119 Deposition and Stability of Cave Minerals of the World Native Elements Second Edition––1997 119 Native Elements 119 Sulfur Contents 120 Sulfides 120 Deposition and Stability of 9 Acknowledgements Sulfide Minerals 11 Preface 121 Sulfide Minerals 13 About This Book 121 Chalcocite 15 Overview 121 Chalcopyrite 17 Foreign Language Overviews 121 Cinnabar 17 Résumé (French) 121 Galena 19 Übersicht (German) 121 Marcasite 21 Resumen (Spanish) 122 Metacinnabar 23 Riassunto (Italian) 122 Pyrite 25 PE3IOME (Russian) 122 Pyrrhotite 27 Historical Introduction, 122 Realgar by T. Shaw 122 Sphalerite 45 Speleothems 123 Stibnite 47 Anthodites 123 Oxides and Hydroxides 50 Balloons, Cave 123 Deposition and Stability of 51 Blisters, Cave Oxide-Hydroxide Minerals 52 Boxwork 125 Oxide and Hydroxide Minerals 54 Bubbles, Cave 126 Common Oxide and Hydroxide 55 Caps, Cave Minerals 55 Coatings 126 Goethite 56 Columns 127 Ice 57 Conulites 130 Other Oxide and Hydroxide Minerals 59 Coralloids 130 Oxides 62 Coral Pipes 130 Asbolane 62 Crusts 130 Birnessite 64 Cups, Cave 131 Braunite 65 Draperies 131 Chalcophanite 66 Fibrous Speleothems 131 Cryptomelane 68 Flowers, Cave 131 Cuprite 70 Flowstone 131 Hausmannite 73 Folia 131 Hematite 74 Frostwork 132 Maghemite 75 Geysermites 132 Magnetite 76 Helictites 132 Monteponite 81 Hoods, Cave 132 Periclase 81 Moonmilk 133 Plattnerite 84 Pearls, Cave 133 Pyrolusite 86 Pool Fingers 133 Rancieite 87 Powder, Cave 133 Romanechite 88 Rafts, Cave 134 Tenorite 91 Rims 134 Todorokite 92 Rimstone Dams 134 Vernadite 94 Rings, Cave 134 Hydroxides 97 Shelfstone 134 Böhmite 98 Shields, Cave 135 Gibbsite 99 Showerheads, Cave 135 Lepidocrocite 101 Spar 135 Lithiophorite 104 Stalactites 135 Manganite 108 Stalagmites 135 Portlandite 112 Trays, Cave 136 Ralstonite 114 Tubes, Cave 136 Halides 117 Cave Minerals 136 Deposition and Stability of 119 Native Elements Halide Minerals 136 Halide Minerals 156 Thermonatrite 136 Common Halide Minerals 156 Trona 136 Halite 156 Vaterite 138 Other Halide Minerals 157 Witherite 138 Atacamite 157 Nitrates 138 Bromargyite 157 Deposition and Stability of 138 Carnallite Nitrate Minerals 138 Chloromagnesite 158 Nitrate Minerals 138 Fluorite 159 Darapskite 139 Galeite 159 Gcwihabaite (!wihabaite) 139 Kainite 159 Hydrombobomkulite 140 Sal Ammoniac 159 Mbobomkulite 140 Sylvite 159 Nickelalumite 140 Arsenates 160 Niter 140 Deposition and Stability of 160 Nitrammite Arsenate Minerals 161 Nitratite 140 Arsenate Minerals 161 Nitrocalcite 141 Arseniosiderite 162 Nitromagnesite 141 Beudantite 162 Sveite 141 Conichalcite 163 Phosphates 141 Manganberzeliite 163 Deposition and Stability of 141 Mimetite Phosphate Minerals 141 Olivenite 164 Phosphate Minerals 141 Strashimirite 164 Archerite 141 Talmessite 164 Ardealite 142 Borates 164 Biphosphammite 142 Deposition and Stability of 165 Bobierrite Borate Minerals 165 Brushite 142 Borate Minerals 165 Carbonate-fluorapatite 142 Tincalconite 166 Carbonate-hydroxylapatite 142 Carbonates 166 Chlorapatite 142 Deposition and Stability of 167 Collinsite Carbonate Minerals 167 Crandallite 144 Carbonate Minerals 167 Diadochite 145 Common Carbonate Minerals 167 Dittmarite 145 Calcite 168 Evansite 145 Aragonite 168 Fluorapatite 146 Other Carbonate Minerals 168 Francoanellite 146 Ankerite 169 Gordonite 148 Artinite 169 Hannayite 148 Aurichalcite 169 Hopeite 148 Azurite 169 Hydroxylapatite 149 Baylissite 170 Koninckite 149 Cerussite 170 Leucophosphite 150 Dolomite 171 Lipscombite 150 Huntite 171 Minyulite 151 Hydromagnesite 171 Mitridatite 151 Hydrozincite 171 Monetite 152 Kutnohorite 171 Montgomeryite 152 Magnesite 171 Mundrabillaite 152 Malachite 172 Newberyite 153 Monohydrocalcite 172 Niahite 153 Natron 172 Parahopeite 154 Nesquehonite 172 Phosphammite 154 Rhodochrosite 172 Phosphosiderite 154 Rosasite 172 Purpurite 154 Siderite 172 Pyromorphite 155 Smithsonite 173 Sampleite 156 Strontianite 173 Sasaite 173 Schertelite 198 Aluminocopiapite 173 Scholzite 198 Alunite 173 Spencerite 199 Alunogen 174 Stercorite 199 Ammoniojarosite 174 Strengite 199 Anglesite 174 Struvite 199 Anhydrite 174 Swaknoite 200 Aphthitalite 174 Taranakite 200 Arcanite 175 Tarbuttite 201 Aubertite 175 Tinticite 201 Barite 175 Variscite 202 Basaluminite 175 Vashegyite 202 Bassanite 175 Vivianite 202 Blödite 176 Wavellite 202 Boussingaultite 176 Whitlockite 203 Brochantite 176 Woodhouseite 203 Burkeite 176 Silicates 203 Celestite 177 Deposition and Stability of 204 Chalcanthite Silicate Minerals 204 Chalcoalumite 177 Silicate Minerals 204 Clairite 177 Common Silicate Minerals 204 Copiapite 177 Opal 205 Coquimbite 179 Other Silicate Minerals 205 Cyanotrichite 179 Allophane 205 Despujolsite 180 Benitoite 205 Devilline 180 Boltwoodite 205 Ferrohexahydrite 180 Chrysocolla 205 Fibroferrite 181 Clinochlore 206 Glauberite 181 Cristobalite 206 Halotrichite 181 Dickite 206 Hexahydrite 181 Endellite 206 Hydrobasaluminite 182 Epidote 207 Hydroglauberite 182 Fraipontite 207 Jarosite 182 Halloysite 207 Kalinite 182 Hemimorphite 207 Kieserite 182 Illite 208 Koktaite 183 Ilvaite 208 Lecontite 183 Kaolinite 208 Lonecreekite 183 Montmorillonite 208 Löweite 183 Nontronite 208 Melanterite 183 Palygorskite 209 Metavoltine 184 Quartz 209 Millosevichite 185 Rectorite 209 Misenite 186 Saponite 209 Natroalunite 186 Sauconite 210 Natrojarosite 186 Sepiolite 210 Pickeringite 187 Shattuckite 210 Picromerite 187 Silhydrite 210 Polyhalite 187 Tridymite 210 Potassium Alum 187 Sulfates 211 Römerite 187 Deposition and Stability of 211 Rozenite Sulfate Minerals 211 Sabieite 193 Sulfate Minerals 211 Sodium Alum 193 Common Sulfate Minerals 211 Spangolite 193 Gypsum 211 Syngenite 196 Epsomite 211 Tamarugite 197 Mirabilite 212 Thenardite 198 Other Sulfate Minerals 212 Tschermigite 198 Aluminite 212 Voltaite 213 Zaherite by D. Northup, A. Reysenbach, 213 Vanadates and N. Pace 213 Deposition and Stability of 266 Archaeology and Speleothems, Vanadate Minerals by K. Tankersley, C. Munson, P. Munson, 213 Vanadate Minerals P. Watson, N. Shaffer, and S. Frushour 213 Calciovolborthite 271 Dating and Paleo-Environmental 213 Carnotite Studies of Speleothems, 214 Descloizite by D. Ford 214 Metatyuyamunite 284 Speleothems and Earthquakes, 214 Tyuyamunite by P. Forti 215 Vanadinite 285 Speleothem Growth Rates, 215 Organic Minerals by The Authors 215 Deposition and Stability of 287 Speleothem Old Age, Organic Minerals by The Authors 215 Organic Minerals 290 Field Observations 215 Acetamide by The Authors 215 Glushinskite 291 Laboratory Techniques, 215 Guanine by Y. Shopov and C. Hill 215 Mellite 294 Protection of Speleothems, 215 Oxammite by P. Cabrol 215 Urea 301 Speleothems: Preservation, Display, 216 Uricite and Restoration, 216 Weddellite by G. Veni 216 Whewellite 311 Top Ten Caves 217 Related Forms 312 The Blue Cave, France, 217 Lava Formations by P. Cabrol 219 Mud and Sand Formations 316 Alum Cave, Vulcano Island, Sicily-Italy, 221 Mud and Clay Vermiculations by P. Forti 223 Organic Formations 319 Liquid Crystal Cave, Israel, 224 Peat Formations by A. Frumkin and P. Forti 224 Rootsicles 323 Cupp-Coutunn Cave, Turkmenistan, 224 Formations in Artificial “Caves” by V. Maltsev 226 Carbide-Derived Formations 329 Kyûsen-dô Cave, Japan, 226 Guano-Fire Minerals by N. Kashima 331 Skipton Lava Cave, Victoria, Australia, 229 Special Topics by J. Webb 230 Crystallography of Speleothems, 336 Mbobo Mkulu Cave, South Africa, by B. Onac by J. Martini, P. Wipplinger, and H. Moen 236 Minor, Trace, and Ultra Trace Constituents 340 Caverna Santana, Brazil, of Speleothems, by J. Labegalini and A. Auler by J. James 343 Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, USA, 237 Calcite-Aragonite Problem, by H. DuChene by The Authors 350 Kartchner Caverns, Arizona, USA, 239 Color of Speleothems, by C. Hill by W. White 355 Glossary 244 Luminescence of Cave Minerals, 367 Bibliography by Y. Shopov 439 Index 248 Monocrystalline and Macrocrystalline Speleothems, by The Authors 252 Hydrothermal Cave Minerals, by Y. Dublyansky 255 Aerosols: Are They a Mechanism of Speleothem Growth? by A. Cigna and C. Hill 258 Cave Microclimate and Speleothems, by The Authors 261 Microorganisms and Speleothems,