DOCSLIB.ORG

Reconstructing the Demographic History of the Himalayan and Adjoining Populations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reconstructing the Demographic History of the Himalayan and Adjoining Populations Human Genetics https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-018-1867-2 ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Reconstructing the demographic history of the Himalayan and adjoining populations Rakesh Tamang1,2,3,4 · Gyaneshwer Chaubey5,6 · Amrita Nandan4 · Periyasamy Govindaraj4,7 · Vipin Kumar Singh4 · Niraj Rai4,8 · Chandana Basu Mallick5,9 · Vishwas Sharma4 · Varun Kumar Sharma4 · Anish M. Shah4 · Albert Lalremruata4 · Alla G. Reddy4 · Deepa Selvi Rani4 · Pilot Doviah4 · Neetu Negi10 · Yarin Hadid11 · Veena Pande10 · Satti Vishnupriya2 · George van Driem12 · Doron M. Behar5 · Tikaram Sharma13 · Lalji Singh4,14 · Richard Villems3,5 · Kumarasamy Thangaraj4 Received: 15 September 2017 / Accepted: 6 January 2018 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract The rugged topography of the Himalayan region has hindered large-scale human migrations, population admixture and assimilation. Such complexity in geographical structure might have facilitated the existence of several small isolated com- munities in this region. We have genotyped about 850,000 autosomal markers among 35 individuals belonging to the four major populations inhabiting the Himalaya and adjoining regions. In addition, we have genotyped 794 individuals belonging to 16 ethnic groups from the same region, for uniparental (mitochondrial and Y chromosomal DNA) markers. Our results in the light of various statistical analyses suggest a closer link of the Himalayan and adjoining populations to East Asia than their immediate geographical neighbours in South Asia. Allele frequency-based analyses likely support the existence of a specifc ancestry component in the Himalayan and adjoining populations. The admixture time estimate suggests a recent westward migration of populations living to the East of the Himalaya. Furthermore, the uniparental marker analysis among the Himalayan and adjoining populations reveal the presence of East, Southeast and South Asian genetic signatures. Interest- ingly, we observed an antagonistic association of Y chromosomal haplogroups O3 and D clines with the longitudinal distance. Thus, we summarise that studying the Himalayan and adjoining populations is essential for a comprehensive reconstruction of the human evolutionary and ethnolinguistic history of eastern Eurasia. Introduction region (van Driem 2001). The number of individuals liv- ing in the whole area is small due to the cold climate and The Himalayan mountain ranges extend from Pakistan in the some inhospitable alpine habitats. It has been estimated that West to the northeastern Indian states and northern Burma the population size of the Himalayas tripled only in recent in the East. More than three hundred distinct ethnic groups times, i.e., from 1901 to 1980 (Nandy and Rao 2001). Trans- and language communities have been documented in this Himayalan is the second most populous language family in the world, comprising more than 300 diferent languages, which can be divided into 42 subgroups (van Driem 2001). Deceased: Lalji Singh. Out of the 42 major linguistic subgroups, 30 live to the south of the Himalayas, 7 to the North and East, and the remaining Rakesh Tamang and Gyaneshwer Chaubey contributed equally. 5 are distributed over both the southern and northern fanks Electronic supplementary material The online version of this (van Driem 2001). article (http​s://doi.org/10.1007​/s004​39-018-1867​-2) contains The prehistoric human settlement in this region remains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. poorly studied. It is still unclear when the frst human activi- ties occurred in this region. The archaeological record in * Gyaneshwer Chaubey [email protected] Nepal suggests a long prehistory of human habitation, with abundant lithic material from the Early, Middle and Late * Kumarasamy Thangaraj [email protected] Palaeolithic periods as well as through the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods (Corvinus and Erlangen Institut für Ur-und Extended author information available on the last page of the article Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 Human Genetics Frühgeschichte 2007). An Early Palaeolithic presence of share the closest genetic afnity with the HAAPs? Do the the Acheulian tradition in the Early Middle Pleistocene is HAAPs have any specifc ancestry component? Since we indicated by Acheulian bifacial sand fake tools industry, included large number of populations from a diverse region with Levallois technology appearing in the Middle Palaeo- of Himalaya, we also addressed whether we see any genetic lithic. Further, archaeological record suggest an increase in cline of HAAPs? Is there any sex-specifc admixture pattern, population density at the end of the last glacial maximum as we see among Indian Austroasiatic speakers? (Field et al. 2007). The foothills of the central Himalayas straddle the so-called Movius line, represent a transition zone between two traditions of lithic expression and show Results and discussion afnity with coetaneous Occidental technocomplexes as well as with technocomplexes in Southeast Asia (Schick 1994). HAAP’s specifc ancestry and genetic cline The Acheulian artefacts in the Śivālik region were made by archaic humans about 0.7 Ma (Khanduri 2002; Ganjoo and First, we merged the high-quality autosomal SNP data of 35 Ota 2012; Leipe et al. 2014). samples from this study with the available published data. The Tibetan plateau was likewise occupied by modern The combined data was thereafter used in all our autoso- humans during their frst arrival in Asia (Qiu 2015), and the mal analyses (Supplementary Table 1b and Supplementary Neolithic presence of modern humans both North and South Text). To have an insight at the inter- and intra-population of the Himalayas is archaeologically widely attested (Khanduri variation among the HAAPs, we computed the Fst distances 2002; Tewari 2007; Ganjoo and Ota 2012; Wang et al. 2012; (Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 2). The Leipe et al. 2014). During the Neolithic time, many pastoralist HAAPs showed closest and largely similar genetic distances communities have made permanent settlements in this region. with the East Asian and Southeast Asian populations, fol- One such pastoral community, the Changpa tribe in Ladakh, lowed by the Central Asians. When we compared the intra- were thought to have originated from the ancient tribes on the population distances among the HAAPs; Kusunda, Khasi Tibetan Plateau (Ganjoo and Ota 2012; Leipe et al. 2014). and Sherpa showed larger distances, likely due to drift and, Genetic studies so far, have suggested two diferent schools in the case of Kusunda and Khasi, perhaps due to linguis- of thoughts (Torroni et al. 1994; Su et al. 2000; Gayden et al. tic isolation (Supplementary Table 3). Highlander Ladakh 2007; Qin et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2012; Huerta-Sánchez et al. (India) pastoral population Changpa was closest to Tibetan 2014; Bhandari et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2017). Some studies followed by Subba and Sherpa populations. Among the have suggested that the Himalayan border formed a natural South Asian populations, apart from Tibeto-Burman speak- barrier for migratory animals including humans (Papiha et al. ers, Munda speakers showed the closest afnity to the stud- 1989; Aggarwal et al. 2003; Gayden et al. 2007). However, ied groups, probably due to the shared East/Southeast Asian there is also evidence supporting the Himalaya as a corri- ancestry (Chaubey et al. 2011). The principle component dor for human migrations (Debnath et al. 2011; Wang et al. (PC) analysis of Eurasian groups placed the HAAPs closer 2012; Bhandari et al. 2015; Kang et al. 2016). These studies to the East/Southeast Asians (Fig. 2a), supporting the Fst were mainly based on a limited number of samples as well analysis. To see the placement of the HAAPs within the as low-resolution markers. Moreover, to explore a detailed East/Southeast Asian cluster, we ran a separate PC analysis genomic ancestry of this region, one needs to cover the wider among the HAAPs along with the East and Southeast Asian geographic region as well as populations, whereas previous populations (Supplementary Fig. 2). It is interesting to note studies were largely inclined towards Tibetan and Sherpa that the HAAPs do not assemble in the defned East and populations. Thus, to establish the temporal and spatial origin Southeast Asian cline, instead they form their own cline. of Himalayan and adjoining populations (HAAPs) and their In the wider picture of a Eurasian PC plot, this cline is also afnity with East and South Asians, we have undertaken an visible and we see that it is stretched between East/Southeast extensive study with more than 790 samples from the politi- Asia and South Asia (Fig. 2). This suggests that the HAAPs cal boarders of India, however, their geographical spread is are admixed populations with higher East Asian-like and across the Himalayas (Fig. 1; Supplementary Table 1a; and lower South Asian-like ancestries, whereas, the admixture Supplementary Text). Additionally, we have also assayed two observed in South Asian Munda (Austroasiatic) populations phenotype markers, the 1540C variant in EDAR, known to is characterised by the opposite pattern i.e., higher South be positively selected among East Asians (Bryk et al. 2008) Asian-like and lower East Asian-like ancestries (Chaubey and rs1426654 pigmentation gene SLC24A5 associated with et al. 2011). lighter skin colour among South Asians (Jonnalagadda et al. To gain a better understanding of ancestral components 2011; Basu Mallick et al. 2013; Mishra et
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comparative Study of Angami and Chakhesang Women
    A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM : A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANGAMI AND CHAKHESANG WOMEN THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SOCIOLOGY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NAGALAND UNIVERSITY BY MEDONUO PIENYÜ Ph. D. REGISTRATION NO. 357/ 2008 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. KSHETRI RAJENDRA SINGH DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY NAGALAND UNIVERSITY H.Qs. LUMAMI, NAGALAND, INDIA NOVEMBER 2013 I would like to dedicate this thesis to my Mother Mrs. Mhasivonuo Pienyü who never gave up on me and supported me through the most difficult times of my life. NAGALAND UNIVERSITY (A Central University Estd. By the Act of Parliament No 35 of 1989) Headquaters- Lumami P.O. Mokokchung- 798601 Department of Sociology Ref. No……………. Date………………. CERTIFICATE This is certified that I have supervised and gone through the entire pages of the Ph.D. thesis entitled “A Sociological Study of Unemployment Problem: A Comparative Study of Angami and Chakhesang Women” submitted by Medonuo Pienyü. This is further certified that this research work of Medonuo Pienyü, carried out under my supervision is her original work and has not been submitted for any degree to any other university or institute. Supervisor Place: (Prof. Kshetri Rajendra Singh) Date: Department of Sociology, Nagaland University Hqs: Lumami DECLARATION The Nagaland University November, 2013. I, Miss. Medonuo Pienyü, hereby declare that the contents of this thesis is the record of my work done and the subject matter of this thesis did not form the basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that thesis has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other university/ institute.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. a Chakhesang Naga Oral Tradition
    ASPECTS OF CHAKHESANG FOLKLORE A Critical Study A THESIS Submitted to NAGALAND UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy in English Submitted by ANEILE PURO Ph.D. Regd. No. 512/2012 of 21.08.2012 Under the Supervision of Dr. JANO S. LIEGISE Associate Professor Department of English Nagaland University DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH School of Humanities and Education Nagaland University Kohima Campus, Meriema 2017 ASPECTS OF CHAKHESANG FOLKLORE A CRITICAL STUDY A Thesis Submitted to NAGALAND UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH By ANEILE PURO Ph.D. Regd. No. 512/2012 of 21.08.2012 Under the Supervision of Dr. JANO S. LIEGISE Associate Professor Department of English Nagaland University Department of English Nagaland University Campus: Kohima -797 001 2017 NAGALAND UNIVERSITY (A Central University established by the act of Parliament, 35/1989) Department of English Kohima Campus, Kohima-797001 14th of May 2017 SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, Aspects of Chakhesang Folklore: A Critical Study, is a bonafide record of research work done by Ms Aneile Puro, Regn. No.512/2012, Department of English, Nagaland University, Kohima Campus, Meriema during 2012-17. Submitted to the Nagaland University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English, this thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or other title and the thesis represents independent and original work on the part of the candidate under my supervision. Ms Aneile Puro has completed her research work within the stipulated time.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict and Peace in India's Northeast: the Role of Civil Society
    42 About this Issue Previous Publications: Policy Studies 42 Policy Studies Policy This monograph examines the role of civil Policy Studies 41 society groups in peace building in three con- Muslim Perspectives on the Sri Lankan flict regions in India’s Northeast—Assam, Conflict Naga Hills/Nagaland, and Mizo Hills/Mizoram. Dennis B. McGilvray, University of Colorado These political conflicts are complex with each at Boulder conflict representing a cacophony of compet- Mirak Raheem, Centre for Policy Alternatives, ing, often zero-sum demands. Colombo In investigating the role of civil society Policy Studies 40 groups, the study distinguishes between “offi- Sinhalese Buddhist Nationalist Northeast in India’s Conflict and Peace cial” (between the Government of India and Ideology: Implications for Politics and certain insurgent organizations) and “unoffi- Conflict Resolution in Sri Lanka cial” peace processes at the local level that Neil DeVotta, Hartwick College makes coexistence of diverse communities Policy Studies 39 Conflict and Peace possible despite the continuing violence. Assessing Burma’s Ceasefire Accords These two processes reflect very different Zaw Oo, American University ways of addressing conflict and defining the Win Min, Independent Researcher, Thailand in India’s Northeast: role of civil society groups in peace building. In the official peace process, the role of Policy Studies 38 civil society groups is to bring warring parties The United Wa State Party: to the negotiating table, set forth potentially Narco-Army or Ethnic Nationalist Party? The Role of Civil Society agreeable ceasefire terms, and suggest possible Tom Kramer, Transnational Institute, Amsterdam settlements. The emphasis is on finding solu- tions at the macro level in the belief that set- Policy Studies 37 Samir Kumar Das tlement will also lead to resolution of micro The Islamist Threat in Southeast Asia: level problems.
    [Show full text]
  • District Census Handbook Senapati
    DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK SENAPATI 1 DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK SENAPATI MANIPUR SENAPATI DISTRICT 5 0 5 10 D Kilometres er Riv ri a N b o A n r e K T v L i G R u z A d LAII A From e S ! r Dimapur ve ! R i To Chingai ako PUNANAMEI Dzu r 6 e KAYINU v RABUNAMEI 6 TUNGJOY i C R KALINAMEI ! k ! LIYAI KHULLEN o L MAO-MARAM SUB-DIVISION PAOMATA !6 i n TADUBI i rak River 6 R SHAJOUBA a Ba ! R L PUNANAMEIPAOMATA SUB-DIVISION N ! TA DU BI I MARAM CENTRE ! iver R PHUBA KHUMAN 6 ak ar 6 B T r MARAM BAZAR e PURUL ATONGBA v r i R ! e R v i i PURUL k R R a PURUL AKUTPA k d C o o L R ! g n o h k KATOMEI PURUL SUB-DIVISION A I CENTRE T 6 From Tamenglong G 6 TAPHOU NAGA P SENAPATI R 6 6 !MAKHRELUI TAPHOU KUKI 6 To UkhrulS TAPHOU PHYAMEI r e v i T INDIAR r l i e r I v i R r SH I e k v i o S R L g SADAR HILLS WEST i o n NH 2 a h r t I SUB-DIVISION I KANGPOKPI (C T) ! I D BOUNDARY, STATE......................................................... G R SADAR HILLS EAST KANGPOKPI SUB-DIVISION ,, DISTRICT................................................... r r e e D ,, v v i i SUB-DIVISION.......................................... R R l a k h o HEADQUARTERS: DISTRICT......................................... p L SH SAIKUL i P m I a h c I R ,, SUB-DIVISION................................
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Knowledge of Medicinal Plants Used by the Chakhesang Naga Tribe in Phek District of Nagaland, India
    Pleione 14(2): 237 - 247. 2020. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy doi:10.26679/Pleione.14.2.2020.237-247 Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used by the Chakhesang Naga tribe in Phek District of Nagaland, India Nelia Lea1 and Limasenla Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami-798627, Nagaland 1Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] [Received 12.10.2020; Revised 21.12.2020; Accepted 22.12.2020; Published 31.12.2020] Abstract The present paper deals with the Chakhesang Naga traditional knowledge of medicinal plants which are used for the treatment of various ailments and diseases. The paper reports 68 species belonging to 41 families and 66 genera. The ethnobotanical data were analyzed through informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL). The informant consensus factor shows that blood pressure (0.87) has the highest agreement, followed by dermatological problems and inflammation and pain (0.83 respectively). Saccharum officinarum has the highest FL value (100%). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part. Key words: Medicinal plants, Chakhesang Naga tribe, Nagaland, Informant Consensus Factor, Fidelity Level INTRODUTION The state of Nagaland situated in Northeast India harbors rich biodiversity and is situated within the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot as recognized by IUCN. The Naga tribes have a rich knowledge, based on their natural resources of traditional folk medicine which they have developed through their age long, trial-and-error methods. The culture and traditional knowledge has been passed on from generation to generation through oral folklore, tradition, customs, and festivals. The state has 14 officially recognized Naga Tribes and 5 recognized Scheduled Tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Extent and Nature of the Cprs in the Northeast I. the Concept Of
    The Extent and Nature of the CPRs in the Northeast The Common Property Resources (CPRs) are important sources of livelihood to rural households in general and to the rural poor in particular. They are the livelihood both tangible and intangible of thousands of people. Far from being an exception to this, since most North Eastern States are on a hilly terrain inhabited by tribals, the CPRs play a more important role in people’s livelihood in this region than in the rest of India. The North Eastern economy is agrarian . Agriculture is the principal means of livelihood of most of its people 47.4 percent of whom are cultivators and 11.41 percent earn their livelihood as agricultural labourers. Table 2 shows the significance of land as a source of livelihood of the people of the Northeast. Thus, agriculture occupies an important place in the economy of the region but other sectors are neglected. 70 to 75 percent of the workforce of the region depends on the primary sector against 66 percent in India as a whole. More than 20 percent depend on the tertiary sector. These figures show the importance of CPRs as a source of livelihood of people of the region. I. The Concept of CPRs in General and in North East India The CPRs are community assets that provide both tangible and intangible livelihood (Shyhendra 2002: 3291) to their dependants. They include land used for cultivation and grazing, forests from which non-timber forest produce (NTFP) are collected, waste and panchayat land, watersheds, rivulets, rivers, ponds and other community assets.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples' Issues
    Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues Republic of India Country Technical Notes on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues REPUBLIC OF INDIA Submitted by: C.R Bijoy and Tiplut Nongbri Last updated: January 2013 Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations ‗developed‘ and ‗developing‘ countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. All rights reserved Table of Contents Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples‘ Issues – Republic of India ......................... 1 1.1 Definition .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Scheduled Tribes ......................................................................................... 4 2. Status of scheduled tribes ...................................................................................... 9 2.1 Occupation ........................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Poverty ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • IGRMS News 2017
    Quarterly Newsletter October-December 2017 Inside 02 03 From The Director Desk FROM THE DIRECTOR’S DESK Page 03 One of the prime iniaves of IGRMS within teachers, parents etc joined together to celebrate EXHIBIT OF THE MONTH this me frame is the iniaon of Tribal Literature cultural diversies of our naon and also to reflect Dongmo - A Traditional Churner used for preparing Goor-goor Tea Page 04 Fesval (TLF Bhopal) which has created enormous their mulfarious talents. Similarly, our Dotara - A Plucked String Instrument Page 05 impact at the naonal level as it has provided an collaborave exhibion on Art and Cra tradion of Aftaba- A Water Container of the Mughal Style Page 06 alternave plaorm primarily for the tribal people Jharkhand added flavor to Jharkhand Fesval EXHIBITIONS of India. This will be an annual event and looking at organized by Government of Madhya Pradesh at Exhibition on “Art & Crafts of Jharkhand” Page 07 the response it has received, we are confident that Bharat Bhawan. Establishment of Interpretaon Exhibition of the India Art Foundations in IGRMS Page 08 this will turn into a mass movement for the Centre at Kairentak village in Manipur with the Renovation of Chakhesang Naga House Page 09 adibasis/tribal populaon of our naon. Annual acve support of legendary boxer, Mary Kom, is WORKSHOPS three days 'Balrang Fesval' in collaboraon with another significant achievement in connecng Pottery Traditions of India – Phase II Page 10 Government of Madhya Pradesh, became a huge people of Manipur and strengthening linkages with Workshop on 'Mridakar’ Page 11 success where average ten thousand students, India's North East region.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    International Journal of Current Advanced Research ISSN: O: 2319-6475, ISSN: P: 2319-6505, Impact Factor: SJIF: 5.995 Available Online at www.journalijcar.org Volume 6; Issue 11; November 2017; Page No. 7271-7274 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijcar.2017.7274.1114 Research Article CIVIL VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS’ ROLE IN RESOLVING THADOU-PAITE CLASHES (1997-1998) IN MANIPUR Aheibam Koireng Singh1 and Gangam Malangmei2 1Centre for Manipur Studies, Manipur University 2Department of Social Work Indira Gandhi National Tribal University-Regional Campus Manipur Senapati District ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Human rights vigil group, students’ organization, ethnic based association, youth Received 10th August, 2017 forums, other non-political and nongovernmental organizations and religious bodies like Received in revised form 12th the Churches are, for the purpose of this paper, considered as Civil Voluntary September, 2017 Organisations (CVOs). Insurgency to the people in Manipur is a social fact and the Accepted 3rd October, 2017 people in the state had to live with it. There are about forty insurgent outfits in Manipur. Published online 28th November, 2017 Insurgencies in the hills of Manipur are organized on ethnic lines. Since these civil bodies were always in the forefront, they took the role of a mediator as and when there Key words: was a standoff between the insurgentsand the civil populace as well as within and among the different insurgent groups operating in the state of Manipur. The two warring Accord, Churachandpur, Council,Inpi, Kuki, groups racially belong to the same kindred tribe of Chin-Kuki-Mizo-Zomi (CHIKIMZ) Naga, Paite, Thadou, Zomi group.
    [Show full text]
  • 9.Format. Hum-To Study the Migration Route of Changpa Nomads of Ladakh
    IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature (IMPACT: IJRHAL) ISSN (P): 2347-4564; ISSN (E): 2321-8878 Vol. 5, Issue 11, Nov 2017, 79-84 © Impact Journals TO STUDY THE MIGRATION ROUTE OF CHANGPA NOMADS OF LADAKH TASHI DOLKAR 1, F. D. SHEIKH 2 & HUMMARA AZIM 3 1Research Scholar, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India 2Assistant Professor, Institute at Home Science, University of Kashmir, India 3Assistant Professor, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India ABSTRACT The investigation was aimed at, studying the different migration route of Changpa Nomads of Ladakh. The study was conducted in Changthang region of Nyoma block, of Leh district of J&K state. During summers, nomadic family member or hired shepherds take their livestock (sheep, goat, horse, and yaks), to Spangchen pasture land for grazing area. In autumn, they move to Zara camps and when spring comes, they all move towards Yagyang. Kharnak receive heavy snowfall, during winters and pastures are totally covered with blankets of snow, due to which they migrate towards Dadh, Tsamartsay, as snowfall is less in these areas. Korzok nomadic family members move around the Tso Moriri Lake, in the early month of June in summers and at the end of summer season i.e., ending August they migrate to Korzok Phu, where they spend maximum one month. In the autumn season, they migrate towards Paldo, Tatsang Tso basin, and north to Korzok village, where they would stay one and a half month. During summer season the Angkung nomadic family migrates to Zukthe valley, where they enjoy lush green pasture & snowmelt stream water and they would stay there for around 3-4 months.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 15-16
    bfUnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; ekuo laxzgky; Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya okf"kZd izfrosnu Annual Report 2015-16 Annual Report 2015-16 Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya 1 okf"kZd izfrosnu 2015&16 Annual Report 2015-16 © bfUnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; ekuo laxzgky;] 'kkeyk fgYl] Hkksiky&462013 ¼e-iz-½ Hkkjr Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Shamla Hills, Bhopal-462013 (M.P.) India jk"Vªh; ekuo laxzgky; lfefr ¼lkslk;Vh jftLVªs'ku ,DV XXI of 1860 ds varxZr iathd`r½ ds fy, funs'kd] bfUnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; ekuo laxzgky;] 'kkeyk fgYl] Hkksiky }kjk izdkf'kr Published by Director, Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Shamla Hills, Bhopal for Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya Samiti (Registered under Society Registration Act XXI of 1860) fu%'kqYd forj.k ds fy, For Free Distribution Nk;kfp= % Nk;k vuqHkkx Photographs : Photography Section lkexzh ladyu ,oa vuqokn % Jherh xfjek vkuan Text Compilation & Translation : Smt. Garima Anand vkdYiu % ds- '¨"kkæh] dEI;wVj vuqHkkx] baxkajkekla Designed and composed : K. Seshadri, Computer section, IGRMS Vad.k dk;Z% vkbZ- oku[ksMs+ Text keying : I. Wankhede eqnz.k % e- Á- ek/;e] Hk¨iky Printed at : MP Madhyam, Bhopal 2 bfUnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; ekuo laxzgky; okf"kZd izfrosnu 2015&16 lwph @ Index fo"k; i`"B dz- Contents Page No. funs'kd dk lans’k Message from Director 05 lkekU; ifjp; General Introduction 07 1- v/kks lajpukRed fodkl % ¼laxzgky; ladqy dk fodkl½ Infrastructure Development: (Development of Museum Complex) 09 1-1- izn'kZfu;kWa @ Exhibitions 09 1-2- vkdkZboy L=ksrksa esa vfHko`f) @ Strengthening
    [Show full text]
  • The Nagas: an Introduction
    The Nagas: An Introduction The Nagas: An Introduction The entry of the Nagas into the written history of the world can be dated to 24th February 1826. On that day representa- tives of the Kingdom of Burma and the British military signed the Treaty of Yandabo, in which Burma renounced all claims to Assam and Manipur. The westward policy of expansion pursued by Burma – at that time the most pow- erful kingdom in Southeast Asia – had begun in the 1780s when Burmese troops occupied the independent Kingdom of Arakan and reached for the first time the eastern border of the British Indian Empire, which corresponds fairly exactly with the present-day borders of Bangladesh and North Ben- gal. In 1817 the Burmese invaded Assam and in 1819 the in- dependent Kingdom of Manipur. In 1823 they also annexed the Kingdom of Cachar, a strategic area for invading Bengal. In March of the following year, Britain officially declared war on Burma, a war which ended two years later with the aforementioned Treaty of Yandabo. Gradually Britain occu- pied the whole of Assam and intensified its diplomatic and military relations with Manipur, which was intended to have a key position in monitoring and if need be defending the border between Burma and the British sphere of influence. British India had reached the foot of the Naga Hills – the southeastern foothills of the Himalayas in the present bor- der triangle of India, Burma and China, which at that time was covered in jungle. The first Nagas with whom the British came in contact were the Tengima (Hutton 1914: 476).
    [Show full text]