El43~~C Public Disclosure Authorized

PROJECTOF ZHEJIANGELECTRIC POER DEVELOPMENT

NINGBOCITY'S ELECTRICPOER DISTRIBUTIONNETWORK REMOULDINGPROJECT

REPORTON THE ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized INSTITUTEOF ELECTRICPOER DESIGNOF ZHEJIANGPROVINCE

JANUARY1994 HANGZHOU

I~~~~~~\vR Public Disclosure Authorized NINGBOCITY' S ELECTRICPOER DISTRIBUTIONNETWORK REMOULDINGPROJECT

REPORTON THE ENVIRONENTAL EFFECTS

STAFFOF RESPONSIBILITY

BEADOF TIE INSTITUTE LI LIAM-KA[ (SENIORENGINEER)

ENGINEER-IN-CHIEF: SONGYU-YEN (SENIORENGINEER)

DIRECTORENGINER : ZIDUCHUANG (SENIORENGINEER)

PROOFRDER NI CHENG-GANG(ENGINEER)

COIPILE: LIN SBAO-PING(ENGINEER)

NI CRENG-GANG(ENGINEER)

UNITIN CHARGEOF THEPROJECT: INSTITUTEOF ELECTRICPOWER DESIGNOF ZHEJIANGPROVINCE REPORTON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF NINGBOCITY'S POWER DISTRIBLTION NETWORK REMOULDING

CONTENT

1.Prefcee 1.1 Reasot forConstruction ...... 1 I.2 Coverageof ReeearciWork ...... 4 1.3 Basi6of Drafting,Regzlations and Standards of Exectitionof theReport ..

_. A GeneralSuzvey of tieProject 2.1 Typeof theProject . . 18 2.2 Ureecy of theProject ...... 19 9. 3 Locationsof theProject ...... Zo 2-4 Scaleand Overational Efficecey ...... 20 aT'e 5 Planfor Ratificationaud Executionof theProject ...... 21

3. EnrironmentalSarvey 3.1 A Surveyof theNatwral Conditions .24 3.2 A Surveyof theSocial Conditions. 2 i 4. Tn. ExpectedEnvironmental EffecLt and thePrecautioAarY Neasures 4. 1 The Effectsan Natural Eaviroement ...... 36 4.2 The EnvironmentalEffects During the Operation 64 4.3 Its Influenceon HumanBeing and ItsUse Value 64 4.4 ltcInfluence on LivingQuality ...... 72 4.5 Reduce theUnfavorable Effects ...... 14

5. Cost-EffectAnalysis

5.1 The Cost-Effectof the PrecautioaaryMeasures ... 81 5.2 Cost-EffectAtalysis of theProject .83

S. Requirementsfor the InstituLionsand the Plan for EnvironmeutalMonitoring 6.1 Requirementsfor the Institutions. 86 C,9 Environmental Nonitoring ...... 86

OF. Pblic Participation 7.i PublicPartic ipation ...... 88 7.2 NanagementOrganizattlocs ...... 89

B. Conclusion 8.1 TheMethods forReducing the Unfavorable Effects 89 S.2 The Conclusionof theResearc Report. 92

9. Auneuaiu.98 ...... 9. ii REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF NINGBO CITY'S POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK REMOULDING

1. Preface 1.1 esson For Construction 1.1.1The PresentSituation and Problemsof Ningbo's PowerDistribution Network Niugbois themajor provincial city of ZhejiijgProvince and one of the key open citiesof China that individually accountedin the economic planning. Niabo's power distributionnetwork has a historyof more than 30 years, witha considerablescale. Now Ningbo city hls 2 220KV transformersubstations (total eapacity 390,000 KVA) , 12 110KVtransformer substations (total capacity 724, 600 KVA) and25 35KV transformersubstations (total capaeity 251,200 KVAJ,3609 1OKV transformers (total capacity 687,700 KVA), a total1624. 6 km lengthof 1o RV circuits(see Table-1. 1.1) . It has a total2044600 [VA of transformationcapacity. The capacityfor power plants'generators is 1650000KW( Zenghai 1060000kw,Beilun 600000 kw).In 1990 the cityproper has a power supply of 230700K,yearly power supply 1.356 billion kwh. Theproblems of Ninbo's powernetwork include: (1)Geographically divided by TongRiver, Fonghua River andYuyao River, the linkagesbetween 220KV and 110KV electric source pointsare rather weak. The dependability of powernetworks is poor; (2)The cityproper of Niabonow hag ZengkaiPower Plant (capacity1.05 million kw), and Beilu1n Harbour Power Plant \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

II V

C ASJt/K;A//SO Zhe#4iW P;? ere pI. i

tXCl TY Z _ --'

Ta.e- I 1.4 r 23I-FuEIc GV I cv-Rnt rr r . I e n d w

5;Xek.+;erns asl4hs4t*nandlAsOrv-.r Lnes oi 'vA 3So Cy .-.. J 22ojszi1T,¶fcFirhwE £d,X+.icn

-(A-~~c bnrn; Iin (600,000kw now in operation).Thua Ninbo has become a power- supplyend insteadof a power-receiveend. The voltageof thenetworks is toomuch higher than is eormaland cannot be adjus ted; (a)The qualityof thenetwork voltage is ratheriRferior. leadingto thedifficulty of uselessrecompense; (4) The technicalequipment level of distribution networksis low,the networkwires are weak, IOKV cable networkonly constitutes 12%,Lnd disasterresistance is weak; (5)The levelof networkautomation is rather low, and thereis no tadicalimprovement of eomunicationconditions.

1. 1.2 Necessityof theRemoulding of PowerNetworks of NingboCity

In Ningbocity, supply- and- distribution equipment of networks are backward:the strueture of networksis weak; powercircuits are thin,circuit wires are greatlydamaged, and the power supply is hindred aid overcharged; the level of stabilityof thenetworks is low. Especiallywith the rapidgrowth of nationaleconomy the power supply of Ninbo cityis increasingby amplemargins, while the distribution powernetworks have not receivedtimely improvementand powercables constitute a lowpercentage. Due to all these, the contradictionshave become prominent; it is therefore difficultto meetthe needs of Nibo' s economic development and openingto theworld and the needsof power supply for the investmentof foreigntraders. - 2 - 1.1.8Basic Conceptions of the Bemouldingof Power Networksof NinboCity.

In viewof theprepsent situation and the problemsof thepower networks of Ninbocity, ZkejinagElectric Power Companyproposes Zhejiang Power DevelopmentProject' of simultaneousconstruction of power sources and power networkswith the purpoBe of economicaluse of powerenergy. Put on theagenda is theremoulding of thepower networks of Ninbocity, which is part of 'ZhejiingElectric Power DevelopmentProject' and is at the same time a Tery importantlink in the chainof constructionof coastalpower plantslike Beilun Harbour Power Plant.This projectof Ninbo'S powernetworks kas received the great support of all thedepartments of thecentral and localgovernments as well as thegreat support of thepeople. The remouldingproject of Ninbo'spower networksis designedto achieve an economical,rational,safe, reliable and flexiblestructure of networks;to meetthe itczeasingneeds of the citizens forhigher material and cultrallife and theneeds of steady, rapiddevelopment if thecity' s national economy;to develop 220KVas themajor network framework of the city'svoltage classof powernetworks; to raisethe supply capacity of the city'appower networks; to improvethe pattern of the urban networks; to increase thedegree of modernizationof power networks;to improvethe conditions of power supply; to graduallyestablish cable networks;to rationallysupply distributionand transformingpower appliances; to reduce the pollutionof eletromagneticradiation; to realize -3- automaticcontrol of power supply and distribution; to ensurea steadyand reliablequality of voltage.

1.4 PLan of the Remouldingof thePower Networks of NingboCity Accordingto thl basicconceptiono of the power network remouldingof Ninbo city, the ElectricPower Company of ZhejiangProvince desiges to forma 110KV circularnetwork of power supplysupply by connectingthe centerof the city with Beilu (whichi6 a major powersource spot) 220KV power network.Thetansformer substztion of the cithcenter adopts small-sizedadvanced equipment, forming IOKV circular cable networkof powersupply. Duringthe 7 yearsfrom 1994 to 2000,Ningbo's network remoulding includs the following major items: * Five220KV transformer substetions, 900 NVA, 87 b: Waiting, Jiangman I-stage, JiangganII- stage enlarging project,Xinle enlargingproject and Ninnan transformer substation.# Ten IIOKV transformersubstations 2 740VA, 95.7km: Zhongxin,Qinsi, Zhongzin,Beijao, Luotuo, Changsanzheusu (tension-raising), Beimeng, BRaoan, and Shuguang transformer substations; I IOKVdistribution powersystem project and controlling equipment.

1.2 Coverage of Researeh 1.2.1 Coverage of ReseaLrch,Key Points andPurpose Coverage of research largely includes an area of I m outsidethe boundary of the transformer substatiots, the -4- area covered by the projected220KV circuit (87km) and II0KV eireuit(96.7km) , and the area involvedby the 10KV distributionpower system project. Thekey pointsincelud the projeet's locality, possible oceurrenceof accidentsand effeets; the effectson the entirecoutse of projectof tke design, constructiotand normaloperation or when they are cancelledor altered; distussionof the measuresof reducingand preventing disadvantages;analysis of tkeeffects of tieproject on its usagefor mankind and the quality of life;evaluation of the irrevocableeffects of the projectonthe enviroment; proposalof themetkods of avoidingor compenastingfor long or short effects. Accordingto the above analysis,we proposethe eoneltsionof thepreseat report, as a scientificbasis for business'spreventive and precautionalmeasures against pollutionand for theauthorities' ratification.

1.2. 2 Organsof ResearchWork The Power Companyof Zhejiang Province has organized personnel to undertake the research of the present project. The arafting unit in the Power Designning [nstitute of ZhejiangProvince, the holder of the state-issued A 1200011 'Class A Survey Desig Certificate' of tie Ministry of Constructionand B 009 'ClassB EnviromentalEffect evaluationCertificate issued by ZhejianggEvironmental ProtectionBureau. -5- 1.3Basis of Drafting,Laws and Standardsof Execution of theReport 1.8.1Basis of Drafting ( 1) The State Council'sEnvironmental Protection Committee,The National Planning Cemittee and the State EconomicCommittee: * Methodsof GoverningEnvirotmental Protectionof ConstructionProjects' (86-GW-003), concerenig theevaluation areas, contents,drafting prodedures and ratificationauthority about environment effects. (2) The NationalPlanning Committee and the State Council'sEnvironmental Protection Committee: ' Designing RegulationsConcerning Environmental Protection of the ConstructionProjects' about the eavironmentalprotection requirementsof different stages, locality and genarallayout, preventingand precautionalmeamures against pollution supervisingand monitoring orgnss, environmental protection facilitiesand investments,and designing and management. (8)The State EnvironmentProtection Bureau: ' Some Opinioc.about the Problems of EnvironmentalManagement of theConstruction Projects' ( 8- fl-117) concerningthe necessaryratification system and procedures for reportson environmentaloffects from constructionprojects, the improvementof the qualityof the reports, and the accelarationof thedrafting of thereports. 141Former Ministry of EnergyResources: * Methodsof ManagingEnvironmental Protection during the Early-stage of ThermalPower Construction Project.'( NAB-1989-993) concerningstrngheniag the environmentalprotection of - 6 - thermalresources construction projects of the early-stage and increasingthe evaluation quality. (6)Zkejiang Environmental Protect Bureau: * Essentiel TechnicalPoints of EnTironmentalEffect, Evaluation of ConstructionProjeets of ZhejiangProvince' concerningthe draftingof programieof eavironmentaleffect evaluation; evalIutioa of tie present situation of atomsphereand water qualityas well as analysis of the eoansequenee; techAiel regulation.of investigationof pollutionsources. (6)Zhejiang Electric Power Company:* Zhejiang Power DevelopmentProjects' cancerning the plan and contents of NlaLgzhou'selectric power network remoulding project, etc.

1.3.2China's Policies andLaws Concerning Environmental Evaluatioen

On December26, 1989,the StandingConmittee of the 7th NationalPeople's Congresg at itg11th session adopted the 'EnvironmentalProtection Law6 of thePeople's Republic of China',further clarifying the 8 systems of environmental protectioc. They are: evaluation of environmental effects; threethings doae simultaneoumly; charge for releasing pollutaat;enviroamentai protection responsibilitysystem; licensefor expellingpollutants; compreheabive control and maagementand qualityevaluation of urban eaviroment; concentratedcontrol of pollutants;time-table treatment of pollution,etc. Clauseis of chapter2 of ' EaviromentProtectiot Law' -7- stipulates:* To build projectsthat will pollutethe eavironentshould observe tie state's regulations concerAingentironmental effett6 by the construction projects.The reportOn the environmentaleffects of the constructionprojects should make an evaluationof the pollutionexpelling by theprojects and theeffects on the environment,should stipulatepreventive and curative measures,and shouldbe submittedto the responsible departmentfor pre-exaMinationand the administrative organizationsof environmental protection for ratification accordingto thefixed procedures. Only after ratifiection of thereport on theeatiroinental effects can the planning departmentratify the warrant of task for designingthe prajectto be constructed.'

1.3.3 The standardsConcerning Analysis and Evaluation (II Environmentalquality standard for groundwater accordingto GB3838-88 -8- Table-1.3.3.1 I EvironmentalQuality Standard for Ground later (from G33818-88)

.I classll parameter Iclass I cllssil elass III classiV class Y a monitoringn examina- } ~ ~~I I jue!!thnds -1tiont range All the watershould not containthe followingmatterb iproducedby unnatural causes: a.disgusting sediments: b.unpleasantdrifting and floating things like broken I fragsents.Iloating slag. oil and so on; c. satterswith disgustingcolor.suell.taste and muddydegrees: d. things i Basic which are harmfulor pnisonousto. human beings.animals Requibe-1:*e plants: om which can induceunfavou.table physiolog;oal ments reactions.e. water lifethat easily breedsa senceof disgust. ! ;

pH I fi.5 -x. j B--A glass electrnes

1 COD cr 4.15 I is. , It; CODDcr'. _I5 ISCla 15 ' 20 1 25 hearychrome an ilo-SoD

} I t i i, ~, ~~i ; , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~acidsalt

f-BOD '. , C;3 | 3 ,4 B 10 ' zdilutionand iabove 3 } | | ' ' , * ~~~~~~~~~~~~in-culation i

I I I V:-lati:' C.0M O.= 0.005 0.01 ' 0.1 oilnirif. T 0.0nS-c phenol extraction * I * ' !

I Xils i0.05 0.05 O.COS 1.0 U.0650 -ultravOlet

i | , I ~~ ~~II! ! s i I IctrnrhoteseSrvI I

* Exeept PB, unit for all other parameterB is mg/L- - 9- Class1: Mainlysuited to sourcewater and the astional naturepreeerving zones. ClassIL: Mainly suited to watersources of concentrated drinkingwater of Type-Ipreserving areas,preserved areas of rare fishes,spawning groundsfor fishand shrimps. ClassIII: Mainly suited to water sourcesof concen- trateddrinking water of Type-I preserving areas,preserves of commonfishes and swiming areas. ClassIV: Mainly suited to water areas for ordinary industryand recreationalwater areas without directcontact with the humanbody. ClassV: Mainlysuited to water areas for agriculture and for comnonsightseeing.

(2)Standazd of AtomosphereEavironmental Quality, Accordingto 0B3096-82

- ID - Table-1.3.3.2 Standard of Atomsphere Envirenmeatal Quality(from GB3096-82)

name'Of i value limit of denetity cr/standard10 monitoring methods pollutaunts checktime class I class 11 class [1li . I ,; _____ it,^aral fl I da;^ilyave. 1 0.15 0.30 O.a | ril. filte, "mie oating dust anv time i .SO 1.00 1.S0 1and weighting i I 4.;I dr if ting da i ly ave. ' 0.05 0.UI.25 iquart= piemocrystal I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I duct I anrtise 0.15 i 0.50 I 0.70

c"lphur. daily ave-v4pal 0.02 0.0o 0.10 1hvdaoohlcrie acid I moroxidesi dailv ave. 1 0.05 O0.15 0.25 i-rose-aniline !any time 0.15 0.50 0.10 colotimetry I I ~ ~~i : nitr dilydaen ave. 0.0° 0.10 j 015 i hydrochloric acid .';ides i any time 0.10 0.15 0.30 3-ethyl-naphthyl

Type I areas:tIe national nature preserves1 scenic touristareas. historic and culturalrelies, sanatoria,generally adopt Class I standard. Type II areas: recidentialareas, mixed areas of comerce and transportation,cultural areas, historicand culturalrelic., rural area., generallyadopt Class II standard. Type III areas: cities, towns, industrial areas subject to seriousatomaphere pollution, ued transportarteries and trunklines, etc. generallyadopt Class III standard.

- 11 - (31Eaviroamental Noise Standard for Urban Area Accordingto GB3096-82

Table-L9.3.3 Standardof EnvironmentalNoise in Urban Area (fromGM3096-82=

applieableareas day- night- divisionof applieableare time time specialresidential 46 36 1 areasthat require special areas quietness residentiLland 60 40 pureiyresidential areas cUlturalareas 1 of curaturaland education !I institutions and govermentorgans

ClassI mixedareas 6 46 mixed arearsof comrn businessand living

& quarters downtownand Class 62 Do0 mixedareas of industry, mixedareas ibusiness;living quarters

I , iwitha littletraffic

industrialzones 66 66 definiteindnstrial zones in the cityor region both sidesof major 70 s= areason both Bidesof trafficlines I streetswith 100 vehicles I per hourtraffic flow

s The unit of noise is di W, as also used in the following. - 12 - (4)Coaprehasive Standard Concerning tute Walter DiiachargeAccording to GB8975-88

Table-I.3.3.4 Standard of Overall Waste Vater Discharge (from G08978-88) pollutants classI clamsII classIl monitoring

newly presentnewly present methods ealarge enlarge

PU value 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 glass electrodes

Bs 70 100 200 250 400 paper filter;as bestoc crucible

CODcr 100 150 160 200 500 hearychrome ia acidsalt

BOD 5 30 60 60 S0 300 diLutionand inoculatioa volatile 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.0 2.0 poBt- distilation phenol bromidesolution petroleum 10 15 10 20 30 veighting;non- disperseinfray- ed ocanning

ExceptPH walue,the unit for theothers is mg/L.

- 13 - Specialpreserved water areas: refer to GB3838-88class I andclass 11 waterareas where new sewage outletsare prohibited. Keyprotected water areas: refer to GB383B-88 class III waterareas where the sewage discharge carry out I- grade standard. CommODprotected water areas: refer to GB3838-58classIY andclass V waterareas where the sewagedischarge carry out I1-gradestandard. Wastewater whiih is dischargedinto the underground pipesof thecities and towasand is drainedinto 11-grade sewageprocessing factories for biological processing carry outIl}-grade standard.

63Qualityof WasteWater Dischargedinto City Sewage NetworksAccording to CJI8-BB

14 Table-1.8.3.6Quality of Wastelater Discharged into the CitySewage Networks (from CJlB-86)

pollutantsmu imumdensity unit monitoringmethods notes

PR value 6-I glasselectrodes

89 400 mg/L paperflites

COD er 150 (600) mg/L hearychrome in -suitedto under acidsalt grouandpipes of

1 thecities with sewageprocess- ingpalts

ROD 6 100 (300) mg/L dilutionand volatile 1 mg/L post-distilation phenol bromidesolution mineral 20 mg/L weightingmethod *1 oils

- 16 - 16) Noise Standard Around the Transformer Substations, According to GBl2348-BO

Table-i. 3. 3.6 Noise Standard on the Borders of Transformer Substations (frm G312348-90)

[Clas daytime nighttime divisionsof applicable areas

I[655 45 areas mainly of residence andcul- tural andedceationtl areat

I II 60 B0 mixed areasof residence,commerce | and induistry; downtownareas

I 1}15 55 industrial areas

IV 70 66 areason both sides of trunk linesof trnsportation

(7)Noise Limit at the Construction Sitest According to GBh2523-90 - 16 - Table-l3.3 7 NoiseLimit at the Construct-ionSites (fromGBl26SS-D0)

different stage i major sources of noise I daytime|nighttime

of constructionI _ _j

-4~~~~~~~~~~~~ _

cubicmeters of bulldozers,dredges, ' 76 66

earthand stone loaders I

piling allkinds of pile 86 forbidden driversB

structure comentchurters, vibra- 70 66 tors,powersaws

fitting up derricks,elerators 66 j 65

(8)Permissible noise along the sides of CiTcuit corridors:USA standardfor rainy days is 52 db;the former SovietUnion 56 db;Canada 60 db. For this project we adopt 60 dLW),,taking account of the prpesenteconomic level together with the above standaxdsof the othercountries. ISjIntensity limit of induced electric current: Team 36.01 of the International Large Power Network Conference has compiled'A Brief Account of the Electric Fieldsand Electromagnetism Generated by Power Tranamiesion System'.The statistiesof theexperiments show that , only whenthe electric eurrent passing through human body reaches

- 17 - the levelof mA gealewill the biological and physiological effectsbe esetted. Therefore,the intensitylimit of inducedcurrent adopted in thisreport is 0.6 mk. (10)Intensity limit of eleetricfield: la 1972 the formerSoviet UTnion it ' Report on UndesiredEcological Effectsof theElectric Fields on HumanBeing' put forward certainregulations conceraing human being workingin the electriefields aLd set the intensitylimit of SKV/Nfor an undefinedduration of staying, for example, in the trau,fo!me1substatiofs. Sisce 1975 tke SoTiet Union has adoptedthe following limitations: . 10KV/iplaces for crossingthe roads and often approachedby t16KV/l non-residential areas, but approached by possibly O2KV/iplaces inaccesible In Japan,the chief reaseofor limitingthe electric fieldsis 'theeffect of umbrella'.Therefore, in places accesibleto the public,the intensitylimit of the electric -ieldis 3KV)'M. Sincethere are no intensitylimit regulations in Chinaat present,the present report adopts the intensitylimit of 4Kv/;, which is usuallyadopted by the ordinary engineering projectdesign.

2. A GeneralSurvey of theProject 2.1 Type of Ptoject Aecordingto the 'EnvironmentalEvaluation---- Guide to the Loans by the WorldBank' issued in July 1992 by the WorldBank, and the opinionsof the World Bank project - 18 - directorand experts on environment.the workinggrade on the evaluationof this project'senvironmental effects is regardedas GradeB. Tkis projectmay have disadvantageousand seriouseffects On the environment. However, by adopting the prepsent precautionaland curativemeasures (see 4.5), the possible N effectscan be avoidedor reduced; or the environeutal effectscan be made more specifi and limited. Therefore, only a generaland routineevaluation of the environmental effectsis needed.

2.2 Urgencyof This Project Ningbois situatedin the coastalarea of southeastChina, an area of rapid economic development. Ningbo is tn individuallyaecounted city in economicplanning in China. The speedof developmentof this city has longbeen in the leadiagposition of the eountry.It is expectedthat by 1994 its domesticGNP vill be dotbled. From the analysisin 1. 1 and 1. 2, it is clear that the shortage of electric transformingcapacity is increasinglycompicuous. Insufficent power generatingand supply, weak network frameworks, seriousunsteady supply conaitions,high power consumption, inferiorquality of voltage,low utilizationratio of energy resources...,all these factors seriouslycheck Niabo' economicdevelopment and the powersupply for the residents. Accordingly,there is an urgentneed to speedup the power networkcontribution to meet the need of Niabo's economic developmentand the powersupply for the people.

9l _ * 2.3 Evaluationon the locationof the projectitems Ningbois situatedin the eoastalarea of moutheastChina, to the mouthof the HangshonBay. and is an importantpott city in Chint.It is situatedbetween 120 62'---12226' east longitudeand 28 43'---3027' north latitude.Ninbo facesthe HangzhouBay in the northand theEist ChinaSea in the east and bordersSameag Bay in the south,Tiantai Mountain Range on the west.The wholecity is divided by Fonghua River, Yaojis6gRiTer and YongjiangRiver into Zenghai Developing Zone,Beilun Developing Zone and the Old City Area.Thewhole cit) is 170 km wide from east to west and 192 km long from iou th to north.The presenttotal areaL of the city proper is 1033km.In the remouldingof the city's power networks. the locationsof the major itemsof the projectare showt in Tsble-l.1.1.

2.4 Scale aud operatioaalefficeucy For an estimationof the scale and the investment ot Ningbocity's power distributionnetwork remoulding project, see Tible-24. 1. After the remoulding of Ninbo'spower aetworks,an economical,rational,safe, reliable and flexible netmork structurewill be realized.The powersupply capacitywill reach716,000 kw, annual power supply quantity of 4. 14 billion kwh. The distribution reliability ratio is approximately>99.9%, and voltagequalified ratio of > 94%, line losingrate cut down 0.5%.

- 20 - 2L6The pla«ningarraangment of the ratificationand ezecuttonof theprojeet The remouldingof the urban powvr networksis a complicatedwork.Before the execution of the project,the Electric PowerIndustry Bureau of ZhejiangProvince plans to sendpersonnel concerned abroad to studyand investigatethe managementof powernetworks, the scale technology,the practicaland advaiced features of theequipuent, so as to raisetke technical level of oururban network remoulding on a praetiealbasis. The projectof remouldingthe eity's powernetworks will be carriedout and finishedin the 7 yearsbetween 1994---2000. RINGDO'spower network remoulding inelude 16 items. In makingplans and design for the projectitems, it is importantto payattention to thecomprehensive efficency of theeconemy, society and theenvironment. We should take overthe landfor use as leastas possibleand limit the numberof housesto be pulled down if the prerequisite conditionsof thedesigniag standard can be ensured, and avoidthose areas with complex social functions. Because thereare onlyfour items of project( 110KV substations) thatare related to the demolishingthe houses and re- settlingthe residents,it is relativelyeasier to takeover .heland for ase andcarry out the relarant policies. The otheritems are located in non-residential paddy fieldsor vegetablefields. - 21 - Followingis the schedulefor demolishing the houses and re-settlingthe residents: * 1993.9--1993. 10 finishthe work of Te-settlingthe 86 familiesof Zhonggan Subgtation, and demolishingthe houses; * 1996.2--1995.3 finishthe work of re-settlingthe 60 familiesof ZhongiLinSubstation, aend demolishing the old housesof 2100m; 1996.8--1996.9 finishthe work of re-settlingthe 25 familiesof BeimengSubstation, and demolishingthe old housesof 1500m;

t 1998.9--1998 10 finishthe work of re-settlingthe 30 faMili9sof ShugunegSubstation, and demolishing the old housesof 1B00M; a Takingover the land for use concerningthe other itemsof projectwill start 8 monthsahead of the execution of theoperation.

-22- Table-2.4 ThewCr.nxtrioiioin Scale. and Inv&.ttw.ntFatir4t ion uitNingiw. Citvyfn Fiectric Powe-rOistriiuut,',n Netweori Re.uildlnjp Priejeoot

*1 -roiect litem iConstruct- investment 4iaf Itamtr atwi r,nI( land to * famoilie*q menomie u.Cial I I ~~~~~~innacale nntImlonA dPwae latrer trawfr-#Iqjdo n iIhr ta~n i to he effect or ffreat III A I(l~~~~~~~~iiRi A [s t I vnl.ITiIbatter le land ioverIha. I wnved entaerprine6ytLan 220KVWantang 2*15(1MVA 2980 MI) 100 ruinning 36.11 scid Pradryl :t 0 ~80 i IIi.~n 2 I 4 t Iattery jrlpd fyuanf I billion Itr.xiihqtntmili, 2.1 KM I 1 1

-~~ ilangnan1160 V I 1210 1 rinning meldI- 2: t20rV Ii1 1 ator I qusidto I paddylFRlmilo 2 IamillioI -~~~~ 11*10-- KM I rjnin 4~~~~~~~~~~~~I 3220KV Jiangnan s v.- +lAzI ~----~.56 bnur il i T110un bl II-xtage I jwater conncent -- ra,tedIy -.- 4 2209'; kinie Si. RO 20 j(10,0 runinal 311.1 by aoda paddy 0.4 0 so mioI enorleprn). I1 1 Ili watfer i ildYuan lio

5 220KV NlnnAn 2*150 NVA I 3770 20 I11000 ruinning.31.5 paddy 2 an SilIlIIon2 ir. utinltati.,n1*201,1*0K M water fioeld Yuan billinn A l(IKY7hongwi 2*31. HY 1200 0 Sri 1innlnj 16.0 uirhan 0.4 0 25 million 900 aubeintlon1 4-i2*2 KM ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ l.~~Cd-Ni 4- .. -4anluo 7 In1KVOlnaihi 12*31.5 I4VA 1040n A 2(X) runIn 1.0 battery I-land_of 0.1A 0 12S mIlifnn g00 ~tor.auub.tntinnI 2%,f KM Irwate ____ no fl.7nnt-* million A i0KVA.nngnaon 2A50 MVA 1400 552 0 5 ruinning16.0 I quiid jrhban ~0.3S 50 125 soIllion900 itr.evulitatl.un1 2*12 KM wmter {tohemland Iiln

aI 110KVRChqn,aa 2* 1.6MVI120 A 200 ruinninge15.0 lrand of 0 S millinn 300 10iiK 110KVlutun '2*1.5 NYAIi 1020 A 200 rutninIng I5. paddy 0.3 25 miIoI 9t00 tr.nuahntatinn2*7 K1M water livid ilo

l1r. auhnAtatl.n 1*4 KM *at¶jJ nl.7one*x 0.3 0milo 12 i1nKV7hnumxhu. 2*31.5 MA; 700 a 200 ruinnIngB15.0 acod hatt u3rban 0.2 T 1Smillion 100 volt. ralaqlng 1*3 KM water Ar_____u_ tr.aui,ntationMM I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~trII.iland 2*2 ------: ilo 0 113 10KV ReImeng 2ALS. MVAInOo 219A 0 sn ruinning16. by aorda ,arhan 0.2 0 2 iln 0

I, ,n0KvRannane 2*31.5MVAT R0O a 0 runaning11.0 Cd-Ni uirban 0.A 0 25 Si Iloin300 tr.notbatatinn 2*4 KM {w0 atekr hattnry land million

Is IIK AIalln 2*1S19 4VA 100 0 50T ruinnIngMO. to eject uirhan 0.4 0 25 valIIinn 900 I r. uhntaot Inn 1*3.7 KM water land

in KV nlIntt,hb- I11310 i71 -it(,,,n& control i II-I T Ninhe ,urha 1 6 220KVatjo. II490 Is (IT power networ:k AOOIVA.17IK III110 134 5400 2368.9 14.A s0 million hillion Al1.Ireuaoidilng 10 110KV tta.1 r23031 jyuan Yuan prnrot~ 70AINV4AS9.7Ki ____ alimit14IA 1 houINAndyuann/d,ullare. A,* Refer to the Sconnuelc1hevoloping 7onne. -23- . A surveyof theenvironment a.I naturalenvironment 3.1.1 terrain,landform, geology and earthquake (1)The city of Ninbolies wkere the Tiantaimountain Range and its branchrangeSiming mountain stretch northeastwardinto the sea. The nouthwastof the city is higherand the northeastIouer. Within its boundaries, mountainsover 600 metres high occupy 6. 3% of the ares, hillsover 60 metreshegh 40.8% and plaias lower than 60 metres52.9% (2)Tie cityis at the northeastend of theFujian- Zhejiangrise belt, which belongs to the ist-graderise of east Chinaand the coastalrift belt of eastZhejiang. The best of this area is Mill Mouatain rock groups of the JtUrassicsystem, covered directly by the layer of the Quaternary,Which is 50- 110 imetresthick. The bedrock exposedin thearea consists of voleanicrocks, and the soil of thearea is mainlyshallow marine deposit. The loose bed of the plainsi6 mainly marinedeposit and alluvialmarine deposit. (3)The earthquakeintensity of the city within the coming100 Tears is six degrees.. 3.1.2hydrology (U)The city liesin an ureacontrolled mainly by typhoon with an annual total precipitation of 10042 million eubic metres on its landandan annual evaporation of 4926 million cubicmetres. The annualaverage depth of run-off varies between450-1000 millimetres. The aanual average evaporation fromthe water surfee varies between920-940 millimetres and

- 24 - that from land between 650-800millimetres. M2)The plainarea haF a teieck etworkof rivers,most of whiehare tributariesof theYang River. Weir andfloodgates are builtaeross them before they run intothe river,so that freshwater can be stored.The Yong liver, which consists of the Tioliver and the Feughta River with their trunkstreams, is the largest river withinthe boundaries of thecity, with a length of 105kilometres anda draimage area of 5644 square kilometroe,which is 59% o! thearea of thewhole city. The vater-collecting area is 4254 squarekilometre. (3)The cityhas two large reservoirs,seven mediuim- sized reservoirs and more than 100 smallreservoirs, with a normalstorage capacity of 41>millioncubic metres (4)The undergroundwater can be roughlydivided into tareedistributions: the crevice water of the bedrock area, withan availableresources of 180million tons each Year: theQuaternary void water of thegullies and valleys, with availableresources of 210millions tons each Year; the deep Quaternarypressed void water of theplains, with available resourcesof 16 milliontons eackyear.Teh void water of the gulliesand valleysis very rich and is supplemintedby surfauwater. As it is easyto exploit,it catbe usedas a good sourceof water sup;ly. (5)The coastalfidesare controlledmainly by fidalwaves tromthe north. The average height of tidesis 3. 03 metres. thegreatest height being 4.86 metres. The average tidal rangeis 1.67metres and the greatesttidal range 3.62 metres.

-26- 3.1.3Climate (1)Tie citybelongs to the moist monsoonclimate of subtropicalzone. It is warmand moist, with distincet change. of seasonsand with plenty of saunhineand rain. In winter,it is ceanttolled by moangolianhigh pressure, sothat winter days aremectly clear, eoldand dry. At theend of spningand the beginningof summer,cold air and warm air alternate, so thatthere are are more rainy days. In Julyand August, the wholearea is controlledby thesubtropical high pressure of thePacific Ocean and the climate is clearand hotand witt lessrain, During this period there areoften tropical storms and typhoons,which cause disastrousweather such as rainstorms. (2)The annualaverage temperature of the city is 16.1-16. 5C.The heghest temperattre is 27.6-28.21Ct which is in July and the lowest temperature i 3.9-4. 9C, whichis inJanuary. (3VThe annual averageprecipitation is 1534.6 millimetres.The miuntainarea receives more rain and some parts receive as much as 1800 millimetres. The coastal plainsreceive less precipitation, which is 1300- 1600 millimetres. (4)The annualaverage wind velocityis 2.9-5. 5 mitres per second.wiater in this areamaialy sees northwest winads and sumer southeast winds. (5)The annualaverage sunshine time is 1900-2100 hons. The antual average frost-free period is 216-235 days. The annualaverage atmeopheric pressure is 1016.3millibar and the relative humidity 80%. - 26 - 3.1.4 soil The soilof theplain areas is mainly paddy soil and the soil& thehilly areas is toesB.Clear water soil is mainly found on riversids and saline-alkalisoil on coastalregions.

3.1.5forest (1)The forestsof the city belong to the elergreen broadleafforests of thesubtropical zone. The vegetationof the cityconsixts of five vegetationtype groups-conifer forests,broadleafforests, bamboc forests, shrubsand growthsof grass;thirteen vegetation types and therty-eight gzoups.Thereare 1859species of plantsin theforests, and theorincipal higher plants fail into 216 fUmilies,f0O genersand 1360Bsecies or more. M2)Gimkgo and seven other speciesare listedamong speeiesunder 2nd-grade profection by the stateand Zhejiang nacuiuand foa.rother species are under3rd-grade protection. W!.The cityhas 4. 888 millionmu for forestryand aforestarea of 4.3631million m-. with a total wood store of over5.8 million cubie metres. The covering rate of forestreaches 33.3 %. The Characteristicsof the forest resourcesof thecity are: more pine forests and more Young growth;less per-mu wood stote and lessmature forests.

3.2 Asurveyof social environment 3.2.1administrative division and papulation The city of Niabois oneof the important port cities of ourcountry andalso oneof the important industrial cities Of Zhejiakg Province antd famous historic and cultural city. - 27 - The cityproper of Niabois dividedinto five districts: the leishiDistrict, tne Jiangdoug District, the Jiangbei Distict, theBeilun District and theZhenghai District, with three citiesand three counties under its jurisdietion. The city proper has an area of 1033square kilometres and a population of 1.0945million (1991, the density of populationbeing 1059people per squarekilometre.

3.2.2Socialeconomy (1)Ninbo is an importantindustrial city and a portcity of ZhejiaagProvince. It has a completevariety of industries, thechief industries being light industry. textile industry, engineeringindustry, petro- chemical industry and power industry.It has large-scalepetro-chemical base6 and power plantt, suchasthe ZhenghaiPetro- chemical Plant. the ZhenghesiPower Plant and the BeilunPower Plant, Its engineeringindustry and textileizdustry Oceupy a decisive positionnotonly in ths province but also it the whole country. Itsfood industry and handicraftare also very developed.The city has threeports: the Ninbo Port, the

3eilun Portand the Zhenghai Port; and the Beilun Port possessesthe largest ore transferwharfs in our country.The cityhas more than ten kilometres' deepwater coastline and sixteenlarge or medium-sizedports. Its industrialoutput valuein 1991 totalled12945 million yuan. (2)The economiccrops of the city includecottoo, rapeseed,euaquat,tea, arbutu6, orangeand soon. The ZhenghaiDistrict and the Beilun District are Omong the importanteotton-growing areas of ZhejiangProvince.

- 28 - (3) In 1991The cityproper had a labourforce of 765. 6 thousand.Its iDteral outputvalue totalled6166 million yuan,and the per capita output value 6648 yuaa. The propertioaamong the threetypes of industrywas 8.1 : 62.6 29.g3. The socialoutput valne totalled 16475 million yuan and the per capitanational income was 4675 yuan. The total outputvalue of industryand agriculturewas 13691 million yuan,tiatof industrybeing 12945 million yuan and that of agriculturebeing 746 millionyuan.

3.2.3Vocations and publichygiene (1) In 1991tho cityhid in all 33 institntionsengaged in scientificresearch and fechoologicaldevelopment, with 36. 8 thousandscientific research workers and technicaipersonnel. Q) The city has 181lmedical institutions,with 12 thousandhospital beds and 17 thousandmedical workers.

3.2.4 Co municationsand transportation The city of Ninbohas alwaysbeen a hub of eommunications in east Zhejiang,It h'as establisheda comunication and transportationtet work coposedof rivers,railways, sirli-es and highways,with the portsas the centre. (i)marine transportation: The Ninbo Port is made up of the formerNinbo Port, the ZhsnghaiPort and the BeilunPort. Its handlingcapacity reached 44.31 million tonin 1990. i2!Laland water transportaton:Ninbo is situated in a regionof riversm the southof the lower reacher of tie

Changjiangliver 1 Withir its boundariesthere are many - 29 - rivers and streams, which areconnected with one another, thus forming a thickwater net work. The Niugbo-Shaosiag Plain lieu around it. Tle water transportation has been Plourishingsince ancient times. (3)Railways: Niubo iB the terminusof the Iitoshan-Ninbo Railway,which is connected with the Zhejiang-JiangxiRailway and the Shanghai-ltangzhouRailway, this joining itself to the raaiiwaynet work or the country. (4)Oviation: The 2nd-rate Lishe I:ternational Airportof Ningbowas completedin 1989and is now open to navigation with the largeand mediumr-sizedcitres of the country and With Ifongkong. 15)Highways: Ninbo began to build highwaysin 1927 and has3600 kilometfes & highway in usenow. 3.2.6Archaeological value andHistoric resowrees (1)Ninbo is among the famous histenic and eultural citiesof the secondbatch announced by the State Couneil. It is famousin the world for itswonderful cultural views and magnificentlandscape. Within its boundariesthere are 213 culturaland historicalrelies under protecton, five of which are mayor ones of the country(two of them are in the city proper.) (2)Tianyi Pavilion, which is in the city proper and which is the oldestbuilding for keepingbooks in the vountry, and BaoguoTemple, whose wood structuretypical of the Sorg *dyeestyid tarelyseen in southChina, are the country'stwo majoreultural and historicalrelies under protection. The site of the formerFederation of TradeUnions, which is in the Yanwu Lane,Zhugui's Temple &ad the Baiyun Manor-house - 30 - arethree cultaral and historical relics under protectio ort theprovincial level. (a)The cityhas many places of histonicinterest and seeniebeauty, among which are Tiantong Temple, Ayuwang Templeand Zkaobso Hill, whichstands on the coastlineof Zhengbai. (4)None of theabove-mentioned relics and sites lie6 withinthe eonstruction-site of this project.

3.2.6.;Water environment (i) IL 1991,the city paper discharged 71 millionton of industrialwaste water, 42 millionton of whichreached the standard.waste water from daily life totalled 41 millionton.

L2)Thesection of theYong River in thecity proper i6 themost important water area which receives waste water. I3)Thechemical consumption of Oxygen, volatile phenol andpetroleum products are thechief pollutionsources The sectionof theFenghua River in the city proper, which belongsto theYong River system, receives the greteit amount of waste water; nextto it are the mainstreams of the Yong Riverand the sectionof theYao liveroutaide the Yao River SluiceGate. . (I)Thediri}king water of the city properhas three sources.The first is the river system in the east of TingnianCounty With Dongqian Lake as its main component, whichruns theough the Qiantang stream and Zhongtang stream untilit emptiesinto the Niw River in theJiangton District sad is usedas the sourceof theJiangdong Waterworks. The secondis the reversystem in thewest of Yingxianeounty

- 31 - with JisokoReservoir as its main component, which runs throughthe Ying River,Hengshang, Lishe and the Nantang streaminto the NanjisoRiver in the BaishuDistrict and is used as the sourceof theNanjiao Waterworks. The thirol is the lowerreaches of the Yao River,which is the source of themeilin Waterworks in the JiangbeiDistrict. The three waterworksform a net work and distribute water systematically. The rate of water distribution reaches 97%. '6)Copper andzinc in the systemof the Yong River slightly exceed thestandards, but otherheavy metals donot exceed the standardsialso true of the Feng hua River and theYao River).leavy metals in the Huxi River ( with the exception of cadmium)andDoagqian Lake (with the exception of mercury) exceed the standardstoo.

3.2. 6. 2 the Atmospheric Environment (1)The wastegas shed by the city proper in a year total;43913 million cubic metres, 74. 8 thousand ton of which is sulphurdioxide and 14 thou6undton of which is smoke.The amouatof wastegas disposed is 35227 million cubicmetres. (2)The chief ingredientsof waste gas which cause pollationare sulp9hurdioLide and smoke.Power plants and factorieswhich either produce steam or provide hot water are chief industrieswhich cause pollution in the city of Ningbo. (31The pollutionof the atmosphereover the city proper is the worst in winterand the slightest in summer. The JiangdorgDistrict his more fallendutt, while the Raishu - 32 - Districthas more sitrogen oxide. (4)In 1990, tke daily avetagedensity of sulphur dioxidein the cityproper wua 0. 040 milligramper cubic metre,that of ci;trogenoxide 0.026 milligram and that of suspendedpartieles 0.161 milligrm. Fallen dust reaches7,89 ton each squarekilometre every month, whieh exceededthe stawudardby 44.3%. (G)The yearlyand monthly average rate of sulphuricacid Balinization is 0.483 Bo3I190 iquare centimetres. The PR averageof theprecipitation in 1990 rangedfrom 5.05 to 5.26. Tie rateof acidicrainfalls reached 48.0%. (6)The equivolentsalt density rate in the city proper from 1988 to 1991 was 0.126--0. 280, the average of the four yearsbeing 0.227.

3.2. 6. 3 Solid wastematerials in 1991the city proper produced 1.1387 million ton of industrialwaste materials, 1.1163 million ton of whichcume intocomprehensive utilization and 7. 4 thousandton was digeharged.

3.2.6.4 noise over the cityproper (i)Noiseover most of thefunctioning areas of the city properexceeds the standard. In 1990. the averageof tie equivelest scale of noiseover the residentialareas and culturaland educatiooal areas of thecity properexceeded thestandard by 8.6 decibels.That over the first-grade mixed areasexceeded thestandard by 6.1 decibels.That over the 2nd-grade mixed areas exceeded the stzadard by 3.0 decibels. - 33- Thatover the industrialareas didnot exceed the standard !63.7decibels). That over the two sides of trafficminliiis exceededthe standard by 8.3decibel. (2)Theaverage of theequivelent noise along the traffic linesiWM990 was 75.8decibels. The lengthof the traffic mainlinesalong which the noise exceeded70 decibels accountedfor 92 49% of thewhole length of thehighways. (3)Tkeaverage of theequivolent catle of noiseover tie cityproper during the day iB 612.0decibels. The equivolent scaleof noise over the cityproper varies from 56 to 65 decibels.The area and populationtxpused to noise withinthe scopeaccount for halfof tie total area and population tested. The population exposed to noise exceeding70 decibels dufing the elsycomes to 39.1 thousard.

- 34 - 4. *ForesaeeableInfluoece on Environmentand Prsvmntlve

ms.mures 4.1. Influene. Upon natural mnvironent 4.1.1.ConsideratioaB in choomingprojtet sites (1)The transformersubututions under consideration such ts Wantang Luotuo,Changahac and Qingshiare all locatedon the planesformed by the giltbrought down theQiantang river and beach sands.The land lheywill standont is the usual farmlandalong the coastlinerangiag from one to gil km awey from the se5.Some of the substationsare builtin the heavy industrialdistricts in Beilun an Zkenghai, others in finishedareas or downtownarea. The ShuguangSubstation in the finishedarea is closeto the chemicallypolluted area. The power lineswill be mostlynortheastward to sorthwestward, but somewill go fromnortheast to east. Zhenghat and the BeilunPower Plant are the heart from which to titanmit electricityto the downtownarea in the southwestand the heavrychemical industrial areas in the east.Along the nay the terrainis quite "'at,mostly rtice field6 atd there are mDanysmall and narrow rivers or 2 to 10meters in width. Some of the lines have to go across the railroads, the Yougiiang siver Lad the Fenghuariver.The power liner will be arranged along the existing rod16 Or roads under planning ia the finished areas6, but ii downtownareas. cableswill be used as the transmissiot lines,whick will gradually evolve into a eabi.network- (2)Upon analyses of the power faults in hiugbo over the years. the yearly typhoon hasposed the greEtest threst to the safety of the power lines. Accordingly, in designing

- 35 - power linesof all voltages,it is necessaryto regulatethe safetyco-offieient or power towers ar polesby uging high- intensitycondueting wire aad redteinglong-distance spanB. Is termsof the terrain,drainage it Ningbo is easy and smooth and will not present any probiem of water accumulationin most subEtatious.Geology theTe will not influencethe establishmentof the substationsor the layout of power lines. And it is possible to meet the antiearthquakerequirement of up to 6 scelesin intenBity. (a)There is an easy accessto transportin the chosen areasand there are no factoriesthat pollute the atmosphere. The outPutlines will be cablewire and the transformation of the powernetwork is includedin the generalconstruction planningof urbanareas of the city,and will not present any problemto the development,utilization and openingup of the locality. W In line with the urban constTuctconof Ningbo. prioritywill be given to natural ltndsctpeand affores- tatior.The overallpattern and colorof structUTeEshould lookharmonious with the surrouaditgB.No great harmfu! influencewill be producedon the surroundinglandscape.

4. 1. 2. laterbody ll The dust dischargedin the course of construction (fromvehicles and soil being turned over), solidg that float in tke sir i coming from the torrentialrains and runoffs)and refusein life (from human beings). ali may exert influencesupon surfacewater. (2)?he qualityof waste and pollutedwater resulting - as - roamthis projectmust conformto the current stiandrd set by t;Commrehensive Standards for DischargingPolluted WatsrB GB8978-88) ta)Water diachargeand treatmentin transformersubs- tatiot Varietiesof wasteand pollutedwater: domestic sewage, pollutedwater resulting from accidentsand waste acidwatet. A. Domesticsewage: the major sourcesof domesticsewage are excrementand urineand masking water,and the pollution factorsinclude ED, SS, nitrogenand phbsphorus. The BODsand SS containedin domestic sewage resulitng firomthis project is to be evaluatedia accordancewith the recoamendatlonvalue prescribed in Book 9 ((Urban Water Discharge!~in the geries 1A9handbook for Designingwater

Swt;ly and Discharge' Supposethe substatiotis usiffedwitb fortypersons, the daily consumptionof wate:per head is 130litres and that the daily dischirgevolume of domesticsewage is 6.2 tons. Generallyspeaking, BODs in the domestic sewageis 20-3bg

Ahead/day.SS 20-35glhead.day.Refer to Diagram4. 1 . 1. for BODscoatente and SS contents in domestiesewage: Diagram4. 1 2.1 BODsin domeeticsewage and SS evaluationresults

ltem Unit BOD . SS

Dischargevolume Gram/day 800-1400 1400-2000

DischargeDensity mg/lit. 153.6-269. 2 269.2-384. 5

- 37 - As the mount of oxygenconsumed constitutes the major pollutionfaetor that affects the water quality io the surroundingareas of the substationand at present the qualityof thewater in the area is betweenbaBically clear and intermediatelycontaminated. there is no environmental capacityto absorbthe domestic sewage dischargedby the substation.Therefore, the domestic sewage should not be dischargeduntil after its treatmentmeets the required standards.After the septictank treatment, the BODsin the dischargeis expectedto be 180 mgtlit,SS 60 mgilit, totzl nitrogeni5 mg/lit and I;os;horus 13 mg/lit.In lightof v ComprthensiveSatandards for Dischargeof polluted VaLerI thisarea shouldimplement the Grade II standards,that is. the maximumpossible density oF BRO is 60 mg!lit, S 200 mg/lit,nitrogen 25 mg/litand totalphosuhorus 1.0 mg/lit. BODSin the domesticsewage will be twieemore tkanwhat is normaland the overallphosphorus will be 12 timesmore than That ic standard.Tf the domesticsewage ic treatedby small sewagedisposal device, RODs is expectedto be C 30 mg/lit and SS D50 mg/lit,while other criteria will also confors to the standardsprescribed in %'ComprehensiveStandards for

Dischargeof Sewage~. So it is advisableto use the WSZ- type I sewagedisposal facilities to treatdomestic sewage. B. Oilywater. In normalsituation, only a tiny bit of oilywater will occurwhen the transformeris under repair ar an accidenttakes place. The transformeris to be repaired everythree years. When in repair,the transformerwill be emptiedof its oil intoan oil tank,meot of which can be

- 38 - usedagain after treatment, only a tinybit will overflow. Normally!no seepageor oily water takes place in the transformer. Whensomething unexpected happess, fault seepageaid oilywater result. There are 41.1 tons of oil in a singlc transformerand underneatb the transformer there in an oil tankIn caseof fault,to storeleakage and oily water. The oil tankfor faultis of advectionoil-isolation type and itsoil-removing efficiency is about60%. The extractedoil kas a iighdensity and therefore is not to be discharged withouttreatment by smallhigh-efficiency disposal devices. C. Acidwater: The acidwater is the littlebit of waste acidwater that is exudedwben sulphuric acid is added to thestorage battery. Usually sulphuricacid is added to the storagebattery once a yearand so thereis only a little bit of exudedacid water. Put in someneuttalizer to reduce itsP1 valuebetweec 6.5 and 8.5. (4)Analysis of the influenceof water A. Domesticsewage; By using YSZ-TypeI waste water treatingdevices, the diseharge of domesticsewage cSa tally with w'ComprehensiveStandards for the Dischargeof Waste Water'$Furthermore, there is verylittle discharge, hence no greatinfluence upon the enviroment of the surfacewater aroundthe substation. B. Oilywater: After treatment by theoil-isolation oil tankphenol in oilywater is up to thestasdard. The oily wateris furthertreated by small high-efficiencyeil- treatingdevice whose working efficiency is 98%,the density of petroleumin oily water is 2.56mg/Lit,which is in

- 39 - keepingwith Grade II standardsof GB8978-88,and is fitfor discharge. C. Acidwmter: A neutralizingtank must be ready near therepair workshop of thestorage battery. Uhen there is enoughacid waste water stored in thetank, alkali is put intothe tank to neutralizeit, regulatingits PR value between6.5 and8. 6. Aftermuch treatment, acid water can be discharged. FTromte above,we see that, in the courseGf the constructionof the project, in timeof itsoperation or in a faultystate, waste water of variouskinds receives proper treatment,can be diichargedin keepingwith the prescribed gtandards,and will not ezertany great influence upon the surroundingwater eonvironment.

4.1. 3. Noises (t)Noises that occur in this project mainly refer to thoseresulting from the construction site and vehicles and in thecourse of theoperation of thesubstation. (2)Noises occur as a resultof thecorona brought about by ionizationin theair on theFurface of the transmission lines,and especiallyin badweather. i3jThe major source of noisesin the substationis the transformer.For highvoltage devices, the noises in a S00kW subbtationare relatively less great and produceno great influenceon the environment.In 1989.when thip institute madea surveyof the influenceson the environmentof the DongjiaoSubstation in Hangzhou, we madecomparisons between thenoise level of its majortransformer and that of the

- 40 - I

220kvGuodang substation in Bangzhouthat usea the same type of equipmentand of the lame ize. Results show that when the mair transfo.meris workingproperly, its noiselevel is around82. BBA). This figtre is basicallyequivalent to the noise levelof the major transformermanufaetured at home.The teChAicalrequirement laid down in the contract with the transformermanufacturer, gpecified that the noise levelof the maJor transformershould not exceed 7bdB(A) two metresaway from it.Consequently, tie noise level of the major transformerin tkis project is evaluatedat 83dIl(A),which is a rathercongervative one. Accordingto the testsand ctlelationsdone by domestic and foreignexperts to attenuationrules betweet noise and distance,tiere is a great etrrorbetween the attenuation formulaof noisesand practicalresults of tests. So, the NorthwestPower Engineering Design Institute made tests on the imported600KV major transformerand the home-made3OKV transformerand the RoisesbY the electric reactor, and arrivedat the followingregression formula: When Ri=1M,R2=1-5M: Ah=- a-6. I Ig (12/Ri) WhenR1=1. 2>5 : AL7. -16.I5 Ig (R2/R1I In the formula,a L is the volumeof noise attenuation, dB(A)W. Pre-requisiteof noisetesting: Only the attenuationof noisesin relationto distanceis taken into consideration regardlessof the insulationin the soundlessbuildings and the absorptionof greenplant6. Methodsof testing:on the general .lan.figure of the substation.with the transformeras its centre,draw a right anglecoorditate axis, adding dots by latticingit with lox 10 metersof intervals.The knotsof the net are sound spots for calculation.Computerize noises according to this mode and add up the backgroundnoises of the environment when doingtae calculation. For resultsof the calceltation,refer to Diagram4. 1. 3. 1 - 41 - - ci -

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cmfmnnmesgaggnnaeamtaaancinaIn n anasmsaSn o tnao n a unnnnnmaaa an"C 'maaano.mmnamenonnn titiaan n amanainnn n n asnasantitLeLeisnn onn n n C. ononnnnnnnnantnnntnn nnnnnunnnnamnunnnnomnnn cnnn nnmnnnnnnanonnnn moncden amfnnaannmn mnanc'a

mu muml ma-

*l''NYANG! )x Jo SUIUA2! v;szselej*.L I- ?-1i-t f Analysisof DiAgram4.1. 3.1: Whenthis project goesiato operation sad the transformer is wvokingproperly. the envelope spIcewhose noiseis 70dB(A)or above coversan area of 800 sq m, accountting for 8.77i of the total of 21,220 sq.m.;the envelope spacewhose noise magnitude is 65dBA or above occupies an trea of 12,100 sq.m., or 59.41 of thetotal, affecting an area of 60 metre6 in radius withinthe compoundsof the substatioa.80 m away from the sourceof the noise the noiseexerts no influenceand is basicallythe same as thebackground noise. As this area lies between two transporttrunk comunication lines, accordingto thestandards of 70dBU daytime on both sides of theroad set by GB3095-a2standards, tha noise magniude duringthe operationof the substationis in keeping with the natioeslstandards. When there is less traffic during daytime,sad the backgroundnoise is 60dB(A), the expected noiseattenates to HOWB(A)at a distanceof 80m the area underits influenceis about 19,600sq.m., which is 92.77% of the total.This area is roughlywithin the confines of the substLtioa.And thereis littleinfluence in places 80m away from the noise source. In faet, in testing estimatednoises, only tie attinuationof the distanceis takeninto account,while tie productionbaildings and auxiliaryequipment and the fence aroundthe substationalso have a greut attenaationvalue. Therefore)our predictionis stillrather conservative. In the lightof the testsdone to the noisesoutside the fence of Gudang Substation, the noise magnitude towards the farmfieldstends to be very low, ranging between 45 to

-48- bOdBiA). In actual testing, the humanear did not perceive noisesptoducod by theequipment of thesubstation. Because of thedifferent locations of substations,the background noisemagnitude also differs. But we feelsure that the area outsidethe fence of a substationreceives very slight impactfrom noises generated by the workingsets of the substation.

4.1.4 [nfluenceanalyses of the electromagnetic pollutionby transmissionlines (1)Compared with the ordinary electric appliances, the 220KVtransmission lines have two characteristics:1. Bigh voltage.The operatingvoltage of thetransmission line ic tareeorders of magnitudegreateT than the average electric appliances;2. Lowfrequency. bo4z workingfrequeucy is eitremelylow frequenty and is 5 to 10 ordersof magnitude lowerthan rside broadcast,television and micro-wave co=tuic:tions.Tie electromagnetic effect plays its part throughthe electTic field, magnetic field and cocona. A. Propertiesof the electricfield in transmissiou lines:The currentin tke livingwire produces an electric fieldin thesurrounding air. The electricfield produced in tiealteratting current transmission lines is alternating field,but becauseof itsvery low frequency. it canbe seen onlyas electrostaticfield. Such a fieldshares the comon charaeteristieRof an electrostaticfield: 1. its electric fieldintensity is in rightpreportion with the voltageof thetranemission line. For surfaceintensity l1 metre above theground, the sae below)of thetransmission lites with

- 44 . differentvoltageg, refer to Diagram4.1.4.1. Diagram4.1.4.1 SurfaceField Intensity of the Trans- missionLines with Different Voltages

VoltaceGrades MKY) t 220 330 1 600 IDOO I I

Maximumlateccity (RV/) t 3 I6-8 ! 7-10 9-16 I I , I

Generallyspeaking, the maximumland surfacefield intensityof ultra-high voltage lines is 5-L0 KVm.In nature,when the weather is fine,the field intensity in the Atmosphere is only130 KVI. (Labad weather, such as storm theland surface intensity will sometimes reach 10 KV/m.) For typical fieldintensity in dailylife,refer to Diagram 4.1. 4. 2.

Diagrm 4.14.24. Typical FieldIntensity in DailyLife a ! a ! position ovenl.radio vestibule electric blLaket

Field Intensity : 130 go 100001 : ,5 . , I, i ! I I

* Refersto theestimated figure close to theblanket. The field intensity in normal living 6ituation is below 100 RK/mn.Only when eleetric appliances are in oDeration, will strongintensity occur. So thefield intensity of the transmissionline is muchstronger than that in natureor

45 - Living environment. 2. Electric conductive objects, such as buildings Lidtress, bring about distortioa to the electric field, prodacing a certain protectingeffect. As eaehreturn circuit of the alternatingtrantsmission lineis mLde up of three-phasewires, the ranges of the three-phasevoltage are ideaticaland their phase differenee is 120degrees, so the land surfaceintensity of th' transmissionlines and itsdistribution are subject to the layoitof thewires. When a planis used,the intensityand itsscope of influenceare ratherweak. Then a regular triangleis used,they are less troangthat the former.When an invertedtriangle is used.they are the leatoStrong. As an archis producedbecause of the weight of the wire, the middle of the wire between pillarsis closestto the ground. so tie maximumfield intensity in each interval of the wire is distributedin a Tery limitedarea close to the centerof the supporting pillar;. Thefield inteasity canbe redueed by raising the height of thetrTansmisgion lines. But onlywhen they are raised 10-15metres will marked effect be produced.When the height is over 15 mettes, it produees less and less effect. For field intensity of the 600 KVelectric transmission line at different heights, refer to Diagram 4. 1.4. 3. Diagram 4.1.4.3 Land Surface Field Intensity of 600KV Electric Transmission Lines at- Different Heights

i I i, ; I ; Wire height [m) 10 It i 12 I 18 14 15 17 *12 I 21 23

Inten14 y , . ! . . 0 I LIntensity(IV'cl ' 11.45 9.341 8.71 ! .706i 8.se j .715.05 4.21 :9 6.013.12'

_~~~~~~~ _ B. Magneticfield properties of traunmissionlines: when cutrentflows thtough the transmissionline, the magnetic fieldis produced.Unlike the eleetricfiled, magnetic field his its own characteristics.l. The intensityof the magneticfield has somethingto do withthe strength of the electriccurrent, rtther thin its voltage.2. The 5ORz workingfrequency magnetic field can penetrate most object., suchas buildingsand humans, and is freefrom interference fromthem. The three-phasecurrent of thealternating transmission lineshas thesame intensity and theirpotential aifference is 120degrees. It is believedthat the magnetic fields producedby thethree-phase curreat is zeroafter offset in plecesfar awayfrom the wirer. The magneticfield very eloneto the trantsmissionlines is likewisevery weak. In our dailylife, the magnetic field near the color TV set or elcetriccooker is about0.6-1.0 n?. By comparison,the maximum grouandmagnetic field intensityof 500KV tTRaESMissionline is only0. 035 mT, or I to 2 orders of magnitudeweaker. Therefore, for 22O1K or belowtransmission lines,their magnetic field is ratherweak. C. The coronaproperty of the tranamissionlines: Iken the electricfield intengityon the surface of the transmissionlines is greaterthan the penetrating intensity of the air, coronadischarge occurs on the surfaceof the living wires. In such a situation, the electric field intensityon the surfaceof the wire will reach 30KV/cu or above.Usually, otly the surfaceof the livingwire can attainsuch strong electric field and it is safeto say the

- 47 - corona discharge is a phenomeaon pecaliar to the ttansmissionli os. Coronadischarge of the traismissionline is caused by the line itself.For example,the higherthe voltage, the strongerthe discharge.The larger the radius of the transmigsionlines, the weaker the discharge.The smoother the surface of the wire, tke weaker the discharge. FLurthermore,it is influencedby enviroeamentalfaitors. For example,the more contaminatedthe air, the stronger the discharge.The less the relativedensity of the air, the strongerthe discharge.The gteaterthe relativemoisture in the air, the strongerthe discharge.The strongerthe wind, the strongerthe discharge.The dischargeis likewisestrong wken it is tainingor snowing.Therefote, corota discharge is always strong wIere tke quality of the atmospieric conditionsare poor and the weatheris bad. The most importanteffect brought about by such diB- chargeon the transmissionlineg is the noise over radios, becauseits frequencyrange reaches about 0.1 -10lZ, which ic the frequeneyof someof the radio and broadcast fre- quency.The intensityof radionoise increasesas the corona dischargeintensifies. (21Theeletromagnetic pollution of the ultra-highvoltage tzansmissionlines With the raiseof the voltagemagnitude of the trans- missionlines, the influencecaused by the corona discharge is becomingmore and more apparent.And we should give due attentionto the problemsthat used to be neglected. For itstance,when the voltagemagnitudes are uplifted,workerrs

- 48 - willfeol their hair quiver even more violently than before whileworking under the transmission limes. Under the same situation,corona discharge will intensify,causing more noisefor theradio. People pay much attentionto the potentialimpact on health by electromagneticfield. The electromagnetic pollution on the ultra-hightransmission linesmanifests itself in thefollowing aspects: A. Interferenceand harm done to comunicationlines: The ilIfuencesof thetransmission lines upon communication linesinclude electrostatic induction and electromagnetic induction. Becauseof the electrostaticcoupling. the electric fieldof the tranusmissionlines will produceinduction voltage,is, eleetrortaticinduction. Apart from Lbe faet thatthe inductionvoltage is in rightproportion with the voltageof the transmissionlines, it is alsorelated to the eapacityof thestatie eleetritity. Here, the capacityof staticelectricity largely dependson the distance between them. Then the transmissioulines are close to the communicationlines (then the error of distancebetween the three-phase tranomissionline and the communication line is rathermarked.) and the shifts of the three phases are not syimetrical,electrostatic induction occurs to the communicationline because of theimbalance of the three- phaseelectrostatic capacity. If the electricallevel of noiseshappens to be great andexceeds a certain limit, it will interfere with regular comunications. Likewise, the magneticfield of transmissionlines will also produteinduction voltage on the nearby communication

49 - lines. The induction voltageis in right proportion with the electric cutrent andthe uearestlength of the parallel wires. Themagnetic influence of the livingwire comes mainlyfrom the harmonicwaves of the transmission Lines. That is becausethe working frequency of the voicefrequency circuit is between 300 and3400Bz, while manyharmonic waves happen to fall Intothis range. So it i6 foTMUlated in the system that theequivalent interference electric pressure of harmonicwaves must be below1% of the rated magnitudeof voltageto meet the zequirement. Throughrepeated testingsand calculations, results show thatwithin therange of 50 meters,the electric fieLd will exerta strong influenceand is the main factor that interferes with eoamunications. By constrast, the magnetie fieldexerts little influence and hence negligible. With the increaseof distance,the influenceof the electriefield graduallydecreases. Beyond 100 meters, the magneticfield will producestronger impact, while the electrontstic influenceis negligible. If a shortcircuit octurs frow the inductionvoltage an thecomuunication lines, it maypose a greatthreat to the safetyof workersand equipment.The degreeof harm depends on tne intensityof the electriccurrent and time of its action.The lotgerthe time of attion, the weaker the intensityof the current that it can bear.And vice wersa. In normalsituation, if thenearest parallel section is not toolong, no dr.gerwill result. If thereis an interruption of circuitor a shorttirceit as a resultof an faulton the transmissionline, Or whet there is lightening,the electric

- 50 ' voltageor currentwill, it a fractureof a second, rise scoresof times,enough to constitutethreat to personsand facilities. An effectivemethod to preventsuch danger is by usingconsumate protecting equipment is thesystem. Peoplehave paid esough attention to the influenceon thecomnication lines by thetransmission lines. In 1961, theMinistry of laterResources and ElectricPower, the Ministryo f lailroads,the Ministry of Posts tand Telecomunicationsand tkeSignal Corps jointlyissued a cireular,populurly known as the g Agreementby the Four Vinistries) The main articlesinclude: the two-wire circuitof the voicereinforcement station for the bruit emfpermissible magnitude induced by variousinterferences in thetelephone lines it 4.6mV; the two-wire circuit without voicereinforcement statiou is 1O0V; single-wire eircuitis SOmV.Otier nationalregulations concerning danger influencedescribed in 'GB6830-86'include: When the tTansmissionlines are working propetly, the longitudinalemf permissiblemagnitude of the electro- magneticinduction ot the comaunicationlines is GOV; during fault, tie longitudinalelectromotance and tie ground voltagepermissible magnitude on thecomnunication line is 5bDVfor thehighly reliable transmission line, while for theordinary transmission line it is 430V. For the compotentwire with no longdistance electric supply on the ctableoignal line, the longitudinalelectromotance permissiblemagnitude is only 60* of the DC cable experimentalvoltage, or 85% of the AC experimentalvoltage. At thesame time, under the inductionof electromagnetis,

- 1- thecurrent permissible magnitude is ilmiAwhen humans touch the commuoicetion wire. lu the light of nationalstandards specifiedin 0398BO-86,Agreement by theFour Ministries, SDGJ79-88 and otherregulstions, and in referenceto documentsprepared by theInternational T&T Advisory Committee, the following admissiblestandards are enforced in theproject: (a)Danger erfect: Communicationlines: 660V for highly reliable electriclines 430Vfor ordinaryelectric lines Comunication cables: 60%of DC experiomental voltage 85Sof AC experimental Toltage (b)Interference effect; Grossbruit electremotzace is 4.65V for the two- wire circuit in a stationwith voice reinforcement; Grossbruit eleetromotance is 10 mY forthe two-wire circuitin a stationwithout voice reinforcement. tc) The crossingangle of the transmission and cemunecationlines: The crossingangle should be no smaller than45' in stageI communicationlines. The crossing angle must be no smallerthan SO' in stage1I communicationlines. No specifiedangle fo, stage III communication lines. IdiThe minimum allowable distance betwoen the grounding devicesof the nearest bane towers of the transmissionlicee to the undergroundcommunication cables: - 52- id.1)It shouldbe no smallerthan 26 metres when the soil electricalresistivity is belowfx10o Q -M (that is, when the earth electro- conductivityis above 0.2X10/IOal: (d.2)It shouldnot be smallerthat 50 meters when tie soil electricresistivity is above 5x loa Q -V Ithit is, when the earth electro- conductivityis below0.2X lOs/m). Becausethe width is over 300 meters for the designed linesrunning parallel close to the communicationlines, and the spanningangle must meet the reqirementof the design, the aboveallowable standards must not be broken.Therefore. the transmissionlines in thisproject will not exert any detrimentaleleetromagnetic effect on the commnaication linee. D. Interferenceeffect on radio and television: With distance,the alternatingmagnetic field of the working frequeseyprodueed on the trtosmissionlines will quickly attenrate,and itswavelength is much greaterthan television and microwaves.The alternatingtransmission lines are just likea bad transmissionantenna with poor capacityand will not transmitthe 50Hz low-frequencypower. But the radio noisesproduced by the coronaon the transmissionlines ate equippedwith high frequenciesand can be transmittedfar sad wide. li China,the frequencyrange of the medium wave AN broadcastis 0.6-1.6 MHz, thatof TV broadcast is 48.6 - 921Hz, and that of the radio noise produced in the transmissionlines 0.1-1001H1z. So what is most afffectedis - 63 - the medim waye radio broadcastand chaineis2-fi on television.Research shows, the interfetencelevel on the radiois prettyhigh in low frequenciesand gradually reduesswith the raise of frequencies.Usually, the intersityof radionoise in themedium waves (0. 5-r-lM2 is approximatelyin reciprocal ratio with frequency first power and thatabove N11His in rightproportion with frequency square.Besides, the intensity of radio noise attenuate. quicklywith the increaseof distance.On-the-spot testing skowsthat 200 metres away from the tranamissionlines, the interfereccefield intensity is so weakas to be negligible. The radionoise intensity is much influenced by the weather condition. Badweather, such as rain and sanw, produces greaterinfluence on radionoise than clear weather does. So onlyin badweather will radio noise affect thereception of radioand televisionbroadeast where the receivingsignals are weak and veryclose to the transmissionHines. To preventthe interferencefrom radio by the transmissionlines, in recentyears, China has formualted a numberof controlcriteria and regulations. At a meeting heldin Wuhu inMarch 1975, sponsored by theformer Ministry of WaterResources and Electric Power, it was specifiedthat theradio bruit level should not be greaterthan 60 dBUWin lldHzclear weather and 20 metresaway from the shadow of the living wires. In designs, the major measure to reduce radio bruitlevel is to maintaina certainprotective distance and enlargethe diameter of the wire. Accordingto national standardsand relerant documents,namely, the GB6364-86, l'7495-87, the INO91 doeument jointly prepared by the State - 54 - Counciland tie MilitaryComission of the Party Central Coiittee ia August 1977 and the document concerning obsersavationstandards in eartkquakestations, the requirements of thetrasmission lines for the navigation and orientatioastations oan the airportare specifiedas follows Diagram4.1.4.4 Required Specifications of Transmiuuion Lines For Airport Navigationand OrientationStations

*VoltageGrades Distanceto Antenna Distanceto Antenna Centerof NavigationCenter of Ultra-short Station iareOrientation Station

35--110RV Attainablethrough 5500 metres *& below calculation

I t

11l0KV h Above: 500metres 700metres

- 55 - Diagram4.1.4.5 Protective Distance in Moter Between OverheadPower Lines and the AN BroadcastReceiving Station

Grades of voltage 36 I 63-1I0 220-330 6500

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 I I Classesof \ ReceivingStatioan

'Clam.[ i600* 800 1000 1200 ' ! ~ ~ ~i ~ ~I ~ ~~~~~~~~~I ' Clas6II '.8300 boo ' 700 900 ClassIII ;ioo 300 400 ; 500 l I ' I

a CliisI stationsrefer to receivingstations that relaythe Central Broadcast Station in the

provinces3 autonomousregions and municipal- itiesdirectly under the jurisdiction of the centralgovernment. Class11 stationsrefer to relay stationsin the prefecturesand cities under the jurisdiction of theprovinces. ClassIII stationsrefer to relaystations in cities andcounties. To ordinaryradio sets, the receivingquality is consideredsatisfactory if thesignal-to-noise ratio (SNRI of theAM broadcastis above24 diB.But tieFM broadeastis not likelyto be affectedby theradio on the transmission linesbecause of itsinnate properties that resist human or naturalinterference. - 66 - 4.1.56 Aalysis of electrie fieldeffect The power eguipmentadd the overhead lines form a working frequencyalternating electric field in the substation.It is itsworking frequency alternating property that distinguishesthe electric field in high-voltage distributionequipment from the electric field in nature. The workingfrequency alternating electric field is a kind of quasi-elecirostaticfield. Some of its effects must be analysedin termsof the general conetpt of clocCtostLtic field.These fields are produced by electriccharge.. As regardgthe distributioaequipment, when the wire is living, the chargesare distributedon the surfaceof the overhead lines.The electric field is an expression of the chLrgo effettat L certaindistance. This effectmust comply with Coulomb'gslaw. When any conductorrectg in an electricfield. the electricfield will cause the chargeson its surface to move. forminginterior induction current. This is what is usuallyknown as electrostaticinduction or electrostatic effect. Thereare many ways to deter-inethe electricfield and chatges.iLcluding thbe equivalent charge test, the finite differencemethod, the finite-element method, the Monte Carlomethod and the modellingmethod. e preferto use the equivalentcharge test to calculatethe potentialgradient close to the groundof the sabstation. 1) The spatial distributionof the electreicfield graldient Accordingto the testingreport preparedby the East- China Electric Power Designing Institute, concerning the

- 67 - I

electrostaticinduction of 220RVsubstations in Easet China area,there are many faetors affecting the electrostatic inductionlUvel. The majorfactors ire the distanceto the conductingwiref the modelof the equipment, its instal- lationheight and its size,grounding objects nearby, their sizeand shipe,and the shapeof supportersto the equipmint. In normalsituation, the Installationheight of the equip- ment and the groundingobjects play a majorrole. With the exceptionof speciallocations (e.g. special terrain), the maximumvalue of spatialfield iatensityis 5-6 KV or below when electrostaticinduction in 220KV distributionequipment is 1.5 metresabove the ground and in some places, it reaches8 .6 KV/r or thereabouts.Tie verticaldistribution of the electricfield is ratheruneven, with very low ground field intenaity. In the substation,the field intensityis ratherhige aroundthe distributionequipment. This is also the placeworkers often frequent and operate. That is becausemost of the electricapparatus are most coaeentrated and ratherbilly, such as their tops sad the mechanismic boxes of the low-oilcircuit breakers. Coils in the current mutualinductors are placed close to the base of the apparatus.But the fieldintensity here is much affected by the model of the set, its pattern of arrangpentand its supporters.It is likelyto undergogreat changes, and so is the amplitudepeLi of field intensity,usually betweer 5-8.5 KV. On the highwaywithin the compoundsof the distribution equipment,the malimumvalue of the spatialfield iatensity is only about3KV/u. Diagram 4. 1.5. 3. offers the testing curve of the

- 68 - I

eleetrostaticitduction in the 220KV liqiao subistatio in Shanghai.The substationis equippedwith the medium-size arrangement.From Diagram 4.1.5.1, we cLn see that the switchingapparatuB is 1. 6 metres from the ground. the maximumfield strength is S. 5KV/mand the mimimumfield strengthis 0.AV/. Inrecent years, a lotof testingshave been conducted by domesticand internationalorganisations concerningthe spatialfield intensityinside the fenceof many substations and thefield strength data and their dpatialdistribution are aS follows: ThemaLimum field intensity in differentgauge position ia 0.3-13.1KV/r. 0 ( fieldstrength ( 6KV/maccounts for 68.1% S 1 fieldstrength ( 0KVY/maccounts for 37.6 10 ( field intensity ( 15KVrmaccounts for 4.3% 12)Determination of the induction current Considering the factthat the electrostaticinduction may producea certaineffect on thehuman body, we use the chargemodulation method to analysethe inductioncharges and currentthat he feels when a person entersa non-

distortedelectric field Kc. Place two spots q 1 andqs on a verticalaxis and theheights of thecharges on the ground

areh 1 andht (h9=.2h).The isopotentialsurface of V0o is suggestedby Diagram4.1.6.2. This isopoteatialsurface is a rotatingsurfaee and canwell represent the human body. The ringin theupper part represents the head, the lover ring

thebody. Supposingh1 0O.am, then Diagram4.1.5.2 is an approximateoutline of a l.7m-kigh percon. Charge q. and q,

-g _9 Curve 1: apacefield iitea.ity Curve2: electriccurrent in hummabody The ground 1ntenEItyIs Incorrect and is therefore not inclided here because there Is grass oc t!iefield.

, ,~ ;J.. , . ,, .,.,, I- Iaou 4 d ws ,._ _- ,_

Diagram 4.3. 5. The LeLitlg ufveiaor electrostatic inductioa in the220KV Xoqiao substation inShanghai) * .,. z .-. ______., . .<~~~~~~~~~~ can be determinedthrough calculation:

i 12 2

4i2 x 4 IEohi

Eo \ 1 1

Whenq, and q2 respectivelyrepreseat the eharge on the surfaceof thebody and head, then from them e'llknow the inductioncurrent:

Unitfield strength current of thebody: i, 1-*q,=OPA/KV/m Unitfield strength current in thehead: i2*q2z 5>A/KVIM Unitfield strength current through the foot:

it= * (qLq)=16 i AIKV/m MaximumsLrface eleetric field measured from the top of head:E...= 1 Bo Currentdensity of surfaceunit field strength produced by 5Oz: J 0.44mA!KV!m (3)Analysis of influenceoe fieldeavironment A. The physicalphenomesa in electrielfield: The equipmentin the substationand the electricfield around tio transmission linea produse ome offect on organismsand lifele6sobjects. Energyis neededfor the trTansformationof -CGi- I

the effectand generallyelctzeostatic energy can be convertedinto energy of otherforms. Blt itmost cLses, the couplingbetween the inductorand inducteeis veryweak, so theconversion of energy at its maximu is limited. For instance,when a persoastadis itder the traasmision Lines, thedistottionless field intensity under the lites is as highas 30Kv/m,he can receivethe continual heat imput of below 2DOO , which is impereeptiblecompared with the metabolicoutput of )DOWin thehuman body. But if a person toucheea groundingobject in theelectric field with his insulationshoes on, he may hear a seriesof soutdsand electricsparks and he eaneven feel pain all ave. Under suchcircumstances,the converted energy is concentratedon thevery narrow spark channels and electric discharge takes placeon thehuman in a fractureof a.second. The humanbody is justlike an electrical condenser. Tke peak power is strongenough for theair Lo ionize,producing sound waves Rnd irritatingthe nervous system of thebearer. The energy ;toredin thehuman body depends on the capacitybetween himselfand tke earth and itsscope of chsage is between 3-l4IJ.Because s0 littlecapacity is releasedin guch a shorttime period, the peak power eac be as high as scores of watts. hereis an analogy.Iken a personis exposedto the sun for onesecond, he getsoa hisface over 26J eaergy. If a largeobject is usedto xbtainenergy (e.g, aparked car under thetransmission lineE), itis possible to have severalmA currentflowing through the disciarge circuit, producing an uacomfortahle cessation wUen he touckes the ear. But there is

- e1 - also offect to restretthe circuitimpedance from the dischargecurrent. In fact,low circuitimpedance is related to themoist atmosphere and thedamp ground, which are the eonditionsfor theleakage of storedcharges. So a large truck pardedon dryground will get largesmounts of charges andat Ihesame time the current impedaene to iestricthe currentis alsogreat. On thecontrary, the ground with low electricresistance moistens the tires but there is little energystored. B. Analysisof thefield intensity: As thereis no unifiedstandards to determineedectric field intensityin China, this evaluationuses the regulationsgoverting the time durationfor operat6ion personnelin highfield intsasity areas in light of safety principle,which was adoptedby theformer Soviet Union in designingsubstations. Refer to Diagram4. 1. 5. 1. The alloawabletime for operatingpersonnel in high intensityareas

Intensityof Timeallowed in electricfield electricfield (KIY/) within24 hours(wia?

6 no restriction a

* , 10 180

15 90

20 10

25 5

- 62 - At the 1980 ItterzatloulGrand Electric Network Conference,Italiia experts taised the question of field influenceupon organiss, putting forward the idea that IOKV/ris a safetylevel and that the mazimum permissible field intensitycoult be specifiedat 15KV/m. It is stipulatedin SDCJ-85issued by the Ministry of WaterResources and BlectritPower that it is improper fot the electrostaticinduction of 00RV outstde distribution equipmentto eLeeedlOIVIm, and in a limitedumber of areas the figurecan be 1IKV]m.When thereare inhabitantsneat the substation,at the fenceother than thewires run and l 5 metersfrom the ground,tie spatialelectrostatic intensity shouldnot be greaterthaa 5KV/r. Ateordingto reports preparedby the East China 220KV substationelectrostatic induction testing group, tie usual spacefield intensityof electrostaticinduction, 1.6 meters high in the air, is 5-SKV/m or belowand in a few areas,the figureis around8. 5KV1. Consideriugthe influenceon the 6urrounding environment,we referredto the study by Lan Zengyu,Ye Jingiingand others entitled 'The Design and Operationof the ElectricApparatus in 500KV Substations'. WithiLthe distanceof 10 to 14 meters from the equipment, the averagedecrease of the field intensityis 1.1KV!m with increaseof distancein each metre. In view of the factthat the arrangementof the equipmentis the substationis more than 10 meters apart and that there is a considerable distance between the livingquarters of the inhabitants and the substation,the field intensity in that area is well below5KV/m. - 63 - 4.2 Analysison EnvironmentalEffects by theProject Niub,it L touristcity of historicaland cultural fame. The construction processof the projectwill exert certain in!finaneton its tourist resources. This comes chiefly from thenoise in opeTationand the potentialeffect of the particulatematter occasionally released by the automobiles andequipment, and in turningover the earth. However, much influenceis of shortduration. As longas we take certain measuresiL operationand fully exchangeviews with the authoritiesconcerned and the localresidents, observe the relatedregulations and control the operationalschedule, suchinfluence will reduce to minimum. So far as an individualitem of projectis conce.red,this temporary localinfluence can basically be controledwithin the range o. 4 monthsto 1 year.

4.3 Effectson HumanBeing and Its Use Value 4.. 1 EcologicEffect on HumanBody The effectof electromagpeticfield of the electrical equipmentupon human body can be dividedinto two types: one is thepossible influence(short-term influence), when man staysin theelectromagnetic field for a shortperiod of time; the otheris thepossible influence(long-term influence) , whenman worksor livesin electromagneticfield for a long t ime. The short-term effect ;hOwS off two forms; hair vibrationand shock.Both forms are treated by tke inductive tensionand current in theelectrical conductors such as humanbody or automobile.The intensityof the inductive

- 64 - toesionis itproportion to thestteigi of outer electric fieldand the size of theelectricity-coanductive mattef.Thus, thestronget the outer electric field, the more serious the hairvibration, and evenpiercing pain may be felt.In Skvlm fieldintensity about 20 % of human beingswill fell piercingpain in thehair, Vhile in 2-3KVfmfield intensity, lessthan 6% of human beingsc^a feel hair vibration. Althoughhair vibration doeg not cause human body damage its psychologicaleffect cannot be neglected.

Electricshock can be dividedinto temporary shock and stableshock.Temporary shock occurs in the twinklingwhen the inductive-electricl matter contacts the ground- conductedobject. The aceumulativeelectric charge releases in the twinklingof timeand producee a shock,iLe.the spark discharge.The intensityof temporaryshoek depends on the cpacityof electricdischarge. When the capacityexceeds O. InJ,mat will have a feelingof piercing pain; when it reaches0 6--1.5J, unconscious muscle responsewill occur (suchas startie),however, no realinjure will be exerted. Then thecapacity of dischargereaches 25--50J, human body willbe injured( suchas burn); if tie capacityexceeds thislimit, life will be in danger.Under the ultra-high- tensiontransmission lines, de to thesize limitof human body,the inductivetension is relativelylow, the shock is rathetweak wheO be conductsthe ground and usuallycannot be felt If, tftertemporary shock, human body keeps stable contactwith the inductiveeiectric conductor, the short-

- C6 - circuitcurrent mill flow coatineouulythrough the human body and electricshock, that is,stableshock will happen. The intessityof stableshock depends oa the intensityof the short-circuitcurrent, that ie, in proportionto the intensityof outer eleetriefield and the size of the conductor.Ihen the short-circuitcurrent exceeds 0. 8--. 1 m, man will feelpiercing pain; if it exceeds 2mA mugele responsewill oceur;when it reaches6--9mA, human body will be injured.lowever, at this timeman can stillshake off by himself,hence it is calledshake-off current. The American EPA has the test result:in electricfield of 601z,lKv/m,the short-circuit ciLrrent for humanbeing (1.75m)is 0.016mA.for truckis 0.28MA,passenger bus 0. 4inA. Il general. the maximumground field intensityunder ultrs-high- tension ttaesmissionlines is lees than9KV/m, the short-eircuit currentfor humanbeing is only 0. 144mA.which cannot be felt. The short-circuitcurrent for passengerbus is 3A6, boring muscleresponse will oceur.yet no body injuryor deathwili occar. The lotg-termecological impact ot the humanbody by the electricalequipment and high-tensiontransmission lineE is a complicatedproblem.To understana its functionalmechanism and the extentof impact,constantsad systematicradioactive expeximentsire needed.lowever, at present,study of this kind botb in CDiCa and abroadis still limited to animalS and to tnosepeople who hare been injured. The High-TensionResearch Institute of China and Vahan MedicineInstitute have made experimentson rats in the electricalfields of 40,50,100KV/m.The South-West Research

- 65 - Institute of the U.S.A. (Bulaka 1982)has tried experiments an heboanx in the eiectric field of aoKV/m.All the experiments conclude that electricfield will not exert harmful influence on animals' normal life. The former Soviet Union once studiedfor as longaS 4 months on rats in the electric fieldsof 16--2oKVm.the conclusionwae that the physiological effects of electric field are very weak, usuallywithin thephysiological standard. The Hospital or U.S. Veterans' Administration (Marino1976) in Sulagu, N. Y. madeexperiments on ratsin 1KV/rm fieldRnd The Pacific North-WestLab (Battelle)on ratsexposed to iOOKV(mfield. ilowever,they found that in the electricfield6. the activityof therats wag reduced,the growthspeed slowed down,death rite was Teletively high, and fractures were ' slowerto heal,etc. But researcherspointed out, maybe this wasbecause rats felt the electricfields through hair vibrationand electric shock. The conternsby peopleon thepossible ecological impaet of the electric fields on the human body originally came from the formerSoviet Union's reporton the health conditionof thepersonnel working in theultra-high-tension transformersubstations(1960). The report stated that: it comparisonwith the contrast group, the persoanel influenced by the2--26KVIm electric fields had thesymDtoms of headache. weary, reductionof sexual disirep etc. However, investigationsmade by TheAmerican Power Company, Sweden O!ohanscon1973) and Germany (Bauchinger 1961) hold: the healthconditions of thepersonnel working in high-intensity electricfields did not change.Because themain sourcesof

- 7- suchinvestigations came from tie self-Account of the observidpersonnel and were lack of an objective physiologicalindex, that is, prone to subjecivefactors, thus it is not strangethese conclusions conflict with each other. The experimenttmade on manikins in China ind abroad show that:when a man stDnds, the outerelectric field near the head is much more intensethan that near the lowerbody, the formerbeing 16 timesthe arerageouter field. However, the fieldinside human body is much weaker, only 1/IOODOOO of the averageouter field. In 1UKVi/electric field, the inductivefield intensitywithin the human body is about 0.7--B.OIV/m,the electriccurzent density is about0.4uA/cM which is much weakerthto the criticalcurrent density 0.1-- !.O/4icmof the most sensitivenervous system. While the magneticfield of the transmissienlines is evenweaker. The 0.05mTmagnetic field frefer to the maximumground magettic intensityunder 500KV transmission lines) exerts inflaence an uUhanbo;dy only equalto thatof 1.26KV'rnelectric field. Becauseboth sidesof controversy----'harmful'vs. non- harmful>---lack strong evidence to persuade the opposite side,we had bette;take a rathercautious attitude toward thisproblem, to which the generalpublic is sensitive. To admit the objectiveexistence of this problem,yet do not exaggerateits harmfulness.The popularview-of-point is: so far there is no sound-evidenceto provethe harmfulnessof the electroemgneticradioactivity to humanhealth, however, it is too hastyto concludethat it is harmless. To Saoid the possible harm onto human body by the - 68 - electromagneticradioeactivity, measures may be takes from tuo aspects:the projectdesign aid the laborprotection. In design, measures suac as rtising the height of the conductingwite to the ground, the inverse-phrase dispositionof dial return circuits, and the seperate installmentof highilowtension wires, etc.,alI cat achieve the resultof reducingthe groundfield intensity, DUTing the operation,protective measures such as cutting down workinghours and localsbielding of the workerscan reduce electromagneticradioactivity, too. Tie reportof 36.01work team in the InternationalLarge Power-NetworksConference points out: when a man stands underthe powertransmission lines, although outer field intonsity mueh high than 1oKV/nusually exists around his head,hands and so on, the eorrespondinginsiHe- body electriefield seldom exeeeds 1/1000000 of the ou:er field intensity.Thisis becausethe inductivecurrent is veryweak ipA scale),and the inside-body electric resistenceis rathersmall. Accordiag to the method of determiningthe inductive electriccurrent inside the humanbody, and estimatedon the maximumspace field intersity10. 8KV,'munder the power transmissionlines and in the transformersubstations of tkisproject, the maximum inductive electric current in the humanbody in the electricfield ca be obtained: electticcurTent through trunk i c 108.0 l A electriccurrent through nead i 64.0ILA electriccurrent through feet i C 162.0iAA - 69 - Accordingto tiestatic electricity induction test report: thsmaxlimum vali of inside-bodyinductive electric curreot in the 220KVsubstation installments generally is under 60- 60 P A. Due to theunevenness of electriefield , at teat- point of spacefield intensity 8.S--B.4KY/m, the human body itductive electTic curreatis 98--Th0 A. whith is lower thatthe above calculited value. If calculatedaccording to theresearch by theCliaese Aacademy of Sciences, in even clectricfields, human body with height of 1.75nbearing 14 i,A/KV/mof inductiveelectric current, roughly, the field intensityof theseplaces is virtuallyequal to 5 KVJmlevel of eveafield intenaity. In fact.electric current's impact on humanbody depends on whichpart of the body is flownthrougna by the electric eurrent.Usually,wken electric current is flowingthrough humanbody from the eleetsodes.the currentthat human can just feel is about1 mA, womenmay feel ttillweaker current. Accordingto DaIqiel6seiveriments and study, 1% of human beingcan feel electric current weaker thar O.SmA. 36% of men canfeet current of IrA flowingthrough their hands. Undoubtedly,only when tle body electric current reaches MA scalecan human being fell the impactbiologically and psychologicallyX. The researchby 36.01work team iG the lternational LargePower-Networks Gunfereace points out: to thosewho are workingin theelecttic fields as occupation,no findingsof special influencethat worth noticing medically. Psychologically,in terms of thepossible effect on human beingworking in theelectric fields. studies in Germany and

- 70 - Sweden (Hoff 1976. Johanlin 1976)show: statistically, at least in field inseusity of 20xKV/rlevel, there wirtually eLists no effeets, or exists evenhelpful stimulation. It should be pointed out tiat, it is very important to distingucishbetween the inductiveeleetrie fields of the 60- 1OHz powe? Itatenmission lines and the equipmentof substations,&ad the ultra-low freqaeney electric fieldst8- Illzl),which is stimulativeto the physical proeess inside humanbrain, and thosewireless frequencyelectric fields and micro-waveelectric fields, whieh have thermaleffect on organiccell organizatious Therefore, as far as tie personnelof the 22Gl\V substationsand the tesident.around the s6bstationsare coocerned,they aTJ searcely influencedby the electric fieldsgenerated by the electricalequipment, there are no high-intensityfields in tie people's living environment near the subsiations.Moreover, the metal componentsinside and outsidethe housesand the trees all kave shielding fg t L i

4.3.2 EffectOn Use Value OF Buman Beings 4.2. 2.1 WaterSupply In the electricitytransmitting- transforming project, which is part of NinboCity' s powernaetworks remoulding plan, water supplycomes from the city'swaterworks, and waste water is drained away through the city's sewage conduit networksinto the sewagetreatment plant for processing.The mcnicipalrunning water supply and sewagetreatment of Ninbe ca meetthe demandof this project, thus will hare no

- 71 - offscton therivers and undergroundwale: which supply potable water

4. 9. 2. 2 Tie Use of Land Thebasic construetion of thisproject integrates with theoid-city remoulding of Ninbo.The whole city area will adoptcable electTicity supply system, and duringroad buildiigchannels for cable will be digged,according with the reasonabledesigning of themunicipal civil engineering plan.Each transformer substatioa of theproject need about 1.04hectares of land(average value), totally they need 14.75hectares of land.The problemof moving the familiem livingin theareas where the substations aad cable channels millbe locatedwill be solvedin full consultation with ths munieipalgovernment, the authorities concerned, and the localresidents. Thus there will be no censequence.

4.4 Influenceon the LivingQuality 4.4.1Social Ecoaomy (1)Wage-and-salary is the chief form of iteomeof the localfamilies altogether need 14.75 ha. of land. 220oK substationneeds 9. 4 ha. of land,all the landwill be taken overfor use. The four110KV substations, namely, Zhoanging, Zhongsag,Beimeng and Shuguang, need 1.55 a., thebuildings shallhi demolishedand residents migrated. The other f substationswill take over land for use.Most of the lOKV distributionnetwork. are located near city streets or streetsin theplan, they do notneed take over land for use or movethe residents.Therefore, tottlly, this remoulding -72- projeet need hbve200 familiesmoved, demolish and rebuild 8376m of housetittake over for us. paddy field 11 ha. vegetablefield 2. 2 ha.,and arrangejobs-for 166 people. Becausepart of thehouses which are to be demolished are simple,woodenhouses built around 1960(6175 m. corer, SLOW%),and part of themare simple,wooden house; built around1980 (3200 m, covers38.2 % ) , these residential housesare in poorliving conditions that lack of seperate sanitaryequipment, good and necessary livingaccessories aidsocial service. According to emiigrantarrangement plan. those residentswill be settled down in newl- built residential quarters. All thesenew residential quarters are built according to tie standard issued by the Ministry of Construetionand theeity design. They will have good and neeessaryliving acecessries and social service in culture, educationand health. The livingcoandition will be much better than that of the presettconditions. The remocldiagproject needs to arrangejobs for about 165surplus laborers. According to Ninbo'sconvention, they ;Ilbe settleddown in the local towAshipeaterprises by thedistrict governments. Their living standard will come abovethe originallevel. (3)The remouldingof Ninbo'surban power distribution networkoffers new employment opportunities to the local peopleand will stimulatethe development of other industries, whilethe other industries will bring more job opportunities. (4)After the remoulding,the economical,rational, safe, reliableand flexible power distribution network of Ninbo citywill benefit Ninbo's economic development, stimulate - 73 thecoordinating development of its industry,ensure the lifepower need of theresidents, and bring up theprice of thenearby land. In termsof economic effects, workers and theirfamilies will have wore incomeand job opportunities, moreproducts will be made,and the whole economyof the regionwill be becefitted.

4.4.2Public Health In . 1. 3 and 4. 3. 1 we have pointedout that the influenceof noiseand staticelectrical induction do exist and to semeestent they might influence the publichealth. However.since ordinary people cannot enter or approachthe substations.and those who work insideare in good conditionswith the noise and electric field intesgityall conformableto thecountry's regulations concerning industry healthand laborprotectioa, such influence is unsubstantial.

4.4.3 Aesthetics Thisproject has considered the optical effect of the locationand the local living environmentand the afforestationof the districts in accordancewith Ninbo's municipalconstruction. Meanwhile, we will integratethe dispositionand color of thebuildings with the neighboring environmentand make them befitting to thelocal aesthetical valueand re-utilizationvalue.

4.6 MethodsTo RemoveUnfavorable Effects 4.6.1 SelectThe Loeation For Projet Items The substationsand transmission lines of this project - 74 - will be situated purposely in places of no great environmental 7esourfCs or values. The items should be loeeted at the following places: (1)of no ralaable ecological resources; (2)of no historical importanceor historical relics: Q3)of no flood or earthquake; 44)of no serious popUlation problem, with relatively fewreBidents to be movedaway; (6)of no tourist,re-producing or aesthetical value; (6)without contendingwith the local industry for raw meterials andtechnicians.

4 8.2 TheApproaches Roquired In The Project Construction 1i)give priority to hirelocal laborers and reducethe numberof migrttingworkers; use dust-removiug machites to reducedust; (2)in levelling the latd, the naturalsewage and the sewageduring the operation should be drainedaway after precipitating.The wastewater of cement-mixers,etc. should be drainedaway arter oil/water seperation, precipitating andneutralization. The sedimentshould be filled into the ditchesor carriedonto tie waste earth yard; i3 in constructionof the substatiots,the domestit sewagefrom the building sites and the dormitories,etc. shouldbe drainedinto the city's sewagenetwork after septic tSak processing. 44)during the eenstruction,things eoncerning traseportationshould be in fullconsultation with the local authoritiesand residentsbeforehand. Don't amassing

- 75 - transportationat *IAotime. The driver shouldreceive educationon safety. Tirafficgafety supervisors may be posted when necessary; (5)the waste earth and stone may be usedto level off thelocation and fill up theditches, the rest may be used to leveloff the cement mill site ot thepublic land, The superfluou6part should be abandonedonto the waste earth yard.To avoiddust flying, spray some water when necessary.

4.5. a3 easures To DisposeWaste Water (1)domestic sewage: the daily domestic sewage from the substation is about 5.2 tons and sewage-processing equipment is needed. We are going to recommendVSZ-1 sewage-processing equipment. The water quality afterits processing can reach DOD< 8mg/l/lS8< 50mg/l. After processing the water can be drained away. i2 oil-bearingwatsr: in the substations only in unexpectedaccidents will oil leak and oil-bearing water occur.So oiltark should be installedin the substation againstaccident. After seperation, oil-bearing water should be processed by the high-efficency processor, and drained awaywhen it reachesthe standard. (3)acid waste water: install a neutralizationtank near batteryrepair workshop. When the acid liiquidreaches a certainquantity, add alikaline matter to neutralizethem. Adjustthe Ph valueof theacid water to therange of 6.5- 8.6.After processing and reachingthe standard, the acid wastewater can be drainedaway. - 76 - 4.6.4 MeasuresAgaiAst Noise In orderto preventnoise ama reduceas much as possible thenoise pollution, we suggestthat certain measures should be takenso as to controlthe neoie. (1)to controlthe coise sourees: select maialy those low-noiseequipment. The controllingindex in designingand mnufacturingthe main transformet is 75dB(AJ(2. from the equipment),this indexbelongs to low-noiserange according to IECand GB1094-86. (2)to considernoise-controt measures from the overall planedisposition: A. aceordirgto the localweather condition, the noise sourcesshould be situatedto the leedwayof the highest wind-frequencyside; B. adoptthe design of concentratingthe noise sources, if possible,locate them in thecenter of thesubstation so as to ensurea distancefar enough to thestation walls; C. consider the rationaltrend of the buildings sensitiveto noiee and the noise sourceg. For example, the maintransformer,reactor, phase-adjustment room etc. should notbe parallelwith the control building, the administration building,the dormijory etc. (a)consider the architecture: inplaces such as control- roomcommaunication room etc. where personnel are populated. 1oise-absorbingbuilding materials should be used lest the noiseshould interfere with the working personnel.

4.6.5 AfforestationOf The Substations Afferestationis one of the effectiveways to prerent

-77 - environmental noisepollution. Plantiag trees aroundthe substationsoot only will beautify the building, it alsocan absorbdust, purify air, reducenoise and shield the electricfields. It is an importantmethod to protectthe environment. (1)afforestation design: adopt garden an thechief form. Emphas isIs laid on trees'anti- polltiotn function. The ever-greentrees are themain plant. to be chosen, mized witharber, shrub,flower and grass. The afforestationdesign andtie localafforestation plan should coordinate with each other,anid befit the substation buildings Also, the effects an technologyby theafforestation should be considered. Il the front land of the substationand the workets'living area, the afforestation belt may consistof ever-greenarbor trees, shrub trees. hedgerow, flowerand graces.Hedgerows may be plantedon both sides along the roadsnear the substation. Switchgear yard and theodd vaeset lotsmay agegrasses capable of propagating. (2)types of tree:according to the local weatherand landconditons, choose types of treewith high adaptability and survivalrate. flower and grasscan be chosenaccordingly, via organizationsin charge of parksand gardons. (3)affore6tation index: the afforestationindex for substationzone is about16% , afforestationacreage is about4.8 mu, theestimated total afforestationinvestment is 60 thousandyuan. - 78 - 4.5.6C eamuresAgainst Static Electricity lndnction and Electremagneticlnterfer'zce (1)In orderto prtventthe electromagneticinduction interferingwith the comunicationsystem, following measures will be takenin implementing thisproject: reduce if possiblethe ground wire of theprotective cover of the communicationcables; set up shieldingwire for wherever needgoof shielding; select cables with shieldingcover; choose rationalline trendand circuit. (2)The inductiveelectric current generated by the electricequipment cannot be felt by people. The inductive voweris so small that no physiologicalor biological effectswill exert. Therefore. no specialmeasures need to taketo preventthe inductivecurrent of thisproject.

4.6.7 VecationelSafety And PublicHealth '1)To establishenTironmental monitoring institutions canprotect the health and welftre of the workersand the neighboringresidents and also the surreuudingoevironment. The supervising and monitoring operation shouldbe done insideand outsidethe substation,and thechief object is thedraining sources and the main drainages.Early- stage monitoringresults may be usedto modifythe monitoring items. If possible,adopt monitorizg points and index the same as theregular monitoring operation. The monitoringresult. shouldbe compiledacd reported to the higher authorities periodically. (2)To check and supervisethe workers'vocational healthand safety,so as to find vocationaldiseases and - 79 - treat accordingly. (3)In termsof thesocial economy and public health, to maintainthe localarea in goodorder in cooperationwith the localand provincialauthoritie.s concerned. (4)labor safety: following measures will be taken to ensurelabor safety and protection in thisproject: A. To preventelectric, mechaniCal and other injuTies: all theelectric equipment of tkisproject are considered to haveground connection; all the designed electric equipment adopt live-wire safetydistance accordingto 'The TechnologicalRegulation on Bigh-tension Distribution Disiga'SD9-85; The 220KVdual bus bars have close circuit againstfalse operation; the main transformer ! the bus bars of variousdistribution instalHents all have lightning rods. B. The followingitems should be observedfor those who work in the substationsor on the transmis6ion linesof this mrojeet: fa)fill in task ticket:at by oral.telephone orders: tb)at one timeat least2 persotsshould work together; (c)eeforce tfe measures of managementand techeology concerninglabor safety protection. C. To avoidunnecessary luman injuriesand accidents, live-wirework should be carriedout only in good weather conditions.Whenever it thunderssuch work should stop. In caseof emergencythat live-wire work must be carriedout underbad weathersuch as rain,snow, fog,strong wind (>&th grade),reliable measures should be takenand after the consentof the leadersconcerned. The work sitesshoeld have ampleillumination.

- BO - D. To movelong objects such as staLrsand pipes. Buch objeet.should first be put horizontallyand keep a safe distanceto the'live' parts, then moved by two workers. Safetyhelmets should weal when caring out upper air operatioe,safety strep should be used,too. To passobjects whenworking high above the ground. do not throwand cast. E. Againstfilthy: according to 'TheFilthy Zote MIlp of theElectrie Distribution Network of ZhejiangProvince'. thisproject is determinedto be 11-gradefilthy zone, the leakratio takes 2.34--2. 60cm/kv. XIP - 16 ANTI-FILTHY INSUILATORwill be adopted;ground- wire hangingtail will adoptdual-combination type. s0 as to enhancethe operational dependability. In brief,attention should be paid to safety-skill training,safety management and to preventelectric shock, mechanicalinjury and fillingfrom the sky. To keep the safetyequipment in good order and sound condition.To ensureoperational safety and reliabieworking conditions frommanagement and equipment.

B. Cost-EffectAnalysis 5.1 TheCost-Effect of PreciationaryMeasures 5.1. I TheMeasures to DisposeWaste Water 11)In 220KVsubstations of WLantang,Jiangnan and Ninnasn and the lO 110KVsubstations, each will be equippedwith a WSZ-1domestic sewage processing machine. Price for each set of thismaehine,including theequipment fee, the fee for installmentand eivil engineering, is 160 thousandyuan. totallymaounts to 1.95million yuta RXB; - 8S- (2)Adopt high-efficientoil processor to process oil- bearingwaste water. i3 setsaltogether with the investment of 1.a millionyuan FM: (8)Adopt neutralization tank to disposeacid waste water. ceed at iivestment of 2.00million yuean

6.1. 2 MeasuresAgainst Noise (l)Choose low- noise trangformers,ceed additional inve6tmentof 6.DO zillionyuan; (21Other anti-noise meaLsures such as noise-absorbing, noise-insulatingetc., need about 3.00 million yuan;

6.1.3 Afforestation The afferestationinvestment for each substationis consideredto be 60 thousandyuan. totally need 0.66million yuan investment.

5.1.4 MetsuresAgainst Static Electric Inductionand E-lectromapetiCInference To fix shieldingwires and chooseanti-static-electric- inductionand anti-electromagnetic- interference equipment and cablesetc, need 31.60million yuan.

5.1.6 VocationalSafety and PublicHealth (l Vocationalsafety is consideredto need I.D0million yuan; 42)Public health is consideredto need 2.00million yuan. In smary. the total investmentan precautionary measures is about 48.40million yuat. Table 2.4.1 shows the total investmenton Niabo's - 82 - urbanpower distributioa network remeuldiag is 440.661 million yuan, Fe thb investment on the prencutionary macures Covers l0. 99% of the tottl pTOjeet investment.

5.2 CoBt-Effect Analysis on Individual Item 5. 2.1 220KVoantang Transformee Substation Estimatedinvestment iE R1B 29.80 million yuan:

6.2.2 220KVJiangnan Transformer Substation (lst term) Estimatedinvestment is RUB12. 10 millionyuan;

6.2.3 220KVJiangagn Transformer Substation (2ad term) EstimatediiveuBtment isRYB 7.90million yuan;

5.2.4 22oxVXiugle Transformer Substation Estimatedinvestment is 1MB 6.00 millioe yuan:

5.2.5 2.20EVNinnan Transformer Substation Estimatedinvegtment is RUB37.70 million Yuan;

5.2. 6 110KVZhongting Transformer Substation Estimated investmenti ORIB12.00 million yuan;

5.2.7 l1OKVQinshi Transformer Substation Estimated investment ic 111B10.40 millionyuan;

6.2.8 11OKVZhongfan Transformer Substation Estimated investment is DIB 14. on Million yutan, including U.S. 85.62 million;

- 83 - 5.2.9 11O0vBeijiao Trasformer Substation Estimatedinvestment is RIM 12.00 millionyuan, includingU.S.$4.39 million:

5.2.10 11OXVLotuo Triemformer Substation Estimated investment is RUB 10.20 millionyuan;

D.2.11 IIOKVChangsan Transformer Substation Estimatedinvestment is RUB 8.90million yuan;

5.2.12 iiOKVZhoushu Trtnsformer Substation Booster Estimatedinvestment is RUB 7.00 mrillionyuan:

5.2.13 ilOXVBeimeng Transformer Substation Estimatedinvestment is RkB 9.00million yuan, including L.S. 32.19 mill ion;

5.2.14 IIKV BaosanTransformer Substation EBtimatedinvestment is IMB6.00million yuan;

D. 2.16 110KVShuguang Transformer Substation Estimated investmentis MRB 10. 00 million yuan, ineludingU.S. $5.02 mill ion;

5.2.16 IIOKVDistribution Project &nd Related CoLtroll Equipment Estimatedinvestment i4 IUB 118.10 millionyuan, ineluadingU.S. 6. 71 million.

- 84- a. Requirementsof 6etups and plans for monitoringthe osvironmenment Withthe developmeat of environmentprotection it is veryiuporttst to set up in organitationto manage and monitorthe environment.As there are no rules and regulationsfor managing. supervising and monitoringthe environmentof power transmissionand transformation eigineeriagprojects it our countryyet, we haveto consult somerelated articles of " Formulationsof Environment Protectionin ConstructionProjects '' and ',Rulesof EnviroamentMonitoring it ThermalPlants. In construction the 'ollowingshould be monitored:1) the conumunication,particulate matter dropped in tieprocess of trUaspOrtatiOn! 8,61th, and crushingstones, flyingdust anewaste materials; 2) thequality of the surfacewater near the substation, the drainagevolume of domestic sewage scdwaste water contsining oil and acid.the result of sewage oreatmect,the noise pollution as wellas the intensityof t'eelectromagnetic field and the inductioncurrent near the residentialarea under power lines and thesensitive points of tnesubstation. I. addition,the quality of the atmosphericenvironment and tgemeteorological conditions as wellas thesafety and healthof workersmust also be mositoredat thesame time int a Lid so securethe normal opewstion of the substationand th. DOSO? Iinoa.

6.1 Requirementsof tieadministrative setup The taskof thissetwo is to oiganize,carry out Sad - 85- 6upervisethe work of evironameatprotection it thi project. The main responsibilitiesare as follows: tllto followthe Lwssand reguLationsof environment protection; (2)to formulateand revise rules and regulationsof environment protection and supervise their implementat ion; (3)to maie plans ror environmentprotection and carry themout; (4)to take chargeof thework to monitorthe environment; (5)to check the operationof the facilities of environmentprotection: (Si .o applyand spread the advanced teecnologyand experisnee; (7) to organize aid conduct technical training and imptovethe qualityof the technicalpersonnel; 8W to make scientific researches on environment protectiotatd academicexchanges. The fixed aumber of the staff members of the administrativesetup is one to three persons.

6.2 EnvironmentMonitoring 6.2.1Tke setupfor monitoringthge environment The responsibilitiesof thissetup are as follows. (1)to checkthe electromagneticinterference caused by the projec; regularly and see if the amount of interference is in conformitywith the standard set by tie stateand the localgovernment: (2) to anslyse the enrironmentalquality rouad the

- 86 - projectand the changing lIa of the impactof the powerliha on the enviroament.to supetvisethe safe operatioRof the substation,and improvethe administrativework and to providea scientific basis for pollutioncoatrol and environment protection; (3)to pay close attentionto the pbysical and psyeologicalhealth of the workers without interruptionso as to preventoccupationel diseases andensure safety in production; (4)to monitorthe drainage of wastewater: the volume

andtemperature of thewater, BOD. 1 COD,pU and tie contentsof thewaste water Guch as oil, phenol,Cr, Cd aidAs and to check the effectivenessof the treatmentfacilities; (5)to monitorthe source of loud noises of the substationand theenvironmental noises insideand outsidethe enclosingwalls as well as it the working place; (6)to monitor pollution andreport to higher authorities. The fixednumber of tle staffmembers of the monitoring setupis 3 to 4 persons.

6.2.2Allocation of facilitiesof environmentmonitoring The problem of bousesfor the administrat ive and monitoringsetups will be considered in an all-roundway and necessary faeilities for environment monitoring will be equipped. The tost of houses indfacilities hasbeen listed in the budget.

- 87 - 7. Participatie;of the publlc 7.1Participation of the public Ningbo,lying in the southeasteoastal area, is an importantport of foreigntrade and a majorindustrial base inEast China and oneof the most economicallydeveloped regionsin the country.Because of the poor power network, oldfacilities and equipmentand overloadlinet, there ha6 longbeet a lackof electticitYin this area.As a result, the deitlopuettof industryatot agitulture is rtesttiicted andthe livingcoadtions of tiepeople can not be improved greatly.Therefore, deputies to differentsessions of the People'sCongress of Niugbomade appeals to the municipal governmentand hopedthis problem would be solvedas soonas possible. La Februarw,1992 the gth Congress was held in Ningbo.At the5th session the deputieseipressed their full supportfor the solutionof theproblem and said the people of Ningbohad pinned their hopes on the improvementof Zhejiang'spower supply and in particular,the transformation of the oldelectric power neti;ori% of Ningbo and the second phaseproject of theBeilungang Power Plact. And so the transformationof the old electric power network of thecity i. leag eherishedand fully supported by the public.

- 88- 7.2Administrative setups

| 5~~~~~~~~~1 tI ZhejiangElectric I Officeof Key Projects; Bafeauor Land PowetCompany - Underthe Planting rm Mtagementof * EconomyCoumission of Zhejiang iZhej ianRg

S ~ ~ ~ ; . , fBureauof Electric'-' Powerof Iiingbo

I I

I _~~~~~~~~~~~I I I . jU '

S ! I a PlanningEconomy Commission, and Departmentsof LandManagement, Urban Constructionand Envireomeat Protection at Cityand County Level

OrganizationsConcerned at TowEship andVillage Level

8. Conclusions 8.1 Ways to weakenand reducetke unfavourableimpact

8.1. 1 Selectionof bites The eiteof the substationand the plaeeswhere power linesare to be erectedmust be selectedwhere there are no

- 89 - majoronvironmettal resources or values: Valuableecological rusourceseither on landor in watet will not be damaged; noneof thehistorical and culturalrelics be destroyed;the siteswill not be affectedby floodsor earthquakes;houses to be demolishedmust be ?educedto tke fewestpossible; the sitesselected are not to be used for the purpose of tourism,reproduction or beautifying the environment;the projectwill aot compete with the localenterprises for rnw materialsand technicalworkers.

8.1. 2 Waysto be adopted when the constructionwork begins Prioritlmust be givento theuse of the local labour force;dust compres6srs must be usedso as to avoid clouds of dust flying up: sewagemust settlebefore it is drained offand thesediments can be usedfor filling the land: it is necessaryto spraywater to pretentthe dustfrom flying :F is alsoimportant to consultwith the department; concernedand the localpeople and gain the forgivenessof them.Persons ia ehargeof the trafficsafety aye needed whenthe construction work begins.

8.1.3Measures of treatingsewage Facilitiesof NodelWSZ-1 are used to treatthe domestic sewageof the substation.Oil pollution will be treatedby machinesof high efficiencywhen accidenthappens. A neutralizingtank is to be equippedto treatthe acid water whenthe storagebatteries are overhauled.

- go - 8.1.4Measures to preveatnoises Machinesof ln- onisear to be used in the substatiom. The noise indezof the main transformermust be lower thin the standardvalue of INC and GB1094-86.The layout of the substatiocmust be reasonable. Sound-impervious materisls must be used in the placewhere most peoplelive and work.

8.1.5Planting trees andflowers around the sDubstation Fifteenper cent of the compoundmust be covered with treesand flowersso as to achievethe resultsof beautify- ing the surroundings,absorbing dust, purifyingthe air, reducingnoises and shieldingoff the electromagneticfield.

8.1.6 Protective measures against electr,magoetic interferenceand electrostaticinduction Reasonableruns of lines must be chosen; protective cablesattached on the eoveringsof the comunicationeables must be reducedto a minimm; streeuedlines must be erected

DO as to prevent electromagnetic induction from interfering with the comauicationssystem in the place where screenes lines are very few.

8.1.7Occupational safety and publichealth Monitoringand supervisingsetups are to he organizedto examinetie sourceof drainage, test the pollutantsand check the safetyand healthof the workers.

- 91 - 8.2 Conclusionsafter studying the report 8.2.1 Impacton the naturalenvironment 11) Waste water: Only Wienthe density conforms to the standardof GB 8978-88can the wastewater be drainedoff. tfastewater, includingdomestic sewage, oily water when accidentoccurs and acid water.must be treatedto reachthe standardof drainagebefore it is drainedaway 1 so that the surfacewater wor' t be polluted. However, tke dust and garbagemay affectthe surfacewater when the substationis underconstruction, but the water aftersettling has little impacton tie enTironment. (2)The run of linesand the site of the substation; Departmettsconcerned hive been coasultedan& agreementson selectionof sitesreached. The industrialenterprises, the urbanceinstruction plans, the military facilitiesand the localpeople near by won'tbe affected. (3)Noises: When the substationworks normally, the noisereaches lOdBW only in an area of 3.77%of the total of the substationand GodBUA in an area of 69.4% of the total, detectedwithin a radius of 60 meters. Therefore, noises cannot be teard outside the enclosingwalls. (4)Electromagnetic effect: The electromagneticeffect of the electricappliances and power linesis caused mainly by the electricfield, the magneticfield aad the electric halo. The substationand linesare sttictlydesigned according to the standardset by tht state and so communications systemwill not be interferedwith. Triangleuiring and levelwiring are adopted and the 92 maximumiLtetuity of tie electtic field on the ground is 10. 4KVrn and 10. 8KV/r, 8. 2. and 10.6m from the center of the line respectively. Tie intensity,12-22. away from the eenteris lowerthan 6KVMN, which his littleeffect on the intensityof theelettric field outside the linepassage.

8.2.2 Impact of the eoanstruction work on the enviroament The impacton tourism is little and temporary, onill within a period of 4-12 months and departmentsconcerned and tre localpeople will be consultedbeforehand.

8.2.3Impact on humanbody and economicdevelopment fIfluma.body: The maximum intensity of the electro- magneticfield is 0.8KVm in thesubstation and under the Dower lines.The inductivecurrent passing through the body ardthe head is lIMAA and 64P A respectivelyand the total amotntof currentthrough feet is 162ttA. The humanbody will be affectedphysiologically and psycologically only when the current through the body reachesthe amount of milliampere.It is important to tell thedifference between the electric field of substationand linesof 650--ORzand the super lover freqrency(6-16Hz) whichhas an irritanteffect on thephysical process of the brainas wellas theradio fteqiency and theelectric field. of micro-waveswhich have a thermo-effecton biological eeoI It. The impactof thefield intensity of thesubstation and the linesis littleand can be acceptedby the staffmembers andthe localpeople near by. Besides,the roof, metal

- 93- frame.of thebouse and treesall have a shieldingeffect and it is impossiblefor people to livein a strtngelecttic field. 42)Economic developuint: With tie rapid development of industryand agrieultute, power is badlyneeded in Niagbo. The constructionof thtis project will greatlypromote the developmentof Ningbo's economy and help raise the living standardof thepeople tIere.

8.2.4Impact on the lifeof thepeople (1)The reasonable,reliable, stable and safe power networkwill coatributegreatly to the developmentof Ningbo's economyand the coordinationof industryand agvieulture.and meet the great demandof power by the people.The constructionof the networkisbound to be followedby a riseof landprice around the area. Economic benefitmeans the increaseof the incomeof the workers and their families.more job opportunities and more conmodities. And the life of the settlers whose houses are to be demolishedbecause of the constructionof the project will be improvedas well. (2)Public health: People within a certsinarea may affectedby noisesand electrostaticinduction, but the effectis minimum. People can accept it after they are compensatedeconomically.

8.2.6AnalysiE of cost and benefit A.total amount of 622,724, 000 ien is inveeted in the project. 62,000,000 ysa. accounting for 13.7% of the total

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investment,will be spenton sewagetreatment, preveCtioA of noises, electrostatic induction and electromagnetic interference,and plantingtrees and flowers.

8.2.8Requirements of setupsand plans for monitoring theenvironment Withthe development of environmentprotection it is verynecessary to met up at organizationto manage and monitorthe environment. The fixed number of the staff membersof the organizationis 4-7 persons.The organization is underthe ElectricPower Bureau of Zhejiang. It must followthe laws and regulations set by the state and the Ministry.It will carry out and supervisethe work of environmentprotection, Ft is alsoin chargeof thework to examinethe source of pollutedsewage and it;impact on the environmentin the process of ceostructionand after the prcjectis put intooperation. The organizationwill be resoe6iblefor the invironmentalquality and thehealth of tlepeople within the areathe project covers.

8.2.7FPrticipation of the public Hangzhou,lying in thesoutheast coastal area, is the centerof politics,economy, culture and communication of the wholeproviace. Because of thepoor electric power network, old facilitiesand equipmentand overload of lines.there has longbeen a lackof electricityin thisarea. As a result, thedevelopment of industryand agriculture is restrictedand the livingconditions of the people can not be improved greatly.In responseto the appealsof the people tad

*5 - accordingto tiepractical conditions, a suitable site of the projecthas been found and reasonable runs of lineshave been selectedafter consulting with the departments concerned and thebroad masses of people.The constructionof the project iE lOng cherished andfully supportedby the people. In a word, the imparet of the project is little and temporaryand can be accepted.Therefore. the construeton of projectis feasibleeonsidering from environment protection.

9. Bibliography (1) CNoise Control',, aingDanquan, Wanglenqi and Sun Jialin (2) "' Brief Accountof the Electric and Magnetic Fields inPower Tranumistion andRules of Calculationb 36.01 Working Group of the laternational Conference on LargePower Network (3) iA Reourtof theImpact of 220KVDongjiao SubstLtion Environment,, Zhejiang Power Designing Institute (4' "Projeets fo!Power Development in Zhejiang^: ZhejiangPower Company Sept.1992 io) 't/etPolicy. PTocess and Convention of Appraisalsof Impacton theEnvironment and Norms and PrinciWleE of EnvironmentActsi DevelOpMentand SupervisionDepartment of the State Bureau of Environment Protection June1992 (6) t'GuidingPrinciples of EnviroumettalAppraisals of theProjects F.)r Industrial Development'r Developmentand SupervisionDepartment of the State Bureau of Environment Protection June1992 (7) iA ReportAbout the Impactof the Projectrof Hangziou'sNetwork Transformationon the Enviromment1v ZhejiangPower Desigaing Institute Mar.and Seut. 1992 (8) (Electric and EcologicalEffeets of Power TransmissionLinesgt EcologicalResearch Group of Ponville PowerAdministra.tion inLI.S.A. Translatedby Power Research Institute of theMinistry of laterConservatnc and Power April 1987 i9) 'ElectromagneticEffects of PowerLiAes with Intense Currentand Their Preveation"# MaQixiang, Huang Yan andZhao Guoqiaa 1§89 (10) 2'Vter Drainage in the Cityl~ , Book 5 of .A Mantal of Waler Supply acd Drainage Desiping) Designing Institute of Beijing Municipal Administration (11) ((A Report About the Impact of 600KV Skaoxirg Substation on the EnvironentO Zhejiang Environmertal Engineering Co. 1989 112) (De&igaing and,Working of tie Electric Parts in 500KV Substations8 Lan Zengyu and Ye Jingzing .13i (.ATest Report About Electrostatic lIduction in 220KV Substations Ii East China' East China Power Designing Institute

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