . Ie -,fi.;.! and kuii. . . Ie almost see down to the stones on the bottom of the river. Brown: Even more beautiful those are fantastic hills and strange- 2. Duo I to ask about rneasrirement. looking rocks along the banks. Do they all have names? We have already learned something like this Wang: Yes. Look, this hill is called Elephanr Trunk Hill in the use of dudshao , ,y (how many), as in because it looks like an elephant stretching its trunk into dudshao qi6n? p ,)' Hl (How much money ?). thi river. A small boat can pass through under the trunk. Sometimes du6 is put before an adjective to Smith: That hill ahead looks like a hat. What is it called? ask about measurement. For example, C6ng Wang: It is called Crown Rock. Further ahead is the famous Guilin qi Ydngshud dud yu[n? ,tL+L*t+fafn r w? Picture-of-Nine-Horses-Hill. If you look carefully, (How far is it from Guilin to Yangshuo?) Nir zud you can pick out nine horses in different postures on the rocks. shdn'dud gdo?. fllt{h?A? (How high is that Sachs: It's really beautiful! mountain?) tr

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BO CHINA RECONSTBUCTS t19 The Imperial Garden in the Palace Museum. Beiiing. Xie Jurt