UCL Institute of Archaeology ARCL0053 Maya Civilisation Module Handbook Term II 2020-21 Year 2/3 module option, 0.5 Unit, 15 credits

We try to be as accurate as possible with the information in this handbook. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, there may be changes during the course of the term. Just a reminder from wise old and me, the Snake-on-Top, that things might change. Check for updates at https://www.ucl.ac.uk/students /

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Prerequisite: ARCL0053 Archaeology of Live stream: Friday 1-3pm Course co-ordinator: Prof. Elizabeth Graham with invaluable assistance from Panos Kratimenos Office hours: No set office hours – booking link is: https://outlook.office365.com/owa/calendar/[email protected]/bookings/ E-mail: [email protected]

Refer to the IoA home page (https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/current-students) for links to the IoA Student Handbook & IoA Study Skills Guide. See Section 2, below, for details. Moodle is the main software format for this course. Information will be regularly posted by Liz in the Announcements on Moodle (at the top), and you will receive an automatic email notification with her words of wisdom. You cannot reply to these emails via Moodle but you can e-mail Liz (or Panos) directly if you have a question. Zoom is used for live classes.

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Module description This course builds on the archaeology of Mesoamerica and provides an examination in greater depth of Maya history, archaeology, ethnohistory, calendrics and (the decipherment of hieroglyphic inscriptions).

Aims This course is an introduction to the civilisation of the Precolumbian Maya. I expect that students will already have taken the course on the Archaeology of Mesoamerica, ARCL0031, and will be familiar with Mesoamerica as a culture area. If not, the encyclopedias or handbooks listed in Section No.3, below, are the best sources available online. The best text, also listed in Section No. 3, is only in print: Susan Toby Evans’ on Ancient Mexico and Central America of which there are three editions; any is fine. This book is different from the encyclopedia that Susan and her husband David Webster have published, which is probably also good, but is also only in print. My aim is to provide an overview of Maya culture, society, environment, food production, settlement patterns, architecture, calendrics, and aspects of material culture to increase awareness of the importance of Maya contributions to civilisation. I also hope to increase awareness of the rich cultural heritage of living Maya groups.

Objectives On successful completion of the course, a student should have developed a basic knowledge of: 1) approaches to excavation and recovery in wet tropical environments, 2) human-environmental interaction in the humid tropics, 3) how data from archaeology, epigraphy, ethnohistory, and ethnography are integrated, 4) the nature of the colonial encounter, and 4) Maya culture history.

Learning outcomes in terms of key skills On successful completion of the course, students should demonstrate: • Meticulous citation and referencing practices • Expository writing skills • A good level of research skills • Critical skills, particularly regarding source materials and their use, as well as authors’ claims. (Except mine which are always right.)

Methods of assessment Two assignments. See below under No. 2, ASSESSMENT for details.

Week-by-week summary (Lectures by E. Graham; P. Kratimenos and possibly guest lecturers will contribute.)

Week Date Topic 1 15 January Introduction to the course 2 22 January Environment and resources of the Maya area 3 29January The earliest Maya and the rise of Maya civilisation 4 05 February Maya thought, beliefs & culture 5 12 February The social and political landscapes 6 15-19 February R E A D I N G W E E K 7 26 February The Early Classic and Teotihuacan 8 05 March Late Classic apogee of Maya civilisation 9 12 March The Terminal Classic & the Maya collapse, warfare 10 19 March The Postclassic – still lots of fighting 11 26 March The Conquest (or not?) of the Maya area

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Weekly module plan Pre-recorded powerpoint lectures (via Lecturecast/Echo360) will be made available (asynchronous) for most weeks. These will be posted on Moodle by week and topic. No asynchronous lecture is posted for the first week and, depending on when assignments are due, there may be other weeks with no asynchronous lectures. Weekly live classes are given via Zoom, which can be accessed each week on the class Moodle page. If you find you need a password, use . You will also be expected to: • Complete weekly readings • Post questions in Hot Questions weekly • Attend the Friday live class from 1 to 3pm • Participate in discussion, both in class and in Breakout Rooms • Learn to dance (only kidding but not a bad idea) • . . . and if I get the software organised, you will be able to comment on the readings and some visual content.

Workload This is a 15-credit course which equates to 150 hours of learning time including session preparation, background reading, and researching

and writing assignments. • Weekly live-streamed class/seminar (questions, discussion) = 20 hrs. • Self-guided preparation (reviewing weekly pre-recorded lectures) = 30 hrs. • Weekly readings = 30 hrs. • Preparing discussion questions, short assignments, other online activities = 20 hrs. • Required essays = 50 hrs. TOTAL = 150 hrs.

2. ASSESSMENT Methods of assessment Given word Allowable Normally there are two essays worth 50% each, with each essay 2,500 words. count However, there are changes this term to reduced word counts, so we will discuss 5,000 4,750-5,250 this in class. See the following page for the First Assignment of 1,500 words. 4,500 4,275-4,725 Provisional due dates are: 4,000 3,800-4,200 First assignment: Friday 26th February 2021 3,500 3,325-3,675 Second essay: Friday 16th April 2021 3,000 2,850-3,150 In addition 2,500 2,375-2,625 You are required to post Hot Questions. I will keep track. I expect questions for a 2,000 1,900-2,100 minimum of 70% of lectures. If it falls below this, you will have 2% deducted from 1,500 1,425-1,575 your final mark. 1,000 950-1,050

Essay guidance as well as suggested questions for the Second essay are posted in Moodle in a separate document. You can also come up with your own essay question, but it must be approved by me (EG) first. More on this in class.

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______FIRST ASSIGNMENT, 1,500 WORDS, 40% OF FINAL MARK Choose one of the following: (Hint: headings, captions for pictures, in-text citations and references do not count in the word count. Also, I will not count the short Introduction as I’ve asked you to repeat the question there.)

No. 1: How does the compare with other kinds of calendrical reckoning? Compare the Maya calendar with a calendar/number system of another civilisation which you have studied. (Could be what is used today.) What are the respective symbols used for counting? What are the cycles used to measure time? Days? Units longer than days? Do you know where the cycles come from? (e.g. planetary bodies? Human body cycles?) Do the numerical bases, or the base units, of the systems differ? By this I mean, are all systems counts of days or are other units of time used (e.g., what we call the ‘year’)?

Include a short Introduction which informs the reader how you will lay out the essay. Structure the content with headings. At the end, summarise what you see as the same or different about the systems, and hazard a guess as to why differences may have emerged. Cite all sources with a list of References at the end.

No. 2: How helpful—or not—is information on the web about the Maya? Why? • What kinds of web sites come up when you enter ‘Maya archaeology’ or ‘’? • How would you categorise the sites? (Just by broad categories is fine.) • You don’t have the time to do statistics, but what are the themes/topics/beliefs or statements about the Maya that come up most frequently? • What criteria can you use to assess the accuracy or truth of the statements? • What do your results tell us about popular conceptions of the Pre-Columbian Maya? • What are the implications of the accuracy and focus of these conceptions in terms of how we understand the Precolumbian past?

Start with a short Introduction in which you tell the reader how you will address the topic—that is, the order of the parts of your essay. Structure the content with headings. For a conclusion or summary, address the final two criteria, above. Cite all sources with a list of References at the end.

No. 3: What significance do particular kinds or classes of artefact have in Maya civilisation? • Select a particular kind or class of artefact such as (but not necessarily limited to, but clear your choice with us if it does not appear below): Censers (incensarios) Shell Polychrome plates/dishes plaque Polychrome cylinder vases from Tula Incised conch (Strombus sp.) shells (McVicker Jade pendants and Palka 2001) Spondylus (Thorny oyster) shells Chert (flint) eccentrics (sculptures) – (can include ) Obsidian prismatic blades Stingray spines Animal or human bones (that are artefacts—that is, carved or incised) • Define the kind of artefact you have selected. For example, look up how a ‘censer’ or ‘pendant’ is defined. For something like polychrome vases or plates, what is meant by ‘polychrome’ and what is a ‘vase’ or a ‘plate’? For the natural objects such as shells or stingray spines, where are they from? Dictionaries can be used. Make sure it is a reliable dictionary though (Cambridge, Oxford, Merriam-Webster, Collins). If you use Wikipedia, check to see what the source is. If it is a reliable entry, the source will be at the bottom of the page.

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• Then select a minimum of 3 examples. Lots may show up in Google Images, but only use those that are either in museums or that show up in archaeological publications or web sites. The problem with museum examples is that most are unprovenanced and looted, although museums never admit it. But the photos will be good! Try in any case to use both (musems, archaeological sites) • Provide the museum’s or archaeological description for each example alongside an illustration (photo, drawing, both? Up to you. Quality is important.) • Describe the contexts. If you use museum objects entirely, try to find examples that have been excavated so that you know the sort of context in which the museum objects were likely originally placed. By contexts I mean: e.g., burials, households, tombs, caches, middens. • What about the artefacts make them significant? This will differ, depending on what class of artefact you pick. Some have symbolic meaning. Some, like the polychromes, will be painted with particular themes. • What do the observations you have put together about the class of artefact tell us about Maya life? For example, think about status (wealth, display?), cosmology, religious beliefs, practical concerns?

In the actual 1,500 word essay, briefly state at the start what your question is and how the essay is laid out to address the question. The layout may differ depending on your choice of objects. Under relevant headings, follow the above outline. For the summary or conclusion, consider the last two criteria, above.

Part of the purpose of this exericise is that you find the sources of information yourself, but suggestions to start off: • www.famsi.org (for example, the Justin Kerr Maya vase database, although his interpretations have been updated) • https://sketchfab.com/tokovinin3d (an online resource of 3D models created by our friend and colleague Alex Tokovinine at the University of Alabama) • Various museum web sites in the U.K., Europe, U.S., Canada, Mexico, etc.

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Useful urls for general information on coursework submission, study and writing skills Coursework submission, assessment criteria, & information on late submission can be found in the IoA Student Handbook (Section 12): https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/current-students/ioa-student-handbook

The IoA Study Skills Guide https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/current- students/ioa-study-skills-guide focuses on writing support—for example, guidance in preparing different types of assignments. Referencing guidelines can also be found here.

The IoA Academic Writing Moodle page https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/course/view.php?id+10959 provides details of the academic writing support resources at the IoA, including tutorials and workshops run by Dr. Julia Shaw and the academic writing PGTA (Postgraduate Teaching Assistant), Rafie Cecilia.

Details on penalties for late submission are in the online UCL Academic Manual, Chapter 4, Section 3.12 https://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/chapters/chapter-4-assessment- framework-taught-programmes/section-3-module-assessment#3.12

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3. GUIDANCE ON READING, RESOURCES, AND PREPARATION FOR CLASS Basic texts (print) The Maya, 9th edition, by Michael D. Coe & Stephen Houston (2015). This is a much less detailed and shorter version than Sharer’s, but Coe is a wonderful writer and it serves well as an introduction. It can be purchased online for anywhere from ca. £7 to £12. Earlier editions are very cheap but I would not go earlier than ca. 2011. The Ancient Maya, 6th edition, by Robert Sharer (with Loa Traxler), 2006. Basic text with lots of detail. Seems to average around £20. Again, earlier editions are cheaper and are okay but my page numbers and chapters will be different. The Classic Maya, by Stephen D. Houston and Takeshi Inomata, 2009. The chapters are organised according to themes, which makes this very useful to consult for essays. Texts geared to (print) A Forest of History, ed. by Travis Stanton and M. Kathryn Brown (2020), University Press of Colorado. Deals with kingship; warfare; queens; usurpers or stranger-kings such as the Teotihuacan phenomenon; the sites of Peru- Waka, , southeast Mesoamerica, Yaxuna; religion in the Early Postclassic; revisited; ; Copan Stela 11; and a summary by David Freidel, who wrote Forest of Kings with Linda Schele. Continuities and Change in Maya Archaeology: Perspectives at the Millennium, ed. by Charles W. Golden and Greg Borgstede (2004). The print edition is available in the library. It is published as an E-book but the library doesn’t have it yet. The content is directed at Mayanists but it is thematic so useful for particular topics: changes in Maya studies over the years; kingship and polity; elites and non-elites; using historical data; landscapes (Wendy Ashmore); environment; summaries of material studies such as ceramics, lithics, human skeletal material, fauna, residue analyses; contemporary concerns. In the Realm of Nachan Kan, by Marilyn A. Masson (2000). Postclassic, and specific to her excavations in northern . The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands, ed. by Geoffrey E. Braswell (2012). Equinox. Different authors. Focuses on the northern lowlands. Examples: the ballgame; NW Yucatan; the Kaan polity (Joyce Marcus on the origins of the Maya state); urbanism in the northern lowlands in the Early Classic; Late Classic States along the Gulf Coast; settlement studies (a summary?); Uxmal; Chichen Itza; interpreting walls; rain and fertility rituals; Mayapan; the Caste War and the Spanish Conquest; summary of studies of the northern lowlands. The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, ed. by James Garber (2004) Focuses on all the different excavations in the Belize valley; all periods except the Postclassic. The Origins of Maya States, ed. by Loa P. Traxler and Robert J. Sharer (2016). University of Pennsylvania Museum. Texts available digitally: The Maya World, ed. by Scott R. Hutson and Traci Ardren (2020). Routledge. http://libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/login?url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351029582. Ancient Maya Politics: A political anthropology of the Classic Period 150-900 CE, by Simon Martin (2020) https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ancient-maya-politics/79198DCC0C42845FFEF1939A99B31461 When you get to the page, make sure to look at the top and selecte University College London for access. A Lexicon for , by H. Stanley Loten & David M. Pendergast. Royal Ontario Museum Archaeological Monograph 8. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, 1984. Available on the ROM digitised archive: https://archive.org/stream/lexiconformayaar00lote#page/4/mode/2up Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs by Harri Kettunen and Christophe Helmke. See Moodle page to download. Latest edition can also be accessed via the Wayeb site https://www.wayeb.org/ Decolonizing Indigenous Histories: Exploring Prehistoric/Colonial Transitions in Archaeology, ed. by Maxine Oland, Siobhan M. Hart, & Liam Fink (2012). Texts available only in print, but some editions are affordable: Ancient Mexico and Central America by Susan Toby Evans, 2004, 2008 or 2013 is the text we use in the 2nd-year course on Mesoamerica. It is an excellent reference text for Mesoamerica in general. Earlier editions of Coe’s book on The Maya and Sharer’s earlier editions of The Ancient Maya are affordable and would be fine.

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Web sites www.famsi.org is a wonderful on-line resource. It contains reports by archaeologists on a variety of topics including art history and epigraphy as well as archaeology. It also has resources such as the Kerr Vase Book which displays rollouts of the paintings on Maya vases. www.mesoweb.com contains reports by Maya and Mesoamerican scholars in the fields of archaeology, epigraphy, art history and ethnography. It also has an encyclopedia as well as lists of publications. English & Spanish. http://decipherment.wordpress.com is a site that focuses on Maya iconography and epigraphy. It is coordinated by David Stuart, a professor and Maya epigrapher at the University of Texas at Austin. It is a site that Maya epigraphers use to report on interim research. It has lots of up-to-date information on Maya writing and on developments in the field. Great pictures as well but make sure to acknowledge the artist and source. The website describes itself in the following way: ‘Maya Decipherment is a weblog devoted to ideas and developments in ancient Maya epigraphy and related fields. We welcome contributions and the participation of colleagues and students from around the world.’ http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/ Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs by Harri Kettunen and Christophe Helmke. This is a Mesoweb resource available to anyone wishing to learn Maya hieroglyphs. http://www.instituteofmayastudies.org www.wayeb.org European Association of Mayanists web site. https://brucelove.com/ Contributions to Mesoamerican Studies. Bruce Love posts a range of information. He is best known for the work he did on the , one of the four remaining Maya books. His website is relatively new and he tries to report on research and fieldwork as well as epigraphy & iconography, much of it current. http://www.maya-ethnobotany.org/ https://dloc.com/ This is the Digital Library of the Caribbean but has sources for Belize and the ancient Maya. For example, here you can find the Papers of the Belize Archaeology Symposium. https://classicmayan.kor.de.dariah.eu The Maya Image Archive (royalty-free download). This site is relatively new to me. It was established at the Department for the Anthropology of the Americas at the University of Bonn, and is part of a major project directed by , a Maya epigrapher. I find it a little hard to navigate. It mostly hosts materials and records provided by various Maya scholars. Some images are excellent; some are not so good. There are, however, original field photos of Maya monuments, such as the Yaxchilan hieroglyphic stair.

Journals: Ancient Mesoamerica, Latin American Antiquity, Antiquity, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, Estudios de Cultural Maya, Arqueología Mexicana, Journal of Captive at Tonina Field Archaeology, Journal of Archaeological Science, PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., PlosOne. All accessible online through our library. Encyclopedias and Handbooks hard copy or online but not yet available through UCL Library Services:  The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures: The Civilisations of Mexcio and Central America, edited by David Carrasco. We have the book in the library; at the time of writing (5th January), Katie has subscribed so it should be available soon.  There is an Encyclopedia of the Ancient Maya edited by Walter Witschey (2016). Again only available in our library in book form. It’s mixed quality but covers a lot. I’ll see if I can get the library to purchase an E-copy, but as of now we don’t have it.

Encylopedias or Handbooks online and available through our library NOTE that the links below may not always work. You likely will have to go through the UCL Library Services.  The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion, edited by Timothy Insoll is available through our library. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232444.001.0001/oxfordhb- 9780199232444 This is the URL but you may still have to go through the UCL library to access it. There is a chapter on the Maya by Rosemary Joyce. 2020-21, ARCL0053, Maya Civilisation, Page 8

 Cambridge World Prehistory, eds. Colin Renfrew, Paul Bahn. (2014) Has a section on the Americas. Accessing this particular work is easiest through the UCL Library Services. I found that sometimes the link works; other times it asks me to sign in through my institution, which is possible—just a bit more complicated. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139017831  Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology, ed. Deborah L. Nichols (2012) Accessible online via the library. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195390933.001.0001/oxfordhb- 9780195390933  Encyclopedia of Archaeology, ed. Deborah M. Pearsall. (2008) Elsevier https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123739629/encyclopedia-of-archaeology

4. CLASS SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS (See also the Weekly module plan, above, in the Module Overview.) Required readings are from Michael Coe and Stephen Houston’s 2015 edition of The Maya. You can purchase the book on Amazon, used, for about £10; new, it is just a little over £12. Contact me for other options. Further readings are suggested below, but are optional, although we often discuss the issues in class. I include Further readings to give you ideas for your essays. The live class is accessed via the Zoom icon on the Moodle class page. Some weeks we may have short PP presentations in the live class. Asynchronous PP presentations are posted in Moodle by week. There are no asynchronous PP lectures for the first week, and I will try to minimise asynchronous material for the time before your essays/assignments are due.

WEEK 1, 15th January 2020: A SHORT HISTORY OF MAYA ARCHAEOLOGY & REVIEW OF APPROACHES Topics: Who, what, where and when? We will review the history of the interest in, and awareness of, the people we call ‘Maya’. I also include approaches to the study of Maya writing and archaeology. We will go over the handbook as well as essay due dates. There will be an illustrated powerpoint presentation in class. Required: General: Have a look at the Moodle page and the Module handbook. Hot Questions: Post any questions you might have. They can be posted anonymously or by name. I prefer the latter because I will keep track of who asks questions.

WEEK 2, 22 January 2020: INTRODUCTION, ENVIRONMENT, RESOURCES Topics: This week we will cover the cultural setting, the Maya area, language roots, general chronology, environmental zones, subsistence, agricultural methods, plant and animal resources and some aspects of economy and commerce. This is a lot of material so we may have both a pre-recorded presentation as well as something in class. Required: Reading: Coe, Michael D. The Maya, Preface, Introduction (Chapter 1), Chapter 8 pp. 230-233 (The farm and the chase; Industry and commerce) or any relevant readings in The Maya World or online. http://libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/login?url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351029582. (I won’t keep repeating the url; see also above under ‘texts available digitially’.) Reading: Restall, Matthew. 1997. Maya Ethnogenesis. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 9(1): 64-89. Pre-recorded lecture(s): Wk 2 Hot Questions Discussion questions: 1. What is ‘Maya’ and what isn’t ‘Maya’? 2. Given what you have learned in your other classes about early civilisations and peoples, do you find anything distinctive about the Maya region? Culture? Animal and plant resources? Language?

Further readings on ‘Maya’ as an identity: • Graham, Elizabeth. 2011. Maya Christians and Their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize, Chapter Three, pp. 59- 62. Available digitally through the library: https://muse.jhu.edu/book/17957 Further reading: examples of archaeological practice in the Maya area: 2020-21, ARCL0053, Maya Civilisation, Page 9

• The Archaeology of Belize in the Twenty-first Century, by Jaime J. Awe (2012). Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology in the section on Theory, Method and Practice in Mesoamerican Archaeology. • Torre Nocuchich (Nuuk uch Ich). Una propuesta para la restauración en arquitectura Maya basada en los derechos humanos. Manuel Maya Castillo (2021) https://editorialrestauro.com.mx/may-castillo2020/ Further reading: Animals and plants • Arianne Boileau, Nicolas Delsol, Kitty F. Emery (2020). Human-animal relations in the Maya world. In The Maya World, ed. by Scott Hutson and Tracie Ardren, pp. 165-182, Ch. 10. E-book is accessible. • Cameron L. McNeil (2020) Favored plants of the Maya. In The Maya World, ed. by Scott Hutson and Tracie Ardren, pp. 183-202, Ch. 11. E-book is accessible. • https://mayadecipherment.com/2021/01/05/maya-animals-v-the-peccarys-teeth-the-jaguars-bone/ Further reading: Commerce • King, Eleanor M. (2020) Maya commerce. In The Maya World, Ch. 24, pp. 443-458. Further reading: Agriculture, Managed forests • Dunning, N., T. Beach, S. Luzzadder-Beach (2020) in The Maya World, Ch. 27, pp. 501-518. • Ford, Anabel, (2020) in The Maya forest: a domesticated landscape in The Maya World, Ch. 28, pp. 519-539.

WEEK 3, 29 January 2020: THE EARLIEST MAYA AND THE RISE OF MAYA CIVILISATION Topics: We cover information on the earliest inhabitants of the Maya area, up to the Middle Preclassic period, and the rise of Maya civilisation. The readings cover: the Paleoindian & Archaic periods; villages and settled life; Middle Preclassic expansion; early pottery; rise of Maya civilisation; the calendar; Pacific coast precedents; the ; Maya highlands; the Maya lowlands; El Mirador and San Bartolo; into the Classic period. Recent years have seen lots of new information on early populations in the Maya area, particularly Belize. Those of you who took the Mesoamerica course will know all about this! I have included the Prufer et al. reading from the Meso course because these recent finds are from Belize, which is in the Maya area. For other information, check out The Maya World. Required: Reading: The Maya by Coe, Chapter 2 (The Earliest Maya) and Chapter 3 (The Rise of Maya Civilization). Or any relevant readings from The Maya World or online. Pre-recorded lecture(s): Wk 3 Hot questions Discussion questions: 1. Are the Paleoindian and Archaic finds ‘Maya’? 2. What do you think is a key development in the rise of Maya civilisation? Further reading: • Freidel, David. 2014. The origins and development of Lowland Maya Civilisation. In Renfrew, C. & P. Bahn (eds.) The Cambridge World Prehistory, Volume 2: East Asia and the Americas, pp. 1043-1057. • The Maya World ed. by Scott R. Hutson and Traci Ardren (2020). PART I: BEGINNINGS has five chapters on the Archaic, the rise of complexity in the Middle Preclassic, the southern lowlands in the Late Preclassic, the Pacific slope and the Maya highlands. These topics are all touched on by Coe, but there is more detail in Hutson & Ardren. • Sharer & Traxler (2006) Ch. 2, pp. 73-80 on the development of complex society. • The Origins of Maya States, ed. by Loa Traxler & Robert Sharer (2016). University of Pennsylvania Museum Ask me about access. Further reading on early peopling of the Maya area, mainly Belize: • John C. Lohse, Jaime Awe, Cameron Griffith, Robert M. Rosenswig, Fred Valdez, Jr. (2006). Preceramic occupations in Belize: Updating the Paleoindian and Archaic record. Latin American Antiquity 17(2): 209-226 • Kennett, Douglas J., Keith M. Prufer, Brendan J. Culleton, Richard J. George, Mark Robinson, Willa R. Trask, Gina M. Buckley, Emily Moes, Emily J. Kate, Thomas K. Harper, Lexi O’Donnell, Erin E. Ray, Ethan C. Hill, Asia Alsgaard, Christopher Merriman, Clayton Meredith, Heather J.H. Edgar, Jaime J. Awe, Said M. Gutierrez. (2020). Early isotopic evidence for maize as a staple grain in the Americas. Science Advances 6: eaba3245. http://advances.sciencemag.org/ 2020-21, ARCL0053, Maya Civilisation, Page 10

• Prufer, Keith M., Asia V. Alsgaard, Mark Robinson, Clayton R. Meredith, Brendan J. Culleton, Timothy Dennehy, Shelby Magee, Bruce B. Huckell, W. James Stemp, Jaime J. Awe, Jose M. Capriles, Douglas J. Kennett. 2019. Linking late Paleoindian stone tool technologies and populations in North, Central and South America. PloS ONE 14(7): e0219812. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219812 • Rosenswig, Robert M., et al. "Archaic period settlement and subsistence in the Maya lowlands: New starch grain and lithic data from Freshwater Creek, Belize." Journal of Archaeological Science 41 (2014): 308-321.

WEEK 4, 5th February 2020: MAYA THOUGHT, BELIEFS, CULTURE Before we tackle Maya Classic history, it is important to become familiar with aspects of Maya thought, beliefs, and culture: Books; ritual; cosmology; gods, spirits & ancestors; the Long Count and calendrical cycles (sun, moon, lunar series, Venus), stars; writing basics. Required: Reading: Coe and Houston: Chapter 9 up to p. 271; then pp. 276-278 on ‘A possessed world’. Reading: If not Coe & Houston, the relevant chapters in The Maya World are Ch. 33 on ‘Maya time’ by David Stuart, pp. 624-647; Ch. 34 on Maya rites, rituals, ceremonies by Miguel Astor-Aguilera, pp. 648-668; Ch. 16 on Ritual cave use among the ancient Maya, by Holly Moyes, pp. 287-306; and Ch. 8 on Graves, dead bodies, souls, and ancestors by Andrew K. Scherer, pp. 128-146. Choose what interests you. Pre-recorded lecture(s): Wk 4 Hot Questions Discussion Questions: 1. In what ways is Maya cosmology similar to our cosmology? 2. Maya writing is described as ‘pictorial’, even in the symbols that represents sounds or syllables. What do you think explains the retention of a pictorial quality? 3. Contribute what you have learned from the particular aspect of Maya thought, belief, or culture in which you are interested. Further reading: • Sharer and Traxler (2006), Chapter 13, Maya ideology and religion. • Houston and Inomata (2009), Chapter 7, pp 193-217, Gods, supernaturals, and ancestors. • Andrea Stone and Mark Zender (2011). Reading Maya Art, Thames & Hudson. • S. Houston, D. Stuart, K. Taube (2013) The Memory of Bones: Body, being and experience among the Classic Maya. U. Texas Press. • D. Freidel, L. Schele, J. Parker (1993) Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman’s Path.

WEEK 5, 12th February 2020: SOCIAL & POLITICAL LANDSCAPES The topics this week prepare us for the character of Classic and politics. The readings cover a wide range from social life to the political landscape. Make sure to read Coe & Houston’s Ch. 9, pp. 271-276 on Maya politics (emblem glyphs and political connections). Except for courts, the other topics are in Sharer & Traxler. If you cannot cover it all, read about what interests you. Required: Reading in Coe & Houston, The Maya: (Looks like a lot but these are very short bits.) • For the political landscape, Ch. 9, pp. 271 to 276 on emblem glyphs & Maya politics. • For the life cycle, Ch. 8, pp. 233-34. • For classes and social strata, Ch. 8, pp. 234-236. • For courts, Ch. 5, pp. 93-98. Reading in Sharer & Traxler, The Ancient Maya (This is the one chapter that I have asked the library to pdf, so it should be available. Read all sections for an overview; or choose a topic in which you are interested, which you should supplement with another reading under Further reading, below. I will put a star beside the ones that give good summaries.): • The social landscape is described in Sharer and Traxler (2006), Chapter 12, pp. 665 to 696 (personal appearance, birth and early childhood, puberty, life and death, marriage and the family, households). 2020-21, ARCL0053, Maya Civilisation, Page 11

• Settlement patterns and social stratification are reviewed in Sharer & Traxler, pp. 682 to 692. • Residential and descent groups and the House model are described in Sharer & Traxler, pp. 692-696. • The political landscape is discussed in Sharer & Traxler on pp. 696 to 718. Pre-recorded lecture: There is a significant amount of reading so I may not upload a lecture. I may show some live lecture slides to illustrate, for example, clothing or settlement patterns. Hot Questions: • Required is at least one question submitted from each of you by name (non-anonymously). The questions can be on any of the topics scheduled for this week from clothing to households to politics. Discussion Questions: None specifically for this week, although I may think of something later! Further reading on society, politics, inequality, households, lineage, kingship, courts, crafts: Maya polities • Martin, Simon (2020) Classic Maya geopolitics, in The Maya World, pp. 477-496. If you are interested in the Maya political landscape, read the short section in Sharer and Traxler, and then this. • Martin, S. & N. Grube 2008, Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens, pp. 14-21. • Martin, Simon (2020) Ancient Maya Politics: A political anthropology of the Classic Period 150-900 CE. E-book has been ordered by the library. • Lacadena García Gallo, Alfonso & Andrés Ciudad R. 1998. Reflexiones sobre la estructura politica Maya classica. In Ciudad Ruiz, A., Y. Fernández M., J.M. García C., M.J. Iglesias Ponce de León, A. Lacadena G., and L.T. Sanz C., eds. Anatomia de una civilización: Aproximaciones interdisciplinarias a la cultura Maya. Madrid: SEEM. • Sharer, R.J. & C. Golden. 2004. Kingship and Polity: Conceptualizing the Maya Body Politic. In Golden, C.W. & G. Borgstede, eds. Continuity and Change in Maya Archaeology: Perspectives at the Millennium. Routledge, New York. State organisational models: • For a great summary of the models proposed for Maya political organisation, see Martin (2020) Ancient Maya Politics, first chapter. (This was purchased by the library as an e-book so should be available by now.) • Iannone, Gyles. 2002. Annales History and the Ancient Maya State: Some Observations on the “Dynamic Model”. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 104(1): 68-78. • Chase, Diane Z. 1986. Social and political organization in the Land of Cacao and Honey: Correlating the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Postclassic Lowland Maya. In Sabloff, J.A. & E.W. Andrews V, eds., Late Lowland Maya Civilization, pp. 347-377. Residence, descent, households, and the house model • Gillespie, Susan D. (2000). Rethinking Ancient Maya Social Organization: Replacing “Lineage” with “House.” American Anthropologist 102: 467-484. •  Gonlin, Nancy (2020) Household archaeology of the Classic period Lowland Maya. In The Maya World, ed. by Scott Hutson and Traci Ardren, pp. 389-406, Ch. 21. E-book accessible. On households. Cosmos and kingship/rulership • Fields, Virginia M., Dorie Reents-Budet and Ricardo Agurcia Fasquelle. 2005. Lords of Creation: The origins of sacred Maya kingship. Scala Books. • Ch 5, Kings & Queens, Courts and Palaces, in The Classic Maya by Stephen D. Houston and Takeshi Inomata, pp. 131-146, 158-162, 2009. [kings & kingship] • Martin & Grube, Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens, 2008. [kings & kingship] • Houston, S. & D. Stuart. Of gods, glyphs, and kings: Divinity and rulership among the Classic Maya. Antiquity 70(268): 289-312. • Freidel, David A., Linda Schele and Joy Parker. Centering the World. In Maya Cosmos: Ten Thousand Years on the Shaman’s Path, ed. by D.A. Freidel, L. Schele and J. Parker, pp. 123-172. William Morrow and Company, New York, 1993. [kings & cosmos] • Freidel, D. A. and L. Schele. 1988a. Kingship in the Late Lowlands: The Instruments and Places of Ritual Power. American Anthropologist 90 (1988): 547-567. [early kingship] • Freidel, D.A., K. Reese-Taylor and D. Mora-Marín. 2002. The Origins of Maya Civilization: The Old Shell Game, 2020-21, ARCL0053, Maya Civilisation, Page 12

Commodity, Treasure, and Kingship. In Masson, M. & D. Freidel, Ancient Maya Political Organization, pp. 335-64. [origins of kingship] • Gillespie, Susan D. 1989. The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexica History. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. • Watanabe, J.M. 1983. In the World of the Sun: A Cognitive Model of Mayan Cosmology. Man 18: 710-28. [cosmos] • Buikstra, Jane E, Wright, L.D., Burton, J.A. 2003. Tombs from the Copan Acropolis: A Life History Approach. In Bell, EE, CAnuto, MA, Sharer, R (eds), Understanding Early Classic Copan. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. • Tiesler, Vera & Andrea Cucina (eds). 2006. Janaab’Pakal of : reconstructing the life and death of a Maya ruler. • Schele, Linda & Mary Ellen Miller. 1986. The Blood of Kings. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas. Read the Preface and the chapter on ‘The Royal Person’, pp. 63-102. • Looper, Matthew. 2003. G. Lightning Warrior: Maya Art & Kingship at Quirigua. Austin: University of Texas Press. • McAnany, Patricia. 1995. Living with the Ancestors: Kinship & Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. Austin: University of Texas Press. • Stuart, David. Ideology and Classic Maya Kingship. 2005. In A Catalyst for Ideas: Anthropological Archaeology and the Legacy of Douglas W. Schwartz. School of American Research, Santa Fe, ed. by Vernon Scarborough. (I don’t know the page numbers.) Royal courts, palaces • The Classic Maya, Houston and Inomata 2009, Ch 5, pp. 150-158. • Clark, John E. and Richard D. Hansen. The Architecture of Early Kingship: Comparative Perspectives on the Origins of the Maya Royal Court. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 2, ed. by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen Houseton, 2001, pp. 1-45 • King’s People: Classic Maya Courtiers in a Comparative Perspective, by Takeshi Inomata. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1, ed. by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen Houston, pp. 27-53, 2001. • Peopling the Classic Maya Court, by Stephen Houston and David Stuart. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1, ed. by Inomata and Houseon, pp. 54-83. • Spatial Dimensions of Maya Courtly Life: Problems and Issues, by David Webster. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1, ed. by Inomata and Houston, pp. 130-167. • Court and Realm: Architectural Signatures in the Classic Maya Southern Lowlands, by Simon Martin. in Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1, ed. by Inomata and Houston, pp. 168-194. • Classic Maya Concepts of the Royal Court: An Analysis of Renderings on Pictorial Ceramics, by Dorie Reents- Budet. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1, ed. by T. Inomata and S. D. Houston, pp. 195-236. • Palaces and Thrones Tied to the Destiny of the Royal Courts in the Maya Lowlands, by Juan Antonio Valdés. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 2, ed. Inomata and Houston, pp. 138-164. • Life at Court: The View from , by Mary Miller. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 2, ed. Inomata and Houston, pp. 201-222. • The People of the Patio: Ethnohistorical Evidence of Yucatec Maya Royal Courts, by Mathew Restall. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 2, ed. Inomata and Houson, pp. 335-390 Inequality • Hutson, Scott R. (2020) Inequality and social groups. In The Maya World, ed. by Scott Hutson and Tracie Ardren, pp. 407-423, Ch. 22. E-book accessible. Craft production • Callaghan, Michael G. and Brigitee Kovacevich (2020) The complexity of ancient Maya craft production, in The Maya World, Ch. 29, pp. 540-558.

WEEK 6, 15th to 19th February: READING WEEK

2020-21, ARCL0053, Maya Civilisation, Page 13

WEEK 7, 26th February 2020: THE EARLY CLASSIC PERIOD AND THE MEXICAN CONNECTION There are fewer inscriptions from the Early Classic period than exist from the Late Classic, but we will look at the sites occupied in the Early Classic, and especially at the rulers who seem to be connected to the great city of Teotihuacan in Mexico. This was the time when Mesoamerica was, in my view, a World System.  First Assignment Due Today Required: • Reading: Coe & Houston, Chapter 4, pp. 93-123, Classic Splendor: The Early Period; and/or, Sugiyama, Saburo and Nawa Sugiyama (2020) Interactions between ancient Teotihuacan and the Maya world, in The Maya World, Ch. 36, pp. 689-711. No prerecorded PP presentation. I’ll provide a presentation in class. Hot Questions optional and always welcome, but I realise that your assignment is due. Discussion questions: The big debate in Maya & Mesoamerican studies is whether Teotihuacan is an empire. Given the relationships with the Maya world, what do you think? Further reading in Sharer & Traxler: Sharer, Ch 7, pp. 287-288 (Early Classic and origins), 292-317 (Teotihuacan, the transition to the Classic period, expanding states in the lowlands, competition and warfare, the Early Classic at ), 321-342 (strangers in the lowlands—enter Teotihuacan), 358-376 (the great rival states: , Tikal & their neighbours). Some reading suggestions if you elect to do an essay on the Maya and Teotihuacan. • Wright, L.E. (2005). In Search of Yax Nuun Ayiin I: Revisiting the Tikal Project’s Burial 10. Ancient Mesoamerica 16(1), pp. 89-100. (Yax Nuun Ayiin was originally thought to have been from Teotihuacan.) • Braswell, G.E. (ed.) (2003). The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. University of Texas Press, Austin. Probably the best but not available digitally as far as I know. • Estrada-Belli, Francisco, et al. (2009)A Maya palace at , Peten, Guatemala and the Teotihuacan" entrada: evidence from murals 7 and 9. Latin American Antiquity: 228-259. • Foley, Jennifer Marie (2017) When Worlds Collide: Understanding the effects of Maya-Teotihuacan Interaction on ancient Maya identity and community. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2006888282?pq- origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true This is an entire Ph.D. but perhaps useful if you select to do an essay on the Maya and Teotihuacan.

WEEK 8, 5th March 2020: THE APOGEE OF MAYA STATES IN THE LATE CLASSIC The Late Classic period is the best-known period in Maya research, largely owing to the abundance of texts. We will look at the major cities, their architecture, and their interaction, as well as consider their intensive warfare and the seeds of the collapse. Required: Reading: Coe and Houston, Chapter 5, Classic Splendor: The Late Period, pp. 124-173. Reading: Martin, Simon (2020) Classic Maya geopolitics, in The Maya World, pp. 477-496. Prerecorded lecture: Wk 8. Hot Questions (optional) I will ask each of you to respond to one or both of the Discussion Questions. Discussion Questions: 1. Are Late Classic Maya cities the centres of kingdoms or states? What’s the difference? 2. What sorts of subjects do the inscriptions emphasise? How does this compare with public inscriptions of other societies you know about? (Latin inscriptions, Viking, Anglo-Saxon, Chinese, modern English). The Maya had books but these have not been preserved, so just compare Maya public inscriptions on stelae and lintels with public inscriptions from a society you know about. Further reading on Late Classic states in Sharer & Traxler: Sharer, Ch 8, pp. 377-403, 413-421, 431-451, 492-494, 495-497. These provide more detail on individual sites. Other reading on Maya states • In The Maya World. They are not organised by time, though, but all sites were occupied in the Late Classic. 2020-21, ARCL0053, Maya Civilisation, Page 14

o Ch. 18 on Lakamha: the place of “Big Waters”: the archaeology of the ancient city of Palenque, Mexico, by Rodrigo Liendo Stuardo, pp. 328-343. o Ch. 19 on The of , Belize, by Arlen, Diane, and Adrian Chase, pp. 344-363. o Ch. 20 on Ek’Balam, by Leticia Vargas De la Peña and others, pp. 364-384. o Ch. 38 on Classic and Postclassic peoples of the Pacific coast by Oswaldo Chincilla M., pp. 731-751. • Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens by Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube, 2000 and the revised edition in 2008. This is the definitive work on what we know from epigraphy about and Maya cities. It is published by Thames and Hudson and is well laid-out with lots of beautiful photos and drawings, and is well written. • Ancient Maya Politics: A political anthropology of the Classic Period 150-900 CE, by Simon Martin (2020). Has been purchased as an E-book so should be available by now.

WEEK 9, 12th March 2020: THE TERMINAL CLASSIC, WARFARE, COLLAPSE A.D. 750/800 to 900 This week’s topic covers the 9th century—the last gasp, so to speak, of the Maya dynasties before collapse. Some towns and cities—such as in northern Belize, the Gulf coast, and the trading towns on the islands off the coast of Belize—prospered at this time, as did Chichen Itza and Lamanai in the Terminal Classic to Early Postclassic. It’s a complicated picture. Required:

Reading: Coe and Houston, Chap ter 7 on the Terminal Classic, pp. 174-198.

Reading: Houston and Inomata, pp. 288-321, Ch. 10 on The End of an Era. Pre-recorded lecture: Wk 9 Hot Questions: One question required from each of you. Discussion question: Why (and how?) did Maya dynasties collapse?

Further reading on the Terminal Classic, collapse, warfare: • Sharer, Chapter 9 on ‘Transformations in the Terminal Classic (this is a huge chapter, pp. 499 to 587! So not for the faint-hearted). • Stanton, Travis W., Taube, Karl A. and Jeremy D. Coltman. Rough draft. Social Mobility in the City of the Sun: The Legacy of Chichen Itza at the Turn of the Postclassic period. (This is a draft which Travis gave me permission to use for class, so do not copy or distribute. I will post it on Moodle for Week 9. If I forget, remind me.) • Ringle, William R. (2020) The northern Maya Tollans, in The Maya World, Ch. 39, pp. 752-772. • Nalda, E. 2005. Clásico terminal (750-1050 d.C) y postclásico (1050-1550) d.C.) en el area maya : colapso y reacomodas. Arqueología Mexicana LXXVI: 30-41. • Demarest, Arthur A. (1997) THE VANDERBILT PETEXBATUN REGIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT 1989— 1994. Ancient Mesoamerica 8(2). There are many articles in this issue on warfare and the collapse. • Graham, E. 2004. Lamanai reloaded: Alive and well in the Early Postclassic. In Archaeological Investigations in the Eastern Maya Lowlands, ed by Jaime Awe, John Morris, & Sherilyne Jones, pp. 223-241. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 1. Institute of Archaeology, NICH, Belize. • Aimers, J.J. 2007. What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands. Journal of Archaeological Research 15, pp. 329-377. • Graham, E., S.E. Simmons & C.D. White. 2013. The Spanish Conquest and the Maya Collapse: How ‘religious’ is change? World Archaeology 45(1): 1-25. • Aoyama, Kazuo and Elizabeth Graham. 2015. Ancient : exploring the significance of lithic variation in Maya weaponry. Lithics: the Journal of the Lithic Studies Society 36: 5-17. • Golden, Charles, Andrew K. Scherer, A. René Muñoz and Rosaura Vasquez. 2008. Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan: Divergent Political Trajectories in Adjacent Maya Polities. Latin American Antiquity 19(3): 249-274. • Yaeger, Jason (2020) Collapse, transformation, reorganization: the Terminal Classic transition in the Maya world. In The Maya World, ed. by Scott Hutson and Traci Ardren, pp. 777-793 Ch. 40. 2020-21, ARCL0053, Maya Civilisation, Page 15

• Alcover Firpi, Omar Andrés and Charles Golden, The politics of conflict: war before and beyond the state in Maya society, in The Maya World, Ch. 26, pp. 477-496. Further readings but print books – not sure how many will be accessible, but perhaps by the 2nd essay, the libraries will be open: • Demarest, Arther, Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice, editors. 2004. The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation. • The question of the Toltecs, and ‘Who were the Itza’? pp. 198-204 in The Code of Kings (1998) by Linda Schele and Peter Mathews. Scribner, NY. • Stuart, David. 1993. Historical Inscriptions and the Maya Collapse. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D. edited by J.A. Sabloff & J.S. Henderson, pp. 321-354. • Mary Ellen Miller. 1993. On the Eve of the Collapse: Maya Art of the Eighth Century. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D. ed. J.A. Sabloff & J.S. Henderson, pp. 355-413. • Webster, David. 1993. The Study of Maya Warfare: What It Tells Us about the Maya and What It Tells Us about Maya Archaeology. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D. ed. J.A. Sabloff & J.S. Henderson, pp. 415-444. • Manahan, Kam. 2002. Reevaluating the Classic Maya Collapse at Copan. In La Organización Social entre Los Mayas. Memoria de la Tercera Mesa Redonda de Palenque, Vol. 1, ed. V.Tiesler Blos, R. Cobos & M.G. Robertson, pp. 329-338. • Demarest, Arthur. 2004. The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Assessing Collapses, Terminations, and Aftermaths. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, ed. A. Demarest, P.M. Rice and D.S. Rice, pp. 545-572. This is the conclusion. • Wright, Lori E. 2006. Diet, Health, and Status among the Pasión Maya: A Reappraisal of the Collapse. Press, Nashville, TN. • Webster, David. 2002. The Fall of the Ancient Maya. Read Chapter 8, ‘Many Kingdoms, Many Fates’.

WEEK 10, 19th March 2020: THE POSTCLASSIC . . and more warfare! Not as much work has been carried out on the Postclassic because researchers’ focus for years has been, and continues to be, the Classic period. Yet it is an important period from a number of perspectives. For one thing, there was extensive involvement in commercial activity—perhaps more than in the Classic period, at least in terms of the non-elite classes. Does this represent a kind of democratization? The landscape was urban but cities and towns were smaller than in the Classic period. The largest urban centre became Tenochtitlan in the Valley of Mexico. Therefore it is worth taking a look at what was going on, and we may overlap with the arrival of the Spanish conquerors and settlers. Required: Reading: Coe and Houston, Chapter 7, pp. 199-226. Reading: The Structures of Everyday Life in the Postclassic Urban Setting of Mayapan, by Marilyn A. Masson and Timothy S. Hare, in The Maya World, ed. by Scott R. Hutson and Traci Ardren, pp. 794-812. Taylor & Francis. Pre-recorded lecture: Wk 10 Hot questions Discussion question(s): In what ways is the Postclassic social and political landscape different from the Classic period? Further reading: • Sharer & Traxler, Chapter 10 on Reformulation and Revival in the Postclassic. • Braswell’s edited book on The Ancient Maya of Mexico (see above) has chapters on the Late Postclassic. • In the Realm of Nachan Kan, by Marilyn Masson, is about the Postclassic. • Graham, E. (2019) ‘This Means War!’ In Seeking Conflict in Mesoamerica, ed. by Shawn G. Morton and Meaghan M. Peuramaki-Brown, pp. 220-247. U. of Colorado Press. If you use this in your essays, the References are only at the end of the entire book, so if you are interested in a reference, ask me as I have the book.

WEEK 11, 26th March 2020: THE SPANISH CONQUEST 2020-21, ARCL0053, Maya Civilisation, Page 16

The conquest of the Maya area was carried out later than the Aztec conquest, and it reflected the growing intolerance associated with the Protestant Reformation that was developing in Europe. The area was not very important economically to the Spaniards, which meant that settlers were not as interested as they were in the Maya highlands, or central Mexico. The Maya along the east coast of Yucatan maintained a degree of independence, and revolts in the area that is now Belize resulted in the withdrawal of Spanish religious and civic authorities. Required: Reading: Coe and Houston, Chapter 7, pp. 227-229. Note that the church illustrated on p. 228, Figure 147, was excavated by yours truly! Reading: Sharer & Traxler, Epilogue: The Conquest of the Maya, pp. 757-778 Reading: See also Graham, Simmons and White 2013, below. Pre-recorded lecture: Wk 11 Hot Questions Discussion question(s): 1. Why were the Spanish less interested in the lowland Maya region than other areas of Mesoamerica? 2. What was different about the rules of engagement in war between Mayas and Spaniards? 3. How did the Spanish ‘spread’ Christianity? Further reading if you have an interest in the Conquest: Digitally accessible (Project Muse, journals) • Graham, E. 2011. Maya Christians and Their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Available through our library online, Project Muse. • Graham, E., S.E. Simmons & C.D. White. 2013. The Spanish Conquest and the Maya Collapse: How ‘religious’ is change? World Archaeology 45(1): 1-25. (This draws from the Conquest to explain aspects of the Maya collapse. I draw your attention to the proposition that ‘religion’ cannot be separated from other aspects of change; and please focus on pp. 168-173 for a discussion of Maya and Spanish war engagement. This lies at the basis of my refutation of the existence of ‘human sacrifice’. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2013.770962 • Graham, E., D.M. Pendergast & G.D. Jones (1989) On the Fringes of Conquest. Science 246 (4935): 1254-1259. • Pugh, Timothy, Jose Romulo Sanchez and Yuko Shiratori. (2012) Contact and missionization at Tayasal, Peten, Guatemala. Jour. Of Field Archaeology 37(1): 3-19. • Pugh, Timothy, Prudence Rice, Evelyn Chan Nieto & Don S. Rice. (2016) A Chak’an Itza Center at Nixtun-Ch’ich’, Peten, Guatemala. Jour. Of Field Archaeology 41(1): 1-16. • McAnany, Patricia A., Adolfo Ivan Batun Alpuche, and Maia Dedrick (2020) Colonial entaglements at Tahcabo, Yucatan, in The Maya World, Chapter 42, pp. 813-831. Books in print only (as far as I know) • Restall, Matthew (1997) The Maya World: Yucatec Culture and Society. • Jones, Grant D. (1989) Maya Resistance to Spanish Rule. University of New Mexico Press. • Jones, Grant D. (1998). The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford. • Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948) The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan, 1517-1550. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. • Maya Worldviews at Conquest, edited by Leslie Cecil and Timothy Pugh. (2009). University Press of Colorado, Boulder. • Clendinnen, Inga. 2003. Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517-1570.

In edited books, the Belize Maya • ‘The Southern Maya Lowlands Contact Experience: The View from Lamanai, Belize.’ David Pendergast. 1991. In Columbian Consequences, Vol. 3: The Spanish Borderlands in Pan-American Perspective, ed. by David Hurst Thomas, pp. 336-354. Smithsonian. • ‘Worlds in Collision: The Maya/Spanish Encounter in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Belize. David. M. Pendergast. 1993. In The Meeting of Two Worlds: Europe and the Americas, 1492-1650, ed. by Warwick Bray, pp. 105-143. 2020-21, ARCL0053, Maya Civilisation, Page 17

• ‘Stability through Change: Lamanai, Belize, from the Ninth to the Seventeenth Century.’ David M. Pendergast. 1986. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and E.Wyllys Andrews V., pp. 223_249. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. • ‘Archaeological Insights into Colonial Period Maya Life at Tipu, Belize’. E. Graham. 1991. In Columbian Consequences, Volume 3: The Spanish Borderlands in Pan-American Perspective, edited by David Hurst Thomas,

ESSAY DUE 16th APRIL BUT CHECK BECAUSE THIS DATE MAY CHANGE.

16th-century Maya church at Tipu, Belize (Graham 2011)