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The New IMA List of Minerals – A Work in Progress – Updated: October 2013 In the following pages of this document a comprehensive list of all valid mineral species is presented. The list is distributed (for terms and conditions see below) via the web site of the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association, which is the organization in charge for approval of new minerals, and more in general for all issues related to the status of mineral species. The list, which will be updated on a regular basis, is intended as the primary and official source on minerals. Explanation of column headings: Name: it is the presently accepted mineral name (and in the table, minerals are sorted by name). Chemical formula: it is the CNMNC-approved formula. IMA status: A = approved (it applies to minerals approved after the establishment of the IMA in 1958); G = grandfathered (it applies to minerals discovered before the birth of IMA, and generally considered as valid species); Rd = redefined (it applies to existing minerals which were redefined during the IMA era); Rn = renamed (it applies to existing minerals which were renamed during the IMA era); Q = questionable (it applies to poorly characterized minerals, whose validity could be doubtful). IMA No. / Year: for approved minerals the IMA No. is given: it has the form XXXX-YYY, where XXXX is the year and YYY a sequential number; for grandfathered minerals the year of the original description is given. In some cases, typically for Rd and Rn minerals, the year may be followed by s.p. (special procedure): it refers to the year in which a specific action (redefinition and/or renaming) took place, and was approved by IMA. This may be related to the approval of a report by a dedicated subcommittee on a given group of minerals. Country: it is the country in which the mineral was discovered for the first time (according to the national boundaries as of today). First reference: it is the original reference for each mineral. Second reference: it is the most recent or most complete reference for each mineral, possibly including a crystal structure study. Caveat (IMPORTANT): the list includes selected information on the 4859 currently valid species; inevitably there will be mistakes in it. We will be grateful to all those who will point out errors of any kind, including typos. Please email your corrections to [email protected]. Acknowledgments: The following persons, listed in alphabetic order, gave their contribution to the building and the update of the IMA List of Minerals: Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Hans-Peter Bojar, Jerry Carter, Marco E. Ciriotti, Robert T. Downs, Edward S. Grew, Lorenza Fascio, Cristiano Ferraris, Giovanni Ferraris, Athanasios Godelitsas, Ulf Hålenius, Frank C. Hawthorne, Christian Imark, Jordi Lluis Justo del Campo, Vladimir G. Krivovichev, Ruslan I. Kostov, Jacques Lapaire, Andrzej Manecki, Robert F. Martin, Tania Martins, Dieter Nickolay, Roberta Oberti, Mikhail Ostrooumov, Robert E. Pedersen, Gerald A. Peters, Stefan Schorn, Ben Schumer, Chris J. Stanley, Ivan Vighetto, Jeff Weissman. Distribution terms and conditions: This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ . IMA IMA No. / Name CNMMN/CNMNC approved formula Country First reference Second reference Status Year Abelsonite NiC 31 H32 N4 A 1975-013 USA American Mineralogist 63 (1978), 930 Science 223 (1984), 1075 Abenakiite-(Ce) Na 26 Ce 6(Si 6O18 )(PO 4)6(CO 3)6(SO 2)O A 1991-054 Canada Canadian Mineralogist 32 (1994), 843 Abernathyite K(UO 2)(AsO 4)·3H 2O G 1956 USA American Mineralogist 41 (1956), 82 American Mineralogist 49 (1964), 1578 2+ Abhurite Sn 21 O6(OH) 14 Cl 16 A 1983-061 Saudi Arabia Canadian Mineralogist 23 (1985), 233 Canadian Mineralogist 41 (2003), 659 Zapiski Rossiyskogo Abramovite Pb 2SnInBiS 7 A 2006-016 Russia Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 136(5) (2007), 45 Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abswurmbachite Cu 2+ Mn 3+ O (SiO ) A 1990-007 Greece 6 8 4 Abhandlungen 163 (1991), 117 Annalen der Physik und Chemie 95 Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 110 Acanthite Ag S G 1855 Czech Republic 2 (1855), 462 (1958), 136 Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Journal of Physical Chemistry 96 Acetamide CH CONH A 1974-039 Ukraine Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 104 3 2 (1992), 668 (1975), 326 Boletin de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Achavalite FeSe G 1939 Argentina Universidad Nacional de Cordoba 2 Monatshefte (1972), 276 (1939), 73 Elements of Mineralogy, 2nd ed., vol. 1. Actinolite ☐Ca (Mg Fe 2+ )Si O (OH) Rd 2012 s.p. unknown American Mineralogist 83 (1998), 458 2 4.5-2.5 0.5-2.5 8 22 2 Elmsly, London (1794), 167 Denmark Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 194 Acuminite SrAlF (OH)·H O A 1986-038 4 2 (Greenland) Monatshefte (1987), 502 (1991), 221 CNMNC Newsletter 16 - Mineralogical Adachiite CaFe 2+ Al (Si AlO )(BO ) (OH) (OH) A 2012-101 Japan 3 6 5 18 3 3 3 Magazine 77 (2013), 2695 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Adamite Zn 2(AsO 4)(OH) G 1866 Chile Séances de l'Académie des Sciences American Mineralogist 61 (1976), 979 62 (1866), 692 Adamsite-(Y) NaY(CO 3)2·6H 2O A 1999-020 Canada Canadian Mineralogist 38 (2000), 1457 Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Experimental Mineralogy, Petrology and Adelite CaMg(AsO )(OH) G 1891 Sweden 4 Förhandlingar 13 (1891), 781 Geochemistry Meeting (2002), 30 (abstr.) Tschermaks Mineralogische und Crystal Structure Communications 5 Admontite MgB O ·7H O A 1978-012 Austria Petrographische Mitteilungen 26 (1979), 6 10 2 (1976), 433 69 Adolfpateraite K(UO 2)(SO 4)(OH)(H 2O) A 2011-042 Czech Republic American Mineralogist 97 (2012), 447 Adranosite-(Al) (NH 4)4NaAl 2(SO 4)4Cl(OH) 2 Rn 2008-057 Italy Canadian Mineralogist 48 (2010), 315 Adranosite-(Fe) (NH 4)4NaFe 2(SO 4)4Cl(OH) 2 A 2011-006 Italy Canadian Mineralogist 51 (2013), 57 Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, 3+ Aegirine NaFe Si 2O6 A 1998 s.p. Norway Geognosie, Geologie und American Mineralogist 93 (2008), 1829 Petrefaktenkunde (1835), 184 Mikroskopische Physiographie der 3+ 2+ Aegirine-augite (Ca,Na)(Fe ,Mg,Fe )Si 2O6 Rd 1988 s.p. Russia Petrographisch Wichtigen Mineralien (1892) 510 Denmark Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung 24 European Journal of Mineralogy 20 Aenigmatite Na [Fe 2+ Ti ]O [Si O ] A 1967 s.p. 4 10 2 4 12 36 (Greenland) (1865), 397 (2008), 983 (Ca,Na) (Fe 3+ ,Fe 2+ ,Mg,Al) (Al,Mg) Si O Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie (1876), European Journal of Mineralogy 21 Aerinite 6 4 6 12 36 Rd 1988 s.p. Spain (OH) 12 (CO 3)·12H 2O 352 (2009), 233 Journal für Praktische Chemie 75 Aerugite Ni (AsO ) As 5+ O Rd 1965 s.p. Germany Acta Crystallographica B45 (1989), 201 8.5 4 2 8 (1858), 239 Jahres-Bericht über die Fortschritte der Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 142 Aeschynite-(Ce) (Ce,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb) (O,OH) Rn 1987 s.p. Russia Physischen Wissenschaften 9 (1830), 2 6 (1962), 181 182 Aeschynite-(Nd) (Nd, Ln ,Ca)(Ti,Nb) 2(O,OH) 6 A 1987 s.p. China Scientia Geologica Sinica 4 (1982), 424 Skrifter udgivne af Videnskabs- European Journal of Mineralogy 11 Aeschynite-(Y) (Y, Ln ,Ca,Th)(Ti,Nb) (O,OH) Rn 1987 s.p. Norway 2 6 Selskabet i Christiania 6 (1906), 1 (1999), 1043 Bulletin de la Société Française de European Journal of Mineralogy 9 Afghanite (Na,K) Ca (Si Al )O (SO ) Cl A 1967-041 Afghanistan Minéralogie et de Cristallographie 91 22 10 24 24 96 4 6 6 (1997), 21 (1968), 34 European Journal of Mineralogy 23 Afmite Al (OH) (H O) (PO )(PO OH)·H O A 2005-025a France 3 4 2 3 4 3 2 (2011), 269 Afwillite Ca 3[SiO 4][SiO 2(OH) 2]·2H 2O G 1925 South Africa Mineralogical Magazine 20 (1925), 277 Crystallography Reports 54 (2009), 418 2+ 6+ Agaite Pb 3Cu Te O5(OH) 2(CO 3) A 2011-115 USA American Mineralogist 98 (2013), 512 2+ Agardite-(Ce) CeCu 6(AsO 4)3(OH) 6·3H 2O A 2003-030 Germany Aufschluss 55 (2004), 17 2+ Agardite-(La) LaCu 6(AsO 4)3(OH) 6·3H 2O A 1980-092 Greece Lapis 9 (1984), 22 2+ Agardite-(Nd) NdCu 6(AsO 4)3(OH) 6·3H 2O A 2010-056 Greece Journal of Geosciences 57 (2011), 249 Bulletin de la Société Française de 2+ Agardite-(Y) YCu 6(AsO 4)3(OH) 6·3H 2O A 1968-021 Morocco Minéralogie et de Cristallographie 92 Acta Crystallographica C41 (1985), 161 (1969), 420 Agrellite NaCa 2Si 4O10 F A 1973-032 Canada Canadian Mineralogist 14 (1976), 120 Crystallography Reports 43 (1998), 589 Mineralogy and Petrology 103 (2011), Agricolaite K (UO )(CO ) A 2009-081 Czech Republic 4 2 3 3 169 Agrinierite K2Ca[(UO 2)3O3(OH) 2]2·5H 2O A 1971-046 France Mineralogical Magazine 38 (1972), 781 American Mineralogist 85 (2000), 1294 American Journal of Science, Ser. III 41 Aguilarite Ag SeS G 1891 Mexico Mineralogical Magazine 77 (2013), 21 4 (1891), 401 2+ Aheylite Fe Al 6(PO 4)4(OH) 8·4H 2O A 1984-036 Bolivia Mineralogical Magazine 62 (1998), 93 Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie Materials Research Bulletin 40 (2005), Ahlfeldite Ni(SeO )·2H O G 1935 Bolivia 3 2 und Paläontologie 6 (1935), 277 781 Morocco CNMNC Newsletter 16 - Mineralogical Ahrensite Fe (SiO ) A 2013-028 2 4 (meteorite) Magazine 77 (2013), 2695 Practical Mineralogy.
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  • Wulffite K3nacu4o2(SO4)4

    Wulffite K3nacu4o2(SO4)4

    Wulffite K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: mm2. As tabular prismatic crystals to 2 mm, elongated along [010] and with pitted faces; in aggregates to 1 cm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect, 2 directions parallel to elongation and a third || (010). Fracture: Stepped. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 3.23(2) D(calc.) = 3.19 Soluble in H2O. Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Dark green, deep emerald green, deep bluish green. Streak: Light green. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). α = 1.582(3) β = 1.610(3) γ = 1.715(3) 2V(calc.) = 58° Orientation: Z = b. Pleochroism: Strong; X = pale green, Y = green, Z = emerald green. Absorption: X < Y < Z. Cell Data: Space Group: Pn21a. a = 14.2810(6) b = 4.9478(2) c = 24.1127(11) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. 9.27 (100), 2.780 (33), 7.16 (22), 2.725 (20), 3.125 (16), 2.882 (16), 2.725 (14) Chemistry: (1) (2) Na2O 4.11 3.82 K2O 16.46 17.43 Rb2O 0.95 Cs2O 0.65 CuO 38.88 39.25 ZnO 0.15 SO3 39.11 39.50 Total 100.31 100.00 (1) Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia; average of 6 electron microprobe analyses supplemented by IR spectroscopy; corresponding to Na2.95(K4.75Rb0.25Cs0.14)Σ=5.14(Cu7.95Zn0.04)Σ=7.99S7.99O36. (2) K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4. Occurrence: As sublimates at a fumarole as incrustations on the surface of basalt scoria or on tenorite or aphthitalite crusts. Association: Euchlorine, fedotovite, hematite, johillerite, fluoborite, langbeinite, calciolangbeinite, arcanite, krasheninnikovite, lammerite, lammerite-β, bradaczekite, urusovite, gahnite (Cu-bearing variety), orthoclase (As-bearing variety), fluorophlogopite.
  • STRONG and WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS of TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS and THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth a Dissertati

    STRONG and WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS of TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS and THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth a Dissertati

    STRONG AND WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS AND THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Scott C. Warren James F. Cahoon Wei You Joanna M. Atkin Matthew K. Brennaman © 2018 Tyler William Farnsworth ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Tyler William Farnsworth: Strong and weak interlayer interactions of two-dimensional materials and their assemblies (Under the direction of Scott C. Warren) The ability to control the properties of a macroscopic material through systematic modification of its component parts is a central theme in materials science. This concept is exemplified by the assembly of quantum dots into 3D solids, but the application of similar design principles to other quantum-confined systems, namely 2D materials, remains largely unexplored. Here I demonstrate that solution-processed 2D semiconductors retain their quantum-confined properties even when assembled into electrically conductive, thick films. Structural investigations show how this behavior is caused by turbostratic disorder and interlayer adsorbates, which weaken interlayer interactions and allow access to a quantum- confined but electronically coupled state. I generalize these findings to use a variety of 2D building blocks to create electrically conductive 3D solids with virtually any band gap. I next introduce a strategy for discovering new 2D materials. Previous efforts to identify novel 2D materials were limited to van der Waals layered materials, but I demonstrate that layered crystals with strong interlayer interactions can be exfoliated into few-layer or monolayer materials.