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802314-3) Laboratory Manual (Fall 2016: Term 1, 1437/1438H

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802314-3) Laboratory Manual (Fall 2016: Term 1, 1437/1438H اﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA Ministry of Higher Education وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﱄ - ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮى Umm Al-Qura University ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ و اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture ﻗﺴﻢ اﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮ?ﺋﻴﺔ Electrical Engineering Department ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS (802314-3) Laboratory Manual (Fall 2016: Term 1, 1437/1438H) Prepared by: Dr. Makbul Anwari Approved by: Control Sequence Committee Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 3 2. Laboratory Safety 3 3. Lab Report 5 4. Experiment # 1: 6 5. Experiment # 2: 11 6. Experiment # 3: 19 7. Experiment # 4: 25 8. Experiment # 5: 29 2 Introduction This manual has been prepared for use in the course 802314-3, Electrical and Electronic Measurements. The laboratory exercises are devised is such a way as to reinforce the concepts taught in the lectures. Before performing the experiments the student must be aware of the basic laboratory safety rules for minimizing any potential dangers. The students must complete and submit the pre-lab report of each exercise before performing the experiment. The objective of the experiment must be kept in mind throughout the lab experiment. Laboratory Safety: ∑ Safety in the electrical engineering laboratory, as everywhere else, is a matter of the knowledge of potential hazards, following safety regulations and precautions, and common sense. ∑ Observing safety precautions is important due to pronounced hazards in any electrical engineering laboratory. ∑ All the UQU Electrical Engineering Students, Teaching Assistants, Lab Engineers, and Lab technicians are required to be familiar with the LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR THE UQU ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATE LAB AREAS published on the department web-page. ∑ Practice electrical safety at all times while constructing, analyzing and troubleshooting circuitry. ∑ Do not accompany any drinks or water with you inside the Lab. ∑ If you observed an electrical hazard in the lab area – NOTIFY THE INSTRUCTOR/LAB ASSISTANT IMMEDIATELY! ∑ Acquaint yourself with the location of the following safety items within the lab. a. Fire extinguisher b. First aid kit c. Fire-exit d. Telephone and emergency numbers Department/Person Telephone Fire-Department Emergency 0 – 998 Dean College of Engineering & Islamic 0 - 5281155 / 1177 Architecture / Secretary EE Department Chair / Secretary 1024 / 1203 Dean of Students’ Affairs: 0 – 5561916 0 - 5563478 & 0 - 5562524 / x 6828 / x UQU University Service /Security 6027 UQU Medical Clinic/ Emergency/ 0 - 5589953/ x5658 / x5699 Reception 3 LABORATORY SAFETY REVIEW QUESTIONS: 1. YES or NO: Have you read the Laboratory Safety Guidelines for the UQU Electrical Engineering Undergraduate Lab Areas? 2. What should you do if an emergency situation occurs in the laboratory? 3. In the event of a fire, police, or medical emergency do you know the emergency telephone number? Write it down. 4. TRUE or FALSE: There is an increased risk of electric shock if you enter the lab area bare feet. 5. TRUE or FALSE: There is no increased risk of electric shock and the equipment is not affected in any way if food and drinks are allowed in the lab area. 6. TRUE or FALSE: The students may be allowed to work alone in any lab area without the supervision of Teaching Assistant (TA) or Course Professor. 7. Fill in the blanks: a. Voltages above ________ Vrms AC are dangerous. b. Voltages above ________ DC are dangerous. 8. TRUE or FALSE: In the event of fire emergency use elevator to evacuate faster. 4 Lab Report: A lab report for each experiment is to be submitted by each member (student) of a team one week after the lab session is completed. The lab report must be type written in the MSWord (Times-Roman 12 font) format and it must contain the following: 1. Cover page containing: ∑ Electrical and Electronic Measurements 802314-3 Experiment #______ ∑ Experiment Title: _________________________________ ∑ Group #: ___________ ∑ Your Name: ________________ & I.D. #: _________________ 2. Objectives: Not copied from the lab manual 3. Specifications of Equipment Used: 4. Procedure: Steps you did in the lab. It is not copied from the lab manual 5. Block Diagram or Circuit Diagram should be included 6.Result or Analysis: Compare the Pre-lab results with those obtained in the experiment. Summary of what you discovered. (Attach the pre-lab with the lab report) 7. Answers to Questions: Answer to observation questions in the lab experiment,lab review questions and lab safety review questions at the end of the experiment in a written form (MSWord document). 8. Conclusion: The conclusions based on the experiment and other observationsmust be clearly discussed in the laboratory report. 9. Remarks or Comments: You may write your comments regarding your experience of each lab experiment. (The laboratory report will be graded for content and written English) 5 (802314-3) EXPERIMENT #1 OSCILLOSCOPES Objective: To study the functions and operation of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) and to use it for the measurement of voltage, frequency, time period and phase difference. Theory: The oscilloscope is a very valuable device for making many measurements for voltage signals. It can show a scaled picture of one or more voltages applied to it. The picture (also called display) provides the following information: q Peak and instantaneous value, q Frequency, q Period, q Phase angle between voltages. Only steady or repetitive voltages can be measured with ordinary oscilloscope. The scope can show two vertical inputs at the same time by connecting them alternately to the same set of vertical plates. The switching between them is done automatically based on the mode selected, i.e. chopped or alternate. It can also give algebraic sum or difference of two vertical inputs. Voltage can also be applied to the horizontal channel (normally used for time-sweep) so as to see it against the vertical voltage. This is called XY mode. Pre-lab: 1. Briefly discuss each of the following oscilloscope controls: intensity, focus, position, volts/div, time/dive, and trigger level. 2. Explain how to determine peak-to-peak voltage, time period and frequency using oscilloscope. Equipment Required: q Oscilloscope. q RC Probe. q Function Generator. q Phase Shift Network (Resistor and Capacitor). Procedure: 1) Locate the following switches and knobs on the oscilloscope and find out their functions: q Power on/off switch, 6 q Focus controls knob, q Beam find press button, q Intensity control knob, q Vertical shift control for each channel, q Channel-display switch (CH1/Both/CH2), q Vertical sensitivity control (Volts/cm) for each channel, q Input coupling switches (AC/GND/DC) for each channel, q Vertical input ports for each channel, q CH2-Invert press button, q Display-mode control switch (ADD/ALT/CHOP), q Horizontal-Shift control knob, q Sweep Rate control (Time/cm) and XY-mode switch, q External Synchronizing (Sync.) Input socket, q Internal-Trigger switch, q Trigger source switch, q Trigger slope press button, q Trigger level control knob. 2) Switch on the oscilloscope and set the sweep mode to free-run. Adjust focus and intensity to get a sharp but modestly bright trace. Note: There should be ground line adjustment before making any measurements ! 3) With the input coupling switch set to DC, apply a DC voltage of few volts in CH1. Set the sweep rate and sensitivity to a suitable sec/cm and volts/cm, setting to give a calibrated deflection of at least 4 cms from the ground reference. Calculate the voltage values as follows: q Vertical Deflection, Y = _________ q Vertical Scale, S = _________ q Voltage, V = Y ∙ S = _________ 4) Set the coupling to AC . Can you measure this way ? Why ? 5) Set the coupling switch to AC. Using the function generator; apply sinusoidal voltage of 50 Hz and a few (r.m.s.) volts to the vertical input of CH1. 6) Set the trigger selector to CH1 and the trigger level to give a stable picture. Set the sweep rate to 2msec/cm, don’t forget to put the red small knob at the calibrated position (fully clockwise). Adjust the vertical scale (volts/cm) to get a display of nearly 5 cm Peak to Peak. Center the display with the vertical shift control if necessary. 7) Calculate the peak to peak voltage as follows: q Peak to Peak Voltage, V = (Peak to Peak vertical deflection, Y) * (vertical sensitivity, S) 8) Adjust the sweep rate to get just over one complete cycle of calibrated display of the waveform. 7 9) Measure the horizontal distance between any two points forming a complete cycle. 10) Calculate the period and the frequency as follows: q Period, T = (Length of on cycle, L) × ( horizontal sensitivity, Z) q Frequency, F = 1/ T. 11) Record the result in table 1 below: Table 1 Y V Waveform S L Z T F Peak to Peak to & Freq. (V/cm) (cm) (sec/cm) (sec) (Hz) Peak (cm) Peak (Volts) 50 Hz 1 kHz 5 kHz 50 Hz 1 kHz 5 kHz 12) Repeat for 1 kHz and 5 kHz frequencies. 13) Repeat for triangular wave at 50 Hz, 1 kHz and 5 kHz frequencies. 14) Wire the circuit shown in figure 1 below. Figure 1: Phase Shift Network (LPF) 8 15) Set the channel display switch to Both . 16) Adjust the frequency and sweep rate to get a stable display of at least one cycle. 17) Adjust volts/cm settings on the two channels to get nearly equal peak to peak deflection of the two traces. Use the red (calibrate) knobs to compress the display if necessary. 18) Center the two traces, measure the distance between the Zero crossings of the two traces to calculate the phase difference as follows: ÈDistancebetween zerocrossings,D˘ o q Phase Difference, f = Í ˙¥360 Î Length of onecompletecycle,L ˚ 19) Turn the sweep rate control knob to XY position.
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