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2021 Tese Rmfranca.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA HIDRÁULICA E AMBIENTAL PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL RAIMUNDA MOREIRA DA FRANCA ESTRUTURA FITOPLANCTÔNICA EM RESERVATÓRIOS CEARENSES - ASSOCIAÇÃO HIDROCLIMÁTICA E ESTADO TRÓFICO FORTALEZA-CE 2021 RAIMUNDA MOREIRA DA FRANCA ESTRUTURA FITOPLANCTÔNICA EM RESERVATÓRIOS CEARENSES – ASSOCIAÇÃO HIDROCLIMÁTICA E ESTADO TRÓFICO Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil da Universidade Federal do Ceará como parte dos requisitos à obtenção do título de doutora em Engenharia Civil (Recursos Hídricos). Área de concentração: Saneamento Ambiental. Orientador: Profº. Dr. Fernando José Araújo da Silva. FORTALEZA-CE 2021 RAIMUNDA MOREIRA DA FRANCA ESTRUTURA FITOPLANCTÔNICA EM RESERVATÓRIOS CEARENSES - ASSOCIAÇÃO HIDROCLIMÁTICA E ESTADO TRÓFICO Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil da Universidade Federal do Ceará como parte dos requisitos à obtenção do título de doutora em Engenharia Civil (Recursos Hídricos). Área de concentração: Saneamento Ambiental. Aprovada em: 04/05/2021 BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Fernando José Araújo da Silva (Orientador) Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) ________________________________________________________ Prof.ª. Dra. Marisete Dantas de Aquino (Examinadora Interna) Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Iran Eduardo Lima Neto (Examinador Interno) Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) ________________________________________________________ Prof.ª. Dra. Maria Gorethe de Sousa Lima Brito (Examinadora Externa) Universidade Federal do Cariri- UFCA ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Pedro Henrique Augusto Medeiros (Examinador Externo) Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará – IFCE Aos meus pais, Manoel Moreira da Franca (In memoriam), saudade eterna. E a minha inestimável mãe, Antônia Soares, por todo amor dedicado. Aos meus filhos Álvaro Franca e Arthur Franca, razão da minha vida. Ao meu companheiro de luta, Jean Correia pelo amor, carinho e compreensão, Dedico. AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, sou grata pela vida e pelas pessoas que fazem parte dela, sobretudo por me conceder essa vitória tão sonhada. Obrigada Senhor! À minha mãe, Antônia Soares da Franca, pela educação, dedicação e amor doado. E ao meu pai, Manoel Moreira da Franca (In memoriam), que nunca frequentou uma escola, mas sempre valorizou e promoveu meus estudos. Obrigada meu pai! Ao meu companheiro, Jean Correia Lima e aos meus lindos filhos, Álvaro Franca e Arthur Franca, pela compreensão e perdão pelas ausências. Carinho, amor e gratidão a vocês. Ao meu sobrinho e afilhado Felipe Franca pela ajuda nas madrugadas. As minhas queridas irmãs, Marias que me alimentaram com livros e orações. E demais familiares que sempre me apoiaram. Obrigada a todos! À minha amiga Tereza (Zinha), Dona Carmosa e família por ajudarem a cuidar dos meus filhos na minha ausência. Muito obrigada a todos! Em especial ao mestre e amigo Dr. Fernando José Araújo da Silva, pela receptividade, presteza, benevolência e orientação na elaboração deste trabalho. Obrigada professor! À professora Dra. Marisete Dantas de Aquino, pelo carinho, amizade e palavras de incentivo. E demais professores do Pósdeha pelos ensinamentos e profissionalismo, em especial o profº Dr. Hosrt Frischkorn e Dr. Raimundo Oliveira (In memoriam) pelo carinho e atenção. Ao profº Rodolfo Sabiá pelo incentivo e por fazer parte da minha história. À professora Gorethe Sousa Lima, pelo carinho e contribuição em meio a tanta correria. E demais professores, Iran Neto e Pedro Henrique participantes da banca examinadora pela disponibilidade e valiosas contribuições e sugestões. Obrigada a todos! Aos colegas do doutorado pelos momentos de diálogo e descontração. Em especial aos amigos, Anielle Santos, Adriana Oliveira, Sávio Fontenelle e Janine Mesquita colegas de batalhas da vida. Obrigada! Agradeço aos amigos Alisson Torquato, Adjunto Rangel e Andréa. À Universidade Federal do Ceará, na pessoa do ex reitor Henry de Holanda Campos, que me empossou docente desta Universidade que tanto contribuiu para a minha formação acadêmica, sempre honrando sua missão com qualidade e respeito. Agradeço as profª Maria Elias e Luisa Gardênia, campus Crateús, que me concederam um ano de afastamento para conclusão desta pesquisa, num momento muito crucial. Obrigada! Ao Departamento de Engenharia Hidráulica e Ambiental (DEHA), pela excelência e qualidade do programa de pós-graduação ofertado. À CAPES, pelo financiamento. A todos que contribuíram de alguma forma para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho. AGRADECIMENTO ESPECIAL Agradecemos à Companhia de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos do Estado do Ceará - COGERH, em nome do Engenheiro Agrícola Walt Disney Paulino, e da Química Industrial, Francimeyre Freire Avelino e Engenheiro de Pesca Mário Barros, pela colaboração e disponibilidade de informações preciosas. A todos, nosso Muito obrigada! RESUMO Os reservatórios das regiões semiáridas cearenses são designados para diversos usos, porém, são fortemente influenciados pelas condições climáticas. O fitoplâncton reage de forma intensa e rápida às constantes e fortes flutuações sazonais, refletindo nas características físico-químicas da água e nas comunidades biológicas. O que pode provocar alterações na composição, abundância e diversidade de espécies, favorecendo a ocorrência de florações de cianobactérias que são possivelmente reguladas por fatores hidroclimáticos e bióticos. O escopo desse estudo foi analisar os efeitos da variação da fração do volume disponível sobre a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica, nas estações úmida e de estiagem, e associar com índices bióticos, graus de trofia e elementos hidroclimáticos. Para tanto foram selecionados um conjunto de quatro reservatórios (Acarape do Meio, Banabuiú, Jaburú I e Jaburú II), cujo período analisado compreendeu de janeiro/2014 a outubro/2018, com amostras coletadas a uma profundidade de 0,3 m na zona lacustre de cada reservatório. Examinou-se um banco de dados composto por variáveis físico-químicas e biológicas (microalgas e cianobactérias). As populações fitoplanctônicas foram quantificadas pelo método Utermöhl e identificadas com uso de microscopia invertida. Para análise taxonômica dos grupos e sistematização do fitoplâncton nos reservatórios utilizaram-se bibliografias especializadas para cada divisão. Calculou-se índices bióticos importantes no estudo da estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica. Aplicou-se análise descritiva com agrupamentos das médias semestrais, caracterizando a sazonalidade e correlações entre as variáveis hidroclimáticas, físico-químicas, bióticas e fração do volume disponível por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson com nível de significância de 5% (α = 0,05). A análise de componentes principais (ACP) foi aplicada para a matriz de dados hidroclimáticos, nutrientes e índices bióticos, com ênfase na variação de nível operacional dos reservatórios. A comunidade fitoplanctônica esteve representada por 81 táxons, distribuídos entre as divisões Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Zygnematophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophycea. As divisões mais representativas nos reservatórios Jaburú I e II e Banabuiú foram as Cyanophyceae (média de 98%) e Bacillariophyceae (57,8%) no Acarape do Meio. A espécie Microcystis sp. foi destaque com 77% classificado como o táxon mais frequente, seguido por Monoraphidium contortum com 49% e Raphidiopsis sp. com 46% de frequência. O índice de Shannon-Wiener variou entre 2,10 e 0,36 bits.cel-1, classificando todos os reservatórios como de baixa diversidade. A riqueza de Margalef também foi considerada baixa. O índice de estado trófico para o semiárido classificou todos os reservatórios como eutrófico ou hipereutrófico para a maior parte do período avaliado. A análise de componentes principais dos elementos hidroclimáticos, nutrientes e índices bióticos explicaram a variabilidade da qualidade da água com relação ao grau de trofia. Existe um efeito hidroclimático que favorece a predominância de cianobactérias nos reservatórios do semiárido do Ceará, comprometendo a qualidade da água desses sistemas hídricos, principalmente devido à depleção do volume disponível e a tomada de água para abastecimento. Palavras-Chave: Efeito hidroclimático. Volume dos reservatórios. Estrutura fitoplanctônica. Cianobactérias. ABSTRACT The reservoirs of the semi-arid regions of Ceará are designed for different uses, however, they are strongly influenced by climatic conditions. Phytoplankton react intensely and quickly to constant and strong seasonal fluctuations, reflecting on the physicochemical characteristics of the water and the biological communities. This can cause changes in the composition, abundance and diversity of species, favoring the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms that are possibly regulated by hydroclimatic and biotic factors. The scope of this study was to analyze the effects of the variation of the fraction of the available volume on the structure of the phytoplankton community, in the wet and dry seasons, and to associate with biotic indices, degrees of trophy and hydroclimatic elements. For this purpose, a set of four reservoirs (Acarape do Meio, Banabuiú, Jaburú I and Jaburú II) were selected, whose analyzed period comprised from January / 2014 to October / 2018, with samples collected
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