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Landscape and Traffic Factors Affecting Animal Road Mortality

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Landscape and Traffic Factors Affecting Animal Road Mortality JOURNALJOURNAL OF OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING AND AND LANDSCAPE LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT ISSN 1648–6897 / eISSN 1822-4199 ISSN 1648-6897 print/ISSN 1822-4199 online 2016 Volume 24(01): 10–20 2013 Volume 21(3): 153Á162 http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2016.1098652 doi:10.3846/16486897.2012.721784 MICROBIALLANDSCAP COMMUNITYE AND CHANGES TRAFFIC F INAC TNTTORS SPIKED AFFECTI SOILNG A BIOREMEDIATIONNIMAL TRIAL USING BIOSTIMULATION,ROAD MORTAL PHYTOREMEDIATIONITY AND BIOAUGMENTATION Shyh-Chyang LIN Hiie No˜lvak1, Jaak Truu2, Baiba Limane3, Marika Truu4, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Management, National Quemoy University Guntis Cepurnieks5, Vadims Bartkevicˇs6, Jaanis Juhanson7, Olga Muter8 Jinning, Kinmen, Taiwan 1, 7Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Submitted23 Riia 1 Apr. str., 2015; 51010 accepted Tartu, 18 Estonia Sep. 2015 1, 2, 4 Abstract.Institute Roadkill of Ecologyis a significant and Earth indicator Sciences, in realizing Faculty the impacts of Science of roads and on Technology, adjacent ecosystems. University This of study Tartu, un- dertakes a comprehensive survey of roadkills46 Vanemuise in Kinmen str., (Taiwan) 51014 Tartu,and analyzes Estonia their causes. Two models, Traffic Flow 3, 8 Model and InstituteGeometric of Model, Microbiology combined andwith Biotechnology,animal road-crossing University behaviors, of are Latvia, used to 4 derive Kronvalda survival blvd., probability. Survey results and model predictions yield similarLV-1586 results Riga,for moderate Latvia traffic flow and agree in bird and small mam- 4, 5, 6 mal roadkill frequencyInstitute prediction. of Food Safety,It is found Animal that traffic Health volume, and Environmentadjacent landscape (BIOR), and road 3 Lejupescondition str.,are the major contributing factors related to roadkills. HigherLV-1076 traffic volume Riga, Latvianear habitats always augments the probability of road- kill; however, roadside trees, adjacentSubmitted landscapes, 6 Mar. and 2012; road longitudinal accepted 14 slope Aug. also 2012 affect the probability of successful crossing by small animals, especially birds. This study also proposes measures, to be applied to future road planning Abstract.and design,Trinitrotoluene aimed to lower (TNT), roadkill a probability. commonly used explosive for military and industrial applications, can cause seriousKeywords: environmental roadkill, ecological pollution. conservation, 28-day laboratory traffic potflow experiment theory, Kinmen, was carried geometric out applyingmodel. bioaugmentation using laboratory selected bacterial strains as inoculum, biostimulation with molasses and cabbage leaf extract, and phytoremediation using rye and blue fenugreek to study the effect of these treatments on TNT removal and changes in soil microbial community responsible for contaminant degradation. Chemical analyses revealed significant Introductiondecreases in TNT concentrations, including reduction of some(forest, of the community, TNT to its agriculture), amino derivates and during species the (size, 28-day weight, tests. The combination of bioaugmentation-biostimulation approach coupled with rye cultivation had the most The profoundglobalization effect of onregional TNT degradation.development Although has been plants dra- enhancedfood web, the territory, total microbial migration community characteristics, abundance, dispersion blue maticallyfenugreek destroying cultivation ecological did not habitats significantly and decreasing affect the TNT ability, degradation and rarity) rate. The(Jaarsuma, results fromWillems molecular 2002). analyses globalsuggested biodiversity. the survival Harmony and elevationand coexistence of the introduced between bacterial strainsThe patterns throughout of avian-vehicle the experiment. collisions are difficult to natureKeywords: and humanTNT, beings bioaugmentation, are in jeopardy. biostimulation, The impact phytoremediation, of assess because microbial they community.are three dimensional and the birds’ humanReference developmentto this on paper the shouldglobal beecosystem made as is follows: unprec No- ˜lvak,crossing H.; Truu, methods J.; Limane, vary. B.; Granivorous Truu, M.; Cepurnieks, and omnivorous G.; edented.Bartkevic Wilsonˇs, V.; (1989) Juhanson, estimates J.; Muter, that O.10,000 2013. to Microbial 15,000 communitybirds are changes more likely in TNT to spikedcollide soil with bioremediation cars as they forage trial on using biostimulation, phytoremediation and bioaugmentation,theJournal roads and of Environmental are attracted Engineeringby the heat andof roads Landscape (Dhindsa speciesManagement become extinct21(3): 153worldwideÁ162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2012.721784 each year; 34 species disappear on the earth each day due to the destruction of et al. 1988). Avian roadkills happen more frequently when forestsIntroduction and animal habitats. The most severe impact by hu- birds2011). are Bacteria chasing each may other degrade and flying TNT low under over aerobic roads (Er or- mans on ecosystems is the construction of road networks. itzoeanaerobic 2002). conditions Some research directly suggests (TNT that is sourceaccidents of involv carbon- The nitroaromatic explosive, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), Road construction directly affects the adjacent habitat ingand/or birds nitrogen) are rare at or vehicle via co-metabolismspeeds of less than where 80 km/hr addi- has been extensively used for over 100 years, and this and leads to increased human invasion and development. (Nankinov, Todorov 1983) and can occur only at vehicle persistent toxic organic compound has resulted in soil tional substrates are needed (Rylott et al. 2011). Fungi speeds over 100 km/hr (Dhindsa et al. 1988). Based on the Roadscontamination impact ecosystems and environmental through: destruction problems atof habi many- degrade TNT via the actions of nonspecific extracel- tat,former disturbance explosives to animals, and ammunition roadkills, and plants, barrier as welleffects as resultslular enzymesof this survey, and forthis productionfact is questionable of these and enzymes needs (Seilermilitary 2001). areas Although (Stenuit, some Agathos positives, 2010). such TNT as providing has been furthergrowth investigation. substrates (cellulose, lignin) are needed. Con- corridorsreported for to animal have mutagenic movement and (Adams, carcinogenic Geis 1983; potential Seiler traryThough to bioremediation it is believed that technologies small animal using collisions bacteria have or 2001),in studies can be with derived several from organisms, the presence including of roads, bacteria they abioaugmentation, minor effect on human fungal safety, bioremediation drivers can be seriously requires cause(Lachance much etmore al. harm 1999), to which ecosystems has led than environmental good. Five injuredan ex situdueapproach to avoiding instead hitting ofanimals.in situ Onetreatment surprising (i.e. majoragencies factors to declareto be considered a high priority when planning for its removal ecologically from factsoil is isthat excavated, non-forest homogenisedareas have more and roadkills supplemented than for- friendlysoils (van roads Dillewijn are: theet road al. 2007). itself (width, pavement, miti- estedwith or nutrients) reserved (Baldrianareas (Gunther 2008). et Thisal. 1998). limits The applicabil- ecotones gationBoth measures), bacteria traffic and (vehicle fungi have speed, been traffic shown volume), to betweenity of bioremediation natural and developed of TNT byareas fungi are inthe situ placesat a with field roadpossess verge the (width, capacity shape, to degradevegetation), TNT adjacent (Kalderis landet use al . higherscale. probability of roadkills. Refuse and grains dropped CorrespondingCorresponding author: author: Shyh-Chyang Jaak Truu Lin E-mail:E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Copyright © 2016 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press Copyright ª 2013 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press www.tandfonline.com/teelwww.tandfonline.com/teel Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 2016, 24(1): 10–20 11 from vehicles are fatal attractions (Slater 1994) to wildlife investigation: Central Road (CR, 11.86 km), Wuandaou E. as they are often hit by oncoming traffic (Dhindsa et al. Road (WDE, 3.25 km), Wuandaou W. Road (WDW, 12 1988). The impacts of roadkills upon animal populations km), Wuandaou N. Road (WDN, 12.45 km), Jiochan Road vary depending on the sensibility of the species. A survey (JR, 1.1 km), Banlin Road (BL, 0.74 km), University Road in Yellow Stone National Park shows that only 2% of the (UR, 0.5 km), and Gaoyaung Road (GY, 4.1 km), totally 46 estimated population of wolves and mule deer, and 1% of km as shown in Figure 1. The roads cover the four town- large mammals were killed by vehicles each year (Gunther ships in Kinmen; each with distinct adjacent landscapes, et al. 1998). However, the impact of roadkill on the popu- traffic flows, and speed limits are distinct. lation of rare or endangered species is still unknown but The field investigation was carried out November 1, may be an important issue in conserving those species. 2005 to October 31, 2006. Researchers rode motorbikes It is the responsibility of transport planning engineers at speeds of about 40 km/hr along the 8 roads once a day, to reduce the ecological impact roads have and use miti- every day. Once an animal body was spotted, they: took gation measures
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