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Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia SIBERIAN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA Volume 45, No. 2, 2017 DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2017.45.2 Published in Russian and English CONTENTS PALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGE 3 O.V. Yanshina, S.Y. Lev, and P.E. Belousov. “Ceramics” from the Zaraysk Upper Paleolithic Site 16 A.F. Shorin. Koksharovsky Kholm and Chertova Gora, Two Neolithic Sanctuaries in the Ural and in Western Siberia: Similarities and Differences 26 A.Y. Tarasov. Technical and Morphological Model of Chalcolithic Chopping Tools of the Russian-Karelian Type from Karelia and the Upper Volga Region 35 L.R. Bikmulina, A.S. Yakimov, V.S. Mosin, and А.I. Bazhenov. Geochemical Soil Analysis and Environmental Reconstructions at the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Settlement Kochegarovo-1 in the Forest-Steppe Zone of Western Siberia THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD 45 E.N. Chernykh, O.N. Korochkova, and L.B. Orlovskaya. Issues in the Calendar Chronology of the Seima-Turbino Transcultural Phenomenon 56 E.V. Goldina. Beads in the Finno-Ugric Women’s Costume: The Evidence of Tarasovo Cemetery on the Middle Kama (0–500 AD) 62 I.V. Zhurbin and A.N. Fedorina. Comprehensive Geophysical Studies at the Suzdal Opolye Settlements 71 T.B. Nikitina, K.A. Rudenko, and S.Y. Alibekov. Metal Bowls from a Medieval Cemetery at Rusenikha 78 V.V. Bobrov and L.Y. Bobrova. Newly Discovered Bronze Artifacts of the Scythian Period from Archekas Mountain, Kuznetsk Alatau 87 A.A. Tishkin and Y.V. Frolov. Bronze Age Axes from the Forest-Steppe Altai 97 E.A. Kashina and N.M. Chairkina. Wooden Paddles from Trans-Urals and from Eastern and Western European Peat-Bog Sites 107 A.P. Borodovsky. A Golden Plaque of the Hellenistic Period from Zeravshan, Uzbekistan 113 S.P. Nesterov. Albazin, a Russian Town on the Amur: Population Size in the Late 1600s ETHNOLOGY 123 M.I. Vasiliev. The Variation of Russian Festive Ritualism in Russian Ethnography 132 T.I. Dronova. Ust-Tsilma Female Headdress: Description and Use (Mid-19th to Early 21st Century) 142 A.Y. Mainicheva, V.V. Talapov, and Zhang Guanying. Principles of the Information Modeling of Cultural Heritage Objects: The Case of Wooden Buddhist Temples ANTHROPOLOGY AND PALEOGENETICS 149 A.Y. Khudaverdyan and S.G. Hobosyan. Cranial Injuries in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Population of the Shnogh River Basin, Armenia 158 ABBREVIATIONS 159 CONTRIBUTORS ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA Volume 45, No. 2, 2017 EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief: Founded in January, 2000 A quarterly journal in Russian and English A.P. Derevianko (Russia) Associate Editor-in-Chief: Founders Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.I. Molodin (Russia) Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Executive Secretaries: Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.V. Baulo, S.V. Markin, S.P. Nesterov, Mass media registration certificate and D.V. Pozdnyakov (Russia) No. 018782 issued May 11, 1999 H.A. Amirkhanov (Russia), A.P. Buzhilova (Russia), T.A. Chikisheva (Russia), J. Chochorowski (Poland), H.-P. Francfort (France), P.G. Gaidukov (Russia), Gao Xing (People’s Republic of China), A.V. Golovnev (Russia), S. Hansen (Germany), E. Jacobson-Tepfer (USA), J. Jaubert (France), A.G. Kozintsev (Russia), N.N. Kradin (Russia), C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky (USA), N.A. Makarov (Russia), J.W. Olsen (USA), G. Parzinger (Germany), S. Pääbo (Germany), Editors of the original A. Ronen (Israel), D.G. Savinov (Russia), Russian texts Sekiya Akira (Japan), M.V. Shunkov (Russia), N.M. Andjievskaya A.I. Soloviev (Russia), V.A. Tishkov (Russia), T.V. Romanenko N.A. Tomilov (Russia), S.A. Vasiliev (Russia), Issuing Editor Wang Wei (China), V.S. Zykin (Russia) Y.A. Zhuravleva Designer I.P. Gemueva EDITORIAL COUNCIL Russian texts translated by V.A. Baranov O. Bar-Yosef (USA), V.V. Bobrov (Russia), A.A. Evteev V.P. Chabai (Ukraine), E.N. Chernykh (Russia), A.G. Kozintsev E.G. Devlet (Russia), N.I. Drozdov (Russia), E.Y. Pankeyeva A.V. Epimakhov (Russia), V.S. Peysakhovich English texts revised by Y.S. Hudiakov (Russia), Kang In Uk (Republic of Korea), L. Baranova Y.F. Kiryushin (Russia), P. Magnussen Lee Heon-jong (Republic of Korea), Lee Yung-jo (Republic of Korea), D.O. Lordkipanidze (Georgia), V.E. Medvedev (Russia), R.M. Munchaev (Russia), A. Nagler (Germany), V.V. Napolskikh (Russia), E.N. Nosov (Russia), IAET SB RAS Publishing Ono Akira (Japan), M.B. Piotrovsky (Russia), Postal address: N.V. Polosmak (Russia), A.D. Pryakhin (Russia), Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Z.S. Samashev (Republic of Kazakhstan), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia A.F. Shorin (Russia), Tel.: (383) 330-83-66 Z.K. Taimagambetov (Republic of Kazakhstan), E-mail: [email protected] A.A. Tishkin (Russia), D. Tseveendorj (Mongolia) © Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2017 © Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2017 PALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGE DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2017.45.2.003-015 O.V. Yanshina1, S.Y. Lev2, and P.E. Belousov3 1Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 3, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia E-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dm. Ulyanova 19, Moscow, 117036, Russia E-mail: [email protected] 3Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny per. 35, Moscow, 119017, Russia E-mail: [email protected] “Ceramics” from the Zaraysk Upper Paleolithic Site* Zaraysk is one of the best-studied and best-known Russian Upper Paleolithic sites of the Kostenki-Willendorf type. One of the most intriguing fi nds of excavations at that site concerns an unusual group of artifacts, tentatively interpreted as ceramics. This article gives a detailed description of these, and addresses their spatial distribution. The items have been subjected to fi ring, but the chemical and mineralogical analysis suggests that they were made of ocher or highly ferruginized clay unsuitable for manufacturing ordinary ceramics. Poor p reservation caused by taphonomic processes precludes a reliable reconstruction of the original morphology and function of the items. Their shape, however, is rather standard and is paralleled by the “non-fi gurative” ceramics of Pavlov and Dolní Věstonice, whose function is not clear either. It appears that the Zaraysk people tried to reproduce the Central European prototypes in terms of form and function, but, intentionally or not, used a raw material suitable for making a red pigment rather than ceramics. Formally, the Zaraysk pieces can barely be described as ceramics proper, possibly evidencing unsuccessful copying. The fi nal answer, then, hinges on the true purposes of the manufacturers. Keywords: Upper Paleolithic, Gravettian, ceramics, ocher, Zaraysk, Pavlov, Dolní Věstonice. Introduction The earliest ceramics have been found at some Gravettian sites, and primarily at the Moravian sites of The Upper Paleolithic is the most dramatic period in Pavlov and Dolní Věstonice (Soffer, Vandiver, 1994, the history of human evolution. Quite a number of new 1997, 2005). In Russia, one of the earliest Paleolithic activities, including the onset of ceramic manufacturing, sites with ceramics is the Zaraysk site (Amirkhanov, emerged during this period. Study of the most ancient 2000; Amirkhanov et al., 2009), which is located within ceramics represents a comparatively new and quite the historical part of Zaraysk in the Moscow Region. This promising fi eld of Paleolithic research. area represents a group of Paleolithic sites that partially *Supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 13-06-00313). Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 45/2 (2017) 3–15 Email: [email protected] © 2017 Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences © 2017 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences © 2017 O.V. Yanshina, S.Y. Lev, P.E. Belousov 3 4 O.V. Yanshina, S.Y. Lev, and P.E. Belousov / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 45/2 (2017) 3–15 overlap each other. Zaraysk A is the best-studied stratifi ed General description of the samples site. Currently, its excavation area has reached 270 m2, and its age is described as in the range of 16–23 thousand All “ceramics” samples were found in a cultural layer as years. In 1998–2004, a set of artifacts was found at separate objects, and in this respect they didn’t differ from Zaraysk A that was tentatively interpreted as “ceramics”. other fi nds. Their color-palette showed a combination of References to these fi nds can be found in the literature red and gray shades. However, the red was too bright (Soffer et al., 2000; Garkovic, 2005; Budja, 2006; for ceramics, and corresponded rather to the color of the Kuczyńska-Zonik, 2014), yet no comprehensive study of ocher, while the gray demonstrated unusual iron-gray and the artifacts has yet been carried out. The only exception bluish shades. All samples left on paper vivid traces of is a comparatively short article about data obtained via grayish-green, and reds of various shades. binocular microscopic analysis of six samples from the The samples have been classifi ed into three groups excavation seasons of 1995 and 1998, by Y.B. Tsetlin by size, state of preservation, and some other parameters. (2000). That paper states that the samples are products “Ceramics” of the fi rst group are either completely bright of low-temperature fi ring of clay that is intermixed with red, or exhibit a red exterior surface and light gray interior. fatty organic materials. Their texture is crumb and fi ssured, as if the raw material We provide here more detailed analytical data on was poorly milled and barely kneaded (Fig.
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