BURIED, CREMATED, DEFLESHED by BUZZARDS? RELIGIOUSLY MOTIVATED EXCARNATORY FUNERAL PRACTICES ARE NOT ABUSE of CORPSE Khushbu
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Tiffany B. Saul
Tiffany B. Saul Middle Tennessee State University Forensic Institute for Research and Education 1301 East Main Street Box 89 Wiser-Patten Science Hall 106H Murfreesboro, TN 37132 [email protected] Education 2013-2017 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Anthropology, University of Tennessee 2010-2013 Master of Science (MS) in Biology, Middle Tennessee State University 1998-2002 Bachelor of Science (BS) in Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University Academic Appointments 2017-present Research Assistant Professor, Middle Tennessee State University (Forensic Institute for Research and Education and Dept. of Anthropology) 2015-2017 Graduate Research Assistant, University of Tennessee (Dept. of Anthropology) 2014-2015 Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of Tennessee (Anthropology & Biology) 2013 (Fall) Graduate Research Assistant, University of Tennessee (Dept. of Anthropology) 2012-2013 Graduate Research Assistant, Forensic Institute for Research and Education 2010-2012 NSF Graduate Fellow, Middle Tennessee State University Teaching Experience 2017 World Prehistory (ANTH 2210/ 1 section-MTSU), Instructor 2016 Basic Forensic Crime Scene Processing School (TBI), Presenter 2016 Forensic Skeletal Search and Recovery Course (MTSU), Instructor 2016 Biometrics Field Training (FBI Fly Team), Instructor 2015 Human Origins (ANTH 110/1 section-UTK), Instructor 2014-2015 Human Osteology Lab (ANTH 480/3 sections-UTK), Teaching Assistant 2014 General Biology for Non-majors Lab (BIOL 102/ 2 sections-UTK), Instructor 2013 Career and Technical Education (CTE) Workshop, Session Director 2012 Basic Forensic Crime Scene Processing School (TBI), Presenter 2012-2013 NSF TRIAD GK-12 Program, Program Master Fellow 2011-2012 Career and Technical Education (CTE) Workshop, Curriculum Developer 2011 Homicide Investigation Course (TBI), Instructor Assistant 2011-2014 CSI: MTSU Summer Camp, Curriculum Developer and Instructor 2010-2012 NSF TRIAD GK-12 Program, Visiting Scientist/Research Mentor 2010 CSI: MTSU Summer Camp, Assistant Instructor T. -
Theory Discussion
02 Theory discussion 16 2.1 Introduction Corpse Disposal Methods This thesis aims to design a burial site, which practices sustainable corpse disposal, prevents placelessness through locally grounding, and focuses on the experience of the living user. This theory chapter is divided into two sections: 1. Sustainable corpse disposal 2. Placelessness and user experience In the first section current corpse disposal methods as well as the influence of culture on selecting how to dispose of a loved one’s corpse is discussed. Following this, sustainable and appropriate corpse disposal methods for this thesis is selected and explained. Section two is a theoretical discussion on the loss of identity and increased placelessness of cemeteries, as well as how the experience of the user can be made meaningful through a narrated landscape. Section 1: Sustainable corpse disposal 2.2 Unsustainable burial practice Figure 7. Current corpse disposal methods (Author 2015). Johannesburg’s Cemeteries are quickly filling up and the city is rapidly running out of burial space (SAPA 2010). This calls for a change in the long established conventional burial, is the placing of a corpse underground in a casket or coffin custom of traditional burial. A less land intensive and more sustainable corpse (Leuta & Green 2011). The grave is traditionally marked with a tombstone to disposal method is required. Cremation and traditional burial are the only legal commemorate the deceased. body disposal methods in South Africa, however many other methods are used internationally; Figure 7 illustrates some of these methods. The coffin is lowered two meter into the soil and covered with the backfill soil. -
ABMBNIA (Varmio) B. H. KENNETT. ARMENIA
HI ABMBNIA (Varmio) •with any such supposition. It ia a safe inference indistinguishable. la timea of need c? danger from 1 S 67fl;, 2 S (33rr- that the recognized method man requires a god that ia near, and nofc a god of carrying the Ark in early times was in a sacred that is far off. It ia bjy BO means a primitive con- cart (i.e, a cart that had been used for no other ception which we find an the dedicatory prayer put purpose) drawn by COTVS or bulls.* The use of into the mouth of Solomon (1K 84*1*), that, if people horned cattle might possibly denote that the Ark go out to battle against their enemy, and they was in some way connected with lunar worship; prayto their God towards the house which is built in any case, Jiowever, they probably imply that to His name, He will make their prayer and the god contained in the Ark was regarded aa the supplication hoard to the heaven in which He god of fertility (see Frazer, Adonis, Attu, Osiris, really dwells,* Primitive warriors wanted to have pp. 46,80),f At first sight it is difficult to suppose their goda in their midst. Of what use was the that a aerpent could ever be regarded aa a god of Divine Father (see Nu 2129) at home, when his sona fertility, but "whatever the origin of serpent-worship were in danger in the field ? It waa but natural, may be—and we need not assume that it has been therefore, that the goda should be carried out everywhere identical — there can be little doubt wherever their help waa needed (2S 5ai; cf. -
The Body Farm 1 the Body Farm Rachel Hilton Salt Lake Community College Mortuary Science Department
The Body Farm 1 The Body Farm Rachel Hilton Salt Lake Community College Mortuary Science Department The Body Farm 2 The Body Farm The Body Farm, a strange and eerie term you may have heard in a book or on a television show, meaning exactly what it sounds like: an outdoor research facility where bodies are strategically placed in the sun, in the shade, in ponds and in trunks and examined to see the effects of time and certain elements. Why do we have several body farms in the United States and what purpose do they serve? One day the students and staff of body farms across the U.S. hope to aide law enforcement in catching criminals by making an atlas of what happens to the human body after death. By developing this atlas equipped with pictures, copious amounts of time will be saved by law enforcement, time that would otherwise be wasted on trying to develop a time of death. The education a body farm can provide for aspiring forensic anthropology students is endless. Many teachers have tried to simulate crime scenes in classrooms, and while they do work and give students a broader spectrum of inquiries, to have an actual body to study over time is the ultimate gift. Body Farms in the U.S Dr. William M. Bass’ inspiration for starting the body farm stemmed from a possible murder case presented to him by local police where they asked him to approximate time of death of a body whose resting place was disturbed when a couple decided to remodel their home. -
Summer/June 2014
AMORDAD – SHEHREVER- MEHER 1383 AY (SHENSHAI) FEZANA JOURNAL FEZANA TABESTAN 1383 AY 3752 Z VOL. 28, No 2 SUMMER/JUNE 2014 ● SUMMER/JUNE 2014 Tir–Amordad–ShehreverJOUR 1383 AY (Fasli) • Behman–Spendarmad 1383 AY Fravardin 1384 (Shenshai) •N Spendarmad 1383 AY Fravardin–ArdibeheshtAL 1384 AY (Kadimi) Zoroastrians of Central Asia PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA Copyright ©2014 Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America • • With 'Best Compfiments from rrhe Incorporated fJTustees of the Zoroastrian Charity :Funds of :J{ongl(pnffi Canton & Macao • • PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA Vol 28 No 2 June / Summer 2014, Tabestan 1383 AY 3752 Z 92 Zoroastrianism and 90 The Death of Iranian Religions in Yazdegerd III at Merv Ancient Armenia 15 Was Central Asia the Ancient Home of 74 Letters from Sogdian the Aryan Nation & Zoroastrians at the Zoroastrian Religion ? Eastern Crosssroads 02 Editorials 42 Some Reflections on Furniture Of Sogdians And Zoroastrianism in Sogdiana Other Central Asians In 11 FEZANA AGM 2014 - Seattle and Bactria China 13 Zoroastrians of Central 49 Understanding Central 78 Kazakhstan Interfaith Asia Genesis of This Issue Asian Zoroastrianism Activities: Zoroastrian Through Sogdian Art Forms 22 Evidence from Archeology Participation and Art 55 Iranian Themes in the 80 Balkh: The Holy Land Afrasyab Paintings in the 31 Parthian Zoroastrians at Hall of Ambassadors 87 Is There A Zoroastrian Nisa Revival In Present Day 61 The Zoroastrain Bone Tajikistan? 34 "Zoroastrian Traces" In Boxes of Chorasmia and Two Ancient Sites In Sogdiana 98 Treasures of the Silk Road Bactria And Sogdiana: Takhti Sangin And Sarazm 66 Zoroastrian Funerary 102 Personal Profile Beliefs And Practices As Shown On The Tomb 104 Books and Arts Editor in Chief: Dolly Dastoor, editor(@)fezana.org AMORDAD SHEHREVER MEHER 1383 AY (SHENSHAI) FEZANA JOURNAL FEZANA Technical Assistant: Coomi Gazdar TABESTAN 1383 AY 3752 Z VOL. -
Mysteries of Mithra
FRANZ CUMONT PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GHENT, BELGIUM Translatedfrom the Second Revised French Edition BY THOMAS J. McCORMACK PRINCIPAL OF THE LA SALLE AND PERU TOWNSHIP HIGH SCHOOL With a Frontispiece, Map, and Fifty Cuts and Illustrations CHICAGO The OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMP NY LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., LTD. 1903 TRANSLATION COPYRIGHTED BY THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY CHICAGO 1903 PREFACE TO THE FRENCH EDITION present work, in which we purpose to treat THEof the origin and history of the Mithraic religion, does not pretend to offer a picture of the downfall of paganism. We shall not attempt, even in a general way, to seek for the causes which explain the establishment of the Oriental religions in Italy; nor shall we endeavor to show how their doctrines, which were far more active as fermenting agents than the theories of the philosophers, decom posed the national beliefs on which the Roman state and the entire life of antiquity rested, and how the destruction of the edifice which they had disintegrated was ultimately accomplished by Chris tianity. We shall not undertake to trace here the various phases of the battle waged between idol atry and the growing Church; this vast subject, which we hope some day to approach, lies beyond the scope of the present work. We are concerned here with one epoch only of this decisive revolu tion, it being our purpose to show with all the distinctness in our power how and why a certain Mazdean sect failed under the Caesars to become the dominant religion of the empire. -
Myth of Simorghian Mithraism (Mehrparasti) by Masato TOJO, Ph
New Religio-Cultural Movement in Iran & Japan Myth of Simorghian Mithraism (Mehrparasti) By Masato TOJO, Ph. D. Mithraeum Japan Version information: ⇐Official Site 1st 2006 Nov 17 Fri. 8th 2008 Jul 01 Tue. 9th 2009 Apr 27 Mon. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my friend Dr. Jamshid Jamshidi for his kind and rich suggestions. His long research and deep understanding of both Iranian and Japanese culture enables me to write this article. Myth of Simorghian Mithraism (Mehrparasti) ――Mithraic myth of the Simorghian culture―― CONTENTS Objectives 1. Preliminary Note 2. Myth 2. 1 The Mundane Egg 2. 2 Birth of Mitra 2. 3 Birth of the World 2. 4 Birth of Creatures 2. 5 Creatures were split into Three Groups 2. 6 Transmigration of souls 2. 7 History of the Humanity 2. 8 King Yima and the Long Winter 2. 9 Glorious Governance of King Yima 2. 10 Mirs 3. Glossary 3. 1 Simorgh 3. 2 The mundane egg 3. 3 The Cosmos 3. 4 Spheres, planets and fixed stars 3. 5 Vourkaša Sea 3. 6 Fravashi of the world 3. 7 Mt. Harā 3. 8 Êran-vēj 3. 9 Vara 3. 10 The rim mountains 3. 11 Cinvat bridge Appendix 1. Rig Veda A1. 1 Hymn 2.27 A1. 2 Hymn 3.27 A1. 3 Hymn 5.59 Appendix 2. Mihr Yasht A2. 1 Worship A2. 2 Mithra’s eight friends A2. 3 Mithra’s dwelling A2. 4 Keep contract, do not lie A2. 5 Do good governance A2. 6 Mithra’s rulership of the World Appendix 3 Hellenistic Sources A3. -
Patterns in the Modification of Animal and Human Bones in Iron Age Wessex: Revisiting the Excarnation Debate
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research @ Cardiff Chapter 8 Patterns in the modification of animal and human bones in Iron Age Wessex: revisiting the excarnation debate Richard Madgwick Abstract Social practices concerning the treatment of human and animal remains in the Iron Age have long been a focus of debate in archaeological literature. The absence of evidence of a formal burial rite and the regular retrieval of human remains from ‘special’ deposits or ABG’s has led to widespread discussion surrounding what majority rite was practised in Iron Age Wessex and excarnation has been a popular explanation. The deposition of unusual configurations of faunal remains, often associated with human remains may be suggestive of an interrelated pre-depositional and depositional practise between the different classes of remains. This paper explores how a holistic analysis of bone taphonomy can contribute to the understanding of social practises surrounding the pre-depositional treatment of humans and animals. In a case study of the sites of Winnall Down and Danebury, it was demonstrated that humans and animals were treated significantly differently. Human remains exhibited far less modification than faunal material, suggesting that excarnation was unlikely to have been the majority rite. However, results indicate that either exposure in a protective environment or exhumation was practised so that partial or total disarticulation could occur with little taphonomic modification. Taphonomic analysis of faunal material demonstrates that it is not only humans and animals that were treated differently, as dog and horse remains exhibit significantly different patterns of modification to other animals. -
How I Set up My Own Body Farm by Jennifer Dean
How I Set Up My Own Body Farm By Jennifer Dean To prepare for a new forensic science elective at Camas High School, and determined to make this new course an exciting application of biology and chemistry principles, I began by collecting forensic science resources, ordering books and enrolling in the local community college course on forensic science. I spent every extra hour soaking up as much as I could about this field during the “time off” teachers get in the summer. I was particularly fascinated by the fields of forensic entomology and anthropology. From books such as Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers by Mary Roach and Dr. Bill Bass’s work around the creation of a human body farm at the University of Tennessee Forensic Anthropology Center, I decided to create something similar for our new high school forensic science program. As we met for dinner after a day of revitalizing workshops in Seattle at an NSTA conference, I shared my thoughts about the creation of an animal body farm with my talented and dedicated colleagues. These teachers have a passion for their students and their work. I felt free to share these ideas with them and know I’d be supported in making it a reality. As the Science Department, we formally agreed to dedicate ourselves to submitting grants to make it a reality. Back at work, I sent copies of the farm proposal to my immediate supervisors, and they responded with letters of support. The next step was getting the farm started—with or without grant money—because the first class of forensic science would be starting in the fall. -
A Taphonomic Examination of Inhumed and Entombed Remains in Parma Cemeteries, Italy
ISSN: 2692-5389 DOI: 10.33552/GJFSM.2019.01.000518 Global Journal of Forensic Science & Medicine Research Article Copyright © All rights are reserved by Paola A Magni A Taphonomic Examination of Inhumed and Entombed Remains in Parma Cemeteries, Italy Edda Guareschi, Ian R Dadour and Paola A Magni* Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia *Corresponding author: Paola A Magni, Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Received Date: April 15, 2019 Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia. Published Date: May 23, 2019 Abstract People of different cultures bury their dead in different ways, based on religious beliefs, historical rituals, or public health requirements. In Italy, cremation is still a limited practice compared to entombment and inhumation. Accordingly with the law, a buried body can be moved to the cemetery ossuary only if skeletonized. Generally, complete skeletonization occurs within 40 years following burial, but sometimes the body may mummify, or it may turn into adipocere. Globally, today burial space is limited with cemeteries facing a growing need for both burials and entombments. The present study considered the thanatological, taphonomical, anthropological, microbiological and geochemical examination of 408 human bodies exhumed from grave pits and stone tombs located in two cemeteries in Parma, Italy. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with the process of the decomposition of such bodies were documented in order to identify which factors promote or reduce the time needed for skeletonization. Overall, the aim of this study was to improve the management of the body turnover in cemeteries, providing recommendations for cemetery management and turnover planning, with the goal of avoiding extra costs that may be attributed to the family and the State. -
Compendium of Shenshai Zoroastrian Monthly Calendars 1379 A.Y
Compendium of Shenshai Zoroastrian Calendars 1379 AY through 1400 AY Compendium of Shenshai Zoroastrian Monthly Calendars 1379 A.Y. (2009-2010 C.E.) through 1400 A.Y. (2030-2031 C.E.) Digital Edition Compiled For Common Use Of The Entire Zoroastrian Community By: Rohinton Erach Kadva Bangalore, India 07-September-2009 Digital Edition Compiled by: Rohinton Erach Kadva, Bangalore, India. 1 Compendium of Shenshai Zoroastrian Calendars 1379 AY through 1400 AY CONTENTS Chapter Title Page No. No. 1 Note on Zoroastrian Calendars. 2 Note on evolution of names of Roz and Months 3 Schedule of festivals. 4 Shenshai Zoroastrian Monthly Calendars : a 1379 A.Y. (2009-2010 C.E.) b 1380 A.Y. (2010-2011 C.E.) c 1381 A.Y. (2011-2012 C.E.) d 1382 A.Y. (2012-2013 C.E.) e 1383 A.Y. (2013-2014 C.E.) f 1384 A.Y. (2014-2015 C.E.) g 1385 A.Y. (2015-2016 C.E.) h 1386 A.Y. (2016-2017 C.E.) i 1387 A.Y. (2017-2018 C.E.) j 1388 A.Y. (2018-2019 C.E.) k 1389 A.Y. (2018-2020 C.E.) l 1390 A.Y. (2020-2021 C.E.) m 1391 A.Y. (2021-2022 C.E.) n 1392 A.Y. (2022-2023 C.E.) o 1393 A.Y. (2023-2024 C.E.) p 1394 A.Y. (2024-2025 C.E.) q 1395 A.Y. (2025-2026 C.E.) r 1396 A.Y. (2026-2027 C.E.) s 1397 A.Y. (2027-2028 C.E.) t 1398 A.Y. (2028-2029 C.E.) u 1399 A.Y. -
Human Taphonomy Facilities
FOREN SIC FRI ILITIES ONOMDYA FYA C HUMAN TAPH WITH HEATHER @STEMResponseWLV HUMAN TAPHONOMIC FACILITIES A human taphonomy facility ( HTF) or body farm, is a facility whereby human cadavers are observed for the purpose of research particularly in forensic science. A HTF is used to research various aspects of forensic science such as anthropology, entomology and decomposition. This involves the processes which occur after death, environmental conditions, location, burial and movement. Not only are these facilities used by science students and researchers to explore and gain further knowledge, they are used to educate and train law enforcement and simulate case studies. @STEMResponseWLV HUMAN TAPHONOMIC FACILITIES Secure Thanatology Forensic Research Research Site Outdoor Station University of Quebec, Canada Northern Michigan University, Forensic Investigation USA Research Station Colorado Mesa UniversIty, USA Amsterdam Research Initiative for Complex For Forensic Sub-surface Taphonomy and Anthropology Research Anthropology Southern Illinois University, USA Forensic Osteology Research Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Forensic Anthropology Station Research Facility Western Carolina University, USA Texas State University, USA Florida Forensic Institue for Applied Anthropological Research, Security and Tactical Research Center Training. Sam Houston State University, USA University of South Florida, USA Forensic Anthropology Center The University of Tennesse, USA Australian Facility for Taphonomic Research University