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n27 CanadianMineralogist Vol. 30,pp. 1127-1142 (1992) HYDROTHERMALAND METAMORPHICBERTHIERINE FROM THE KIDD CREEK VOLCANOGENICMASSTVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT. TIMMINS, ONTARIO JOHNF.SLACK U.S.Geological Survey, Nationnl Center, Mail Stop954, Reston, Virginia 22092, U.S.A. WEI-TEH JIANG ANDDONALD R. PEACOR Depamnent of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A. PATRICKM. OKITA* U.S.Geological Survey, National Center,Mail Stop954, Reston,Virginia 22092,U.S.A. ABSTRACT Berthierine,a 7 A pe-Al memberof the serpentinegroup, occursin the footwall stringerzone of the ArcheanKidd Creek massivesulfide deposit, Ontario, associated with quartz,muscovite, chlorite, pyrite, sphalerite,chalcopyrite, and local tourmaline' cassiterite,and halloysite. Berthierine has been identified by the lack of 14A basalreflections on X-ray powderdiffractionpattems, by its composition (electron-microprobedata), and by transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM). Peoogaphic and scanning eiectronmicroscopic (SEM) studiesreveal different types of berthierineocculrences, including interlayerswithin and rims on deformedchlorite, intergrowthswith muscoviteand halloysite,and discretecoarse grains. TEM imagesshow thick packetsof berthierineand chlorite that are parallel or relatedby low-angle boundaries,and layer terminationsof chlorite by berthierine; mixedJayer chlorite-berthierinealso is observed,intergrown with Fe-rich chlorite and berthierine.End-member (Mg-free) berthierineis presentin small domainsin two samples.The Kidd Creekberthierine is chemicallysimilar to berthierinefrom other localities, and to Fe-rich chlorite from a variety of geologicalsettings. This is the first reportedoccurence of berthierinefrom volcanogenicmassive sulfide deposits.Textural relations suggestthat most of the Kidd Creekberthierine formed as a primary hydrothermalmineral at relatively high temperatures(*350"C) in the footwall stringerzone, probably by the replacementof a pie-existingaluminous phase such as muscovite or chlorite.However, the intergrowth textures observed by SEM andTEM suggest thatsome oftheberthierine originatedby syn- orpost-metamorphic replacement ofchlorite. The difficulty ofidentifying berthierine by routinepetrographic, X-ray, andelecfon-microprobe methods suggests that muchofthe Fe-richchlorite described from modem and ancientmassive sulfide depositsmay insteadbe berthierine. Keywords:berthierine, chlorite, volcanogenicsulfide deposit,fiansmission electron microscopy, electron-microprobe data X-raY powderdiffraction, Kidd Creekmine, Timmins, Ontario. SonaN.lans On trouve la berthierine,membre Fe-Al I 7 A du groupede la serpentine,dans la zone de minerai en veinulesde la paroi infdrieuredu glte archdende sulfuresmassifs de Kidd Creek,en Ontario,en associationavec quartz, muscovite, chlorite, pyrite, sphal6rite,et chalcopyrite,avec prdsence locale de tourmaline,cassitdrite et halloysite.On reconnaitla berthierinepar I'absence d^'uneraie ayant une valeur d de-14 A surle clich6de diffractionX, par sacomposition (donn6es i la microsonde6lectronique), et par 6tudei au microscopedlectronique par transmission.Des 6tudespdrographiques et au microscope6lectronique i balayage montrentque la berthierinese pr6sente sous plus d'un aspect:elle forme une interstratificationavec et une gaine sur la chlorite d6form6e,une intercroissance avec muscovite et halloysite,et desgrains individuels relativement grossiers. Les imagesobtenues par transmissionmontrent d'6pais amas de berthierineet de chlorite parallblesou I faible angle d'incidence,et des feuillets de chloriteayantuneterminaison deberthierine. Desassemblages mixtes dechlorite-berthierine sont aussiprdsents, enintercroissance avec chlorite fenifbre et berthierine.Le p6le ferrifdre de la berthierine (sansMg) est signald en petits domainesdans deux 6chantillons.Du point de vue composition,la berthierinede Kidd Creekressemble a celle d'autresendroits, et d la chlorite riche en Fe de plusieurimilieux g€ologiques.Nous signalons ici pour la premibrefois la pr6sencede berthierinedans un gisementde sulfuresmassifs volcanog6niques. D'ap€s lesrelations texturales, la plupartde la berthierinei Kidd Creeks'est form6e comme minfral primaireI unetempdrature relativement 6lev6e (*350"C) dansla zonetr veinulesde la paroi inf6rieure,pmbablement par remplacementd'un pr&urseur alumineuxtel la muscoviteou la chlorite. Toutefois,les texturesd'intercroissances observ6es par microscopie6lectronique d balayageet par transmissionfont penserqu'une partie de la berthierinea uneorigine par remplacement syn- ou post-m6tamolphiquede la chlorite.la difficult6 quenous avons 6prouv6e d identifier la berthierinepar mdthodescourantes dL Ftrograptrie, de diffraction X et d'analysei la microsonde6lectronique nous incite i penserque la plupart desexemples de chlorite riche en fer citds dansla litldraturesur les gites de sulfuresmassifs modemes ou ancientsseraient plut6t de la berthierine. (Traduit par la R6daction) Mots-clds:berthierine, chlorite, gite volcanog6niquede sulfuresmassifs, microscopie 6lectronique par transmission,donn6es d la microsonde6lectronique, diffraction X, m6thodedes poudres, mine de Kidd Creek,Timmins, Ontario. *hesent address:BHP-Utah htemational Inc.,200 Fairbrook Drive, Hemdon, Virginia 22070, U.S.A. 1128 TI{E CANADIAN MINERALOGIST II.ITRODUC"noN Chlorite is one of the most abundantminerals in the alterationzones of volcanogenicmassive sulfide depos- its (e.9.,Franklin et al. l98l); it typicallyoccurs in veins with quartz,sulfides" and other minerals, and as replace- mentsof sedimentaryand volcanichost-rocks. In an- cient metamorphoseddeposits, chlorite may be the most commonlayer silicate,together with variableamounts of phengitic muscovite 1 paragonite;talc, stilp- nomelane,and biotite generallyare rare. In the pristine, unmetamorphosedalteration zones of the Miocene KC-813 Kurokodeposits ofJapan, layer-silicate assemblages are complexand include chlorite, illite, smectite,local talc, celadonite,and vermiculite,and rare chrysotile (Iijima 1974,Shirozu 1974, Utada et al. 1974,Shlrozu et al. 1975). The alterationpipes of Cretaceousmassive sulfide depositson Cyprus, also unmetamorphosed, containillite, chlorite,smectite, and rectorite (Lydon & Galley 1986,Richards et aL.1989).In this paper,we describethe occurrence of berthierine.an Fe-Al semen- tine-type mineral, and berthierine--chloritemixtures from the metamorphosedKidd Creekmassive sulfide deposit,ofArchean age, and discuss the implications of thesemixtures for interpretingthe paragenesisof Fe-Al layer silicatesin modern and ancient volcanogenic sulfideenvironments. KC-3231 IDEN'TFICATONAND OCCURRENCE 24 '20(CuKal Geologicalsetting Fro. l. X-ray powder-diffractionpattems (CuKcr radiation) for The large Kidd CreekCu-Zn-Pb-Ag deposit,north mineral separatesof layer silicates from the footwall of Timmins,Ontario, consists of massivepyrite" chalco- stringer zone (north orebody) of the Kidd Creek mine. pyrite,sphalerite, pynhotite, and galena locally under- Pattemsfor samplesKC-813, KC-2505, and KC-3421 -14 lain by a chalcopyrite-richstringer zone(Walker et al. lackthe diagnostic A (63'2e) and4.7 A (ts.s"zo) 1975,Coad 1985).The ores are hostedby Archean peaksof truechlorite (chl) andconsist mainly (or wholly) volcanicrocks dated by U-Pb zirconmethods at2711 of berthierine(ber) mixed wilh muscovite(mus) 1 quartz (qtz); Ma (Nunes& Pyke 1981,Banie & Davis 1990)and are small peaksat 7.V7.5"20 axeinstrumental artifacts. pattem^for sample KC-3231 (bottom) that believed to have formed Compare on or near the sea floor containsonly 14A chlorite.All patternswere acquired on synchronouslywith localvolcanism and sedimentation. air-driedand untreated samples. Multiple events related to postore deformation are evidencedby mine-scalefaults and shearzones, strain fabrics in hand specimenand thin section,and U-Pb geochronologicaldata (Walker et al. 1975,Bisbinet al. fied (by JFS) on the basis of optical featuresand results 1990,Banie & Davis 1990).Regional metamorphism, of electron-microprobe analyses. Identification of the which only reachedlower greenschistgrade, took place Fe-rich chlorite is in error, however, as shown by X-ray at approximately2685 Ma (Percival& Krogh 1983)and powder-diffraction Q(RD) patterns of mineral separates was followed by a local metasomaticevent in the mine of layer silicates from Several samples^(Fig. 1). The areaat about2576Ma(Maas et al. 1986). Fe-rich silicate lacks the diagnostic 14 A reflection of chlorite, and therefore is berthierine" an Fe-Al member X-ray powder dffiaction of the serpentine group (a.9., Brindley 1982, Bailey 1988). The Fe-rich chlorite ("daphnite") described by Slack& Coad(1989) recently described the textures Slack & Coad ( I 989, Table 2, Fig. 12) consists largely and chemistry of Mg- and Fe-rich chlorite from the or wholly of berthierine, including that in samples footwall stringerzone at Kidd Creekand suggestedthat KC-8 I 3, KC-2505, KC-3421 , and KC-3482. An XRD thesetwo compositionaltypes of chloriteformed during study of layer silicate separates from the other Kidd separatehydrothermal events. The chlorite was identi- Creek samples(e.g.,KC-3231, Fig. l) showsprominent BERTHIERINEFROM TI{E KIDD CREEK DEPOSIT tt29 mn-Drlmgld DAIA mR Bmlmlm TM 1. X-W grain-sizesare 10-50!rm, althoughsome large crystals ' thatappear prismatic in crosssection (normal to {001}) h](l h&l AlEsb@ otr1l rc-au Kc-342r (@no) (h*) al-ca1c d-calc d-oalc d-calc in samplesKC-3421 and KC-3482 are as much as 100-200 pm long. Bertlierine grains
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  • New Mineral Names*

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    American Mineralogist, Volume 77, pages II16-1 121, 1992 NEW MINERAL NAMES* JonN L. J,lrvrnon CANMET, 555 Booth Street,Ottawa, Ontario KlA 0G1, Canada Jacrr Pvztnwtcz Institute of Geological Sciences,University of Wroclaw, Cybulskiego30, 50-205 Wroclaw, Poland Camerolaite* wt0/0, corresponding to Na, ,u(ZnoroMnOo,o)ro ro - .4.03HrO, H. Sarp, P. Perroud (1991) (Ti38sNb0 07Fe' 04),3 e6Si8 08Or8 ideally Nau- Camerolaite,CuoAlr- . [HSbO.,SO4](OH),0(CO3). 2HrO, a new mineral from ZnTioSirO,, 4H,O. The mineral contains0.18-0.22 wto/o Cap Garonne mine, Var, France.Neues Jahrb. Mineral. F. Occurs as fan-shaped intergrowths of long prismatic Mon.,481-486. crystals,elongate [001], flattened [100], up to 7 mm long and 0.1 mm thick. Transparent, white to colorless,some Electron microprobe (ave. of eight) and CHN analyses grains with a silver tint; vitreous luster, elastic, crushes (for CO, and HrO) gaveCuO 40.56,AlrO3 14.54,SbrO5 into thin fibers along the elongation; uneven, splintery 13.55,SO3 4.75, CO2 6.26,F{2O 20.00, sum 99.66wto/o, fracture, white streak, yellow-green luminescencein the correspondingto Cu.,6,4,1, jeSo Co O,n ide- eesb' ol eeHrs 5, oo, electronmicroprobe beam, hardness 517-571 (ave.544) ally CuoAlr[HSbO4,SO4XOH),0(CO3).2HrO.Occurs as kglmm2 with a 20-g load (Mohs 5.5-6), no cleavage,{010} tufts and radiating aggregates(0.5-2 mm) of transparent, parting. D-"u" : 2.90, D"ut": 2.95 g/cm3 with Z : 2. blue-greenacicular crystalsup to 0.5 mm long and show- Colorlessin transmitted light, nonpleochroic, straight ex- ing {100} and {001}, flattenedon {100}, elongate[010].
  • Data of Geochemistry

    Data of Geochemistry

    Data of Geochemistry ' * Chapter W. Chemistry of the Iron-rich Sedimentary Rocks GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-W Data of Geochemistry MICHAEL FLEISCHER, Technical Editor Chapter W. Chemistry of the Iron-rich Sedimentary Rocks By HAROLD L. JAMES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-W Chemical composition and occurrence of iron-bearing minerals of sedimentary rocks, and composition, distribution, and geochemistry of ironstones and iron-formations UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Face Abstract. _ _______________________________ Wl Chemistry of iron-rich rocks, etc. Continued Introduction. _________ ___________________ 1 Oxide facies Continued Iron minerals of sedimentary rocks __ ______ 2 Hematitic iron-formation of Precambrian age__ W18 Iron oxides __ _______________________ 2 Magnetite-rich rocks of Mesozoic and Paleozoic Goethite (a-FeO (OH) ) and limonite _ 2 age___________-__-._____________ 19 Lepidocrocite (y-FeO(OH) )________ 3 Magnetite-rich iron-formation of Precambrian Hematite (a-Fe2O3) _ _ _ __ ___. _ _ 3 age._____-__---____--_---_-------------_ 21 Maghemite (7-Fe203) __ __________ 3 Silicate facies_________________________________ 21 Magnetite (Fe3O4) ________ _ ___ 3 Chamositic ironstone____--_-_-__----_-_---_- 21 3 Silicate iron-formation of Precambrian age_____ 22 Iron silicates 4 Glauconitic rocks__-_-____--------__-------- 23 4 Carbonate facies______-_-_-___-------_---------- 23 Greenalite. ________________________________ 6 Sideritic rocks of post-Precambrian age._______ 24 Glauconite____ _____________________________ 6 Sideritic iron-formation of Precambrian age____ 24 Chlorite (excluding chamosite) _______________ 7 Sulfide facies___________________________ 25 Minnesotaite.