TRAFFIC CALMING GUIDELINES

Prepared by

NEW ENGLAND SECTION, ITE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

For the MASSACHUSETTS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT

November, 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION PAGE

1. Purpose of this Guideline 1 2. Goals of Traffic Calming 2 3. Traffic Calming Objectives 2

THE PLANNING PROCESS

1. Initiate the Study 3 2. Identify Problems and Issues 3 3. Develop a Plan 4 4. Review the Process 5 5. Implement the Plan 5

TRAFFIC CALMING Ð DEFINITION OF DEVICES

1. Vertical Shifts 6 2. Horizontal Shifts 7 3. Route Alteration 8

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. Safety 10 2. Maintenance 10 3. Emergency Vehicles 10 4. Diversions to Other Residential Streets 10 5. Self Enforcement 10 6. Drainage 10 7. Costs/Financing 11 8. Funding Source Issues 11

APPLICABILITY OF TRAFFIC CALMING DEVICES 12

APPENDICES 16

List of Traffic Calming Sources 16 Acknowledgements 17 TRAFFIC CALMING GUIDE

INTRODUCTION

Traffic calming, as a proactive action taken by a fied professional engineer (PE) are needed at city or town, can protect neighborhood roadways least before the implementation of traffic calming from traffic diverted from congested arterials. devices, and preferably from the project planning The purpose of Traffic Calming is to “Keep the stage. As with any transportation improvement Arterial Traffic on the Arterial Streets, and plan, liability issues can arise, so it is advanta- Keeping the Local Streets for Local Traffic.” To geous to have a design by a PE. Drainage issues, achieve this purpose, traffic calming is a strategy for example, can result from ill-designed traffic to introduce self-enforcing capacity and speed humps that can cause ice in the winter and pond- reduction on the neighborhood roads. The objec- ing in the summer. State funds for implementa- tive is to make the arterial more appealing than tion of any traffic calming plan can not be the local road to the transient motorist. While secured unless the advice of a qualified PE has there may be exceptions, traffic calming is been included in the traffic calming process. intended for roadways functionally classified as local or collector. Traffic calming proposals for Traffic calming should be viewed as the develop- arterials will generally meet resistance for both ment of a final "plan" that would include such approval and state funding sources. components as:

Most motorists and truck drivers will stay on ¥ Providing education and understanding of traffic arterials until the level of congestion makes the calming (local awareness); arterial slower than local roads, even with their ¥ Documenting problems/assessing needs; inherent narrower rights of way and on-street ¥ Developing preferences; parking. Thus all traffic calming plans should ¥ Setting policies; and attempt to identify the problem that causes arteri- ¥ Organizing the process/plan al traffic to divert to neighborhood roads. Correcting the root cause of the congestion is Traffic calming is an excellent tool. It can often easier than correcting the symptom of enhance the quality of life in neighborhoods as excessive arterial traffic penetrating the neighbor- well as achieving the basic premise of traffic hoods. The traffic calming proposal should also calming: "Keep the arterial traffic on the arterials, address the surrounding neighborhood and trans- and local traffic on the local roads." portation system, not just the affected street. Without this comprehensive areawide approach, 1. Purpose of this Guideline traffic will simply move from one local street to another. The purpose of this document is to provide an introduction to a wide array of traffic calming As important as determining the root cause of the techniques to municipal officials. The Guideline congestion and taking a neighborhood approach illustrates the applicability of these techniques to to addressing transportation issues is the need to varying conditions. The Guideline is not meant seek professional advice. The services of a quali to replace the need for proper planning, design

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 1 and construction. Rather, public officials can 3. Traffic Calming Objectives determine if the tools presented in these guide- lines apply to their situation, and then choose a The following are examples of some objectives proper course of action. that may be achieved by traffic calming:

¥ Increase the level of respect for non-motorists; 2. Goals of Traffic Calming ¥ Create a feeling of safety for all users and abutters; ¥ Improve safety and convenience for all users; It is important to review the goals of the traffic ¥ Reduce accidents; calming plan as an initial step in this process. ¥ Reduce noise; Well thought out goals, community participation ¥ Provide space for non-traffic uses; and professional assistance are the key compo- ¥ Enhance street appearance; nents to the traffic calming process. Some of ¥ Reduce vehicular speed; these goals include: ¥ Reduce the need for police enforcement; ¥ Eliminate/reduce cut through traffic; and ¥ Improving the quality of life; ¥ Reduce truck activity ¥ Reducing impacts of motor vehicles on local roads; ¥ Creating safe and attractive streets; and Some traffic calming techniques and plans will ¥ Creating a friendly environment for pedestrians not achieve all of these objectives and some may and bicyclists. contradict each other. The objectives should be assembled and evaluated as part of the goal set- ting agenda and the local awareness campaign.

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 2 THE PLANNING PROCESS

A traffic calming plan needs a structured planning through traffic calming techniques. process and consultation with all relevant authori- ties. The planning process for a traffic calming ¥ Establish an Advisory Committee. An plan is complex and also requires significant pub- Advisory Committee that includes community lic participation because the project is probably representatives should be established to effective- being undertaken in response to the needs of the ly involve the community. It is highly recom- community. Traffic calming is more than simply mended that representatives of the local police providing a technical solution to a specific traffic and fire departments be included on the Advisory problem. It is an interaction between land use, Committee. The role and responsibilities of an transportation, and community needs. Advisory Committee must be clearly defined.

The following steps are provided as a guide for a ¥ Define the study scope and study area. A traffic calming planning process. The planning clearly defined study area should be established process may consist of the following stages. before the study team proceeds. This helps to ensure that key objectives, constraints, deliver- ¥ Initiate the Study ables and points of public contact are identified ¥ Identify Problems and Issues and agreed upon in advance. ¥ Develop a Plan ¥ Review the Process ¥ Develop a Team. Depending on the extent and ¥ Implement the Plan nature of the traffic calming study, it may be desirable to form a team. The team may consist 1. Initiate the Study of the municipality, the Advisory Committee and a qualified professional engineer with expertise in It is important that activities undertaken at the traffic calming to assist with the work. beginning of a traffic calming study determine whether or not the resulting plan will be success- ¥ Meet with the team. A study initiation meeting ful. At study initiation the study team should: among the team, the Advisory Committee and the municipal staff should be held to ensure that all ¥ Identify the need for a traffic calming study. parties are satisfied with and aware of the issues The need for study can be identified in a variety and scope of work. All financial and organiza- of ways. In many communities, neighborhood tional matters should be discussed and clarified residents or organizations initiate studies in before the project proceeds. Based on this meet- response to requests. Where this is the case, a ing, the team should develop a detailed work pro- formal initiation policy and process is desirable to gram, schedule and budget for the overall project. ensure that requests are addressed consistently and objectively. Some studies are initiated as a 2. Identify Problems and Issues result of ongoing monitoring efforts by municipal staff in communities where established traffic It is important that any deficiencies be identified calming programs exist. As important as deter- and documented through the Problems and Issues mining a real problem is the need to identify a Identification Process. It is equally useful to perceived problem that should not be addressed determine that no problem appropriate for a traf-

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 3 fic calming measure exists. In order for this there are no operational problems or deficiencies, process to be successful, the study team should: which might be contributing to traffic concerns in the neighborhood. If there are any, identify pos- ¥ Hold community events. Community events sible modifications to the adjacent arterial street are typically held at the outset of the study to network to eliminate or reduce traffic problems identify and clarify the issues to be addressed and on neighborhood streets. In this way, the traffic to explain the study process to the community. calming planning process can reach its objective Early public involvement is critical to the success by developing improvements on arterial streets of the project. that obviate the need for further neighborhood ¥ Collect data. Data should be collected to treatments. identify, confirm and quantify the extent of any ¥ Examine neighborhood streets. Also consider problems. This information will be used to identi- the effects of traffic calming measures on adja- fy appropriate traffic calming measures, and to cent streets to ensure that problems would be establish "before" conditions for subsequent mon- eliminated or minimized, and would not simply itoring of the implemented plan. The data be shifted from one location to another. Confirm required typically includes traffic volumes, speed that all measures would work together to achieve data , accident data and other material of this the desired balance between safety, residential type. access, cost and acceptable traffic conditions.

¥ Quantify problems. Based on an analysis of the ¥ Review and select potential traffic calming collected data, quantify the magnitude of reported measures. Potential measures should be selected problems (e.g. the number of vehicles per hour or using the information presented in the Definition per day), the duration of the problem (e.g. peak of Devices section. Use this section to identify periods or all-day), the direction and route of traf- all traffic calming measures that could achieve fic, and other key characteristics. This informa- the desired result(s) in the study location. Then tion will be used to identify potential traffic calm- use Tables 1-3 to assess the applicability of these ing measures. If the problem extends into neigh- traffic calming measures. The implications of a boring communities, contact and coordination specific measure might be undesirable or inappro- must be made and maintained with that group. priate for a particular location, and consequently the measure should not be considered. For exam- ple, a full street closure would eliminate through 3. Develop a Plan traffic entirely, but might also significantly restrict local access for residents, businesses and Once the problems and issues have been identi- emergency vehicles. If local access were consid- fied and quantified, the next stage of the study ered important at this location, then a full closure involves developing the traffic calming plan. The would not likely be appropriate. exact manner of the Plan development will vary from town to town. The following steps present a ¥ Develop alternative traffic calming plans. It is framework for a successful plan: important that more than one alternative traffic calming plan be developed for a project. ¥ Examine arterial streets. Prior to considering Combining several traffic calming measures into traffic calming, traffic operations on adjacent one comprehensive traffic calming plan can be an arterial streets should be examined to ensure that effective way to solving transportation problems.

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 4 ¥ Hold a community meeting to discuss alterna- police, fire and maintenance departments. If, tive traffic calming plans. Meetings with the however, state funding is to be used for traffic community as a whole should be held to present calming on local roads, additional approval will the alternative traffic calming plans and solicit be required from the state. Plans developed on input and comment from all affected and interest- all state roads will also require review and ed parties. Groups to be consulted include nearby approval by the State. Whatever the process, it is residents and businesses, and emergency and important to communicate with all relevant par- maintenance service providers. ties before implementation of the plan.

¥ Evaluate the alternatives and select the recom- Unfortunately some municipalities had to aban- mended traffic calming plan. Evaluate the alter- don traffic calming plans shortly after construc- native traffic calming plans based on the criteria tion because the review process was not complet- identified in Tables 1-3. Based on this evalua- ed, alienating some parties before the plan was tion, select the preferred alternative for further given a chance to be successful. design development. 5. Implement the Plan ¥ Present the recommended traffic calming plan. Upon completion of the technical and public After the traffic calming plan has been reviewed review of the alternative plans, present the recom- and approved by the affected parties, the final mended plan to the public at an open house or stage involves design, implementation and moni- other appropriate forum. The forum should pro- toring. Implementation of the plan involves the vide the opportunity for the team to receive input following process: and address questions/comments from the public about the features of the recommended traffic ¥ Prepare designs. Design should be based on calming plan. best available current practices.

¥ Develop an implementation strategy. Once the ¥ Implement measures. Budget and construct draft final plan is confirmed, prepare cost esti- the traffic calming measures. Where appropriate, mates and identify priorities, timing and staging implement measures on a temporary or trial of implementation. basis for a predetermined time, to confirm that they are effective in addressing identified prob- ¥ Finalize report and submit the Final Plan for lems, prior to constructing the measures on a per- approval. Prepare the Draft version of the Plan, manent basis. Using temporary measures pro- incorporate relevant comments from reviewing vides an opportunity to modify the configuration parties and then submit the Final Plan for or location of a device without incurring signifi- approval to the respective authorities. cant costs.

4. Review the Process ¥ Once the predetermined test period is over, the temporary measures should be permanently The review process will vary, depending on own- installed. ership of the roadway being considered for traffic calming. Local roads require review and approval by local government officials, as well as

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 5 TRAFFIC CALMING Speed Bump Ð A rounded raised mound of pave- DEFINITION OF DEVICES ment, approximately 3 to 6 inches high and 1 to 3 feet wide, placed across a roadway, which causes 1. Vertical Shifts a jolt to the vehicle and its operator. This is not considered an acceptable traffic calming device Raised Crosswalk Ð A flat-topped speed hump, on public roads. marked as a crosswalk, that extends curb to curb.

Raised Crosswalk Speed Bump

Raised Intersection Ð A flat area covering the Speed Hump Ð A rounded raised mound of pave- intersection of two or more streets, generally ment, approximately 4 inches high and 12 feet raised to the sidewalk level with ramps on all wide, placed across a street. approaches. (Also called an intersection hump or plateau.)

Speed Hump

Raised Intersection Speed Table Ð A flat topped speed hump, which extends from curb to curb, constructed with brick or other textured paving materials. (Also called speed platform or trapezoidal speed hump.)

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 6 2. Horizontal Shifts Half Closure Ð A physical barrier, generally Chicane Ð Alternately placed chokers, parking placed at an intersection, which prohibits traffic bays, or other barriers into the street, which cause in one direction on an otherwise two-way street. motorists to alter their travel path. (Also called (Also called partial closure or one-way closure.) serpentine.) Mid-Block Island Ð A physical device located on a segment of a street in order to reduce the width of the traveled way and provide a refuge for pedestrians. (Also called center island narrowing, median slow point or median choker.)

Chicane Mid-Block Island

Choker Ð A narrowing of a street at an intersec- Narrowing Lanes Ð Pavement markings or tion, mid-block, or on a segment of a street in reduced pavement used to create lanes whose order to reduce the width of the traveled way (to width is uniform, but less than typical. either two narrow lanes or a single lane) by con- struction of a sidewalk or landscape buffer. (Also Neckdown Ð Narrowing of a street at an intersec- called mid-block narrowing, pinch point, bulb tion to reduce the width of the traveled way by out, or constriction.) widening of a sidewalk or landscape buffer. (Also called curb extension, knuckle or intersec- tion narrowing.)

Choker Neckdown

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 7 scape features. On-Street Parking Ð Permitting vehicles to park legally on a street in order to reduce the width of Median Barrier - A physical barrier along the the travel way and define the entrance into a cen- center of a street through an intersection which tral business district. prohibits left turns and through traffic from the intersecting street. (Also called median diverter or island diverter.)

One-Way Street Ð A street designated for travel in a single direction only.

On-Street Parking

3. Route Alteration

Cul-de-Sac Ð A street closure which includes construction of a turn-around area. One-Way Street

Diagonal Diverter Ð A barrier placed between Semi Diverter Ð A physical barrier which pro- opposite corners of an intersection, prohibiting hibits one or more traffic movements at an inter- through traffic. (Also called full diverter or diag- section or on a street, while not completely clos- onal road closure.) ing the street.

Semi-Diverter Diagonal Diverter Street Closure Ð A physical barrier across a Gateway Ð A median island or other vertical treat- street, which prohibits through traffic, usually ment located at the entrance to a neighborhood, leaving sidewalks and bicycle paths open. (Also often combined with textured pavement and land- called full closure or dead end.)

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 8 Traffic Circle Ð A small raised island located in Woonerf Ð A local street treatment that guides the center of a local street intersection around vehicular traffic through a low speed, multi-use, which traffic circulates, with approaches typically landscaped environment. under yield control.

Traffic Circle Woonerf

Roundabout Ð A circular island and associated approach treatments located at the intersection of two or more higher volume streets that will assign right-of-ways among competing traffic movements. Those in the roundabout have right- of-way over the entering traffic.

Roundabout

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 9 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS and potential damage to roadway surfaces or curbing. 1. Safety 3. Emergency Vehicles Perhaps the most controversial aspect of Traffic Calming is safety. Some of the sacred principles Emergency response times should be a major of traffic engineering (wider roads, straighter concern of any traffic calming proposal. alignments improved slight distances) seem to be Unfortunately, traffic calming devices that reduce incongruous with the techniques prescribed by overall vehicular speeds can impact emergency traffic calming advocates. Often the neighbor- vehicles by increasing response times. hood’s desire to enhance safety by implementing a traffic calming plan are in conflict with munici- At a minimum, traffic calming measures that are pal services, such as fire or police departments aimed at speed reduction should not be installed response times. To date, collision data on traffic on primary emergency routes or adjacent to key calming devices are positive but not comprehen- emergency response facilities such as fire sta- sive. It is safe to say that most transportation tions, hospitals, etc. The key ingredient to a suc- professionals will agree that slower traffic, with cessful traffic management program is communi- less conflicts and attentive drivers may result in cation. Key members of the local emergency fewer and less severe accidents. response teams should be part of the planning process for all traffic calming proposals. Safety for all street users can be improved when traffic calming measures are appropriately located 4. Diversions to Other Residential Streets and designed to address identified problems. Where a traffic calming measure would unreason- Traffic Calming measures aimed at reducing the ably compromise safety for any segment of the volume of through traffic or non-essential traffic travelling public, the measure should not be used, within a neighborhood should be evaluated on an even if it might provide some benefits. In these areawide basis. Estimates of the percentage of cases, a more appropriate solution can often be local and through trips should be obtained before used which would not result in potential safety any traffic calming measure is implemented to aid problems. in the evaluation of diversion potential.

2. Maintenance 5. Self Enforcement

Some traffic calming measures result in increased Standard traffic control devices rely primarily on maintenance activities for a community or neigh- voluntary compliance or enforcement by law borhood and should be addressed on a site specif- enforcement officials. By contrast, traffic calm- ic basis. For example, devices which require ing devices rely on laws of physics and are pri- landscaping treatments, or changes to the road- marily intended to be self-enforcing. way pavement (e.g. speed humps, raised intersec- tions and textured pavements) have been cited as 6. Drainage requiring an increased maintenance activity. Specific maintenance concerns include snow When introducing medians, raised islands, and removal and storage; street sweeping; drainage; horizontal or vertical shifts to provide traffic debris build-up; water ponding and ice formation, calming, care should be taken to not disrupt

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 10 runoff paths to drainage structures. When this final placement sites; paper or painted lines that disruption cannot be avoided, additional drainage are used rather than thermoplastic lines; and structures should be provided and integrated into deferral of landscaping effort Ð all to save costs the existing drainage system. Otherwise, flood- should the plan not gain public acceptance. ing and ice formation will occur, creating haz- Temporary measures should be designed with ardous driving and walking conditions. A quali- consideration to the appearance of such devices fied engineer should review plans that would to avoid an unsightly environment. impact highway drainage. 8. Projects funded with MassHighway Funds 7. Costs/Financing Any state funded highway projects must meet Installation (i.e., construction) of a traffic calming MassHighway, MUTCD and ASSHTO design plan is the most obvious costs. There are, howev- standards. As is the current practice, Chapter 90 er, several other costs to be considered, including projects must self certify that the project is in maintenance of traffic during construction, ongo- compliance with state and federal standards. ing upkeep, user/travel costs, replacement and Projects using other state funds and Federal funds restoration costs. These additional costs should must be reviewed and approved as complying be considered and estimated before going forward with state and federal standards by MassHighway. with a new traffic calming project. This could involve obtaining formal approval of design exceptions when applicable MassHighway Responsible authorities should consider the and ASSHTO standards are not met. length of time the planned layout will be effective and desirable when choosing the materials and methods of installation used. They should also make it clear who should share the burden of ini- tial and ongoing costs.

Prior to commitment of all financial resources to the final traffic calming plan, many projects have been implemented on a trial basis to ensure that the intended results actually occur and that there are no unforeseen adverse consequences. Sometimes plans fail to achieve their intended results and have to be abandoned. Thus most plans are tested with temporary devices, minimiz- ing any expenses to restore the roadway to its previous condition.

During the trial period, low cost, movable and easily disposable substitute materials and features can be used rather than the permanent features. Examples of this approach include: barrels, sand- bags and bituminous curbs that are used rather than granite and concrete curbs; signs that are placed in moveable buckets rather than in their

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 11 APPLICABILITY OF TRAFFIC CALMING DEVICES

While a generic understanding of traffic calming The Massachusetts Highway Bureau of is useful, it is also important to understand the Transportation Planning and Development can proper application of each calming device to provide this information to any city of town achieve the desired effect. Tables 1-3 provide a requesting it. Traffic calming plans on roads with summary of each device and an index of the a functional classification of arterial or higher appropriate use for to effect reductions in speed, will meet resistance in the state review process. volume and truck traffic, respectively. An index is assigned for arterial, collector and local road- Traffic calming is a technique used to impact dri- way classifications. CAUTION: the index is pro- ver behavior on behalf of neighborhood residents. vided as a guide, but engineering judgement While this technique provides many options for and specific conditions require that each case local officials to implement, public consensus be evaluated individually. must be gained and maintained before any plan is implemented. Using a comprehensive planning Descriptions of the type of service provided by process, design completed by a qualified engi- each roadway classification, as contained in the neering professional, and careful consideration of American Association of State Highway and potential negative impacts of traffic calming Transportation Officials (AASHTO) publication, devices, officials can improve the quality of life A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and in a neighborhood and encourage use of non- Streets, are provided for additional guidance. motorized transportation modes.

Arterial Ð Provides the highest level of service at the greatest vehicle speed for the longest uninter- rupted distance.

Collector Ð Provides a less highly developed ser- vice at a lower speed for shorter distances. Collects traffic from local roads and funnels it to arterials.

Local Ð Provides access to abutting land with lit- tle or no through movement. Consists of all roads not defined as arterials or collectors.

Functional classification designations for roads are available from each state. FHWA requires that public roads be functionally classified. The classification is not based upon abutting land uses, rather on how the roadway serves the motoring public. Every public road in Massachusetts has been functionally classified.

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 12 TABLE 1

APPLICABILITY OF TRAFFIC CALMING DEVICES

- SPEED REDUCTION

DEVICE ROADWAY CLASSIFICATION

Vertical Shifts Arterial Collector Local

1. Raised Crosswalks / Speed Table N/A MOD HIGH

2. Raised Intersections N/A MOD HIGH

3. Speed Humps N/A LOW HIGH

Horizontal Shifts Arterial Collector Local

1. Chicanes / Serpentines N/A LOW MOD

2. Chokers (Mid-Block or Segment) N/A LOW MOD

3. Half Closure N/A N/A LOW

4. Mid-Block Island N/A LOW LOW

5. Lane / Pavement Narrowing N/A LOW MOD

6. Neckdown / Curb Extension (Intersection) N/A LOW MOD

7. On-Street Parking Treatments LOW LOW MOD

Route Alterations Arterial Collector Local

1. Cul-de-sac N/A N/A N/A

2. Diagonal Diverter / Full Diverter N/A N/A N/A

3. Gateway N/A LOW LOW

4. Median Barrier / Island Diverter N/A N/A N/A

5. One-Way Streets N/A N/A N/A

6. Semi-Diverters N/A N/A N/A

7. Street Closure (Full Closure / Dead End) N/A N/A N/A

8. Traffic Circles / Roundabouts N/A MOD HIGH

9. Woonerf N/A N/A LOW

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 13 TABLE 2

APPLICABILITY OF TRAFFIC CALMING DEVICES

- VOLUME REDUCTION

DEVICE ROADWAY CLASSIFICATION

Vertical Shifts Arterial Collector Local

1. Raised Crosswalks / Speed Table N/A LOW MOD

2. Raised Intersections N/A LOW LOW

3. Speed Humps N/A N/A LOW

Horizontal Shifts Arterial Collector Local

1. Chicanes / Serpentines N/A LOW HIGH

2. Chokers (Mid-Block or Segment) N/A LOW MOD

3. Half Closure NA LOW MOD

4. Mid-Block Island N/A LOW MOD

5. Lane / Pavement Narrowing N/A N/A MOD

6. Neckdown / Curb Extension (Intersection) N/A LOW LOW

7. On-Street Parking Treatments N/A LOW HIGH

Route Alterations Arterial Collector Local

1. Cul-de-sac N/A N/A HIGH

2. Diagonal Diverter / Full Diverter N/A N/A HIGH

3. Gateway N/A LOW MOD

4. Median Barrier / Island Diverter N/A LOW HIGH

5. One-Way Streets N/A N/A MOD

6. Semi-Diverters N/A N/A HIGH

7. Street Closure (Full Closure / Dead End) N/A N/A HIGH

8. Traffic Circles / Roundabouts N/A LOW LOW

9. Woonerf N/A N/A HIGH

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 14 TABLE 3

APPLICABILITY OF TRAFFIC CALMING DEVICES

- TRUCK TRAFFIC REDUCTION

DEVICE ROADWAY CLASSIFICATION

Vertical Shifts Arterial Collector Local

1. Raised Crosswalks / Speed Table N/A LOW MOD

2. Raised Intersections N/A LOW MOD

3. Speed Humps N/A N/A MOD

Horizontal Shifts Arterial Collector Local

1. Chicanes / Serpentines N/A N/A HIGH

2. Chokers (Mid-Block or Segment) N/A MOD HIGH

3. Half Closure N/A N/A HIGH

4. Mid-Block Island N/A N/A LOW

5. Lane / Pavement Narrowing N/A N/A MOD

6. Neckdown / Curb Extension (Intersection) N/A LOW HIGH

7. On-Street Parking Treatments LOW MOD HIGH

Route Alterations Arterial Collector Local

1. Cul-de-sac N/A N/A HIGH

2. Diagonal Diverter / Full Diverter N/A N/A HIGH

3. Gateway N/A N/A N/A

4. Median Barrier / Island Diverter N/A N/A MOD

5. One-Way Streets N/A N/A MOD

6. Semi-Diverters N/A LOW HIGH

7. Street Closure (Full Closure / Dead End) N/A N/A HIGH

8. Traffic Circles / Roundabouts N/A LOW HIGH

9. Woonerf N/A N/A MOD

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 15 LIST OF TRAFFIC CALMING SOURCES

1. Traffic Calming for Communities Ð FHWA website with goals and objectives. 2. Calming Boston’s Traffic Ð Presented by WalkBoston at joint BSCES/WTS meeting, March 11, 1999. 3. Neighborhood Traffic Control Ð North Central Section, ITE. 4. Victorian Code for Residential Development. 5. Sunnyvale’s Approach to the Old Challenge of Neighborhood Traffic Calming Ð Mohle, of Hank Mohle & Assoc, presented at 1997 ITE Annual Meeting. 6. End to Menlo Park’s Traffic Calming Wars? Ð Smith and Dey. 7. Calming of Roads with More than 7,000 Vehicles per Day Ð Jud, presented at 1997 ITE Annual Meeting. 8. Traffic Calming, the Helpful Band-Aid, in Virginia When the State DOT is 100+ Local DPW. 9. Sustainable Solutions to Improve Road Safety in the Netherlands Ð Wegman and Elsenaar. 10. Traffic Calming Policy and Devices, Policy for Use of Traffic Calming on City Streets, City of Fairfax, VA. 11. The Impact of the Modern Roundabout on North American Traffic Circulation, Modal Choice, Sustainable Development and Land Use. 12. NY DOT Highway Design Manual, Chapter 25 Ð Traffic Calming. 13. City of Cambridge, Berkshire and York Streets Traffic Calming Project Evaluation. 14. A Traffic Calming Toolbox Ð A Technical Resource Developed for the South Western Region of Connecticut. 15. Residential Traffic Management Program Ð VDOT. 16. MUTCD, Part 13: Local Area Traffic Management, Australian Standard. 17. TM 13 Ð Installation of Road Humps and Roundabouts in the Code of Practice for the Installation of Traffic Control Devices in South Australia. 18. Safer Roads Ð A Guide to Road Safety Engineering Ð KW Ogden. 19. Take Back Your Streets Ð How to Protect Communities from Asphalt and Traffic, Conservation Law Foundation. 20. Evaluating Traffic Calming Benefits, Costs and Equity Impacts. 21. Use of Pavement Markings to Reduce Excessive Traffic Speeds on Hazardous Curves. 22. A Traffic Calming Toolbox Ð A Technical Resource Developed for the South Western Region of Conn, Ford, Court and Prosi. 23. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, AASHTO. 24. Roundabouts: An Informational Guide, FHWA Pub No. FHWA-RD-00-067 25. Flexibility in Highway Design, FHWA Pub No. FHWA-PD-97-062

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 16 INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS

NEW ENGLAND SECTION - TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Massachusetts Highway Department HDR Engineering, Inc.

¥ Charles F. Sterling ¥ Kenneth Petraglia, Chairman ¥ Neil Boudreau ¥ William Bent Highway & Traffic Signal Design, Inc.

Central Transportation Planning Staff ¥ Rodney Emery ¥ Scott Galbraith ¥ Efi Pagitsas ¥ Kevin Johnson

Merrimac Valley Planning Commission Independent ¥ James Terlizzi ¥ Steve Kaiser Louis Berger & Associates Rizzo Associates ¥ Christa Crane ¥ Erik Maki Edwards and Kelcey Sverdrup Civil, Inc. ¥ Paul Martin ¥ Walter Freeman Fay, Spofford & Thorndike, Inc. ¥ Kien Ho

¥ John Mirabito TEPP LLC ¥ Gary Hebert ¥ Kim Hazarvartian Hayden Wegman, Inc. Vanasse & Associates, Inc. ¥ Peter Vasiliou ¥ Rob Cahoon ¥ Scott Thornton

Report design and preparation by Carol G. Bent, Central Transportation Planning Staff

ITE New England Section Traffic Calming Page 17