Vo!. 25, No. 27 July 5, 1982
OF
:. \Yi\ tlf some international eVenl s HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK (p. 1o).
US Policy Towards Taiwan a Coalition Government of Dem- "Forbidden City" ls Open ocratic Kampuchea spells out To Alt A historical analysis of US in- the purpose, rasks and operat- volvernent in China's internal The f ormcr inrpelial palacc' ing principles as well as com- strife which developed into a has been translormed intcr a position and operation of the' full-scale civil wal in the late museum. Orrr corresp Greeting 12th Congress of the US Policy Towords Toiwon REVIEW LCY (1948.50) Zi Zhongyun 15 BEIJING Moltese Prime Minister Visits - Chino SPECIAT FEATURE Published everY MondoY bY Chinese Scientists Receive Former "Forbidden CitY": lt BEIJING REVIEl,V Foreign Honours t '- 24 Boiwonzhuong Rood, Beiiing Belongs to the PeoPle "Gentle Breeze ond Sunshine" Li Ming The People's RePublic ol Chino Predicted Our CorresPondent for Creotivity Efficient Monogement 21 An lrresistible Attroction 23 Vol. 25, No. 27 July 5, 1982 INTERNATIONAL 9.12 "Culturol Relics HosPitol" 25 Former Residents of the lm' CONTENTS Greeting Kompucheo's New periol Poloce 26 Coolition Government -- "Renmin Riboo" Commento- CUTTURE E SCIENCE 29-30 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS tor ART PAGE 11 lsroel Must Holt lts Aggression Angolo lnternotionol Editor Agoinst Lebonon Mu Youlin- Mounting Peoce Movement in Clorificotion of Terms Polit- the West Mo Weimin BEIJING RtVltW {USPS No 658-ll0} is icol Editor An Zhiguo- Superpowers'- Fierce Recrim- prblished weekly for uS\ 13,50 per year by inotions on Disormoment Beijing Review. 24 Baiwanrhuang Road, Xin Zhong posta0e paid LETTERS 4 - Eeijing, China Second'class at San Irancisco, CA Postmaster: Send EVENTS & TRENDS 5-8 ARTICLES E DOCUMENTS addless changes to China Books & Periodicals. lnc , 2929 24th Street. San Steody lncreose in lndustriol Declorotion on the Formotion Francisco, CA 941 10 Production of o Coolition Government New Woys to Hit the Rood of Democrotic Kompucheo 13 Nofr.s l,'rorn llre ltrdilnrs grasp the m€aning of democracl' Angola and gradually turn to the Left. and that loyal members of the Is China u,illing to nornralize tr,ve'en the three organizations. Kuomintang would all become its relations with Angota? It was under those circum- Lef t-wingers." Of course, it stances that China stopped its China is willing to normalize was used thelr'e in a commenda- support to all parties. its relations u,ith Angola. As tory sense. early as during the Angolan Angola became an indepen- in the people's struggle for national dent. sovereign country on In 1926, Liu Shaoqi said inde,pendence, China gave ener- Nove,mber 1i. 1975. The Chinese article The Position of the getic suport to all three of the Foreign Ministry issued a state- Working Closs in the' Great country's liberation organiza- ment on behalt of the Chinese Re.*olution and the Principles of tions - the People's Liberation Government and people, warm- the Workers Mouement'. "The Movement of Angola, ther Na- ly congratulating the Angolan working class should urge the tional Union for the Total In- people and the Angolan libera- petty-bourgeoisie to move to dependence of Angola and the tion organizations on the occa- the Left so as to remedy the Angolan National Liberation present, sion. At we maintain Iatter's vacillating and conser- Front. When Angola was about w-ith the Angolan Gov- contact vative shortcomings." Again. to win indepe,ndence, the Soviet €rnment and have suggested Left clearly was used in a posi- Union thrust itself into the in- normalizing relations between ternal affairs of Angola, sup- the trvo countries. tiver sense porting one faction and op- But both Zhou and Liu some- posing the other two, thereby - International Editor Mu times termed particular tenden- aggravating the conflict be- Youlin cies within the Party as Left when they rvere actually being Glarilication ol Terms quite cr itical In order to avoid any Possible Sometimes you put "Left" in On the other hand. in the confusion that could arise from quotation marks. Other times mid-1930s, somc' people in our this lack of differentiation. you don't. Why? Communist Partv headed by after liberation in f 949 we Wang N{ing pushed an adven- We rvould like to clarify hovv adopted the practice in our Pub- we use turist political and military use the two terms. We' lications of putting the term in the word Left (without quota- policy anC brought heavy losses quotation marks when it was tion marks) as a positive indica- to the revolutionary base areas used as a negative designation. tor of political inclination. and the Red Army. Wer call meaning progressive or revolu- this a "Left" errol'. We also call In the past few years. how- tionary. We use "Left" as a many of the mistakes made ever, the, terms have not always revolution" negative description of rvrong during the "cultural been used consistently. Some- "Left" emors. tende,ncies such as adventurism times the quotes have bee'n in revolution '"r'hich arises from Howe,ver. because the gang of omitted when the term was in- an inabilitl' to distinguish be- four pushed the "Left" errors to tended negativeiy, othcr times tween the various stages oI extremes in ordet to serve their what should have been called social and political development. or,r,n schemes. we call rvhat they "Left'' was called ultra-Lett. For instance. we call Marxist advocated ultra-Left policies. Recently the confusion has been Parties Left. and reler to Marx- In sorne historical documents. brought to the public's attention ists as Lettists In the 1930s. by Chinese newspapers and ptogressive however'. the words are used in- China's writers' other journals. In the future. organization u/as called the terchangeablv. For instance. the me,thod that prevailed after' League of Left-Wing Writers Zhou Enlai said in the article Iiberati<-rn again be strictly Betorr. liberation we referred to Communist Part.y itr, Presenl will Chinese publica- the proglessive members of the Political Struggle; "The Com- follorved by tions. including Be.ijing Reuiew. I(uomintang as the Leftists in munists have alway.s hoped that the Kuonrintang the Right-u'ingers'"n'ould Iull]' - Political Editor Art Zhigtto .luly 5. 1982 If you could spotlight a third taking place in Guatemala with world country each week, it could the military and moneyed interests TETTERS prove interesting because the only on one side and the guerrillas and coverage such countries get people you lmprovernents in the the on the other, fail Western press consists of accounts to mention in your article "Guate- of coups, wars, famines and other mala From Election to CouP" Your magazine has improved. I "sensational" news. (issue No. 14) that there is a can say this lsgstr.a I also have guerrilla some copies of Beijing Peter Hunter opposition. ,,cultural Reoieu dating from the revolu- Ont.. Canada Chris Campbell tion." Your journal has turned Baltimore, Md., USA from a subjective magazing which lncome Tqx eontained a lot of cliches, to an low Concerning objective one u,hich realisticallv Foreign Enlerprises Covor ond Grophics depicts Chinese society and news and events about The article which I found to be China and the I am satistied with the new world. more informative is the one on the Detailed Rules and Regula- lront cover, especially the one of The layout of your magazine tjons for the Implementation of the f irst issue of 1982 which is more vivid than the old ones. The has also advanced. The cover is the Income Tax Lau' of the Peo- more eye-catching, especially since ple's Republic of China Concern- red colour ).ou use is nice and it you placed photographs on it. ing Foreign Enterprises (issue makes your magazine highly people No. l4). It's good because it will attractive to in my country. "Notes From the Editors', is one let the foreign people of the best things know their The drawings on the inside back that ever left and right when they come to cover are beautiful. The acknou'- happened to your magazine. I am establish firms in China. sure a lot of readers like tind ledgement of the artists near their me drawings is good. Please plesent their questions about China Eric K. Twumasi answered in this section. .,From Adansi. Ghana more art in the future. the Chinese Press' is also a worth- Paul Yeboah Konoboa while column as it gives us toreign Adukbom-Akwapim. Asion Perspeclive Ghana readers insights into China as reported in your newspapers It is indeed useful to read about I prefer the cover of issue No. l6 Jose Bayani D. Baylon global problems as they are seen The photograph on the cover Manila. the philippines by Asian people. It has been es- should take at least haif of the pecially' informative to see your page. I think. apart from the views over the continuous expan- photos of scientific and technical Children's Well-Being sion policy of the Soviet Union, a l'orkeLs. therc should be photos question which is too little reflecting other fields such a-s I Iound the section on ,'The spoken of here in Europe agliculture and education. Photos Wellare 300 , inside the magazine are r:lear and of Million Children Tapani Havia (issue No. 22, L982) interesting. thcir layout is good It Muurla, Finland would appear frorn reading this Luis Jose Fernandez article that the younger generation Pola de Caviana, Spain play a vital lole in th6 economy Comments ond Srrggostions of the People's Republic. They pleasur'e are in turn well rewarded for I u,ould like to mention twt-r It is a great to see ex- their efforts, by mostly lree main- things rvhich I would see nrore oI amples of art in China For a time tenance in the I'ields of heaith, in Beijing Reoiew. 'fhe filst is I wondered about the growth oI pleased education and social neecls. It is more articles dealing r.vith the de- visual arts and I am to obvious that this system is ben- velopment of socialist democracy see the promotion of folk arts as rvell water eficial to the country and a in China. For example, the ar- as more traditional method which should be observed ticles about the workers' con- colour st),les by other countries. gresses were good. It would be in- David Baldwin telesting to learn more about how Jonathan Vancouver. Canada Gordon Till local government works and how West Yorkshire. Britain officials are made accountable to people. Your cartoons ale dull and are the I am interested in this not well placed. The humour that Egypt because would learn from ond the Arob Worlcl I like to decorates the inside back cover is people's experience in other so simplistic it makes people cros.s. I enjoyed the article on Ee,ypt building socialism. and the Arab world in issue No. Bonald Piceiotto 2l (May 24, 1982). I hope that if Secoird, I would llke Beijing Re- Alenzano. Italy Egypt re-establishes relations uieut lo have more articles about with the other Arab countries, it the struggles for national libera- tion going on around the rvorld I enjoy looking at the Beijing will be able to mediate a peacefu) Reuiew, especially the art page solution between Israel and the Your coverage of Afghanistan and you put Kampuchea has been good but I that have inside the back Arab world. Pel'haps could even feel that your coverage the cover. 1'ou of devote more of review the I have enjoyed the foreign r.ela- struggles Latin America, par- ),our to in arts in China. tions columns for they provide an ticularly El Salvador and Guate- insight into China's relations mala. has been weak For exam- A reader around the world- ple, even though a civil war is Alaska, USA 4 Beijing Reuiew, No. 27 CHINA +sa:r. EVEI{'[,S A 'IREFIDS 10 per cent more profits and construction in the country. By ECONOMlC revenue to the state than in the 1981, a total ot 1.25 million corresponding period of 1981, kilometres land and water $teady lncrease in while production costs dropped routes were available, ?.7 times by 0.2 per cent. greater than before liberation. Production transportation com- lndustrial But, a leading member of the But and munications are still a rveak Heavy industry registered a State Economic Commission link in the national economy. marked rise in output during called attention to the fact that the first five months of this the backlog of some products The main problems are: an year compared to the same has gone up, energy consump- acute shortage of transport period of last year, while light tion has been excessive and facilities in the coal-producing industry continued its rapid saf ety measures also must be bases; an inadequate handling growth and the energy industry improved. capacity of the harbours along overfulfilled its plan. the coast for either internal or Improvement in economic re- external transportation and in- This was announced at a re- sults continues to be the focus adequate passenger transport. cent conference by the State of industrial production in the Economic Commission. second half of this year. To this To rectify this situation, he suggested that numerous new China's industrial output val- end, the commission has called for the following measures: rails be laid parallel to existing ue totalled more than 223.900 ones so traffic can move both million yuan in the January- Strengthen market surveys directions, while others will May period, per and- control the production of 10.? cent more be electrified. These measures than in the same 1981 period. those products in excessive sup- plv; will facilitate coal transport The output value of light indus- from the major producing areas try rose by I 1.9 per cenl - Improve commodity circu- of Shanxi and Henan Provinces while that of heavy industry lation and promote saies in the as well as from Ningxia and In- rose by 9.6 per cent. The urban and rural areas; meet the ner Mongolia. proportion taken up by heavy increasing demand of the peas- industry in the country's total Improvements will be made ants for consumel'goods follow- on the Beijing-Qinhuangdao industrial output value was on ing the rise in their living stand- railway line, the Fengtai-Da- the increase. Its output value in ards: May out.stripped that e1 light tong, Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan and industry. - Continue to economize on Shijiazhuang-Dezhou railway the use of.energy: lines. Guangzhou-Hengyang sec- The output of steel, rolled tion of the north-south trunk Streamline the enterprises steel, pig iron and 10 kinds of line. the Beijing-Guangzhou and- improve their management. nonf errous metals increased railway line, and parts of the month by month since the be- east-west trunk Iine will be ginning of this year. Rolled steel llew Uays to llil double-tracked or electrified. output in the first five months Ihe [oad Other measures include: was nearly half the annual plan. In the case of some heavy indus- Double-tracking and electrifi- - Building new wharves and triai products, supply used trr cation of rail lines, new rail- expanding the merchant fleets exceed the demand. but no'*' ways and wharves and dredg- lor inland river naviga- the demand has gone up. par'- ing the Grand Canal are among tion and coastal and ocean-going ticularly following the expan- the major planned improve- shipping: sion of the rural economy. and ments of China's transportation Electrification of the Gui- systems. measures were the demand for farm machines The zhou-Kunming- railway in re- outlined by Guo Hongtao, advi- has been increasing. mote southwe.st China. build- ser the State Economic Com- Of the 100 major industrial to ing a few railway sections there mission at a recent meeting. products. the output of 8l rose and improving navigation along in the January-May period r)ver Guo said that a comprehen- the Xijiang River, a major tribu- the same 1981 period. State- sive land and water network is tary of the Zhujiang (Pearl) owned enterprises tulned over' taking shape after' 30 years' River: July 5, 1982 Yugoslavia, warmly greeting Maltese Prime Minister the' convocation of its l2th Con- gress. Uisits Ghina Ths message noted that with Prime Minister Dominic Min- the great Marxist Comrade Josip tolf of the Republic of Malta Brryz Tito as its outstanding paid an official visit to China leader, the LCY has won great lrom June 24 to 30. victories in the cause of revolu- o",onn.fri$Zl'dno"" tion and socialism in Yugoslavia Vice Chairman Deng Xiaoping during the past 60 years. met u'ith Prime Minister Mintoff 6 Beijing Retieu,, No. 27 ci-llNll\ EVINTS & 't'\.ENlDS US National Academy of Sci- ences. Physiotogist Feng DePei, Vice- President of the Chinese Acad- emy of Sciences, was elected an honorary member of the Cana- dian Physiological SocietY in 19?9; in 1981 he was elected a legents professor of the regents board of the UniversitY of Cali- fornia and a teliow of the Uni- versity College. London. Physicist Huang Kun, director of the Institute of Senriconduc- tors of the Chinese Academ5' ef Sciences. was invited to become a foreign member of the RoYal Swedish AcademY oI Sciences in l'r'irr1e Ilinisler Mintol[, accornpanied by Prernier Zhao, grcots the 1 980. cheerirrg children al the lvelroming eeremony. Professor Guo Kexin, dePutY the Institute of Met- wiil do i1s part to salelluald satistaction with the develop- director of al Research. was invited to be- peace in the I\{ediIell'anean area ment of friendly relations be- foreign member of the lween the trr.'o countrie.s since comc a Plemiel Zhatr srid ihat the Academ;z of the cstablishment of diplomatic Royal Srvedish Chinese Gc;vernnrent and pecplt: in 1980. relatlons 10 years ago. They Engineering resoluteiy .sLlpporl the policy oI {reld that to continue to develop Prof essor Wang Dezhao, neutrality and rron-alignn-rc.nt such relations is beneficial to of the L'rstitute of pursued by thr: Maltese Govern- director the tr'vo peoples. They also ex- Acoustics, vras arvarded a silver menl and its j ust position o I plored new channels of expand- medal in 1980 bY the GrouP of .safegr,rarding peilce and ser:urity ing bilateral economic and tech- !-rench speaking Acousticians in the Nleditellanean. nical co-operarlion (GALF) f or his outstanding Zhao Ziyang pointed out that in acoustic-s l'e- Prime Minister Mintoff visit- achievements f lorn the long-ternr poinl of search and edu<:ation. r:d a shipyard in northeast Chi- vien,, it i.s mainly the strength 11a's port city rif Dz-rlian and a Protessor Zhang Xiangtong. <.i{ the third ',vor'ld countries that marine products company there. director oI the Shanghai Insti- rvill decide the tr-rtule oi' the tute of Brain Resei'u'ch, was in- world, despite the faci that the' become a Chinese $cientists Receiue vited in 1980 to two superpowers are ilttempting Fogarty International scholar. 1,:r dominate the r,vor'ld. There- Foreign llonours at the F'ogartY Int,e:rntrtioual l'ore, he added, the strengthen- Centre. US DePartment of Hu- A number of Chinese scien- ing of unitl' among thc. thild man Resources (lormerlY r,'"'or'ld countr-ies is the mosl r'e- tist-s have received honours frorn Heatth. Education and Welfar'e)' Iiable gualantee in maintaining foreign academic institutions i,t,orid peace. Premier Zhao [or outstanding contributions in Botanist Wu ZhengYi. director reiterated that China rvili not their fields over the last few ot the Krlnming Institute of changt: its fundamental prliicy yeal s. Botany, rvas accePted as a mem- the American Botanical to strengthen unity and co- Mathematician Hua Luogeng, ber of ()peraiion in 1980 u,ith the third rvolld direr:tor oI both the Mathema- Society r:ountrre.s. opp()se hegr,rnoni.sm tics Institute and the Applied Gong Zutong. director of the and safeguard r,r,orld peace Mathematics Institute. was Xian Institute of Optics and Sino-Maltese Relations. Dut'ing elected on April 27 this year Fine Machinery. r'eceived a ihe taik-s. both sir.les explessed a for-eign academician of the photosonics achievement arvard JttLy 5, 1982 from the American Society of engineers of the human soul. ers' Association, Chinese Motion Picture and Television The gist of the pact follows: Dancers' Association, Chinese Engineers in 1981 in recognition Ballad Singers' Association, o Uphold Party leadership, of his outstanding contribution of the socialist orientation and China Society for the Study high-speed photography and to other basic Nlarxist principles, Folk Literature and Art, Chi- optical instruments. adhere to the policy of "letting nese Photographic Society, Chi- neser Acrobats' Association and Metal physicist Ge Tingsui, a hundred flowers blossom and vice-president of the Hefei a hundred schools of thought Chinese Calligraphers' Associa- Branch of the Chinese Academy contend" so as to bring about tion. These national associations of Sciences, was invited to be- the flourishing of literature and now have a total membership of come a corresponding member art, and wholeheartedly serve 16,194. Their branches in the of the Lyons Institute for the people and socialism; various provinces, municipali- French-Chinese Exchange for ties and autonomous regions o Conscientiously study rev- his contributions to the Sino- have an even greater member- olutionary theory and know- French academic exchanges. ship. ledge, go deep among the masses There are many other middle- and become one with them; The national committee of the aged and young Chinese scien- China Federation of Literary o Improve artistic skills and tists who were invited to be- and Circles is composed of constantly learn from outstand- Art come members or council the most outstanding and in- ing cultural achievements, both members of foreign scientific vari- present past, Chinese and fluential personages from institutions. and foreign. Create works of a high ous literary and art spheres. ideological and artistic level and Zhou Yang, 74, a literary theo- with distinct national character- retician, is its chairman. istics meet the people's needs; CULTURAL to The meeting agreed to use the o Listen modestly to people's expression "gentle breeze, and criticisms and have ther courage sunshine" to describe the pres- "Gentle Breeze and to uphold the truth and correct ent atmosphere of creativity for mistakes; writers and artists. The meeting $unshine" Predicted affirmed that the situation in o Advocate modesty and pru- For Creatiuity literature and art is excellent. dence and combat arrogance Larger numbers of new peoPle Members of the China Fede,r- and complacency; and new works have emerged ation of Literary and Art Circles quality o bourgeois in various spheres, the in Beijing recently underscored Consciously resist cor- of works has noticeably im- the duty of Chineser writers and and feudal ideas and other rosive malpractices; proved, and literary criticisms artists to use their own works have becom€, more lively. to promote communist ideology. o Promote criticism and self- and The meeting emphasized the At a Beijing meeting last criticism, mutual assistance and need to continue combating the month, some 400 writers, dram- unity among fellow writers artists; influence' of "Left" mistakes f makers other atists, ilm and and looked forward to strength- artists from across country the o Enthusiastically support the ened and imProved PartY reviewed developments the in newborn forces to bring about leadership over literature and past few years and exchanged the rapid expansion of ther ranks the clear-cut views on literary and art art. It expressed of socialist writers and artists. stand to struggle against the theories and policies. At the bourgeois liberal- closing ceremony held on June Established on the eve of the tendency of the con- 25, they adopted an 8-point pact founding of New China in 1949, ization. It reaffirmed spelling out the guidelines for the China Federation of Liter- tinued enforc€rnent of China's writers and artists. They called ary and Art Circles is composed open policy towards foreign on therir colleagues to make of the Chinese Writers' Associa- countries in literarY and art ac- strict demands on themselves in tion, Chinese Dramatists' Asso- tivities and the imPlementation accordance with communist ciation, Chinese Musicians' As- of Chairman Mao's princiPle of ideology, style and moral stand- sociation, Chinese Artists' As- "making foreign things serve ards, and to strive to be true sociation, Chinese Film Work- China." 8 Beijing Reuiew, No. 27 I\IERNIA'TIONA!. REPORIS & COMMENIS Kampuchea's expansion of the Soviet Union Greeting New and Viet Nam, the bigger and lesser hegemonic powers, and to Coalition Government maintaining peace and security in Southeast Asia and the world. EADERS of three Kampu- Declaration on the Formation of T Many peace-loving and justice- rJ qhqsn patriotic forces form- Government has a Coalition upholding countries have ex- ally signed a Joint Declaration been signed. pressed their appreciation and on the Formation of a Coalition people's support for the realization of Government of Democratic The Kampuchean resistance against Viet Nam has the aspirations and efforts to Kampuchea on June 22 in Kuala only provided safeguard f orm a joint anti-Vietnamese Lumpur, Malaysia. This a not a is resistance force of the three major development in the Kam- for the independence and sur= also Kampuchean patriotic factions. puchean people's struggle vival of their nation, but The five ASEAN nations have against the Vietnamese aggres- made a significant contribution checking aggression and devoted efforts to bringing about sors. The Chinese people heart- to the ily rejoice at this and offer their congratulations. lsrael Must Halt lts Aggression Unity Agoinst Enemy A united struggle against the Against Lebanon Vietnamese invasion is the com- mon desire of the Kampuchean TSRAEL must immediately halt its aggression against Lebanon I and unconditionally withdraw all its troops from Lebanon," people. With Soviet support, stated Ling Qing, China's Permanent Representative to the United the Vietnamese authorities have Nations, at the June 26 Seventh Emergency Special Session of invaded and occupied Kam- the UN General Assembly. puchea, unscrupulously trampl- "This massive armed aggression against Lebanon has been ing on its independence, sov- premeditated by the Israeli authorities," said Ling Qing. "Taking ereignty and territorial in- advantage of the present international situation, they attempt to write off the Palestinian people's struggle for their right to na- tegrity. As a result, the Kam- tional self-determination and perpetuate Israel's armed occupa- puchean people are faced with tion of the West Bank, the Jordan River and the Gaza Strip by genocide. Therefore, resisting smashing the Palestine Liberation Organization's bases in Leb- is also Vietnamese invasion and anon and annihilating the armed forces of the PLO. It the their intention to put Lebanon in the Israeli sphere of influence defending the nation's existence and undermine the unity of the Arab people." is the common objective and He pointed out that the United States vetoed trvo $curity task of all the patriotic Kam- Council draft resolutions condemning Israel and calling for its puchean people. Unity provides '*'ithdrawal. strength. Building unity, jointly "The United States has actively supported Israel to attain its fighting against the enemy and strategic objective in Lebanon and, therefore, bears the unshirk- driving them out of their ter- able responsibility for the serious situation in the Middle East he said. ritory are the sacred tasks of all resulting from the Israeli aggression against Lebanon," the patriotic Kampuchean Ling Qing also said, "The Chinese Government has consistent- forces. ly held that Israel must rvithdraw from the Arab territories it has occupied since 1967 and the national rights of the Palestinian Since 1979, when the Dem- people, including the rights to return to their homeland, to na- tional self-determination and to set up their own state, must be ocratic Kampuchean Govern- restored." ment advocated a joint resist- Arab ance against Vietnamese The Chinese representative expressed the hope that the the people will strengthen their unity and persist in their struggle to aggressors, it has taken the achieve a just and reasonable settlement of the Middle East ques- initiative to meet and consult tion. with other patriotic Kampu- In a resolution adopted on the same day, the General As- chean forces many times in an sembly demanded that Israel immediately stop tighting and with- effort to bring about a coalition. draw all its military torces forthwith and unconditionally from Ttranks to the common efforts Lebanon. of all the patriotic forces, a July 5, 1982 such a coalition. The signing by of the Kampuchean people. It ities to fight the common enemy, the three Kampuchean patriotic is our hope that with the forma- thereby making their contribu- forces of the Declaration on the tion of the Coalition Govern- tions to the Kampuchean peo- Formation of a Coalition Gov- ment of Democratic Kampuchea, ple's war of resistance against ernment constitutes a heavy all the Kampuchean patriotic Vietnamese aggression. blow to Hanoi's scheme to legal- forces will take the overall situa- ize their Phnom Penh puppet tion into account, strengthon Ribao" -"Renmin Com- regime. unity and mobiiize all capabil- mentator (June 25) Prime Tosk of the Coolition The Declaration on the Forma- Mounting Peoce Movement tion of the Coalition Govern- ment of Democratic Kampuchea ln West points out: The purpose of the the Coalition Government of Dem- ocratic Kampuchea is "to m HE peace movement has re- nuclear arms race and trying to mobilize all efforts in the com- I cently gained popularity in avert a nuclear war. West mon struggle to liberate Kam- the West. It has converged into German demonstrators oppose puchea from the Vietnamese a powerrful rejection of the nu- the deployme,nt of new US mis- aggressors with the view to clear arms race between the siles in Western Europe. restoring the motherland as a two superpowers the Soviet - Those participating in the sovereign and independent Union and the United States. peace movement in Europe and country." says: work- It "The As the Special Session of the the United States include unem- ings of the Coalition Govern- UN General Assembly on dis- ment of Democratic Kampuchea armament is being held in Nerv shall be guided by the principles York, 600,000 people demon- of tripartism, equality and non- strated on June 12 in support of preponderance." This clearly the peace and disarmament. On shows that to unite with a1l the same day, smaller demon- patriotic anti-Vietnamese f orces strations were conducted in and strengthen the Kampuchea,n Boston and other American people's struggle against Viet cities. Nam is the primary task of the coalition government. The dec- During President Reagan's laration will encourage and visit to Western Europe and promote unity among all the NATO's summit, demonstra- Kampuchean patriotic forces on tions were conducted in Paris, the basis of the principles to be Rome, London and Bonn. Over abided by all and the common one million people participated. commitments. It will also en- They demanded a suspension of able them to strike more effec- the arms race and dismantling tively at the Vietnamese aggres- nuclear weapons in Europe. In sors so that the Kampuchean Tokyo, hundreds of thousands people will win early victory in of Japanese people took part in their struggle for safeguarding an anti-nuclear demonstration state sovereignty and national in late May. independence. The huge peace demonstra- tions have generated a sensation The Chinese people have al- in Western political circles and ways supported the Kampu- attracted significant public at- chean people's struggle and tention. stood for unity against the common enemy by all factions Directed ot the Superpowers of the Kampuchean patriotic The peace movement is chief- On June 20, more than 200,000 people participated in the largest peaceful forces. The future of the Kam- ly directed at the two super?ow- demonstration held in Paris, France puchean state lies in the hands ers, opposing theii large-scale during recent years, 10 Beijing Reuiero, No. 27 lNlIEnNll\ noNl\[ ;i* - ttEPott ts & colAMENrc ployed workers, distinguished weapons. Soviet deployment of suggested that it is a plot en- public figures, houservives, poli- SS-20 missiles in recent years gineered by the Soviet Union. ticians, servicemen, religious has altered the military balance On the contrary, the Soviet leaders and ecologists. in Europe and engendered a Union is making gestures of Although num€rous political neu, round of the arms race. "sympathy" and "support" in attitudes are embraced by those Europeans are frighte'ned by US order to free itse'If from a dif- who support the movement, comments about a "li.mited ficult position. At the same most of them oppose the nuclear nuclear war" in Europe, They time, it is attempting to develop priorities of ther United States fear Europe will become a nu- an image of peace in order to and the Soviet Union. Some clear war testing ground as a influernce the movement. result of superpower conflicts. lat' emphasis on opposition to However, development of On the other hand, the broad the United States, some on the peace movement is independent masses who live under economic Soviet Union, and some believe of eithe'r superpower's will. As recession are unwilling to be Europe should maintain "neu- a result, the United States has victimized by deploymemt of US trality" between the Soviet consider sentiments of missiles and additional military to the Union and the United States; the masses. the wishful expenditures. Therefore, they But some demand common disarma- thinking of the Sovie,t Union is pour into the streets to shout ment by East and West; uni- doomed to fail. For everyone "Brezhnev. Reagan, give us lateral disarmament has also knows that the two superpowers peace" and "We want work but been suggested. Some pacifists the most significant not missiles." ,constitute display slogans which recom- threat to world peace. mend begging for peace. Given The US Government has crit- this diversity, it is difficult to icized the peace movement, and Ma Weimin summarize the nature of the - movement. Nevertheless, the majority clearly opposes nuclear ,arms expansion and nuclear war. Superpowers' Fierce Recriminations The peace movement's politi- cal influence should not be On Disarmament underestimated. It is influencing the internal politics of some countries and the development ,TIHE war of words between and at the same time antagonis- I "incompatible of some international events. the two superpowers has tic" and with his For example, the movement has become fiercer with the speeches status." His "high-sounding" influenced the Soviet Union and delivered at the UN Special statement is "no more than a the United States to agree to re- Session on Disarmament by sophistry which goes completely negotiate the issue, of limiting Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei against objective criteria." Such strategic nuclear weapons. Gromyko and US President virulent Soviet attacks on Rea- Ronald Reagan. gan by name are rare in the The Movement's Bockground recent period. The intensified nuclear arms Immediately af ter Reagan his race betwee,n the two super- spoke at the special session, the The US President said in powers constitutes the political Soviet mass media attacked him speech on June 17 that the background which give rise to as a "world dictator,' saying United States is "deeply con- the peace movement. Years of his speech was "not constructive cerned by Soviet conduct " He continued economic recession in the West are also responsible,. Take Western Europe for ex- ample. A serious stalemate ber- tween the two big military blocs exists in this small "European peninsula," which has the most concentrated array of nuclear Jula 5, 1982 11 charged the. Soviet Union with expansion in the period alization of their own military a "record of tyranny," including after the end of World War II programmes." If the US Pres- "aggression and support for to the end of 1975, the United ident wants to conduct negotia- violence around the world." States started armed conflicts, tions with the Soviet Union "The decade of secalled de- resorted to force or threatened with these ideas in mind, Pro;uda tente witnessed the most mas- to use force on 215 occasions." stressed, "success will hardly be sive Soviet buildup of military possible at the negotiations." power in history," he noted. "So the raging conflicts and aggression which the US Pres- Door Still Open ident sees everywhere in the Reogon Asserts US Sincerity world are, in considerable meas- Although the Soviet Union As for the United States, Rea- ure, the result of the United launched vehement attacks on gan avoided mentioning the States' aggressive foreign policy Reagan's speech, this does not US policy of war and aggres- course," the article said. mean Moscow does not want to sion. Instead, he said, "America talk with Washington, especial- question disarma- has no territorial ambitions, we On the of ly to have a summit meeting occupy no countries," and "we ment, another TASS article said between Brezhnev and Reagan. about were never the aggressors." that Reagan's statement Chief of the Department of In- the United States' exercise of ternational Propaganda of the from re- Ref uting Soviet Foreign "restraint" was so far CPSU Central Committee Leo- Minister Gromyko's boast about ality that it probably deserved nid Zamyatin revealed the fact, the article Moscow's disarmament propo- no attention. In feelings of the Soviet leaders sals, Reagan said, "Since the end said, "the Reagan administra- when he recently spoke to cor- plans 1,500 billion of World War II, the United tion to spend respondents of the American preparations in States has been leader in serious dollars on war magazine Time. He said the years. figure disarrnament and arms control the next five This graver the situation is, the military proposals." almost equals the more important it becomes spendings by all the NATO for the leaders of the United While the United States "ex- member countries in a decade." ercised unilateral restraint," States and the Soviet Union to conduct a dialogue, and Reagan said, the Soviet Union 21, Gromyko criticiz- On June that no matter how critical "forged ahead and today pos- ed the United States' disarma- their relations, the fine line be- sesses nuclear and conventional ment proposal at a news confer- tween the two sides cannot af- forces far in excess of an ade- ence in New York. He said that ford to be torn up. As for the quate deterrent capability." the number of nuclear warheads United States, it has rePeatedlY nuclear sub- Reagan's remarks on the carried by US indicated, like the Soviet Union, marines is three times that of the question of who is the defender it will continue to Pursue its Union, and the United of world peace and who is Soviet dual tactics: while going on force out- pursuing expansionism aroused States' strategic air with its military buildup, it will from Union bY strong counter-charges numbers the Soviet leave the door open for negotia- the Soviet Union. several times. The Soviet Union tion. can not accept the United Soviet Counter-Chorge States' stand, he said, because - Xin Zhong this would mean the balance of In a signed article published strategic forces would turn to on June 18, the Soviet official the advantage of the United news agency TASS did not men- States. tion the massive Soviet military buildup and its expansionist On June 20, the Soviet news- policy, especially its occupation paper Protrdo carried a com- of Afghanistan and its support mentary, saying: "Just remove for Viet Nam's aggression the mask from Washington's against Kampuchea. It made plan on strategic armaments this counter-charge: "The en- and one will find that it is tire history of development of directed at undercutting the American imperialism has been security of the other side and at inseparably linked with foreign keeping a free hand for the re- 12 Beijing Reuiero, No. 27 Artieles & Iloeuments lleclaration on the Formation ol a Goalition Gouernment 0f llemocratic l[ampuchea Leaders of the three Kampuchean resistonce on Kampuchea and other relevant United Na- forces Samdech Norodom Sihanouk, Khieu Sam- tions General Assembly resolutions. phan and Son Sonn signed in Kuala Lumpur on June 22. 1982, a declaration on the formation of Operating Principles: a coalition go-'ernment of Democratic Kampu- 1. The Coalition Government of Demo- chea. The tert of the declaration reads as lull cratic Kampuchea is under the legitimacy and folloros: framework of the state of Democratic Kampu- Lf IS Royal Highness Samdech Norodom Si- chea which is a member state of the United Na- If hr.rork, His Excellency Mr. Son Sann and tions. To this end, the Coalition Government His Excellency Mr. Khieu Samphan, in pur- of Democratic Kampuchea will strive to defend suance of their joint statement made in Singa- the Democratic Kampuchean seat in the United pore on 4 September, 1981, havi agreed to form Nations. a coalition government of Democratic Kampu- 2. Each participating party in the Coali- chea tion Government of Democratic Kampuchea shall retain its orvn organization, political iden- Purpose: tity and freedom of action, including the right The purpose of the Coalition Government to receive and dispose of international aids of Democratic Kampuchea is: specifically granted it. The Coalition Govern- ment of Democratic Kampuchea shall have no I. To mobilize all efforts in the common right to take any decision infringing or restrict- struggle to liberate Kampuchea from the Viet- ing this autonomy. namese aggressors with the vierv to restoring the motherland as a sovereign and independent 3. The workings of the Coalition Govern- countfy ment of Democratic Kampuchea shall be guid- 2 To bring about the implementation of ed by the principles of tripartism. equality and the declaration of the international confelence non-preponderance. I Leaders of the three Kampuchean resistance lorces signing the declaration. July 5, 1982 l3 4. The operation of the Coalition Govern- (1) Finance and economy ment of Democratic Kampuchea shall be gov- (2) Defence erned by the principle of consensus applicable to matters of importance and relating to: (3) Culture and education (1) The settlement of the Kampuchean (4) Health and social affairs problem. Each Co-ordination (2) International treaties or agreements. Committee will be chaired by three appointees of ministerial rank (3) The appointment of important delega- representing the three participating parties. tions such as those in charge of discussing the These ministerial posts in the Co-ordination settlement of the problem of Kampuchea. Committees, however, do not constitute any part of the Inner Cabinet, and are subordinated (4) The eventual modification of the struc- to it. ture or composition of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea. The Council of Ministers of the Coalition (5) The appointment of ambassadors or Government of Democratic Kampuchea will representatives of Democratic Kampuchea in convene regular meetings inside Kampuchea. diplomatic affairs. No question of change of Extraordinary meetings can also be convened ambassadors or representatives of Democratic when urgent problems present themselves. Kampuchea currently in office should be raised Meetings are convened by the President, Vice- in the period of six months following the forma- President, or Prime Minister of the Coalition tion of the Coalition Government of Democratic' Government of Democratic Kampuchea, and Kampuchea. presided over in the same order of precedence by the three members of the Inner Cabinet. 5. Any decision or activity of any party in violation of the above provisions is nuII and The Inner Cabinet of the Council of Minis- void. ters will be entrusted with the responsibility of preserving the existence of the Coalition Gov- ernment of Democratic Kampuchea, in- Composition and Operation of the Coalition which cludes the diseussion settlernent Government of Democratic Kampuchea: and of dif- ferences arising over the interpretation and/or The Coal.ition Govelnment of Democratic implementation of the operating principles gov- Kampuchea will be administered by a council erning the Coalition Government of Demo- of ministers. In accordance with the principles cratic Kampuchea. In the event of failure, the of tripartism, equality and non-preponderance. presidents of three participating parties will be the council will comprise an inner cabinet and requested to meet to work out a solution. a number of co-ordination committees. In accordance with the above-mentioned operating principles, each of the three partic- 1. The Inner Cabinet consists of : ipating parties reserves the right to its freedom (1) President of Democratic Kampuchea: of action so as to ensure its own continuity, in Samdech Norodom Sihanouk the event that an impasse has developed which renders the Coalition (2) Vice-President of Democratic Kampu- Government of Demo- cratic Kampuchea inoperative. chea in charge of foreign affairs: In this case the current state of Democratic H. E. Mr. Khieu Samphan Kampuchea led by H. E. Mr. Khieu Samphan will have the right to (3) Prime Minister: resume its activities as the sole legal and legit- H. E. Mr. Son Sann imate state of Kampuchea and as a member state of the United Nations in order to ensure 2. Co-oldination Committees are estab- the continuity of the state of Democratic Kam- lished in the following areas: puchea. D 14 Beijing Reuieu, No. 27 US Policy Towards Taiwan ( 1948'50) by Zi Zhongyun o During the cruciol period between the lotter holf of 1948 ond the end ol-1949 when the Chinese revolution wos forging oheod Stotes first ek clique in Chino ond rote Toiwon by using vo os ond thus tritoblecon stems from its policy-mokers'Iock of o sense of the times: in the mid-20th century they continued to use the power politics of the 19th century. o Shortly ofter the signing of the communique on the estoblish- ment of diplomotics relotions between Chino ond the United Stotes, the US Government possed the "Toiwon Relotions Act." While decloring reodiness to volue its relotions with Chino, the United Stotes is unwill- ing to stop interferin! in Chino's internol offoirs. As o result, US policy towords Chino is enmeshed in o dilemmo. How will Sino-US relotions develop in the future depends on whether US policy-mokers will drow o historicol lesson ond cotch up with the times. Follouing is the first part of this article, the end of 1948 and the first half of 1950 when the second part taill be published in our nert the Chinese revolution was advancing victorious- issue. Ed. ly may be of greater significance than just to - provide lovers of history with some interesting took Er VER since the earth-shaking changes materials. -L.l place on the age-old territory of China, giving birth to a new people's republic, US policy towards Taiwan Province has be- China's A Brief Retrospect come one of the maior issues impeding the normalization of the Sino-US relationship. With the advance of history and the change of the After the Opium War in 1840. the United situation in the last 30 years. China and the States, under the slogan of "equal participation" United States have established diplomatic rela- in advantages, entered China following Britain's tions. However, the US attitude towards gunboats and progressively gained the same Taiwan remains a hidden rock on the naviga- privileges in China as those enjoyed by other tion route of Sino-US relations which presents powers. After the conclusion of its first unequal the ship with the danger of running aground at treaty with China, the Treaty of Wanghia any time. Given these circumstances. a review (Wangxia). the United States began to covet of US policy-makers' considerations over the Taiwan because the island had rich coal mines question of'Taiwan during the period betrveen and its Iocation on the route between California and Xiamen could serve as an ideal trans- fer station and supply depot for US merchant The author is an associate researcher of the Institute of International Studies in Beijing. ships. In the 1850s, some US merchants and of- Jttly 5, 1982 I5 ficials in the Far East urged the US Government occupied Hawaii in 1893, unleashed the US- to seize Taiwan by means of forced purchase or Spanish War and captured the Philippines in military occupation, or to force the Qing govern- 1898. It formally put forward the "opendoor" ment to open a number of trading portst in policy towards China in 1899 and thus joined the Taiwan. But at that time the United States was other imperialist powers in the struggle for the too busy expanding and consolidating its spheres division of China. But in 1895, Taiwan was of influence on the American continent to give exclusively occupied by Japan. As a result, US much attention to the Western Pacific. Never- and Japanese forces began to experience con- theless, it still engaged in illegal trade at a few flicting interests in the Pacific. ports on Taiwan Island by taking advantage of After the Pearl Harbour incident in 1941, opportunity when the corrupt and decrepit the Japan used Taiwan as a base from which to at- government was engaged suppressing Qing in tack US possessions in the Pacific. This posed peasant pf the uprisings the Taiping Heavenly a grave threat to the United States" It was forces Kingdom. In 1858, British-French allied against this background that the Cairo con- invaded China and forced the Qing government ference was held in 1943 among China, the (Tianjin). As to conclude the Treaty of Tientsin United States and Britain. At the conference. ports a result, a few more trading were opened, the United States expressed the view that Tai- (Tainan) on including Taiwanfu and Danshui wan belonged to China. The famous Cairo Taiwan Island. The United States again Declaration jointly published by the three coun- obtained its advantage through "equal par- tries stipulated that Chinese territory, including ticipation." northeast China, Taiwan and the Penghu Islands After the Civil War, capitalism developed under Japanese occupation, should be returned rapidly in the United States and its overseas to China. The Roosevelt administration then in- expansion gained momentum. As Lenin tended to establish military bases in Taiwan years 19th pointed out, the last 30-plus of the after World War II.r' As the United States con- century was a period of transition to the new era ceived it. most of China's territory, Taiwan of imperialism. During this period, the im- included, which were under the Kuomintang perialist powers were locked in a fierce struggle rule, would come within the US sphere of in- domination of the Pacifie islands. And the fol fluence after the war, and China could be a "buf- began growing ambi- United States to harbour a fer zone" containing the Soviet Union and a tion for the Far Eastern region. The United potential market for US commodities and capital States. Britain and Japan contended against and as rvell as an important raw material base" colluded with each other over Taiwan. During Therefore, while it hoped that China would re- general in the 1860s, the US consul Legendre main a superficially independent big nation with Xiamen, taking the opportunity of a US mer- relative political and economic stability, it did chant ship running aground near Taiwan, went not wish to see China truly independent and inves- deep into Taiwan Island to carry out an strong enough to free itself from dependence on tigation. He subsequently wrote a report urging the United States. The US proposal for return- the US State Department to take action over ing Taiwan to China enabled it to assume the consul general Issac Allen in Taiwan. US posture of respecting China's sovereignty and (Hongkong) frankly admitted that Xianggang territorial integrity, deprive Japan of an impor- his main point of was the departure "acquisition tant stronghold, thereby eliminating Japan's in- of this great island by our government."2 During fluence and make Taiwan serve US strategic and the 1870s, Legendre assisted Japan in its attack economic interests. It was an idea that could I and invading and occupying against Taiwan in kill three birds with one stone, why not go ahead the Ryukyu Islands.s Particularly after the with it? outbreak of the unprecedented economic crises that swept Europe and America in the early However, China's realities were independent 1890s, many wealthy US merchants and poli- of US will. After World War II, the people's ticians cried out in alarm: "New markets and revolution led by the Chinese Communist Party new opportunities for investment must be found dashed the wishful calculations of the United . . . if the entire fabric of the present economic States. Therefore, the aim of US postwar policy order is not to be shaken by a social revolu- towards China was to give all-out suflport to the tion."" Since then, the'United States started Chiang Kai-shek regime and prevent the Chi- actively developing its naval forces and vigor- nese revolution from winning victory. For this ously expanding into the Western Pacific. It the United States has paid a heavy price. 16 Beijing Reoiew, No. 27 United States was in a state of uncertainty and Failure Followed by New adopted a wait-and-see attitude. As a much- Efforts quoted saying by Acheson goes, the policy was "wait until the dust settles."l3 But its attitude towards Taiwan was quite another thing. It was After Japan's surrender, the United States from that time on that the United States sought first gave the Kuomintang great help order in to divide Taiwan from China's mainland. that the latter "might get to them (strategic points) ahead of the Communists"o and Between December 1948 and March 1949, "establish its authority over as wide areas of US Joint Chiefs of Staff, the State Department, China as possible."T After sending General Mar- the White House National Security Council and shall to carry out a biased "mediation,"8 it went other policy-making organs repeatedly studied all out to supply Chiang Kai-shek, with money. and discussed policy towards Taiwan. Their con- guns and advisers to fight the civil war and sensus was that Taiwan was of great importance spared no effort to prop up the Kuomintang to US strategy in the Western Pacific. Because: rule. But as Dean Acheson put it, "Nothing (1) Loss to the United States of availability of that this country did or has done within the strategically valuable areas of China would en- reasonable limits of its capabilities could have hance the strategical position of Taiwan and the changed the result (of the Chinese civil war)."s Penghu Islands which could be used as wartime From the latter half of 1948, the Chinese People's bases for strategic air operations when neces- Liberation Army began a strategic counter of- sary and for the control of adjacent shipping fensive and the Kuomintang suffered one defeat routes; (2) "Unfriendly" control of these islands after another. Early in 1949, Chiang Kai-shek would result, in case of war, in an "enemy capa- performed an act of abdicatinp his seat to Li bility" of dominating the sea routes between Zongren and at the same time transferred a huge Japan and the Malay area and of extending its quantity of gold, foreign exchange and muni- control to the Ryukyu Islands and the Philip- tions to Taiwan. He evidently intended to en- pines; (3) Taiwan was the primary source of trench himself in Taiwan and hold on with US supplies of food and other materials to Japan; assistance, giving without up, of course, his if this source was cut off, Japan would provo to slogan of "staging a comeback to the mainland." be of more a liability than an asset to the United At that point, those within the US Govern- States. Therefore, "the basic aim of the US ment with a sense of reality noted that US should be to deny Formosa and the Pescadores policy designed to prevent the Chinese Com- to the Communists. The most practical means munist Party from winning victory was already for accomplishing this at the present time is by bankrupt so far as China's mainland is con- isolating those islands from the mainland of cerned. Many a US diplomat in China pointed China."l" (Emphasis is the author's, the same out that the downfall of the Kuomintang was below). determined by its corrupt system and that if the prob- United States continued its aid to Chiang Kai- In implementing this policy, the first shek, it would lose prestige and inevitably be lem facing the United States was that it had signed the solemn international agreements accusd of "strengthening a decadent feudalistic - regime and thus meddling in China's internal the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proc- affairs,"lt) and of "prolonging the agony of the lamation, and had committed itself to the return civil war and of pursuing imperialistic ends in of Taiwan to China. Now if it broke its promise, defiance of the clearly expressed wishes of the how could it justify itself legally and morally? Chinese people."lt They vehemently stated that For this, the United States came out with the "it would be immoral to foist a rotten, unpop- following thesis: Because no peace treaty had ular government on the Chinese people; it been signed with Japan, Taiwan was still legally would be worse than a crime, it would be stupid, part of the Japanese empire. The policy which to pursue our present aid policy."t2 Given these the US had followed since V-J day was one of circumstances, the United States had no alterna- recognizing Chinese de facto control over the tive but to start adopting a policy of "disengage- islands. Now the situation had changed, the ment" from the civil war on China's mainland Kuomintang government which previously exer- and to refrain from committing itself to a "los- cised "perfunctory" sovereignty over the island ing cause'' so as to maintain its initiative and proved itself to be incapable of continuing its flexibility of action in the future. Regarding rule and unqualified to hold power. Therefore, recognition of the new Chinese Government. the the question concerning the status of Taiwan ,Iulg 5, 1982 17 could only be finally solved after the signing of ing US extra-territorial and base rights in Tai- a peace treaty with Japan.15 Thus, the United wan through negotiation with the Kuomintang, States concocted the notion that the status of or treating Taiwan as part of the Japanese em- Taiwan had not been deeided, using this as an pire and temporarily placing it under the custo- excuse to justify its perfidious actions. dy of the Supreme Command of Allied Powers (i.e., under General MacArthur).till the birth question political Another was, from the in Taiwan of a legitimate government point justify "future of view, how could it its attempt to true (to the) real intent of the Cairo Declaration" separate Taiwan from China. The United States (actually it should read "true to the real in- had along used the logic to justify all following tent of the United States").18 its involvement in China's civil war: the Chinese Communist Party was "controlled" by the But each of the above practices was too Soviet Union and its victory would inevitably blatant for the United States. For one thing, turn China into a Soviet "satellite." So the same it surmised that the remnant Kuomintang gov- logic was used in regard to its attitude towards ernment would not agree to it in defiance of Taiwan. It declared that if Taiwan should fall universal condemnation unless irl ertremi,s. into the hands of the Chinese Communist Party, Furthermore, the United States had not given it would amount to a military base for the Soviet up its intention of waging a political war in lib- Union in the Pacific and thereby present a erated China to win popular support" And a menace to the security of the United States. brazen occupation of China's territory could Some people simply used such words: "If only enable "1hs Communist Party to mobilize Formosa is lost to the Communists, which the entire Chinese people against US imperial- means to the Russians" when they referred to ism." Moreover, it would tarnish the US image the possibility of the liberation of Taiwan. Some in the world and leave it on the defensive in Americans might have genuinely believed such the United Nations. State Secretary Acheson an absurd myth out of ignorance and prejudice; said that the United States should avoid raising but for US policy-makers, it was a convenient an "American created irredentist issue" just at excuse. Informed American officials knew full a time when it was seeking to exploit the Chi- well that "if we had any right to aid Nationalist nese people's anti-Soviet sentiments because of China against the Chinese Communists, it could Soviet practices in Xinjiang and the northeast. only be on the basis of defence against Soviet Therefore, said he, "If our present policy is to aggression, for otherwise it would be interven- have any hope for successes in Formosa, we must carefully conceal our wish to sep'arate the tion in Chinese internal affairs."16 Acheson 19 himself said on an occasion of internal discus. island from the mainland control." He was sion: "We must accept as fact. Mao is not strongly in favour of economic and diplomatic a true satellite in that.he came to power by his means and against making a show of military own efforts and was not installed in office by force. the Soviet army."l7 It can thus be seen that the Meantime. the White House asked the US notion that the Chinese Communist Party was Joint Chiefs of Staff to consider whether the controlled by the Soviet Union was just another use of military means was practicable and excuse for the United States. worthwhile if diplomatic and economic steps proved insufficient to deny Communist domina- Under the cover of these two excuses, the tion of Taiwan. The answer was: Such a situa- United States deemed itself free to go ahead tion would lead to the necessity for relatively with its attempt to carve up China's territory. major efforts in Taiwan, and "the current dis- parity between our military strength and our many global obligations makes it inadvisable Caught in Dilemma a to undertake the employment of armed force in Formosa," Viewed from the point of military How to materialize this attempt? On the strategy. although Taivran was important, it eve of the overall victory of the Chinese people's was not eonsidered to be directly vital to US Liberation War on China's mainland. the United national security like some European countries, States contemplated the following choices: say, Iceland, and therefore "any overt military commitment in Fornrosa would be unwise at 1. Direct involvement of the United States. this time.''2(t It could be either direct military occupa- So, being politically undesirable and mili- tion of Taiwan by the United States or obtain- tarily unfeasible, this choice was dropped, 18 Beijing Reuiew, No' 27 2. "To support continued local non-Com- through other countries, that the United Na- munist Chinese control" of the island to pre- tions interfere under the pretext of peace being vent Communist domination and di.scourage the threatened and then arrange a plebiscite under influx of Kuomintang remnants to Taiwan. UN supervision to determine the status of Tai- wan. Or, the request could be raised by the As for "local non-Communist Chinese," the Kuomintarrg authorities and/or a Taiwan in- most desirable for the United States would be a dependent movement at the United Nations. The local political force other than the Kuomintang, United ,Nations might also be requested to con- which advocated "self-government" and "inde- vene a special session where the United States pendence" of Taiwan. The United States would could issue a statement expressing the view support it to form a government under US that because the Chinese authorities had mis- aegis, which would then declare separation of governed Taiwan, they had "forfeited the right Taiwan from the mainland. Actually, US diplo- to a perfunctory confirmation of sovereignty" Nan- mats in Taiwan, Xianggang (Hongkong), over Taiwan. The statement would also suggest jing and Shanghai did make contacts with nu- that the people of Taiwan had the right to de- merous representatives of organizations which cide through secret ballot whether Taiwan professed to be anti-Communist and advocated should return to the mainland or be ternporarily "self-government" of Taiwan. However, they put under trusteeship before it acquired inde- faited to find any organized force or personality pendence.2ll that could prove to be of some influence. The conclusion was that although people in Taiwan These formulas were naturally very appeal- were universally {issatisfied with the rule of ing to the United States. But, since it deemed the Kuomintang which came from the main- it necessary to conceal its intentions, it did not land. they were l'without political experience or want to take actions publicly by itself. As for strong leadership."'1 So, while continuing to other major Western countries such as Britain keep an eye on and prepare to make use of a and France, although they were quitb interested Taiwan autonomous movement whenever possi- in this idea, they were not ready to stand out ble, the United States had to shelve this plan. and act for, the United States on this issue. On the contrary, Britain sent several messages to Its Second choice was to replace the Chiang the United States expressing "concern" about Kai-shek clique with people within the Kuo- continuous US deliverance of tanks and artil- mintang who were more acceptable according lery to the Kuomintang in Taiwan for fear that to US standard, had a more liberal image, and once Taiwan was liberated, the weapons would were less notorious among the masses. Such fall into the hands of the Communist Party and people in power would be more easily manip- would be used to deal with Xianggang (Hong- ulated by the United States. Therefore, after kong).2/' Chiang Kai-shek abdicated, the United States offered him a visit to the United States, and Chiang Kai-shek, on his part, did not agree when he first prepared to go to Taiwan, tried with the US proposals. He maintained that war to dissuade him on the ground that the status between the United States and the Soviet Union of Taiwan was legally undecided.22 It also at- was inevitable and was hoping for a third world tempted to influence the choice of governor for war which would help him realize his dream Taiwan Province. But all these attempts ended of "recovering the mainland." Therefore, he in failure. The United States found that Chiang was against the idea of separating Taiwan from Kai-shek held power in his hands so closely the mainland. Instead, he requested the Unit- that there was no way to "get around the gen- ed States to regard him as the representative eralissimo" and that, like it or not, it had to deal of all China and give him all-out support. In with him. a public statement made in March 1949, Wang Shijie, former foreign minister of the Kuomin- Separate Taiwan from China in on6 way 3. tang governmerrt who had just retired, said or another through the United Nations. that Taiwan was a "reitored territory," not a The State Department repeatedly proposed "military ocyupation area" and that China had that the United States should work through the absolute sovereignty over its foreign and do- United Nations, when it could still control the mestic matters. The Treaty of Shimonoseki organization, to put Taiwan under either US was nullified by Chinese declaration of war or UN trusteeship or to realize self-government against Japan in 1941. Taiwan had been legally of Taiwan. For instance, when the situation be- reverted to China and then was physically ac- came critical, the United States would request, quired from the Japanese army at the end of the July 5, 1982 19 war. This statement was actually a refutation of sistance to Chiang Kai-shek, permitting him to the US thesis that "the status of Taiwan was use US funds to buy munitons. With regard to undecided" and could not be unheeded by the Taiwan, the United States tried hard to avoid United States.2; giving people the impression that it supported Besides, the United States noted that if the the Kuomintang government's move to the is- decision, even though adopted by the United land. It gave the latter economic assistance Nations, met with resistance from any side, the through the "Economic Co-operation Adminis- United Nations had no armed force to enforce tration" and was careful to use "aid" in plaees it. If an armed force was organized in the name where it could be directly felt by the people of of the United Nations, the main burden would Taiwan. The United States did not make any fall on the United States and, militarily, that promises in regard to the Kuomintang's repeat- would not be much different from US military ed requests for sending again military advisory dispatching troops alone, an option which had groups because it wanted to avoid undertaking already been rejected by the US military an open commitment, but it allowed retired US establishment. If a decision could not be put officers to be hired as advisers in private capac- into effect, the United Nations would lose its ity. In addition, the United States formally prestige.26 asked Chiang Kai-shek and other principal Kuo- mintang figures to change their practices, to Although the United States did not abandon introduce "political reform" in Taiwan and to the notion of controlling Taiwan through the restrict the influx of people from the mainland United Nations, it has never dared, nor been Taiwan as the conditions for more US able, to put the idea into practice. into . "aid." At the same time, it continued to carry 4. Continued support for the Kuomintang. out diplomatic activities in the hope that the As was mentioned above, those US officials Taiwan question could be finally brought up familiar with the situation repeatedly pointed at the United Nations.2e out that the complete failure of the Kuomintang With the deveiopment of the Chinese revo- on the mainland resulted not from the lack of lution, United States sensed the imminent US aid, but from its own corruption and in- the possibility of Taiwan falling into the hands of competence. In his report to the Department the Communist Party, so after June 1949, sev- of the Army in November 1948, General eral reappraisals of policy towards Taiwan leader Advisory Barr, of the Joint US were made, particularly on the feasibility Group to China, said: "No battle has been and desirability of resorting to military forces iost since my arrival due to lack of am- when and other methods proved ineffective. munition or equipment."?7 A State Depart- if As a result of these studies, the conclusion of ment document also pointed out: Since the the military quarters remained by and large Kuomintang took over Taiwan after World War unchanged: US ability fell short of its wishes; II, it has "displayed a genius for misgovern- the State Department believed the political ment."28 The undemocratic political practices price was too heavy and, therefore, not worth- of the Kuomintang and the grabbing by "carpet- while. So the United States could not but take baggers" from the mainland aroused deep re- the fourth choice which was adopted under a sentment among the local people. The influx of helpless state. The White House National Se- people from the mainland threw the economy curity Council admitted that the "choice is not of Taiwan into further chaos. If the United between satisfactory or unsatisfactory courses States should continue to give all-out support of action but rather of the least of several evils to the Chiang Kai-shek clique which had no hope or an amalgam of the lesser of them.":io for victory, it would mean loss of prestige and of any chance for flexible policies. Moreover, In short, the United States was fully aware to assist the Kuomintang ruling clique in its that i.f it tied itself with a reactionary regime move to Taiwan as requested and recognize it destined for defeat, it would become discredited as representing all China would inevitably and be bogged down in a hopeless position; yet, arouse strong resentment of all the people in it,could not make up its mind to end its aid to Taiwan against the United States, and make it Chiang Kai-shek. It harboured a strong ambi- completely discredited both on China's main- tion over Taiwan, but at the same time tried land and in Taiwan. hard to conceal it. While it was afraid to arouse On the other hand, the United States did the hostility of the entire Chinese people, it not want to see the collapse of the Kuomintang spared no efforts in doing things detrimental in the whole of China. So it continued its as- (Continued on p. 28.) 20 Beijing Reoiera, No. 27 Former "Forbidden City": It Belongs to the People The meticulous attention to the Palace Mu- The halls are roof ed with seum, the largest historical museurn in China, gold-coloured glazed tiles, a symbolizes the policy ol the Chinese Gouernment symbol of "atl-mightiness." The concerning the preseroation of historical relics. expanse of tiles above the bril- The lollotuing reports reuieu the uicissitude the liant, multi-coloured eaves and Palace Museum has undergone. the walls painted royal red -Ed. create a breathtaking sight. Outlined against the blue sky, Ef f icient Management the scene evokes all the legend- grandeur n NCE known as the Forbid- Chinese architecture, this ary mystery and of \-/ den City, the Palace awesome complex is one of the feudal China. Museum is a site of China's world's largest classic engi- The complex is a crystalliza- court history as well as a neering wonders. tion of an architecture nurtured museum of ancient Chinese It sprawls 720,000 square through the long years of cuiture and Since the be- art. metres in the centre of Beijing. feudalism. Many of the struc- ginning of the 15th century, those A wall 10 metres high and a tures are imitations of feudal emperors asserted their moat 52 metres widqmake it an depicted in Chinese mythology. rule over the nation and ad- enclave within enclave. No The imposing Hall of Supreme ministered day-to-day work. It common person could cross into Harmony, where major royal was the residence 24 em- for its inner reaches before libera- ceremonies were held during the perors of the Ming (1368-1644) tion. Hence the name Forbid- Ming and Qing Dynasties, and (1644-1911) Dynasties. Qing den City. stands on three layers of In 1961. the Palace Museum, marble, eight metres high, with renamed so after the Qing court Majestic halls tower over the a balustrade also made of was toppled in the Revolution 9,000 royal courtyards and snow-white marble. This foun- of 1911, was listed by the Peo- rooms. Both in layout and scale, dation rarely seen in ancient ple's Government as one of this architectural giant was architecture was a replica of China's key historical sites and designed to satisfy the em- the kind of altar in the legend- reiics. peror's overweening vanity, AII ary Sumenu Mountain which ths major halls are positioned Buddhism regards as the centre Protecting Ancient Buildings along the north-south axis of of the world. Set off by a With all its splendour as the the palace, which is also the 30,000-square-metre promenade largest exhibition of traditional axis of the city of Beijing. in the front, the unmatched Julg 5, 1982 21 SPECIAT FEATURE/PAIACE MUSEUM : . : .. .r ,.. , ...... r:.,..,..:rr,-n. *.ait..;.r were refurbished and rePaint- . : ': '. "- ; l '':":1.:l::'"'::ia;;r.::: .: ed. Kilns were built to produce necessary replacement tiles. Through the sweat of a 400- strong engineering team under the museum's department in charge of the tremendous repair and upkeep work, all the halls, the imperial living quarters and the royal garden were restored to their former glory. low Entrqnce Chorge "It is not the ProPertY of emperors any more; it belongs to the people," said the Palace Museum's 75-year-old deputY curator Shan Shiyuan, a sea- Qsoned expert in classic architec- ture. This graduate from the history department of Beijing University has worked at the Palace Museum since 1925. "We work here on behalf of the 1,000 A glimpse of Palace Museum. the million Chinese people - that is why we should take Bod care the museum and make ostentatiousness of this 35- and grouped is extraordinary. of metre-high hall is shown to best All these manifest the acme of it serve the people." advantage. perfection classic Chinese of For this reason, the entrance architecture, known for its dis- fee is an affordable 0.1 yuan. Four exquisite watch towers tinctive tradition and styles. The museum could not survive are poised gracefully on the The construction of such a corners of the walls surround- gigantic royal courtyard under on the income from entrance ing the palace grounds. Their the social conditions of the time charges. The government pro- seemingly innumerable corneris, itself bears witness to the in- vides whatever sums needed up-turned eaves and golden genuity and creativity of the for the restoration and preser- roofs are a feast to the eyes. Chinese labouring people. vation of the buildings and the Not a single pillar was used to artifacts stored there. support these 17-metre-high Unbelievibly, the Palace towers. Probably to inspire the Museum had fallen into an ap- "It is our hope that the fu- impression that the emperors palling state of dilapidation be- ture generations will never for- were living in a wonderland, fore liberation, get history. We are duty-bound their designs were borrowed to protect this rare treasure from river-side buildings pop- It came under the protection house of Chinese history, so ular in traditional Chinese of the People's Government that we can hand it down to paintings of the Song Dynasty after 1949. Huge quantities of posterity," Shan said. and the palace of the moon in garbage piled there since the fairy tales. late Qing Dynasty was carted A staff of 1,300 works for the away, trees that had been Palace Museum. About 500 are Visitors are impressed by the allowed to grow through the either preserving and restoring multifarious forms of the roofs roofs of buildings were remov- the ancient structures, ceram- of all the halls and palaces. ed, structures that had either ics, paintings and other treas- Colourful decorations adorn tumbled down or decayed were ures or researching into them, both sides of the eaves. The rebuilt according to original some serve as hosts for visitors way the buildings were spaced bluepr.ints, and many halls and the others publish a jour- 22 Beijing Reuiew, No. 27 SPECTAT FEATURE/PAIACE MUSEUM naI for historians across the ion of PLA soldiers, who pro- truction during those traumat- land. tected the museum from des- ic years. Delicote Artilocts No effort has been spared to An lrresistible Attraction preserve the valuable historical Palace Museum's re- relics and objets d'art housed THE days. The exquisite furniture, r markable halls superb utensils, decorations are in the Palace Museum. "These and and collection treasures are arti{acts require even more de- of evidence of the extravagant enough to attract the thousands manding conditions than human life of the feudal rulers. who flock to it every day. It is beings need," said Zbeng The museum owns a huge vicedirector of the now divided into many sections Qiuzhen. displaying collection of articles used every department in charge of the ceramics, arts of the various dynasties, paintings, day by emperors and em- preservation of historical reli When the "cultural revolu- tion" came, the museum staff had to stop working f or six years, but they managd to keep all the artifacts and struc- tures in good condition. In 1966, when words came that "red guards" wanted to storm into the museum, the late Pre- mier Zhou Enlai immediately ordered that it be closed. He in lhe Hall oI Supreme Harmony, u'here the sent over a 300-strong battal- emperors held court sessions. July 5, 1982 23 SPECIAL FEATURE/PAIACE MUSEUM what it was for a whole year palace has become the property the present and the old Palace before liberation. It received of the entire labouring people. Museum. "Many of the build- 6.7 million visitbrs in 1981 Typical were three sun-tan- ings in the palace complex were alone. This did not include ned young comrnune women completely dilapidated then. those who were admitted with- from Laishui County, Hebei Now they have been refurbish- out tickets such as children less Province, who had saved up ed," he noted. than a metre high and partici- their money to travel to Beijing. pants in acadbmic meetings. "I saw pictures of the Palace Foreign Visitors The museum has a special Museum bef ore. I longed to Jroreign visitors to the Palace department to receive visitors, come. Now I'm overjoyed to be Museum, numbernig 6 million explain displays and welcome visiting it," said Zhang Chunhui in all, are universally impressed foreign guests. It was not nec- in an easy manner. The other by its grandeur, its elegance essary to have such a depart- two shyly nodded their agree- and its sheer size. rnent. ment before ]iberation because, "It's f antastic," said Peter said department vicedirector Aibai and Yilixiati, two Uygur Maag, a SWISSAIR flight atten- Wang Jingfu, there were very youths from Xinjiang, were dant on a stopover from his na- few visitors. The labouring copying designs from the mo- tive country of Switzerland. people had neither the time saic of the stones on the walks "I've been in Beijing twice and (because they had to work long in the imperial gardens. They have visited the museum both hours to make ends meet) nor said they were collecting ideas times. I hope I'Il come back the money for the 4 yuan of for their work as carpet design- pretty often," he said. entrance 20 an ticket, worth ers. When asked about their Two Texas oilmen who trav- kilogrammes wheat flour at of deepest impression of the elled to China on business, the time. palace, Aibai said: "This is my John Huff and Jack Jurkoshek, f irst visit here. I'm very echoed each other's first re- Property of the People excited. I'm most impressed bY sponse to seeing the museum. On an ordinary day, most the well-preserved cultural "spectacular," they said. "It's visitors appear to be from out- relics in the Palace Museum." as impressive as the Parthenon side Beijing. From their style Zhang Kexin, a middle-aged and the Pyramids," said Huff, of dress and mannerisms, it is policeman from Hunan Prov- naming other of the world's evident that quite a few are ince in southern China, had greatest artistic and historical peasants and workers. This in- been a PLA membsr \MtIe was attractions he had visited. dicates that, with improved liv- stationed in the Palace Museum "I read about it in a guide- ing standards, people can now when Beijing was just liberated book before I came todaY," said afford sightseeing trips. It also in 1949. He said that there was Dr. Lawrence Fishbein of the shows that the former imperial a world of difference between US National Centre for Toxico- logical Research in Jefferson, Arkansas. "But no guidebook can prepare you for the incred- ible ornateness and vastness of the museum." Dr. Fishbein, a visiting lecturer at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, said: "There is no question that the museum is representative of China's contributions to the world treasure house of arts." Australians Lawry ScullY and Margaret Lockyer had been in Beijing for 12 hours when Bei- iing Reoieto met them, but their tour had already taken them to the museum. They both said that they liked manY things about the museum and that theY Hebei eountry girls chatting with "Beijing Review" staff correspondent during their visit to the museum, were most imPressed bY the 24 Beijing Reuiew, No' 27 SPECIAT FEATUREIPAIACE MUSEUM dimensions of the palace. "Its peared to have the same feeling. in specially made glass frames just scale is amazing," said Snapping photographs, gazing with transparent papers f or Lockyer. in awe at the structures and rel- copying the main lines, which Many Japanese, Scandina- ics, they really seemed to be are then recopied on to ruan, vians and overseas Chinese ap- enjoying themselves. paper and painted with colours. Special techniques are applied to make the copies appear an- Relics Hospital" cient. Usually, it requires two "Cuttural years or longer to finish one painting. T HE museum operates a hard bricks. They all needed in- r factory that conducts all tensive care. The factory stipulates that of its relics restoration work. Over the past 28 years, the the original scrolls can be un- Housed in an inconspicuous factory has mended and mount- folded only by veteran artists, western courtyard where the ed thousands of paintings and not the apprentices. On one rare emperors accommodated con- repaired iarge amounts of occasion, Chen Linzhai opened cubines they didn't like, it jewellery, bronze and lacquer up the 8-metre-long lmitation employs about 100 craftsmen. ware. Some priceless ancient of Gu Kaizhi,'s "Goddess Luo" Most on display of the rarities paintings have been copied so painted during the Song in the exhibition halls were re- that the originals can be kept in Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.), re- paired thore. The restoration the storehouse and the reproduc- vealing the masterwork itself as work can be very intense, with tions be exhibited. well as the annotations at the the craftsmen working long, end of the masterpiece brushed concentrated hours offset by Emperor Long to the Meticulous Core Qing Qian decay caused by time and expo- (1711-1799 A.D.). sure. Hence the nickname "Cul- In the room for copying an- Young artists are chosen prin- tural Relics Hospital." cient paintings, eight young people bend quietly over big cipally through tests of their drawing techniques. Under the The factory director is a very easels. Every piece they copy is careful scrutiny of the masters, capable woman named Cai Rui- rare. The earliest of their recent their nurtured and fen. According to her, the fac- undertakings were two paint- talents are tory had its origins in a small ings lrom the Song Dynasty developed. At the 1980 ancient group of master craftsmen who '(960-127e A.D.). painting exhibition in Xiang- were brought together in 1954. gang (Hongkong). many exhi- In 1960, the museum gathered The copying room is an exam- bits were their lvorks. together the best craftsmen ple of the museum's policy of young from Shanghai and Suzhou and constantly training arti- the group was expanded to in- sans to replace the old. Young People Moture With clude four workshops the The Help of Veterons - Chen Linzhai, 70, is one oI painting, copying and mounting the few older craftsmen in this Only I per cent of the vast workshop, the jade objects and workshop. In his half-century holdings of the museum are cur- jewellery restoration workshop. career, he has copied more than rently on display. Many other the bronze ware workshop and 40 ancient paintings. The most pieces require extensive restora- the clocks and antique furniture complicated one was the Night tion- repairing workshop. Feast of Han Xizai by Gu Hongzhong. He made L,667 A typical task for the lacquer Many paintings and cultural drafts ahd finally successfully ware group was a seriouslY relics are in extremely bad achieved the colours and draw- damaged piece, a large rr.rund shape. A silk painting and some ing techniques of the original. red container rvith a diameter ot silk books of 2,000 years old It is an artistic rarity. 80 centirnetres, which has been found in a tomb at Mawangdui restored recently. The exquisite present, two in Changsha in 1972 were rush- At there are carving on it had fallen off be- other masters from Lin- ed to the "hospital" for care as Chen cause of dampnes-s. A young soon as they were unearthed. zhai's generation still working. worker who repaired this for- All the others are young people The silk painting was nearly de- mer palace tr-easure worked of about 30 year.s old. cayed while the silk books, due under the guidance of Chen to the dampness insicie the The work demands meticu- Zhensheng, a veteran techni- mound, had stuck together like lousness. The originals are laid clan, Julg 5, 1982 25 SPTCIAT FEAT[.'RE iFALACE MUSELJM Qing Dynasty, removed from the of seasons. "Thi.s particular palace, I.ater, it was sold to a hanging screen was probably bank. After liberation, the gov- Ior the autumn becluse persim- ernment reclaimed this Price- mons are only ripe in that less treasure. It will be displayed season"" she said. in the jewellery exhibition hall She thinks that in addition to repairs are finished. when the learning from the veteran mas- Master Zhang has a female Iers, one must make use of one's apprentice who was formerly a ()wn inragination in repairing narrator in the museum. A.s her the palace alticles. Sorne of the skills have developed. she has treasures wel'e f ailing apart been assigned more dif f icult rvhen they arrived at the rePair tasks. This year she ha.s been ruorkshop and some h:rve parts repairing a plate of fruits miide missing. Repair work is based of precious stones 5svglal on historical records. But when persimmoris the size- of duck those are lacking, one can onlY eggs made of red agate, water' depend on one s own resources. Zhang Wenqing repairing very haPPY an artifacl, chestnuts carved out of ivory She said: "I am and pitched black as well a-s when I see treasures which leaves canred out of turquoise. !vere seriou.sly damaged are Chen said that before libera- Severai of these frui'r plates sit sent fol exhibition af ter rve have tion, the condition of lacquer on a large green lotus leaf made repirircd them." N'[any relics ware in the Paiace Museum '*,as of wood, rvhich is called a hang- t:ulrently on display in the jew- very bad because it did not re- ing screen. In the palace, the ellery exhibition hall were re- ceive ptoper protection. After fruits on the hanging screen paired by Zhang lVenqing and liberation, some veteran mas- were changed rvit.h tbe change-s his apprentice.s. ters were organized to repair and renorrate all o{ the best iacquer work. Chen proudly Former Residents of the dispiayed photographs oI the: lacquer work the artists have lmperial Palace lestored. rf't HREE veals altcr Pu Yi. imprisoned for 10 years for his Today none of the masters I Chinrr's iast emperor, canlL' ct>llaboration n,ith the Japanese 'v\.ho were so crucial to the to the throne, the 1911 Revc-'lu- irr-rpelialists. overthre'uv imperial restoration work in early post- tion the This fi--rmer ernperor. r.vho it'l .system. The five-year-oid em- iiberation days (some oI whom ihe past relied on others to Put' peror was lol'ced to abdicate. had worked for the Qing on hi-s clothing, was changed in- imperiai court) are still living. Ilor.vever, he ocrcupied most of 1o a new person earning his own Eut, their skills are thriving. the imperiai paiace for another living through labour and Chen siiid. IIe. himself. did his 13 veals. Ii rvas not until 1924 studying during his impri.son- apprenticeship under the old thart ire was moved out. OnlY rnent. Whcn he rvas release'd in masters. Today he has taken up Lhen did he free the remaining 1959, he was a-ssigned a job in the responsibiilty to 'rrain youn;l., 4?0 imperial eunuchs and 100 the Institute of Botany un 26 Beijittl1 ,Ret:icur. No. 21 SPECIAL FEATURE PATACE MUSEUM peasant in Jinghai County in north China's Hebei province. His family was so poor that his parents had to send him into the imperial court to be a eunuch. The emperor's palace was en- tirely a new world for Sun. "I wa.s completely amazed when I first stepped in the Forbidden City." Sun recalled. "I felt dizzy and even lost my sense of direc- tion.'. l'u Jie rt work. At first he served two chief eunuchs. Later he studied book- keeping. Then. he was assigned to serve Duan Kang, a favourite concubine of Emperor Guangxu (1871-1908) and Pu Yi's wife lcad \\'rlh him trr llte Frrlbtdcit,'tt chelrq clisll rt i committee ol' the Wan Rong. City. nos' wot ks [ ,Iulu 5, 1982 2? SPECIAL FEATURE PALACE MUSEUM Temple in Beijing. At that After 1957, many of them got works at the Beijing Interna- time, Sun Yaoting could only jobs either as workers or peas- tional Airport and visits the old make a living by picking un- ants. mart often, usually accompanied burned briquettes and orange Sun became a book-keeper by his wife. peel. He suffered from cold in and worked in the temple's the winter. When he was ill, Since liberation, Sun has gone administrative office. His to the Palace Museum manY he could not afford to see a monthly income is 50 yuan. doctor. He said feelingly: "To times, but as a master of the Now, he has two rooms and eats state not a slave of the imperial tell the truth, I would have his meals in the temple's can- court. As a living witness to died a long time ago if it were teen. He enjoys free medical not for liberation." the history of the Forbidden care and gets his milk and City, many friends and relatives After liberation, the govern- newspapers regularly. His respect him and ask him to ment organized the eunuchs clothes are washed by the tem- show them around the palace. who lived in various temples in ple's laundry service. He is anxious to tell them about Beijing and issued them life Sun does not feel lonely. He his miserable life in the past as subsidies according to their dif- has adopted one of his younger well as his happy life today. ferent economic conditions. brother's sons. His adopted son (Continueil from p. 20.) what, in General Marshall's opinion, wele "reasonable concessions," he was authorized to the fundamental interests of the Chi- to "go ahead and assist 'the Generalissimo' in nese nation. It wanted to preserve its interna- the movement of troops into Nolth China." (From Marshall of tional image and loathed to be accused im- Memorandum by General of a conversation with President Truman, Sec- perialism, but it flagrantly tore up internation- retary oi State Byrnes, and Admiral Leahy), al agreements, disregarded the norrx of in- FRUS, 1945, Vol. VII, pp 767-769. ternational relations and wilfully tried to divide 9. Ibid, ?, p. 16. the territory of a sovereign state. Political, FRUS, p 109. economic and diplomatic means turned out to 10. 1949, Vol. VIII. be ineffective, while military force fell short ll. & 12. Ibid, 6, p. 708. of its objectives. AII through the period be- 13. According to Acheson hinrself, his answer to tween the latter half of 1948 and the end of reporters rrvas: "When a great tree falls in the 1949, US policy towards Taiwan was enmeshed forest one cannot see the extent of the dam- age until the dust settles.'' in contradictions and caught in a dilemma. Dean Acheson: Present at the Creation, p. 306. (To be continued.) 14. FRUS, 1949, Vol. IX, pp. 27L-275,284-286,291- 292. The last sentence underscored, see d. 27+. NOTES: 15. Ibid. 1948, Vol VII, p. 662; 1949, Vol IX PP. l. Sophia Su-Fei Yen: Taiwan in China's Foteign 271,350 Relation, pp. 59-73. 16. Ibid, 6, p. 709. 2. Ibid. p. 129. l?. FRUS, 1949. VoL IX, pp. {65-4ti?. 3. Fan Wenlan'. An Outline of Chinese History, p. 234. lB. Ibid, 1948. Vol. VII. pp. 601-602. 4. (William Appleman Williams: Large Corpora- l9 Ibid, 1949, Vol. IX, p 295. tion and, American Foreign Polic$; see Cor- 20. Ibid, p. 285. porations and the Cold, War, edited David by 2r. Ibid, p. 272. Horou'itz, p. 79. 22. Ibid. 1949, Vol. VIII, p 288. 5. Michael Schaller: The US Crusade in China, pp. 305. 3'18-3+9. 3i6- p.151. 23. Ibid. 1949, VoI. IX, 266. 359. John Davies: Dragon by the Tail, p. 279. 24. Ibid, pp. 435-438. 142 6. Foreign Relations of the United, States (FRUS), 25. Ibid, p. 304. 194S, VoI. VII, pp. ?08-709. 26. Ibid, p. 396 7. Letter of Transnittal, United States Relations TJS (White Paper'). p J5B. With China (White Paper), JuIy 30, 1949, p. ll. 27. RelationsWith China, 28. FRUS, 1949. Vol. IX. p. 272. B. Marshall received the following instruction: In the event that either the g6mmuni51 lead- ,o lbid. pp. 392-397. ers or "the Generalissimo" refused to make 30. Ibid. p. 274. 28 Beijing Reuiew, No. 27 qu[Tutri & SCIENqI TH EATR E military positions designated. A When the curtain rises, Tufan slave state was set up. soldiers and civilians are cele- "Songtson Gombo" After Songtsan Gambo's mar- brating the victory of an an- riage to Princess Wencheng of nexation war in the snowy Each of China's 55 minorities grasslands. wise the Tang Dynasty in 641 A.D., a "Long live our has dranratic tales of its history number of sons aristocratic chieftain," the soldiers shout. and its larger-than-life of heroes. Tibetan families uzere sent to The chieftain however is not in- Sorrglscn Gambo. currently be- Changan, the capital of the Tang toxicated rvith his success. He in_q staged in the capital by the Dynasty, to study in the imperi- knows his people are still very Tibet Drama Troupe. depicts al school. Songtsan Gambo backward, "having no books the history of the wise and made great contributions to the and laws. no written language brave ruler who first unified development Tibetan social and education." Tibet. of economy and culture, as well as He decides to reform the so- Songtsan Gambo was the to the promotion of friendly re- ciety first by sending a mission chieftain of the Tulan Dynasty. lations betlveen the Han and to the Tang Dynasty to learn Tibetan During the early 7th century, he nationalities. laws and other cultural form,s annexed many of Tibet's tribes The play chiefly focuses on from the Hans. But his idea is and unified the Tibet plateau, the development of a written strongly opposed by the conser- putting an end to long years of Tibetan language and the stand- vatives represented by Minister destructive tribal f ighting. ardizing of laws and decrees. Shanglang. They prevent po- Lhasa was made the capital. It portrays several rulers who tential students from enrolling During his lule. a written hold different views, and praises in a school set up by the return- languagc \\'as devised, larvs the wisdom and far-sightedness ed scholars. As not a single wefe stipulated and ci'r,il and of Songtsan Gambo student has the courage to go Tibet Drama Troupe Once they were performing The Twin Siste.rs Forbid,den to Come to the World in an open-air f,TOUNDED in 1962, the Tibet Drama Troupe theatle. As part of the play's action, most of I' has performed in Beijing on several occa- the players had to strip to their rvaists and sions. Its first groufr of players were trained in be barefooted. The weather changed sudden- the Tibetan class oI the Shanghai Drama ly and it begarr to snow heavily. The audience Theatle. pleaded with the troupe to stop the play or at After graduation they took a tull-length plaV least put on more clothes. Fully acknowledging to Lhasa, but it was not accepted by the local the people's kindness, the actors rvent on. When people who had just won their emancipation the play came to an end, many members of the and u,ho had never seen a stage play. audience jumped on to the stage, embracing the pla}'ers. Afterrvards, they invited the players to To make their plays acceptable, perform- they families. treating them to hot buttered tea. ed skits and light comedies in the streets ref- their lecting the daily life of the emancipated serfs. The troupe is a united collective, in u'hich They toured from place to place and wherever every member has a strong sense of performing they went they helped train cultural and ari for the honour of the collective. The players, u'olkers and set up local culture and art centres. olcl and new. never vie w'ith one another for the Their pla1,5 were gradually accepted by the local principal roles. Deyang, who played Juliet in people and they began to introduce folk tales Rom,eo and Juliet and Qiangba who played the into their performances. Later. tull-length leading role Princess Wencheng, both prom- pla.r's'"1'ere in staged. inent actresses, are playing minor roles in The Tibet Drama Troupe rvorks wholehearted- SongtsarL Gambo. Iy for the audience. Fresh footprints of the players can be found in every part of Tibet. At present the troupe has some 100 members, They cross mountains and hills on horseback or compaled w'ith 20 in the early 60s. The troupe on carts. Sometimes the:' go to remote areas to has its own scriptwriters, directors and stage- give special performances for one or two herds- artists, All the players are Tibetans rvho are men's families. Even in adverse weather, the able to perform in both Han and Tibetan lan- plavers go on with their performance. guages. .lttl11 5, 1982 29 JOURNAL OF INTERNAIIONAT STUDIES (A quorterly in Chinese) Contents ol lssue No, 3, 1982 (to be published on .luly 1) For o Just Solution to the Kompu- cheon Question Speciol Com- mentotor - Theory of Supply-side Economics ond Present Reolities of US Economy - Zhong Jiolin Joponese Economy Current 5i- tuotion ond Future- Prospects He Fong - Reflections on West Germony's Oest-Politik - Jiong Jionqing Current West Germon-US Relotions - Mei Rong Test of History US Policy To- words Toiwon ot- the Time of the Song(san Gambo (centrc) declares: "The mission to the Tang Dynasty Birth of New Chino Zhong- should emberk I" yun -Zi Reflections on the Article "Nucleor to the school, Songtsan Gambo cloning a strain of hepatitis B Weopons ond the Atlontic himself became its first student, virus (HBV). Allionce" by McGeorge Bundy under the tutorship of Minister ond Others in Foreign Alfairs Hepatitis B. caused HBV Spring 1982 Zhuong Qubing, T\rnmi by - infection, is a global health prob. Jin Junhui ond Li Ning The villain, Minister Shang- lem. It is estimated that about Reolities ond Prospects of the lang, and a religious leader "Welfore Stote" in Western take 200 million people ale infected Europe Huong Su'on advantage of superstitious think- and scientists believe that HBV - Why ls the Euro-Arob Diologue ing among the people, and mis- may be a contributing factor to Not Moking Much Heodwoy? lead them by saying the teacher the onset of cirrhosis and liver Zhonq Wei - is a devil. They besiege the school cancer, since it leaves the Iiver Zimbobrrye After lndependence 'and threaten to kill Minister weakened. Gu Xiner - Tunmi. At the critical moment, Order directly lrom The scientists at the institute Songtsan Gambo, who believes began genetic engineering that sooner or later the masses their CHINA PUBLICATIONS CENTRE (Guoji will appreciate the new policy, research on HBV in 1980. Last Shudion) year, institute's orders those who are protecting scientists of the P,O. Bor 399, Beijing, Chino molecular genetic laboratory the school to open the gate. He Subscription rotes; RMB 0.80 yuon group calmly goes out and speaks to and tumor research per copy, RMB 3.20 yuon o yeor isolated and purified ADR HBV Postoge; Ordinory RMB 2.20 yuon the people about the impoltance o yeor, oirmoil RMB 8.20 yuon genome plasma of developing a Tibetan written from the of Chi- o yeor. nese HBV carriers. Early this language and culture. The year they, co-operation with attackers soon disperse and the in epidemic preven- Republic of Gelmariy: but the storm is dispelled. Through one the Shanghai tion station, completed the gen- genome ADR. preva- climax after another, Songtsan cloning of ome cloning HBV lent Asia, Gambo emerges as a chief who of the ADR in East and Southeast in escherichia (e) cr;li. The had previously not been repolt- is determined to make his dynasty prosperous. transformation elf iciencl' was ed. high and a maximum of 158 China's br-eakthr.'ough opens clones of ADR HBV genome the door to research and devel- M EDICIN E were obtained in the experi- opment of a hepatitis B vaccine ment. Hepotitis B through genetic engineering. It Viru.s Cloned Of the four types of hepatitis has also plovided possibilities Scientists at the Shanghai In- virus. ADW and AYW had been tor further study of ADR gene stitute of Biochemistry have ac- cloned in the United States, structure, DNA sequencing and complished a world's first by France. Britain and the Feder-al gene expressron. 30 Beijing Reoiew, No. 27 ART PAGE Zhutt SfiiyrlrrEf'.s Sftetehes From the Stage Born in Shandong Provinee's Yantaj. Zhao Shiying is a graduate of the Beijing Art Teachers' College and later taught in middle schools. He is nou, an art editor ot the magazinc Wudao (Dance). ' His sketchc's from the stage are noted for their forcefulness and rhythm. The iirtist, has keen powers of observation and Itis presentation is resolute and [it,ely -t US iitiilisitiilit iili0iti0iilit i0it isiti0iiliilitisi0iilititiiliti0i0it The Beijing Silk Flower Mill, one of the world's best ortificiol flower foctories, monufoctures silk, "mogic," poper ond plostic flowers. lt olso produces coloured lonterns. They ore suitoble for holl, courtyord, drowing room ond shop window decorotions. They ore olso nice presents for relotives ond friends. t 'l The foctory's silk flowers won first prize in the notionol contest. i Chino begon producing silk ond poper flowers severol hundred I yeors ogo. About 2O million distinctive flowers ore now exported to more thon 5O countries ond regions onnuolly. t The foctory begon from June 1 to directly hondle exports. Our vocotionol work olso includes row moteriols imports, orders for processing with customer's moteriols ond compensotory trode. Our products ore of superior quolity ond include more thon 7,000 designs ond specificotions. Controcts ore obided by ond business inquiries ore welcomed. {i0ifl i0i0i0!ti0!ti0i tr 0iti0?ti0itit!ilit! 0!0! 0i+i 0!0! S!0!t!ti CHIiA TATIOTAT TRIS ITII CRAFT$ IMP(IRI & EXP(IRI C(IRP(IRIII(,T Bsiiing Silk Flower ltlill Address: Pon jioyoo.*f,arraAo- Men-Woi Roiiino- Chino Tel. 754363 Cob,", .- tn h or- Wan Rong wept and many a week and sPends the t'est oi dinalv labr.rrrrers who earn their. eunuchs. including myself, ,'vorking par- his time at home. ()wn tiving. Ttris cann()t be w'ept. too." Sun said. ticipating in variou.,s kinds o1 omitted as a n€rw chapter in the "However." Sun added, "we sclcial activitie.s. <-l meeling \\'ith histor.r, ol the Folbidden Citv did not cry for the collapse of relatives and friends. A.s his the last feudal imperial dynasty wife is Japanese. he has olten The Former Eunuchs but for oLlr own unforeseeable guests Japan Pu Jie from A large number of imperial f uture." spends his after-work I'tout's servants also lived in the For'- Many the palace maids pr"actising calligr:aph1. and of bidden City rn its heyday were able to marry later. but tending flowers and trees. Tvt,o of lhe former eunuchs most of the eunuchs became ln 1978. Pu Jie rvtts electcd a who served China's last impe- homeless. A large number deputy to the Fif ttr National rial court arer still arlive. Their .sought lel'uge in the Qinglong People's Congre.s.s. exper iences con.sti- tut('a rrirrid des- Yi's other younger brt>ther' Pu cripli()n ol the his- seventh younger si.stet- and his tot'r' of the F-,rlbid- tlis sixlh are both teachers. den Cily sistel is a painter at the Bt'i,iing Academy of Paintings His tifth Th(, 1!v() [i..'e itt Gr-rang- sister. 'uvho had never touched a Bei.jrrrg's pair of scissors whcrn young. hua Temple. rvhich later became a tailol She i.s [rus i.t pear:eful and now a retired '"t,orker. His secluded envil'on- third younger sister . u'ho .studi- menl trnd a histor';' ed in Japan and married ol more than 70() Yeal':i Wan Rong's brother. ha.s become a sr-rcial activist and a Sr-rn Yaoli.ng.81. member of Bei jinq'.. I)one- i: the' .{(rll Lrl' il Sun Yaoline