Edith Fowke: Collecting Traditional Folk Songs in Rural Ontario 1956-1964
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Edith Fowke: Collecting Traditional Folk Songs in Rural Ontario 1956-1964 by Allan R. Kirby A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Canadian Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2012, Allan R. 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Canada ABSTRACT This study examines the rural Ontario fieldwork of song-collector/scholar Edith Fowke (1913 - 1996) in the 1950s and '60s. That fieldwork and the subsequent published results formed the foundation of Fowke's nationally and internationally recognized career. This survey adds fresh data to the existing published information about the duration and methodology of her field research and supplements current information pertaining to aspects of her life story. The focal point throughout is Fowke's search for folk songs in the Peterborough area, which impacted her entire life and oeuvre. A combination of field and literary research formed the basis for this study. The rural field research included interviews with Peterborough area singers recorded by Fowke and descendents of singers who recall Fowke's visits to their homes. Research at the Canadian Museum of Civilization provided access to Fowke's field recordings and business correspondence, which was supplemented with information from the listing of fieldwork recordings stored at the York University Library. Data were provided by people like folksinger Merrick Jarrett, who worked on Fowke's radio broadcasts and song- collector Philip Thomas, who had a long association with Fowke. Folklorist Dr. Skye Morrison supplied information about Fowke's later years. These people also contributed pertinent personal letters, books and photos. The literary research aspect required locating and reviewing all of the known books, articles, essays and recording liner-notes produced by Fowke. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation archival material revealed details of her broadcasting career and the evaluation of printed articles about her helped fill informational gaps. The focus on Fowke's Peterborough area work yielded the data required for a substantive discussion of her collecting methodology and ongoing passion to document, analyze, and popularize Canadian folk songs. This discourse facilitates an understanding of Fowke's fieldwork and related experiences and its effect on her prolific publishing, teaching, and broadcasting career. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following individuals and organizations gave me the help necessary to complete this project and I wish to acknowledge all of them. Coralie Kirby, my wife, gave me her unconditional positive support and understanding. Dr. Elaine Keillor, my academic advisor, patiently encouraged me, critiqued me, and tirelessly guided my research and writing. Michael Towns, one of my informants, supported me throughout my research and provided important details of his mother's relationship with Edith Fowke and the connections with other singers. Writer Janet Kellough and the late fiddler, David “Zeke” Mazurek, helped me to create the musical drama Fowke Tales. The management and staff of Peterborough County's Lang Pioneer Village Museum provided the venue for Fowke Tales and maintained an active interest in my folk song research. The Canadian Museum of Civilization Archives personnel enabled me to access and listen to specific original Edith Fowke field recordings. For all of this assistance I am truly grateful. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................... ii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 1 Objective............................................................................................................2 Fowke's Fieldwork .................................................................................4 Literature Review - Fowke's Fieldwork .............................................5 Edith Fowke's Life Story ...................................................................................9 Introduction .......................................................................................... 9 Literature Review - Fowke's Life Story ............................................ 10 Research Methodology .....................................................................................13 Approach to Research.............................................................................13 Primary Research Informants ...............................................................14 Michael Towns .......................................................................... 14 Merrick Jarrett...........................................................................15 Vera Keating .............................................................................. 16 Dr. Skye Morrison ..................................................................... 17 Marcelle McMahon Mundell.................................................... 18 Anne Sullivan .............................................................................19 Research Thoughts.................................................................................19 Researching the Fieldwork ...................................................................21 Researching Text....................................................................................24 Reviewing the Objective ...................................................................... 25 Chapter Layout..................................................................................................28 Chapter 1 - Introduction .......................................................................28 Chapter 2 - Collecting Folk Songs: An Overview ............................28 Chapter 3 - Edith Fowke and The Song Collectors .......................... 29 Chapter 4 - Literature Review - Published Work about Edith Fowke ................29 Chapter 5 - Edith Fowke's Life Story ............................................... 30 Chapter 6 -Fowke Tales .......................................................................30 Chapter 7 - Peterborough Area Fieldwork .......................................... 31 Chapter 8 - Lumbering Songs from the Northern Woods - A Case Study ...............31 Chapter 9 - Literature Review - Edith Fowke's Published Work.... 32 Chapter 10 — Summary and Conclusion .............................................. 32 V CHAPTER 2 COLLECTING FOLK SONGS: AN OVERVIEW.............................34 Early Perceptions of Ballads ............................................................................. 35 Early 20th Century Theories...............................................................................39 The Phonograph................................................................................................ 41 University Connections......................................................................................42 Song Collecting post World War I I ................................................................ 43 Song Collecting: Preservation, Romanticism, and Popularization ................48 The Reflexive Approach.................................................................................... 56 Contemporary views of music and place ........................................................ 59 Reconciling folk song contamination .............................................................. 60 Fowke: