Lab 2: DC Measurements
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1806-A Electronic Voltmeter, Manual
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS TYPE 1806-A ELECTRONIC VOLTMETER Form 1806-0100-C March, 1967 Copyright 1963 General Radio Company West Concord, Massachusetts, USA GENERAL RADIO COMPANY WEST CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS, USA SPECIFICATIONS DC VO~TMETER Voltage Ro.nge: Four ranges, 1.5, 15, 150, and 1500 V, full scale, positive or negative. Minimum reading is 0.005 V. Input Resistance: 100 M!'l, ±5%; also "open grid" on all but the 1500-V range. Grid current is less than I0-10 A. Accuracy: ±2% of indicated value from one-tenth of full scale to full scale; ±0.2% of full scale from one-tenth of full scale to zero. Scale is logarithmic from one-tenth of full scale to full scale, permitting constant-percentage readability over that range. AC VOLTMETER Voltage Range: Four ranges, 1.5, 15, 150, and 1500 V, full scale. Minimum reading on most sensitive range is 0.1 V. Input Impedance: Probe, approximately 25 Mn in parallel with 2 pF; with TYPE 1806-P2 Range Multiplier, 2500 M!'l in parallel with 2 pF; at binding post on panel, 25 Mn in parallel with 30 pF. Accuracy: At 400 c/ s, ±2% of indicated value from 1.5 V to 1500 V; ±3% of indicated value from 0.1 V to 1.5 V. Waveform Error: On the higher ac-voltage ranges, the instrument operates as a peak voltmeter, calibrated to read rms values of a sine wave or 0.707 of the peak value of a complex wave. On distorted waveforms the percentage deviation of the reading from the rms value may be as large as the percentage of harmonics present. -
Digital Power Analyzer Model 4301
Model 4301 Modular Power Analyzer An All-Purpose Digital Measurement Instrument for Power Conversion Device Testing Model 4301 Modular Power Analyzer 0.1% reading and 0.1% range accuracy Up to 16 Power Analyzer modules in a single chassis 25 standard AC and DC, static and dynamic measurements Dual DSPs with 1MHz sampling rate 6 voltage and current ranges plus auto-ranging for increased accuracy Peak-Peak noise measurements, 10Hz - 20MHz Two Digital Logic Inputs per module Chassis communications through a PC/LAN with LabVIEW and IVI- compliant drivers Applications The Model 4301 Power Analyzer is primarily designed for use in automated test environments configured for simultaneous testing of multiple power conversion UUTs. The Analyzer’s advantage in this application are speed, size and measurement performance. Speed is achieved through having Model 4301 a single instrument capable of making a wide range of measurements dedicated to each test channel. Test system size is minimized through the modular single-card design, 16 of which can be fitted into a multi-instrument chassis. Measurement performance is achieved by deriving an extensive number of high accuracy measurements from a digitized waveform. This last capability is particularly useful where input as well as output measurements are necessary to precisely calculate UUT efficiency. 3 Instruments in 1 Through Waveform Digitization The 4301 Analyzer can be thought of as functionality equivalent to three instruments: a power meter, a multimeter and an oscilloscope. This capability is achieved through the Analyzer’s state-of-the-art, dual A/D converters with a 1MHz sampling rate that provides the data to make practically any power- conversion-related static or dynamic measurement provided by the three types of instruments above. -
The Accuracy Comparison of Oscilloscope and Voltmeter Utilizated in Getting Dielectric Constant Values
Proceeding The 1st IBSC: Towards The Extended Use Of Basic Science For Enhancing Health, Environment, Energy And Biotechnology 211 ISBN: 978-602-60569-5-5 The Accuracy Comparison of Oscilloscope and Voltmeter Utilizated in Getting Dielectric Constant Values Bowo Eko Cahyono1, Misto1, Rofiatun1 1 Physics Departement of MIPA Faculty, Jember University, Jember – Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract— Parallel plate capacitor is widely used as a sensor for many purposes. Researches which have used parallel plate capacitor were investigation of dielectric properties of soil in various temperature [1], characterization if cement’s dielectric [2], and measuring the dielectric constant of material in various thickness [3]. In the investigation the changing of dielectric constant, indirect method can be applied to get the dielectric constant number by measuring the voltage of input and output of the utilized circuit [4]. Oscilloscope is able to measure the voltage value although the common tool for that measurement is voltmeter. This research aims to investigate the accuracy of voltage measurement by using oscilloscope and voltmeter which leads to the accuracy of values of dielectric constant. The experiment is carried out by an electric circuit consisting of ceramic capacitor and sensor of parallel plate capacitor, function generator as a current source, oscilloscope, and voltmeters. Sensor of parallel plate capacitor is filled up with cooking oil in various concentrations, and the output voltage of the circuit is measured by using oscilloscope and also voltmeter as well. The resulted voltage values are then applied to the equation to get dielectric constant values. Finally the plot is made for dielectric constant values along the changing of cooking oil concentration. -
The Absolute Measurement of Capacity
THE ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITY. By Edwakd B. Rosa and Frederick "W. Grover. 1. The Method Employed. The usual method of determining the capacity of a condenser in electromagnetic measure is Maxwell's bridge method, using a tuning fork or a rotating commutator to charge and discharge the condenser, Fig. 1. which is placed in the fourth arm of a Wheatstone bridge. This is a null method, is adapted to measuring large and small capacities equally well, and requires an accurate knowledge only of a resistance and the rate of the fork or commutator. 153 154 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS. [vol.1, no. 2. The formula for the capacity C of the condenser as given by J. J Thomson, is as follows: * i_L a (a+h+d){a+c+g) 0= (1) ncd \} +c{a+l+d))\} + d(a+c+g)) in which <z, c, and d are the resistances of three arms of a Wheatstone bridge, b and g are battery and galvanometer resistances, respectively, and n is the number of times the condenser is charged and discharged per second. When the vibrating arm P touches Q the condenser is charged, and when it touches P it is short circuited and discharged. When Pis not touching Q the arm BD of the bridge is interrupted and a current flows from D to C through the galvanometer; when P touches Q the condenser is charged by a current coming partly through c and partly through g from C to D. Thus the current through the galvanometer is alternately in opposite directions, and when these opposing currents balance each other there is no deflection of the gal- vanometer. -
Electrical Multimeter MMW02
Motors | Automation | Energy | Transmission & Distribution | Coatings Electrical Multimeter MMW02 Installation & Operation Manual Installation & Operation Manual Serie: MMW02 Language: English Summary SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 10 1.1 CALIBRATION EXPIRY TERM ............................................................................................................10 1.2 CONFORMITY DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 Reference Standards ................................................................................................................10 1.3 SAFETY INFORMATION .....................................................................................................................10 1.3.1 Dangers .....................................................................................................................................11 1.3.2 Attention ....................................................................................................................................11 1.4 RECEIVING THE PRODUCT ...............................................................................................................11 1.5 TECHNICAL SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE ......................................................................................11 2 OVERVIEW 13 2.1 MEASURE OF BASIC QUANTITIES .................................................................................................13 2.2 THD CALCULATION ...........................................................................................................................13 -
Equivalent Resistance
Equivalent Resistance Consider a circuit connected to a current source and a voltmeter as shown in Figure 1. The input to this circuit is the current of the current source and the output is the voltage measured by the voltmeter. Figure 1 Measuring the equivalent resistance of Circuit R. When “Circuit R” consists entirely of resistors, the output of this circuit is proportional to the input. Let’s denote the constant of proportionality as Req. Then VRIoeq= i (1) This is the same equation that we would get by applying Ohm’s law in Figure 2. Figure 2 Interpreting the equivalent circuit. Apparently Circuit R in Figure 1 acts like the single resistor Req in Figure 2. (This observation explains our choice of Req as the name of the constant of proportionality in Equation 1.) The constant Req is called “the equivalent resistance of circuit R as seen looking into the terminals a- b”. This is frequently shortened to “the equivalent resistance of Circuit R” or “the resistance seen looking into a-b”. In some contexts, Req is called the input resistance, the output resistance or the Thevenin resistance (more on this later). Figure 3a illustrates a notation that is sometimes used to indicate Req. This notion indicates that Circuit R is equivalent to a single resistor as shown in Figure 3b. Figure 3 (a) A notion indicating the equivalent resistance and (b) the interpretation of that notation. Figure 1 shows how to calculate or measure the equivalent resistance. We apply a current input, Ii, measure the resulting voltage Vo, and calculate Vo Req = (1) Ii The equivalent resistance can also be measured using and ohmmeter as shown in Figure 4. -
Energy and Power Meters Catalogue for Panel Builders
Schneider Electric Energy and power meters catalogue for Panel Builders www.schneider-electric.com Schneider Electric Energy and power meters catalogue for panel builders Contents Introduction 3 Selection guide panorama 4 Current transformers 7 Panel instruments 18 Basic energy metering IEM2000 series, IEM3000 series 29 Basic multi-function metering PM3000 series, PM5000 series 43 Communications and gateways Link150, Com’X 200, Com’X 210, Com’X 510 59 Commercial reference numbers See your Schneider Electric representative for complete ordering information. 76 Clicking on a Commercial Reference Number or scanning the product’s QR Code links you to further product information on www.schneider-electric.com www.schneider-electric.com PANEL BUILDERS CATALOGUE FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS Why Panel Builders Choose Schneider Electric? Schneider Electric is the global specialist in energy management and as such it has the most complete power motoring product line, going from simple indicators (analogue meters) and CTs, to world class accurate energy meters and powerful compact power meters. These proven products come with multiple options to satisfy any requirement. Schneider Electric products are safe and reliable. We comply with the most stringent standards, including IEC, MID, UL, etc., and we thoroughly test all products with third-party laboratories. This gives our partners the peace of mind and the confidence that they are maintaining a good reputation while delivering the best value in equipment and service to their customers. Our products are simple to install, configure, and use. This saves our partners time and money and lets them deliver the best solutions in a timely and cost-effective manner. -
Keysight 53147A/148A/149A Microwave Frequency Counter/Power Meter/DVM
Keysight 53147A/148A/149A Microwave Frequency Counter/Power Meter/DVM Assembly Level Service Guide Notices U.S. Government Rights Warranty The Software is “commercial computer THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS Copyright Notice software,” as defined by Federal Acqui- DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED “AS IS,” sition Regulation (“FAR”) 2.101. Pursu- AND IS SUBJECT TO BEING © Keysight Technologies 2001 - 2017 ant to FAR 12.212 and 27.405-3 and CHANGED, WITHOUT NOTICE, IN No part of this manual may be repro- Department of Defense FAR Supple- FUTURE EDITIONS. FURTHER, TO THE duced in any form or by any means ment (“DFARS”) 227.7202, the U.S. MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY (including electronic storage and government acquires commercial com- APPLICABLE LAW, KEYSIGHT DIS- retrieval or translation into a foreign puter software under the same terms CLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EITHER language) without prior agreement and by which the software is customarily EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARD written consent from Keysight Technol- provided to the public. Accordingly, TO THIS MANUAL AND ANY INFORMA- ogies as governed by United States and Keysight provides the Software to U.S. TION CONTAINED HEREIN, INCLUD- international copyright laws. government customers under its stan- ING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE dard commercial license, which is IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MER- Manual Part Number embodied in its End User License CHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A 53147-90010 Agreement (EULA), a copy of which can PARTICULAR PURPOSE. KEYSIGHT be found at http://www.keysight.com/ SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ERRORS Edition find/sweula. The license set forth in the OR FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSE- Edition 3, November 1, 2017 EULA represents the exclusive authority QUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION by which the U.S. -
Part 2 - Condenser Testers and Testing Correctly Part1 Condenser Testers and Testing Correctly.Doc Rev
Part 2 - Condenser Testers and Testing Correctly Part1_Condenser_Testers_And_Testing_Correctly.doc Rev. 2.0 W. Mohat 16/04/2020 By: Bill Mohat / AOMCI Western Reserve Chapter If you have read Part 1 of this Technical Series on Condensers, you will know that the overwhelming majority of your condenser failures are due to breakdown of the insulating plastic film insulating layers inside the condenser. This allows the high voltages created by the “arcing” across your breaker points to jump through holes in the insulating film, causing your ignition system to short out. These failures, unfortunately, only happen at high voltages (often 200 to 500Volts AC)….which means that the majority of “capacitor testers" and "capacitor test techniques" will NOT find this failure mode, which is the MAJORITY of the condenser failure you are likely to encounter. Bottom line is, to test a condenser COMPLETELY, you must test it in three stages: 1) Check with a ohmmeter, or a capacitance meter, to see if the condenser is shorted or not. 2) Assuming your condenser is not shorted, use a capacitance meter to make sure it has the expected VALUE of capacitance that your motor needs. 3) Assuming you pass these first two step2, you then need to test your condenser on piece of test equipment that SPECIFICALLY tests for insulation breakdown under high voltages. (As mentioned earlier, you ohmmeter and capacitance meter only put about one volt across a capacitor when testing it. You need to put perhaps 300 or 400 times that amount of voltage across the condenser, to see if it’s insulation has failed, allowing electricity to “arc across" between the metal plates when under high voltage stress. -
An Analysis of Inertial Seisometer-Galvanometer
NBSIR 76-1089 An Analysis of Inertial Seisdmeter-Galvanorneter Combinations D. P. Johnson and H. Matheson Mechanics Division Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Washington, D. C. 20234 June 1976 Final U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANDARDS • TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ^ 1 . 1 Background 1.2 Scope ^ 1.3 Introductory Details 2 ELECTROMAGNETIC SECTION 2 GENERAL EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF AN INERTIAL SEISMOMETER 3 2.1 Dynaniical Theory 2 2.1.1 Mechanics ^ 2.1.2 Electrodynamics 5 2.2 Choice of Coordinates ^ 2.2.1 The Coordinate of Earth Motion 7 2.2.2 The Coordinate of Bob Motion 7 2.2.3 The Electrical Coordinate 7 2.2.4 The Magnetic Coordinate 3 2.3 Condition of Constraint: Riagnet 3 2.4 The Lagrangian Function • 2.4.1 Mechanical Kinetic Energy 10 2.4.2 Electrokinetic and Electro- potential Energy H 2.4.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 12 2.4.4 Mechanical Potential Energy 13 2.5 Tne General Equations of Motion i4 2.6 The Linearized Equations of Motion 2.7 Philosophical Notes and Interpretations 18 2.8 Extension to Two Coil Systems 18 2.8.1 General 2.8.2 Equations of Motion -^9 2.8.3 Reciprocity Calibration Using the Basic Instrument 21 2.8.4 Reciprocity Calibration Using Auxiliary Calibrating Coils . 23 2.9 Application to Other Electromagnetic Transducers - SECTION 3 RESPONSE CFARACTERISTICS OF A SEISMOMETER WITH A- RESISTIVE LOAD 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Seismometer with Resistive Load II TABLE GF CONTENTS Page 3.2.1 Steady State Response 27 3. -
Electrical & Electronics Measurement Laboratory Manual
DEPT. OF I&E ENGG. DR, M, C. Tripathy CET, BPUT Electrical & Electronics Measurement Laboratory Manual By Dr. Madhab Chandra Tripathy Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTAION AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR-751003 PAGE 1 | EXPT - 1 ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LAB DEPT. OF I&E ENGG. DR, M, C. Tripathy CET, BPUT List of Experiments PCEE7204 Electrical and Electronics Measurement Lab Select any 8 experiments from the list of 10 experiments 1. Measurement of Low Resistance by Kelvin’s Double Bridge Method. 2. Measurement of Self Inductance and Capacitance using Bridges. 3. Study of Galvanometer and Determination of Sensitivity and Galvanometer Constants. 4. Calibration of Voltmeters and Ammeters using Potentiometers. 5. Testing of Energy meters (Single phase type). 6. Measurement of Iron Loss from B-H Curve by using CRO. 7. Measurement of R, L, and C using Q-meter. 8. Measurement of Power in a single phase circuit by using CTs and PTs. 9. Measurement of Power and Power Factor in a three phase AC circuit by two-wattmeter method. 10. Study of Spectrum Analyzers. PAGE 2 | EXPT - 1 ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LAB DEPT. OF I&E ENGG. DR, M, C. Tripathy CET, BPUT DO’S AND DON’TS IN THE LAB DO’S:- 1. Students should carry observation notes and records completed in all aspects. 2. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit diagram. 3. Students should be aware of the operation of equipments. 4. Students should take care of the laboratory equipments/ Instruments. 5. After completing the connections, students should get the circuits verified by the Lab Instructor. -
Voltage and Power Measurements Fundamentals, Definitions, Products 60 Years of Competence in Voltage and Power Measurements
Voltage and Power Measurements Fundamentals, Definitions, Products 60 Years of Competence in Voltage and Power Measurements RF measurements go hand in hand with the name of Rohde & Schwarz. This company was one of the founders of this discipline in the thirties and has ever since been strongly influencing it. Voltmeters and power meters have been an integral part of the company‘s product line right from the very early days and are setting stand- ards worldwide to this day. Rohde & Schwarz produces voltmeters and power meters for all relevant fre- quency bands and power classes cov- ering a wide range of applications. This brochure presents the current line of products and explains associated fundamentals and definitions. WF 40802-2 Contents RF Voltage and Power Measurements using Rohde & Schwarz Instruments 3 RF Millivoltmeters 6 Terminating Power Meters 7 Power Sensors for URV/NRV Family 8 Voltage Sensors for URV/NRV Family 9 Directional Power Meters 10 RMS/Peak Voltmeters 11 Application: PEP Measurement 12 Peak Power Sensors for Digital Mobile Radio 13 Fundamentals of RF Power Measurement 14 Definitions of Voltage and Power Measurements 34 References 38 2 Voltage and Power Measurements RF Voltage and Power Measurements The main quality characteristics of a parison with another instrument is The frequency range extends from DC voltmeter or power meter are high hampered by the effect of mismatch. to 40 GHz. Several sensors with differ- measurement accuracy and short Rohde & Schwarz resorts to a series of ent frequency and power ratings are measurement time. Both can be measures to ensure that the user can required to cover the entire measure- achieved through utmost care in the fully rely on the voltmeters and power ment range.