MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAI fillf7f.A1)W SIANPAR(lpt, DOCUMENT RESUME
88 168 953 .S0 011 626. TITLE Sixth, National Conference on Citizenship. INSTITUTION Department of Justice, Washington,D.C.; National Education .Association, Washingtone,D.C. PUB DATE May 51 NOTE 140p.; For related documentsf see SO 011 628; Photographs throughout document may not reproduce clearly; Proceedings from the National Conference on Citizenship of the' National Education Association (6th, Washington, D.C., may ,16-20, 1951),_ EDRS PPICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Culture; *Citizen Participation; *Citizenship; *Citizenship Responsibility; Civics; Critical Thinking; Democratic Values; *Educational Needs; Educational Objectives; ElementarySecondary Education; Global Approach; Government Role;.higher Education; Leadership Qualities; Leadership Responsibility; Moral Development; Peace; Politics; Social Change;. Socioeconomic Influences; *United States History.; Values; War ABSTRACT The document presents proceedings from the sixthiu a series cf annual national citizenship conferences.Held in WashingtOn, D.C. in 1951, the conferenceserVed as a (forum, where educational, political, business, religious, labor, Civic,and commtinications'leaders could explore functions' and duties 'ofAmericai citizenship. The theme of the confefencewas !!Freedom in One Worldv Today. and toiorrow. Specific concerns of conference speakers included reviewing the reeponsibilitieSof the United States as leader of the free world and defining the role of the UnitedStates in stemming the tidejOf comOunisme Speakers stressed theneed for AmeriCan citizens to pursue active political cooperation,study of political matters, conscientious leadership; andrespect for other people. Topics discussed include education of the foreign-bornfor citizenship, naturalization proceedings and probleiS,world freedom, citizenship in time of.crisis, attitudes,of youth 'toward citizenship, the role of ,the media in a changing world, and citizens! responsibility for freedom.at home and abroad'. Speakersincluded President Harry Truman, the:attOrney general of the United States(J. Bollard McGrath), representatives of the National Education Association, United States,senators from Oregon (WayneMorse) and Tennessee (Estes Kefauver), members of the clergy,educators, media representatives, and young people representing theBoy Scouts of America, 4-H clubs, the National YMCA, the American Legion,and the United World Federalists. (DB)
*********************************************************************A* '* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made 7 * from the ,original document. / * **141*************M2P**************************200P*#####***######*****# SIXTH NATIONALCONFERENCE ON CITIZENSHIP
p13,4SHOPYAVAILABLE Under Auspices CC) of the NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION and the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENTOF JUSTICE
WASHINGTON, D. C May 16-20, 1951
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THE CLOSINGGENERALSESSION TABLE OF CONTENTS Invocation Hanky 87 ti PAGE Greeting from Ho orary Chairman Barkley '117 JOINT CITIZENSHIP COMMITTEE inside cover Vice PresidentBa kley (picture) OBJECTIVES OF THE CONFERENCE .2 88
FRONTISPIECE Canadian Delegate Sends Greetings 4 JPierre.Houle , ' 89 TITLE PAGE 5 Citizen's Responsibility for Freedom Abrod Cunningham. 90 HONORARY SPONSORS Citizenship Seri,ously Threatened Anderson . . 97
Americans Need to Relax and Laugh OPENING GENERAL SESSION' Morris 99 Conference Is "Our" Conference Chairman Welcomes Delegates Moierey 9 Kennan 101
Invocation , Defense of American Principles Harris 9 Allen 103
:The Conference IS Off to a Glowing Iu) Conference Helping To Solve Pnablems Miller a Start (pictures) 11p . Awards to ConferenceChairmen)) 1.07 onferences Have drowf:, Evans 12 Conference Comes to Close'/ khe U. S. and World Freedom McGrath 14 Hyatt 109
A Ndto'of Realism Cap 19
,.Citizenship in Time of Crisis...... , Morse 22 ADDITIONAL RECORDS Citizens Must Make Right Decisions Truman 28 History 112'
THE YOUTH PANEL Reasons for Conference 112
Opening Remarks of Chairman Davis 34 INS Conference and PostConferen Celebration (pictures) Invocation Carney 34 113
Freedom and Citizenship Activities Cunningham,, 35 Plan of the Conference 114 Exhibits Draw Important Visitors (pictures)...... 36 Conference Planning Committee 115 Place of Youth in Conference .. Flynn '40 Planriing Committee Alternates A Citizen's Responsibility (youth panel) 43 116 Chairman of Special Committees 117
THE LUNCHEON SESSION Schedule of Meetings 118
OpeningoRemarks of Chairman Mackey 59 Group Leaders 123
Invocation Gersten' eld . 59 Participating Institutions: OrganizationsAgencies 121 Responsibility for Freedom at Home Cunningham . 60 !Defense Commission Officers 136 Citizens' Are Responsible Kelauver 63 ( Among Those Who Helped Many People Contribute (pictures) 6 136
Press and Radio in a Changing World (mass Attorney General's Committee hiside cover media panel) 73
Conference Broadcast in 40 Linguages (pictured 76 (7) {6} q I SINCE the inception of the CitizenshipConference in 1946,over1,000 organizations and agencieshave participated. These reach nearly every wholesome ac- 'tivity of American life and their membershipembraces almost the entire 150,000,000 population of our country.
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FLORENCE LLEN, judge of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit OPENING GENERALSESSION ELLIS GIBBS ARNALL, president, Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers EDWARD ARNOLD, .executive vice prAident and treasurer, Permanent Charities Corm Thursday Morning, May17, i'951 mittee of the Motion Picture Industry, Inc. Hums S. BONAR, superintendent, Joliet Township High School and Junior College Mil. HAROLD HITZ IBURTON, chairman, Washington, Society National Civilian 'Re- Chairmaq otConferenceCommittee habilitation, Congressional Club Opens the Sixth Conference WILLIAM G. CARR, associate secretary, Nationailliducation Association THERON LAMAR CAIUDLE,21sistant attotnei.genetal, Department of Justice .The opening general session TOM C. CLARK, justice, Supreme'Coutt of .the United States of the sixth NationalConference onCitizen- ship, ERLE COCKI, JI.,'national commander, The American-Legion held under the aaspices of the National EducationAssociation andthe FRANK J. DELANY, president, The Federal Bar Assoiation UnitedStates Department of Justice, convened at10:15 o'clock,in the Presi- PEYTON FORD, deputy attorney general, United States Department of Justice dential Room, Statler Hotel, PHILLIP FORMAN, judge of the UnitedStates District Court, District of New Jersey Washington, D, C., Miss CormaMowrey, presi- CODY FOWLER, president,'Arnerican Bar Association dent, National EducationAssociation, presiding. .\ WILLARD E. GIVENS, executive secretary, National Education Association FRANKP. GRAHAM, administrator, Defense Manpower Administration4Department of MR. EVAN E. Dos (Superintendent of Schools, Winfield,Kansas; Chair- Labor ' man of the Conference Committee): Ladies and gentlemen, if I WILLIAM GREEN, president, American Federation ti Labor seem to you tbbe unduly excited in Emu, G. HARRISON, former commissioner, Immigration and Naturalization Service opening this conference, it is becauseI am. It is an
A. J. 14AYES, president, International Association of Machinists . honor to me to be able to declare the Sixth National Conferenceon Citizen- HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, United States senator from Minnesota ship now open. CHARLES S. JOHNSON, president, Fisk University It gives me great pleasure ERIC JOHNSTON, administiator, Economicitabiliption Agency to present the chairman of themorning. The W. P. KENNEDY, president, Brotherhood of Railkad Trainmen teachers of America ave accorded Miss Mowrey the highesthonor they can SIDNEY G. Kuswoam, chairman, Commission on Americanism and Civic Affairs, bestow. Miss Mowreyis a lassroom teacher in West Virginia, This.year B'nai B'rith. she is serving as president of th ROY E. LARSEN, chairman, National Citizens Commissionjor the Public Schools , Nitional Education Association,an organization ARGYLE R, MACKEY, commissioner, Immigration and Naturalization Service of more than halfa million achers ranging all theway from college prem GEORGE MARDIKIAN, president, American National Committee to Aid Homeless dents up toruralteachers and primary teachers. Armenians Miss Corma. Mowrey, chair- EARL JAMES MCGRATH, commissioner, Office of Education man of the program this morning, (Applause) JOHN A. MCINTIRE, past president, The Federal,Bar Association */ CHAIRMAN MOWREY: ERNEST 0. Map?, dean, School of Education, New York University ' Mr. Chairman, Dr. Harris, membersof the Depart- WATSON B. MILLER, Srcial consultant to national commander, American Legion ment of Justice, National Education Association staff members anddelegates JUSTIN MILLER, chairmai of the board and general counsel, National Association of to this Sixth National Conference Radio and Television Broadcasters on Citizenship: It is my pleasant dutyto extend to you RUTH S. MONTGOMERY, president, Women's National Press Club on behalf of the National Education Associationa warm wel JOY ELMER MORGAN, director, Division of Publications, NEA come to the Sixth National Conference on Citizenship. Represented here to- GEORGE MAURICE MORRIS, speaker, House of Deputies,, International Bar Association day are 600 organizations,all of which have for WAYNE MORSE, United States senator iron} Oregon one of their primary objec-
1 CORMA MOWREY, president, NBA 'tives the preservation ofourfreedoms, PHILIP MURRAY, president, Congress of Odustrial Organizations WALTER E. MYER, director, Civic Education Service Tribute to Colors, CHESTER W, NIMITZ, fleet admiral of the United States Navy Invocation, and ,ANGELO PATAI, author and consulting educator Anthem Lift Conferees'Hearts P,HILIPA. PERLMAN, solicitor general of the United States, Dopartment of Justice DAN PYkiudge, St. Joseph Circuit Court Will the conference pleasestand, place your, right hand CHARLES C RAILS, commanderinchief, Veterans of Foreign Wars over the heart, while the colorsare advanced by the American Legion WILLIAM F. RUSSELL',pollifilent,Teachers College, Columbia University National Guard of Honor led by Captain Gail WILLIS SMITH, United States,senator from North Carolina T. Judd. Then pleaseremain standing for the MILD K. S,WANION, president, American Gauntry Life Association, Inc. invocation to he given bythe Reverend Frederick Brown MILLICENT J. TAYLOR, education editor,'Fbe Oriole; Science Monitor Harrishaplain of the United States A. DEVITT VANECH, assistant attorney general, United States Department of Justice Senate, and remain standing forour National Anthem. CHARL ORM9ND WILLIAMS, first woman vice chairman of a major political party (Advancement of the Colors) GEORGE .:1, WASHINGTON, circuit judge, United States Circuit Court of Appeals
[83 (91 9 'Lvr 10 A '1111, IZ CoNFER I: N(.1;.
THE REVEREND FREDERICK BROWN HARRIS (chaplain of the United States c Senate) : Let us lift our hearts in prayer. Our Father, God, author of li6erty, who hath made andpreserved us a 'nation, our fathers4trusted in Thee andwere not confounded. In Thee we trust. In this high hour we would bow first of :d1in reverence, actolowledging Thee in whom, we live and move and Have our being. Wecome conscious of 0those lofty and eternal verities that outlast the strident noisesof any day. The .world about us is full of the clamor of the violent, the darkdeeds of the ruth- less and the agony of uncounted hosts of Thy childien hauntedby nameless dread, and ground in the dust by tyranny. Strengthenus to make our utmost ontribution,to the healing of all this tangled tragedy.As beneficiaries of this p *vileged land, make us rpore and more proficient in theart of true citizen- ship. Give to us peace in our time, 0 Lord. To s our stricken generation may there come peace with 1-,ts,or, with human dignity vindicated,and social jus- tice the canopy of all nations of the earth. For Thine isthe kingdom to "which the future belongs, and the power, and the glory.Amen. (National Anthem)
CHAIRMAN muck/REY: We are delighted to have withus the United States Army Band with Captairi Hugh Curryas leader. A little later we shall again hear this very fine band. (Applause) I shotild like to present toyou a person who in reality needs no introduc- tion to this audience .and who has already stoodbefore it: This is the second year that Mr. Evan E. Evans, Superintendent of schoolsin Winfield, Kansas, has served as chairman of the National EducationAssociation's Citizenship Committee. As chairman, first of exhibits ofthe Citizenship Conference, and for the last two years as chairman of theConference Planning Committee, Mr. Evans, with the many activities thatare a part of his work, has put the chair- manship of this Committee first. He hasbrought to the conference hisown
The Conference is off toa glowing start. Upper left: The Attorney General and the president of the NEA greet the Presidentand the First Lady of the Land. Upper right*: Senator !Payne Morseaddresses the opening session. Center*: The Attorney General welcomerthe delegates.Lower left: Delegates from Alaska and Hawaii register at the conferenceMr.Kenneth Clem, educational supervisor, Territorial Department of Educatioil, Juneau,and Mr. Frank Drees, director of adult education, Territorial Department ofEducation, Honolulu. Lower right: Miss Emma Mae Brotie, chairman of conference coffeehours, has coffee with Mr. Harry Eby. of the Boy Scoots of America, and MissJoy Alexander, a member of the youth panel.
11 oo
.Accordingfy, the task before the world today is also staunch supporter of this citizenship conference.He is universally to find themeans com known as a champion of iman rights. bating this grave danger of communism, eraditing it, andthus bringing about peace under international law'''and order. Wemust attain a world in It is my ,pleasure to present toyou the Attorney General of the United which peaceful nations may flourish, "unwed by force States )the Himorable J, Howard McGrath. from without or then
,. threat of subversion from within." (The audience arose and applauded.) Though we have never desired it,events have placed our country in a posi- tion 4, world 'leadership. Asan eminent historian has recently indicated, the
The Attorney General Speaks United States has been on the road, to world leadership forat least half a ,;; century; Dutbut itwas only during the last decade that the nature and the obliga of tkeU.S. andIrorlil freedom tions of that leadership have licome clear, not only, to Americansbut to people everywhere. We werenever ambitious to exercise world influence. We THE HONORABLE J. HOWARD MCCRATH (Attorney General of the United. did not seek it, we did not want it, and donot want it now; but that does States)Miss Mowrey, Mr. Evans, distinguishedguests, distinguished rep. not beliC the fact that we cannot escape the responsibility that it has brought rcsentativei and delegatesto the National Conference on Citizenship, ladies to us even against our wishes. and gentlemen: As a world leader, we have a potent partto play in stemming the tide of It is indeed.with a good deal. of pleasure that Iagain welcomeyou to this communism and aggression and in halting the peril that facesall mankind on Sixth Annual .National Conferenceon Citizenship, I know that when you a globaliscale. This duty of ours is well expressed to our country in the words return to your respective homes anticommunities and organizations you will of our great President when he said: (arty back the inspiration and the 'greater understanding. thatcome from an exchange of views on the various' problem's that confrontus as citizens of At this critical time in world history,men and women everywhere look to our nation for leadership. They know that hope fora better our great democracy. I am certain that as a result of these meetingsyou will life, human freedom, decency, justice, religionallthese things be more resolute inyour determination not only to promote good citizenship depend upon the vigor with whichwe lead the free world in its in your own community but to stimulate and diffuseknowledge with respect tight for survival. to those things that count most toward making good citizens. This world leadership necessarily imposeson us many heavy responsi The theme of this year's conference, "Freedomin One World: Today and bilities. Our conduct as a democratic nationmust hi exemplary, What happens Tomorrow," seems to me to be most timely. Ourconferences in the past have within our own borders now influences the thinking of allhumanity. .emphasized the citizen's responsibility for freedoniat home. This year's con- The inventive genius ofman has drawn us all into one close community, feronce aptly stresses Ito the citizen's responsibilityfor freedom all over the The earth has geographically contractedso that all nations have now become world. close neighbors. Liberty on anyone spot on this globe cannot be preserved I have therefore chosen for my topic this morning "The United States and unless unremitting effortsare made to preserve it everywhere else. Isolation- World Freedom," because it is evident to all thinking men that world 'free ism is no longer possible or even feasible forany society or group.' Aggression dom and freedom in the United Stateshave now become interdependent. For orabridgment of freedom anywhere in organized society is abridgmentof today communism threatens every nation on earth, every religious faith, every freedom of all society. Communist expansion inany part of the globe is a home, every individual. We know now that it is the plan of theremlin direct attack upon our own soil,our own government, upon our own very to subdue and enslave the entire civilized world if it is possible to do so, lives. Therefore we must contain and defeat:thismenace wherever it may
A. committee of the American Bar Associationhas very recently made an appear. And we must do our part in assuring dial future daywhen all nations exhaustive and objective study of the truenature of communism, and it has can once again live in a spirit of brotherhood. concluded that the Communist Party, allover the world, including the A conference such as this isa concrete illustration of the possibility and
United States, "is injact nota political party as such, but is an integral part practicability of international brotherhood, Ayear ago I told you that a con- ference such as this is "the voice of all of a worldwide conspiracyto oyerthrow the democratic governments of the our People and therefore truly. world by force and violence." the workshop of democracy'," I assert today with equalemphasis that this
13 1 LI 12 spice and informality anddemocratic. spirit which have becomein truth the 13 to partitipate, and you will find that the groups are smaller than they have very spirit of this conference. Mr. Evans is going to tell yilu briefly- the been in the past, In the past we may have liada little difficulty in some of conference purpose. Mr. Evans. (Applause) t the physical arrangements of the groups. Those arc being taken,care of. If we can get from our group discussions and from the Octal sessionsways in .which we can work through Conferences Have Grown in Line our organization so that our organizations and the members ofour organizations will be even more With Recommendations of Participan'ts earnest about responsi- bilitiesresponsibilities which we can and must assume if democracy isto continue to grow and to be effective MR, EVAN E. EVANS:Miss Mowrey, distinguished guests: When the First 1/ as we feel it should bethen, thiscon- ference will be asuccess. The people who have organized the conferIte National Conference on Citizenship was called some five 'years ago the com- have done about all theycan now do to make the conference rnittees working on the conference had in mind that all the effort being put a success; and I hope into practicing good citizenship by all the national and state organizations/0 you will be so inspired with the progranthis morning and from meeting the , people in your might better be coordinated if representatives of those groups could come groups that you will, come the end of the week,go home to
together and talk t the responsibilities of citizenship, about the ways to your 'organizations and urge them to beeven more ambitious and more earnest and more aggressive in getting get more peop ume those responsibilities, and other things that have the members ofour organizations and to do with*,a nship practice. The first conference was not a large theonembers whom we represent here tb assume all of those privilegesthat ,ple' who were working on the activities felt most go with being responsibleAmerican citizens, (Applause)
happy be eople who attended were of the opinion that the con- ference wawell dorte and was well worthwhile. The conference has grown Teachers Grateful for until this conference promises to be not only the large&t of the six that Cooperation
have, beenMeld,but a better representation of the national and local groups' With Department of ustice
than we have ever had before. , CHAIRMAN MOWREY:T nk you, Mr, Evans, After the conference is over Saturday night or Sunday or Monday, if as we For the deepening confi once in this annual meeting as well 4S` the widen- 'go home, we say "Well, we have had a good conference;we some grbat ing scope of its program, much, credit is due to the United StatesDepartment speeches,' and stop there, in the opinion of the membeq of the joint com- of Justice, official agency of our government pledged to safeguardthe mittee, hie conference will have been a failure. I wish you would note on your :, human freedoms at home, a government now,latinching a mighty driveto aid program on the back pages the great nur9bers ofpeople whoare listed who' other nations in,-tee world who wish to achieveor maintain those freedoims have been participating as advisers on tKe advisory committee, I 'want you to for theicown peoples also. The teachers of this countryare grateful for this know that those are not just names there, but those are the names of people opportunity to cooperate with the Department of Justice. Themenibers of the who have made several trips into Washington eacliyear to advise together and NEA staff especially appreciate the pleasant working relationshipsthat they to talk together about this conference and how it should be run, It is the have had with the personnel of the Department in planning andcarrying on opinion of that group of people that if the conference is to be successful, we this annual project, must become so enthusiastic here and so earnest in the responsibilities that we In presentingo you the Attorney General of thetUnited States, itis again' as citizens and we as Members of organizations must get our organizations to my privilege to present toyou a person who needs no introduction to this assume, that we will go back and do that job, Then, if that happens, the audience. The Attor.ifey General of the United States has hada long career conference will have been a success. 0 of public service. Twice he was re-elected as Governor of Rhode Island,He The conference is organized along the lines that you have recommended, resigned as Governor to become Solicitor General of the UnitedStates, In you as participants in previous conferences and youh conferences and yilath 1946 he was elected United States Senator from Rhode Island,In 1947 he who are members of the advisory committee. You asked for more group became Chairman of the Democratic National Committee,an office he held discussions. This year you have more group discussions than you have ever until his appointment to the Cilinet of the President in August of1949. had. You asked for smaller groups so all people could have an opportunity A staunch supporter of citizenship wherever he is, the Attorney General isd- ir?
15 16 14 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE. OPENING GENERAL SESSION 15'
also a staunch supporter of this citizenship conference, He is universally Accordingly, the t* before the world todayis to find the means ofcom- known as a champion of human rights. bating this grave danger of communism, eradicating'it, and thus bringing It is my pleasure to present about peace under international law and order. to you the Attorney General of theUnited we must attain a world in which peaceful nations States, the Honorable ). Howard McGrath. play flourish, "unwed by force from withoutor the threat of subversion from within," (The audience arose and applauded.) Though we have never desired it,events have placed our country in a posi-.
tion of world leadership. Asan eminent historian has recently indicated, the United States haS been on the road The AttorntrGeneral Speaks to leadership for at least halfa of the U,S. and World Freedom century; but it was only during the lastdecade that thenature and tie obliga- tions of that leadership have become/clear,not only to Americans but to
THE HONORABLE J. HOWARD people everywhere. Wewere never ambitious to exercise world influence. We MCGRATH (Attorney General of the United, States):, Miss Mowr4, Mr/ Evans, did not seek it,we did not want it, and do not want it now; but that does distinguished guests, distinguishedrep- resentAives and delegates not belie the fact that we cannotescape the responsibility that it has brought to the National Conferenceon Citizenshipi,,ladies and gentlemen: to us even against our wishes.
As a world leader, we have a potent part It is indeed with to play in lemilling the tide of c, a good dell of pleasure that I again welcomeyou to this communism and aggression and in halting the Sixth Annual National Conference peril that faces all mankindon , on Citizenship, I know that wh'enyou a global scale, This duty of ours is well expressed to return to your respective homes and our country in the words communities and organizationsyou will of ocgreat President when he said: carry back the inspiration and the 'greater understanding that come frotan exchange of views on the various problems that confronkisas citizens of At this/critical time in world history,men and women everywhere look to our nation for leadership. They know our great denioCracy. I am certain thatas a result of these meetings you will that hope for a better he more resolute in life, human freedom, decency, justice, religionallthese things your determination not only to promote goodcitizenship depend upon thvvigor with whichwe in your owl community but lead the free worldin its to stimulate and diffuse knowledge withrespect light for survival, to those things that'count most toward.making , good citizens. , This world leadership necessarily imposes The theme of this year's conference, on us many heavy' responsi- 'Treedont One World: Today and bilities. Our conductas a democratic nation must be exemplary. What happens Tomorrow," seems to me to'be most timely, Our c rences in the past haVe within our own bordersnow influences the thinking of all humanity, emphasized the citizen's responsibility for freedom tit home, This 'year'scon- The inventive genius ofman -has drawn us all into one clos6.community. ference aptly stresses also the citizen's responsibility for freedomall over the The earth has geographically contracted world, so that all nations have now become close neighbors, Libertyon any one spot on this globe Cannot be preserved I have therefore chosen formy topic tliis morning "The United States and unless unremitting effortsare made to preserve it everywhere else. Isolation- World freedom;' because it is evident to all thinkingmen that world free- isip is no longer possible or even feasible for any societyor group. Aggresion dom and freedom in the United StateS havenow become interdependent. For or abridgment of freedir anywhere in organized societyis abridgment of today communism threatens every nation on earth, every religious faith,every freedom of all society. Communist expansion in any part of the globe isa home, every individual, We know now that it is the plan ofthe Kremlin direct attack upon our own soil, our own government, uponour owt very to subdue and enslave the entire Civilized world if it is possiblelodo so. lives, Therefore we must contain and defeat!thismenace wherever it may A committee of the American Bar Association'hasvery, recently made an appear. And we must do our part in assuring that future daywhen all 'nations exhaustive and objective study of the true [Live of communism,and it has can once again live in a.spirit of brotherhood, concluded that the Communist Party, all over the world,including the ,A conference suchas this is a concrete illustration of the possibility and Vnited States, "is in fact not a political partyas such, but is an integral part practicability of international brotherhood, .Ayear ago I told yotifliat ,a con- of a world-wide conspiracy to overthrow the democratic governments of the ference such as this is "the voice ofall our People and therefore . .truly world b)1). force and violence," the workshop of dehmacy." Iassert today with espial emphasis that this 4 , \ *
16 THE CUIZENSHIP CONFERENCE OPENING GENERAL SESSION 17, t , conference is a perfr;Ct Aan festition of a workshop of demOcraty on a world and effors'to safeguarding our heritage of liberty,Even the traitors and spies kale. Representingas you do every segment of our populace, you arc tru y in our,midst have hail the benefits of the hueprocess of law guaranteed by by your presence here showing America in action; Youcome here in a spi the Federal Co stitution. These enemiest ofour society have been convicted of unity from far unglections of ou'r land, to demonstrate byyour delibera- of violating onf laws only aftera fair anctopen trial before, a jury, at which tions thilL can get together in spite of many differeiiciis of background they were represented by counsel, ,were confrontedby theevidence against and culturto evaluate the common faders that affect all mankind and the them, and were given opportunityto present evidence in theirown behalf: ,( welfare of all nations, Mutual they respect and understanding, therefore, will be ere able to challenge their convictions onAppeal,including an the basic reason why this c9pference and its deliberations will be, Iam sure, eventual consideration by the Supreme Court of theUnited States.
so eminently successful. , The insistence upon amaxim of fair play, even duitg,a period of 'How different is this process from the 'sad spectacle we see in thoseareas ational danger, is a striking illust ation ofour determination.twpreserve thcl, 9 of the world dominated by thecommunist masters. Here rid ions of libertye tr , we have no con- i t Care. SO; too is our passionate devotion formity of ideas enforceby furor. Here there is principles of o no uniformity of opinion en-dikoss and fre6, agreement, which this confer-.-, that must adhere.to the attems demanded by the infallible (tilers of thestate. ence so outstandingly Ipifies.14 f actionsiin advicing the right of our Engraved in the min Ind the hearts of bur people 'sa tradition of liberty. citizensto a volutary choice, arriveat through a tolerant exchange of ideas; The sacred expression *hat tradition is the Bill of RiOts, which assuresto we surely offer a shining example for the oppressed peoples of'other lands. each one of 1sthe freedom to assemble, to express 06 grievances, and to Only on such a basil cail,&v j.vo d society 'ofpeace "and -freedom be cri-'. voice our thoughts. Ours isa way of life rooted in open discussion, the ex- structed,'To tichieve that Oa), however,we mitstrneet. the kgression that 'is change of,opposing views, and rule bya decision made by the Tajority. And now waged upon us. To do that,we are girding ourselves Materially. Wedare an inherent component of that a way of life is tolerance for minority views., mobilizing and marshaling ourevery, vital physical fore to guard ourselves, I have altilaysrad the most profound sympathy for the people in,,,the -,.,.._against the enemies of outway of life both from 'without and fromithin ', countries behirid, the Iron Curtain. It is their 'sad misfortune that theymust Sad to sily,.watito haVe enemies from within. Ican assure you, hones that live uncl& the yoke of the communist oppressors. Their minds mustfeedon the Department of Justice, through all its agencies,is on the alert A than' the m- eager pabulum doledout by the hands of authority, Their expressions 0,nefarious enemies from withini There isno room in `'oar midst for the ,sp can (fiver- venture beyond the limits official y charted, for the untanctioned and sabOteuri for the traitorlit pd' the disloyal. Aschief law enforcement "idea might todayor tomorrow be'deeffied a easonable deviation. They know dicer of our jovernment, l'wa t to. pledge to this most representative con. from tragic experience the fate,ofdissenters. heir discussions must be fuitive feren'ce ofour citizens that we shalt spare no effort or means to,eradicatee and conducted in apprehension that an info mer or spy may be listening. vipers that are gnawing secretly atour vitals fr'Om within:, They liv 'n constant dread of the q insistent knock on the door' in the dark If this effort we shall need the cooperation of allour people. We shall need of nigh d the swift condemnation of those who have incurred official dis- USt havea'niter!, front, The is much controversy'today as to pleasure.oihem freedom isa precious Vt distant dream, natio a t policy, bu this controversy,so long as. it is in the interest 'of the, . To free Americans the ways of tyranny Will always be abhorrent. Tous the common welfare, to lir seems but a 'healthy attribute of democracyat work: oppressions of the communist despotism are a sure sign of its innate weakness We must, also animate amongst all, ofus ,a spirit of patience, We must and insecurity. History teaches that'it is the weak ruler who usually throttles realize thatit took us mky yea4to develop( outconcepts of ibertyarlix opposing views and tramples individual rights. iNaiitir, teaches also that justice. This Iva rapidly changing world.,The greatand complex .,,robleir6 pi although authority supported by terror may 'prevail temporarily, it invariably the new world order will be solied only after longand constant effoit Ian nourishes the seeds which bring 'about itsown destruction. The day of doom the part of countries in actord withour pcinciples of liberty. We must leatn,, has comefor all tyrannies of the past,and the day, of doom will surely clawil to,adjust ourselveS to the slMiprOresses,ofOstory. ., , for the communist dictatorship of the present era. (Applause) , Equally important, we must, as good citizens, hae, complete IAand con.fr''-','s f Our Society has been builton the solid bedrodcof respect for the rights of Werke in the truth that a deihoc'racycan solve, its pre?lems within its con: the individual. It is a thrilling commentary On the vigor of our institutions stitutional frarnework. In calculating' ouf resources and compkingthose. of,,. that even in these days of national perilwe are devoting our bestlhoughts the communist world,we mustrememter that the greatestresource weposses 19
2fi 16 1 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE OPENING GENFRALOESSION p 17 i I . conference is a perfect manifestation of avorkshop of democracyon a world and efforts to safeguardingour heritage ofiliberty. Even the traitors and spies scale. Representingas yoil do every segment of our populacqyou are truly in 'our midst have had the benefits of the,,due process of law guaranteedby by your presence here. showing America in action, You come here ina spirit the Federal ConstitUtion. Theseenemies of our society have been convicted 4 unit from far-flung seetions of °inland, todemonstratt-b7yourdelibera of violating our laws only aftera fair and open trial before.a jury, at which lions that people can get together in spiteif many. differences of background they were represented by counsel,were confronted by the evidence against andIture o evaluate thecommon factors that affect all mankind andithe them, and were given opportunity to present evidence in theirown behalf. welfare all nations, Mutual respect and understanding, And: theywere able to challenge their convictions therefore, will be, on app including an jhe basic reason why this conferenceanits deliberations will be, I 4hventual'consideration by am sure, a Supreme Court of the'Unitedhates. so eminently successful! The insistence n a maximum of fair play, even duringa period of How different is thisprocess from thed spectacle we see in those ,national dang areas * a striking illustration/of our determination to pdservethe of theorl dorninated bythe communistasters. Here we haveno con, traditions of liberty entrustedto our care. So too is our passionate devotion formity 0 eas enforced by terror. Here there is no uniformi tyof opinion to the principles of open discussion and freeagreement, which this confer. that m dhEz to 'the pattRs demanded by the infallible rulers of the state,' ence so outstandingly typifies. By our actions in advancing lright of our Engraved in the minds -and 'the hearts of ourpeople isa tradition of liberty. cit ens to a voluntary choice, arrivedat through a tolerant exchange of ideas, The sacred expression of that traditiomisthe Bill of Rights, whichassures to we surely offer a shining example for the , op ressed peoples of other lands, each one of us the freedom to 'assemble, to express our grievances, and to Only on sucha basis can a world societof peace and freedom becon- yoke our thoughts, Ours, is a way of life rooted in open discussion, theex 44 18 .1g- is the intelligence and resourcefulness that are always inherent ina free and elsewhere; Dr. William ga Carr.has also written widely, At this tithe people. That is a far greater and far more potent asset than anything material, is my very great pleasure to present to you one of America's leading educators, NextSundaywe shall all observe "I Ain Ap American Day." Each of us Dr. Carr. (Applause) will surely give thanks to the Almighty for the pcissession of themost wonder- ruLgift of American citizenship. It should also, howAr,bea day when we Associate Secretary of theNEA should pause and Ponder on the great responsibilities thatwe assume as Sounds Note of Realism American citizensthe responsibility of preserving the torch of freedom for the one world we have today. DR. WILLIAM G. CARR (Associate Secretary, NationalEducation Associa- We Americans truly have an hour, with destiny, The good Lord has given tion): Madam President, distinguished guests and friends:I am to speak us, of thigeneration Qlehistoric role and opportunity, in cooperation with' to you upon "A Note of Realism," and by "note" I do not mean exactly a other nations,. to help create a peace which willpreserve the world in accord demisemiquaver but it will be nearly that brief, with the eternal truths which He teaches through the various creeds. We,have Realism, I think, requires a clear definition of the nature of our task and a been chosen with other, people to defend the spiritual valuesthe moral code resolute program to come to grips with the needs.thus defined. against the forces of iniquity which would destroy them,'We know that Our task as American citizens is to meet the current threat to our freedom reasoned morality has never failedman and that'onlyforce and oppression and the world's peace. hpe recked theWorld from time to. time. We wilestand vindicatedat the That threat has three characteristics that ate important for citizenship and bar/ of history only if we guide our activities id accord with the 'eternal education: spiritual principles taught to us by all religious leaders. Yes,we must gird First, the emergency is eppected to last a long timeperhaps for decades. ourselves spiritually as well as physically to,,overconie the totalitarianon. Since we fad a prot?cted emergency, the care and education of young slat.ght. \ '-- people take on increasing importance. Thee story of the United States of America is a most thrilling revelation Second, the emergency is in large part a struggle for the loyalties °Linen. of man's determination to be free. Our country was first Ittled by those who Only people who are wellgrounded in their own loyalties will Lis able to sought freedcA ofregion. It was nurtured by our antestors Who craved keep this najion free, or to win others to the cause of freedom. freetom of expression and thought. It was developed by our people who en Third, in terms of sheer numbers, the United States is at a disadvantage. joyed freedom of opportunity. We are now seeking freedom from fearfed Our(advantages arise from industrial productivity and superior education. of the destructilon of our rich heritage. With the help of such meetingsas We can maintain this advantage by training loyal citizens and productive these, and with the guidance of Divine Providence,we shall not only retain workers. but will strengthen this hiritage of freedom, not only for ourselves but also Thus, these three circumstancesthe probable long duration of the emer- for all people and all posterity everywhere; We shall then have Freedomin gency, the competition of1,deals, and the advantage of the West in educated. One World, not only for today but for every tomorrow that there isto be, men rather than in numbersall combine to stress the toppriority of educa- (Applause) \tion in national security. CHAIRMAN MoWREY: Thank you, Mr. Attorney General. Do the people of the United States generally appraise their problem in The next speaker is not onlyour associate secretary of the National Edu- these terhis? Will they act soon enough and strongly enouglito meet it? cation Association,atiois also executive secretary of the Educational Policies If we seek the answer to these questions by examining our past record as a Commission, a gr hat has led in educational thought in thiscountry. He people, the outlook is not reassuring. is also Secretary General of the World Organization of the Teaching Proles. During World War I, leaders of education warned the public of the sion. Among his international assignmentS he has servedas Deputy Secretary dangers arising out of lag between educational support and educational needs.. of the General Preparatory Commission .Of UNESCOat London in 19,15, as In 1918 the National Education Association warned of "the threatened col- UNESCO lectUrer in 1946, andas adviser to the United States Delegation at lapse of the teaching profession," The day aft& the armistice was signed, the Second General Conferenceon UNESCCIat Mexico City 01947. In con- President Wilson released a special request that allqualiad teachersreturn nection with these assignments and otheis, lihas traveled widely inEurope to the classroom. I, 23 4 19 110: LI I 1/.1.1`4 ,1111 l.UiV 1 1.10,1'44.1; 21 But it was too late. Two years after thewar, over 18,000'scirols dosed for Xe shall riot develop such education until we put 4 competent, prepared, well- adjusted, secure and A!nafraid teacher in charge of every 20 to 25 chil- lack of a teacher. By 1923, one out ofevery seven niral teachers had less than one year 4 training beyond the eighth grade. Other events followed: In dren; in' a comfortable) ding that is not A menace to the health and edu- cation of those who inhabit it. We do not do those things aow. Until we do World War II, 659,000 men were rejected by the Armyon account (4 edu- the, cational deficiencies, and over 300,000 men had to be taughtto write simple themo we shall not greatly improve our citizenship education. That is sentences. simple message of realism that I want to put before ybu this morning, During the Second World War, the teaching professiq again called atten- Not long ago I was talking with a fourth grade teacher.. Herschool has tion to the certain consequences of neglect. The secretary of the National no space for outdoor recess periods. Theschool has no cafeteria, so lunches Education Assocition appealed directly to all local school board). The public are eaten in the dassrooni. From the time thebell rings in the morning until response was inadequate. Across the nation, a hundred thousand teachers in A the children start home in the afternoon, that teacher is in the presence of 42 Jingle year were driven from theklassroom by economic pressures. students in a classroom built for 35. She is a good teacher, well trained, eager Once again, events proved that the gravity of the emergency had not been to do a good job; but that teacher said to me, 'The fact is, Friday, afternoonI exaggerated. About 1948, the press and the public generally becaiiie aware of . Zoesonicof those children."I am not speaking of the slums in American what had happened:Headlines anemagazine articles belatedly proclaimed the ?dilution, in some remote, poverty-sticken area. This teacher wdrks in one of educational emergency. te facts should have been no surprise to any literate our wealthiest cities. There are thousandslike her. person. They weie fully available to all in a. position of public responsibility. Shall we take part in some lively discussions, pass some eloquent resolu- On two previous 'occttsions within living memories, major,national crises tions, pick up a few good ideas here and there, make some new friends,anti, have undermined the schools, enfeebled the ability of the nation to meet then look up the time tables and the list of ntrengagements? If we do only subsequent crises, and injured beyond repair the educational opportunities that much this conference will be useful, but it will not be crucial. two generations. This could be the greatest conferAce on American citizenship and Amer- Will this record bekastttoow? at question is being decided at this ican education that has ever been held. The times call aloud for leadertp. moment by local boards of education, by state legislatures, and by the Con- e The supreme test of civic intelligence and loyalty will 'come in the nextfew gress. Teachers and civic leaders must unite to ee that they give the right years. answer. Thisconferejcontains the people and the powerful Organizations that' If you are in doubt about the answer, I invite you to consider for a moment could, in the next two years, make American education an instrtunent to secure t4 the education of Ivan Ivanoff who attends school anywheie from Leningrad the future of this nation.If each individual 'here would say that his top to Vladivostok. He learns, no doubt, many useful things in the way other ,priority is to make the schools of America strong for their great task, not boys and girls learn. But he.learns.alsa that Joseph Stalin is a demigod, that just- good enough to get by, but good enough for the American future, that his country is beset by rapacious enemies, and that truth is what the,state 'would be realism,Itis,Isuppose, after all, idealism too, Forideals and declares the truth to be. In that vastinve triangle, stretching from the realities, strive as we will to separate them, are inexorably intertwined. Action Bering Straits and the Yellow Sei almost .t the Baltic and the Adriatic, one without ideals is aimless and ideals without action are dreaming. third of the population of the earth, shut off from all other influences, is At this conference unless we arc careful, enterprises of great pithand taught day and night, year after year, to hate and despise every element of moment will lose the name of action. Action notaction without thought, independent thought which is identified with the thunder of reason or the but thought followed by actionmust be our announced goal and our deepest whisper of conscience. individual commitment. (Applause) It is for our military experts to estimate the peril which 'resides in totalita Y:Thank you, Dr. Carr. rian armies; for our scientists toassess progress in nuclear physics; for our CHAIRMAN Clow The Honorable Wayne Lyman Morse, Republican Senator. from Oregon, diplomats to trace the latest sinuosities of Soviet diplomacy. But teachers and civic leaders are,I suggest. obligated to proclaim the threat to our future has been in the United States Senate 'since 1941. In these years, and before, President's Railway Emergency Board, and as public mem- which arisesfrom aneglect of education. To cross the frontier of realism as chairman of the ber of the National War Labor Board, he has made himselffelt as a force requires that we act now to meet and repulse education for tyranny by means educator, law- of an education for freedom of unprecedented scope and effectiveness. for liberal and constructive American citizenship. As lawyer, 211 fr 22 2-3 maker, our speaker this morning is certainlymost welcome to this platform. of crisis. Every one of the principles of the Billof Rights was grounded 'in I am indeed happy to present the Honorable WayneLyman Morse, Senator crisis, in a period of revolution, There ourfounding fathers recognized that from Oregon. only through the increase of individual freedom,rather than through the (The audience arose and applauded.) totalitarianism of a monarchy, would we be able tosolve our various diffi- culties, The best judicial expression of this principle1 have ever found isin Senator Layne Morse Elplains the famous. Blaisdell case where Justice Hughesspoke these magnificent Citizenship in Time of Crisis words: THE HONORABLE WAYNE L, MORSE (United States Senator from Ore. The Constitution was adopted in a period of.grave emergency. and its limitations gon): Madam Chairman, Mr, Attorney General, other distinguishedguests, Its grants of 'power to the Federal Government of the power of the states were determined in thelight of emergency ladies and gentlemen: It isa heartwarming experience for me to be back with and they are not altered by. emergency. What power wasthus many of my former associates in the United States Department of Justice and granted and what limitations were thus imposed are questionswhich also to be together again with a great many of my friends in the field of have always been, and always will be, the subjectof close examina- edUcation, I didn't know that HowardMcGrath was going to be on the tion under our constitutional system. furnish platform with me this morningI called the Departmentof Justice yester- While emergency does n.ot create power, emergency may constitutional question day'and understood hewas out of the citynevertheless, I think it fitting for the occasion for the exercise of power. The presented in the light of an emergency is whether the power pos- me to say that, not only as Attorney Gener)4 butas a former United States sessed embraces the particular exercise of it in response toparticular Senator,, he is to be complimentethanked for the part that he has conditions. Thus, the war power of the Federal Governmentis not played in making possible this, great conference. Asa member of the party created by the emergency of war, but itis a power given to meet of the opposition, I want tosay to you that I have the highest of regard for that emergency. It is a power to wage warsuccessfully, and thus it permits the harnessing of the entire energiesof. the people in a the Americanism of Howard McGrath and for his understandingof the supreme cooperativeeffOst to preserve the nation, But even the war problems of freedom that confront this country today and ofthe importance power does notremoA constitutional limitatidns safeguarding es- of our holding fast the basic guarantees and principles of the Constitution sential liberties. to which I wish to address myself here this morning. (Applause) of the. Supreme We have represented here a greatmany different organizations, each formed 1 say, ladies and gentlemen, that that great pronouncement is a pronounce- around a distinct aspect 'ofour culture. In such a conference as this, where Court speaking through Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, these days should consider and re- so many viewpoints are held, there is bound to besome disagreement on how malt that leaders in both great parties we are to maintain freedom where it exists today and to achieve freedom in dedicate themselves to.It is a pronouncement which I think the American public one world tomorrow. I would have it no other way. people, in the Acsent stage of emotional hysteria that characterizes We can meet in an area of disagreement andyet reconcile differences peace- opinion these days, should also reflect upon and analyze. ire now facing unleashes ably and with a recognition of the other man'sview because we have acom- As always, however, a period such as the one we mon heritage of constitutional liberties and freedoma heritage which has forces which are of the greatest danger to us. The moredramatic the issue proved that each one ofus benefits most by letting the other man think and the more dangerous the crisisthe easier itis for emotion to replace reason, speak independentlya heritage which reognizes logic and,individual ex- and for those to benefit who can only prevail through thecontrol of mass preSsion rather than emotionalism, privilege,or physical force as the instru. emotion. 6,0 ment of dee' ision. Right now our nation is in great physical danger.As could be expected, It is because I want tosee us continue to meet in this way that I speak one of the most dramatic events.wehave ever seen has arisen as a product today on "Citizenship in Time of Crisis"on the constitutional guarantees of that danger, bringirig with it emotional reactions of the mostviolent sort. owed to each one ofus and the disturbing extent to which those guarantees Generally, in such cases as this, the American peoplehave eventually made are being infr;oged upon or ignored, When I say that I ama Constitutional the necessary decisions on the issues with temperanceand with sound reason. Liberal, I mean that I believe thatwe must constantly 'practice the tenets of I have always had an abiding faith in the ultimateand reasoned judgments of our Constitution, and that we must especially practice those tenets ina period the American people. 23 24 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE OPENINP GENERAL SESSION 25 Let' me digress from manuscript longenough to say I believe in time By way of information on those hearings, I havecome to the tentative con- of challenge it isa challenge of statesmanship on the part of elected officials clusion on the facts so far given that the primary issue presentedby the to stand out against public opinion whichis temporary in natureon the removal of General MacArthur isone purely of timing, and that the major particular issue until such timeas reasoned judgment returos to the people. factors involved, including )6ur present mobilized strength andthe circum (Applause) stances faced by our allies, ;eem to jristify the position of General .Marshall However, perhaps as never before, groundscan be found for thy fears of and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. When and under what circumstanceswe should some that this time we are going to let the crisis cut our Constitution to take the steps urged by General MacArthur involves clearlya matter of timing shreds, and I think that the Joint Chiefs of Staffare right in their decision that now We have seen matey ofour responsible citizens unthinkingly cry Him is not the time, (Applause) peachment" when even a cursory rereading of the Constitutional grounds for The present foreign policy issue highlights dangersto our Constitution impeadunen't would have demonstrated show unsound sucha cry was when against which we constantly must fight. Rightnow the Committee is in the unaccompanied by legalpr .We have observed some of our political throes of an argument over applying the separationpfpowers doctrine. leaders, either ignoring\or etting the Constitution, stirring up such cries Let me digress from the manuscript long enough to make thiscomment. for their own partisan endp. Underour Constitutional system your freedom and your rights, and those of Nevertheless, I am convinced that the time has notcome when such 153 millionthers like you, in my judgment in the last analysisare dependent political cries will be successful withthe American people. Thank God, the upon maintaining and preserving the separation of powers doctrine. That time has not nue" when trial by accusation will be substituted for trial by doctrine means that our representative form of government existsupon the proof. The American people will still decide issues on the fadsif theycan basis of a system 4 three branches of coordinate, equal, and independent get those facts. They will continue to 'insistthat men in government should departments of govanment. (Applause) Wheneverany one branch seeks to place principle above politics; place thesecurity of the country above elections. subordinate another branch to it, thenour Constitutional system itself is in (Applause) danger. In the issue now pending beforeour committeeand I leave this In the present case,. meeting immediately after. my address to makea Constitutional argument we are fmally coming around to getting the factson before that committee beginning at twelve o'clock this noonin that debate, our Far Eastern Policy to the people. I thinkthat if we, in accordance with Constitutifinalprinciples,, the proposal is made by some of my colleagues; and unfortunately colleagues had received the facts muchsooner, through, for within my party, that the separation ofpowers doctrine should be attacked. example,. greater Congressional consultation,our foreign policy leaders would not be faced with their present difficulty. As And they are attacking it, on the ground that confidential conversationsat early as 19471 warned in the the White House should be disclosed to that committee. I issue here fromthis Senate that the people were not beinginformed adequatelyon our foreign platform, as I have in committee, a challenge to produce policy. It was obviouseven then that a vacuum was being formed into which one judicial prec- edent in the whole history of our country where thecourts, which after all every kind of irresponsible accusation and claim would.flow. Without the are the decisive body of last resort in handing down judicial opinions, have facts, it was axiomatic thateven our primary forum, The American People, could not function objectively. ever sustained the point of view taken by those who now want to require these White House conversations to be disclosed verbatim.to the committee. As a member of the.Armed Services C,,Onirnittee ofthe Senate, I have been (Applause) There is a fundamental constitutional question, abd if they participating directly in the hearings whichare now bringing out the facts should succeed in having theirway they would end up, as I told them on the Korean conflict and our Far Eastern policy. Iur ed that these hearings yesterday, in court, with many insisting that it be decided incourt, I have no be public in keeping with the Constitutional meaning of a fair trialso that question as to what that court decision would be. the least possible inhibition would existin'making the acts publicly available. Wet I repeat, cannot destroy the separation ofpowers doctrine and retain Even though this was not done, and I belieye it shouthave been, I want to the American Constitutional system, and the leaders ocmy state that my good friend Senator Russell, party must be Chairman of the Committee, is taught that lesson now. That is why I refused yesterday to withdraw doing a magnificent job under my ap- the circumstances and limitationsof an peal and insisted that this be determinednow and we go to court, if necessary, executive hearing, in this fight to preserve the separation ofpowers doctrine. (Applause) 9 30 THECITIZENSHIPCONFERENCE OPENING GENAAL SESSION 27 I may say to my Republican friendspresent in the audience that,1 hope in egirce that deci;ion. But in the long run Iffe.give and take of our democratic 1952 we will have a Republican President, and .1 will be fightingto protect processes produces a system' which will be followed by 'the peoplebecause him, too, on the basis of thesame Constitutional principle. (Applause) they'have participated in its fonnulation, T4islconference isone which brings together almost every significant demo- I Will, therefore, continue to urge that full consultation with the Congress, cratic institution in our country. Inote that the topics to be discussed during and with the most vitally affected interests, must be a condition precedent to this conference relate primarily to our responsibility as citizensto the cause any effective, control system. In reality, a priceandwage control agency in a of freedom, democracy mist be administered largely as a judicial forum where a fair In that connection, I would liketo reiterate a few of the basic principles decision between ,conflicting interests may be made. Short of this kind 'of an inherent in our Constitution, principles which each citizen, individuallyand administrOion, with full facts called for and received, controls just will not in groups, must take the responsibilityfor sustaining. The first and foremost work. principle, I believe, is that spiritual values are the keystone ofa democratic Too; we must adopt legisla\tive policies which will bring us closer to a' way of life, Through the Declaration of Independence,Constitutional debates, balanc(td budget and which willpay for our defense program as we go. In the Constitution itself, andon up(through the preamble of the United Nations this connection, I have urged that, along with a drastic cutting of non- Charter, we find an unbroken thread of statements recognizingthe great essential expenditures, we!should revise major parts of our present tax stnic- spiritual value$ of the individual. I have said on other occasionsthat the toe. I have reason to believe that this year there is a good chance that primary difference Between our form of governMent and the totalitarian proposals such as those made by the Committee on Economic Development systems of government is to be found inour recognition of the spiritual prin- will finally be utilized in such a revision. ciple that/ the individual is the 'creature of a divine power.'Upon thisour Our third great principle that, I will mention this morning is that of a foundinVfathers deviseda governmental system designed to promote the belief in the essentiality of our being an educated people. Again we mean dignity and the welfare of the individualto carryout the concept that the muchmore than that which is considered by the totalitarians to be education. state truly is the servant of and not themaster of the people. Without the We stand for the proposition that the people must not only be educated in application of this principle right across the board to every one ofour the tools and techniques of. our industrial economy, but also that they must problems, we will never obtain freedorS in one world, Most ofus, at least he well grounded in the fundamental truths of democratic rights and re- in our hearts, recognize that fact The diEulty is that tee often, thegreat sponsibilities. If we are so educated, we will make the right decisions. forces of materialismcause ns to lose sighkof this great promise. P Through all of: these principles runs one central threadnamely, the con- Another great answer we have to the anti-freedornforces is our belief in flict between self-interest and what I have called on another occasion the economic freedom which is characterized by our establishment of a capitalistic "greater selfishness," As we learn more and more that a selfishness for the ecenomy. Too often it is forgotten that our economic system andour political rights of others is our best guarantee that our own rights will be protected, freedom are part of the same fabric, We could not maintain the political we will come closer and closer to freedom. Mere reiteration is not enough. freedoms guaranteed to the individual by our Constitution under any form of We must practice the "greater selfishness," In all humility I also suggest that a state economy. again,' the mere belief in something doesnot produce each one of us should determine to start with himself, and to these ends the rdults. We must in this emergency demonstrate as we have never before, mutually pledge, "-to each other,' as did our founding fathers in the Declara- the superiority of a capitalistic economy over the totalitarianism ofa state tion of Independence, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor, to the ,economy, To do this we are faced with the necessity of adoptingsome cause of freedom, There is no other way to retain and maintain freedom in economic and production controls, a timeotitis, (Applause) J} I am one who believes that punitiveprovisions in connection with such controls could never be counted upon to obtain affirmative compliance. In- The Chairman Introduces stead, the great mass ofus wilt follow sound emergency controls which are the President and First Lad), based upon the facts becausewe know that we are thereby helping each other in our effort to win through this crisis. Hereagain we have a major advantage CHAIRMAN MOWREY:I am sure we are all grateful to Senator Morse for over such philosophies as communism, True, itmay appear easier and more this inspiring address: effective for a few people to determine whatthe rest should do, and then Ladies and gentlemen, at 11:45 the President of the United States and Mrs. 3 28 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE' opENING,GENERAL SESSION. 29 Truman, together witha party from the White House, are due in this rooin. There is a great deal of seriousbusiness before the In the meapt'me and until their government of this arrival, I should like for Mr. Evansto intro- country now. This businessconcerns our national defense and uce some special guests present at this time. Mt. Evans. our national survival. Important decisions haveto be made by the Congress, the President, (Introduction of guests) and the country, and they must be made soon. These decisions oughtto be :cHAIitMAN MOWREY: above petty politics because the welfare ladies and gentlemen: Weare most happy to have of the country dependsupon them, iiitE us the President of the United Citizens should underiand the facts, States and the First Lady of the Land, You know, the hardest thingin"the Mrs, Truman. world to find is a real fact, and the easiest thing to do isto garble and confuse the facts. I/repeat that: The (The audience arose and applauded.) easiest thing in the world to do isto garble and*confuse the facts, Wehave a great deal of that going CHAIRMAN MOWREY:Our President has sent greetings and has given on right his now. support,to the National Conference on Citizenship sinceits initiation. He has I hope when you leave this conference received the conference each timeit has met in Washington. Today, ladies you will take home with youan 'understanding of the major problems that we face anda sense of urgency and gentlemen, we have the highesthonor that can be givento this confer- about the decisionsyour government has to make. If thiunderstanding ence. I ain happy to present to you a stalwart champion ofhuman freedom, can he spread among all the citizens' the President of the United States. groups you represent, I believe these de- cisions will be tnade promptly andI believe they will be made right. (The audiencearose and applauded.) If citizens know the facts and let their elected representatives knowthat they want the national interest President Truman Says Citizens put above every political interest andevery special interest, then there nn'tbe any question about keeping Must Make Right Decisions our nation strong and secure. This is one of the most important things that this confer. ence can do. PRESIDENT TRUMAN:Madam Chairman, Mr, Attorney General;distin' guished guests and ladies and gentlemen: We must face It is a very great pleasu're forme up Co the major problems, face up to them and solvethem, to be here this morning, and I solve them in the interest of all, am glad to join in welcoming this conference the people and not in the interestof just to Washington. I,am strongly in favor of whatyou are doing here to help a favored few. the people of this countryto become bettei citizens. I would like to outline for you a few of the major problemswe have to The citizen's job han important one. It is the most important job in. this face. 1 great Republic. The job of being There is a lot of discussion nowadays an American citizen keeps growing more about military strategy, That is all difficult and more importantevery day. In some countries the important de- right. Military strategy is important,and everybody oughtto be concerned cisions are made by the rulers, and.thecitizens hart to do what they about it, And I are told. want to say to you that our defense departmentis headed In our country the citizens make the basic byllie ablest decisions, and the officials of the group of men that this or any other countryever had for plan. government have to do what the people tell themsometimes. (Laughter) ning and carrying out its defense policy.(Applause) We must make the right decisions, You as citizens must make the right But there are a lot of other problems that are equally important. Wehave decisions, Never was there a time when the right decision'sare so necessary lird problems of defense production, the problem oftaxes, the problem of as they are at this time, As the problems beforeour country become more stabilization, The'se are just examples of a few of the problems thatwe have. complicated and more dangerous, our citizens must give greater attention to Unless we face these problems we won't be able to have any militarystrategy their job of making the basic decisions.It is your countryas well as mine. at all, and no matter how able our defense department menmay be, there It is your responsibility,as well as mine. If you do not assume that respon- won't be anything to plan for. yoiir part of that. responsibilitythere is nobody to blame but The danger we face is very serious, the most dangerouswe have ever faced yourselves when things go entirelywrong. in all our time. Our country faces the danger of war froman aggressive and There is less margin forerror than there used to be in making these imperialistic foreignpower. Meeting this danger is all-important, and trmeet decisions. Wong 'decisions in this dayand age' may wreck thecountry,\ that danger we should all stand together. wreck it for all tinie. I think that some people fail to realize that this threat isvery real. The o :30 OPENINI likNaltr11, all CONFERENCE by every means at theircommand to prevent it now:. think there is still time to play petty politics. That isa terribly dangerous law in 1915 arc trying of the it because itis essential to the safety attitude, Weniust all get together behinda program adequate to meet the We must not let them prevent perils we ',fa e. We must get together nowwithout waiting and without world and to our own safety, for defense, We have the mostamazingly playing petTy:', politics. ' We must build our economy in the history of the world,and we have to keep it The defense program comes 6rst. That isour first and greatest problem, prosperous economy includes not only increasing ourarmed forces, Our defense program and defense productionmust COIlle ahead of everything that way. Our defense program for them and for our allies; italso includes else. If we let, our defense program get snarledup or delayed or slashed, we making planes, tanks and guns hew at home. We must beable to will be courtingittlisaster. having and keeping a strong economy for our armed services in The suggestion was 'made byone Senator the other day that we ought to turn out greaterand greater quantities of goods all-out attack; We have to havethe economic strength cut down the coal fOr our armed forces by halfa million men, This same case we have to meet an for a long time to come,If we are to be .in Senator wants4 go for an alutwar in China all by ourselves. At a time to 'carry our defense program factories, more electric power,and a higher like this such 'a' cut would be foolishnot only foolish,it would he most this position, we need more dangerous. production of basic materials. Weneed a sound and efficient civil economy for defense workers Slashing the size ofour armed forces would not be economy. It would be to support ourdefense production, This means housing functioning ef- an invitation to war, Let me drive that home, Whatwe are attempting to do and adequate public services to keepthe defense production nondefense spending, we must be sure now in the next year anda half we anticipate may cost about $60 billion, ficiently. When we talk about cutting defense effort. People who This expenditureover a year and a half may ward off World War Ill, One we don't 'cut thestrength and the supports of our On the contrary, they are week of all-out war would cost from10 to 20 times that, Which is,the safest are trying todo this are not helping our country, have their way, they will ruin our economy, expenditure? Do you have to have that broughthome,to you, to saywhich injuring it. If these "pull-backs" you think is the safest expenditure? and our country'at the same time, the In addition to that defenseprogram of ours we must work with ourAies. We must have a stabilized economy.Next to 'our defense program, economic stabilization, Economicstabilization means We must have friends in this troubled world,Yet some Senators 'andsome most important thing is other people would have includes price controls, wage controls,and rent, us go it alone. In this world of ours in this.daywe preventing inflation, and this June 30, just six weeks from now, can't gO it alone. There isa free world and there is a slave world; We belong controls, All these controls expire on whether these controls should heextended to the free world, and we are the had of the freeworld, We have to The Congress is now considering not, accept that responsibility and carry out that responsibility, (Applause) for another two years, Of coursethey have to be extended, If they are family in the country Our defense program has two parts. Onepart is building up our own our whole economywill be in great danger, and every increase, Pressures on prices haveeased armed forces and our national strength. Theother is lielkng our allies build will suffer. Inflationary pressures will will come back stronger than everin the up their strength so they can do their share in preventingwar and stopping off a little lately but these pressures defense money we spend, the higherprices will' aggression, Both these. parts ofour defense pro'gram are essential to our next few months. The more security, Unless we help ,Our allieswe might have to face the real 'danger tend to go, alone, Unless our alliesare strong, the Kremlin might take them over, and It is a dangerous situation we arefaced with, Already defense expenditures of those things which the Armyhas the danger of war would increase, Without allies,our defense would be more for the Army have increased the price difficult and more costlymore costly in dollars million, The increased cost of theNavy expendi- and, what is muchmore to buy by more than $530 air carriers, important, more costly in lfives, tures for the same purposewould have bought four of the largest world, By June 30 we will have spent There is no economy in slashingur foreign aid program, Penny pinching the most expensive battleships in the attack in Korea a year ago. In the now may mean throwing,away the lies of our soldiers later on, about $19 billion on defense since the One of the reasons we'aie in this defense spending will probably increase toabout c dition is because we didn't acceptour year beginning July 1 our that $40 billion will only buy responsibility immediateli:after thewar was over, In 1945 a universal serv- $40 billion. If we do not control inflation, ice law was asked for byt,the Presidentof the United States, That universal half as much as it would even now,After we have built, defenses-up won't have to spend at such service law, passed in 1945or early in 1946, would have saved billions of enough to meet' the present danger, we hope. we dollars now. The people who prevented the enactment ofa universl service a high rateand prices will be easier to hold in line, 35 36 32 THE "CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE OPENING GENERAL SESSION 33 :Everybody says prices must be helddown, Everybody says prices must be thing that ought to be of special concern to every citizen this country is held down, but "You must hold down everybody's prices but mine, Everybody our tax program, We haveto'havemore taxes if we are to pay for our else must take a cut, and hold themstill, -but be careful, don't toll mine," defense program and hold down inflation. Nobody likes to paymore taxes, Right now it will take' everything we can do to hold these pri( es down, but we have to do it because more taxes are essential to the safety and welfare and if we can hold them downuntil we get over the hump of our defense of this country, So far we havelen doing fairly well in paying forour de program, we will be past the danger point, If we can't, the cost of living will tense program as we go along, but our defense expenditures are going to go through the roof, acid that will mean ruin for our defense program and increase rapidly. We can't keep on paying as we go unless we get the tax ruin for our strength as a nation, If we are going to control prices,the money wherewith to do it, Congress has got tosay, and say in no uncertain terms, that it wants prices Taxes are not so hard' to take if everybody pays his fair share in.accordance controlled. Every special interest in thecountry is in Washington or on its with his ability to pay, but if we let the special groupscome in and riddle way to lobby for a little exception for itself, and most of them can make out the tax program with special exemptions, we won't havea good tax program a pretty good ere for, themselves, There are enough special interest fellows or a fair tax program, We won't be able to balance the budget, and we won't appearing before the Senate FinanceCommittee to run the hearings well into be able to stop inflation, I hope you all will realize and will take homeas June. The public interest fellows are not being heard because they don't know one of the messages of this conference that higher taxes are necessary to our what is happening, You public interest people had better get here and look defense program and to our survival as a nation. after your interests. (Applause) I don't think people ought to have any trouble agreeingon the national It would be nice to give these private interest fellowssome exceptions, interest. I think everybodyevery citizenis.a patriot, and that he believes but we can't have a lot of exceptions and1till have effective price control. that the national interest comes first. At a time like this whensome of our If we handed out all the exceptionsthat a (asked for,price control would young men are fighting and dying to stop communist aggression and when so be just like a sieve and the tideof inflation would pour through it. many of our boys face a period of military service to prepare for whatever I don't think some of these special interest fellows understand what might may lie ahead, it ought to be easy for this country to get together in unity of happen if we had all-out inflation, but when theycome here and ask for spirit and action. It ought to be the easiest thing in the world toagree upon special exceptions, that is what theyare asking for, all -out inflation. a good defense program and a good foreign aid program and a sound pro. You consumers should makea strong demand for price control, We are gram to hold down the cost of living. But itis not easy, It is one of the not going to be able to hold thecost of living against the tremendous in- most difficult things which any President has ever faced. I am going to face it, flationary pressures ahead unlesswe have a good, strong price-control law s' and withyour help I am going to,Put it over. (Applause) Now we must and a good, strong rentcontrol law,If you want that kind of lawif you, get the facts to the people, and that is hard to do: the consumed of this country,want Congress to provide a strong price con One of the main reasons, I think, is that most of our citizensthose who trol systemyou had bettersee and you had better write to your Congressman, do the fighting and pay the bills and keep the country goingare justtoo You see things in the paper about "Write your President," and I get 40,000 occupied to maker their voices heard. If they had all the facts and their letters a day asl-sesult of thaton special occasions. (Laughter) But I am representatives in Washington knew how they felt, I don't thinkwe would saying to you rightnow you had better let your Congressman know where have so much trouble with these great problems. That is why the work of you stand. You had better see him and tell himabout it while you are here, this conference means so much in the present crisis of the world, The future Tell him you want price controlsthat will work. We don't want to injure. depends on the opinions and the decisions of the American people., anybody with price controlor any other control. We want an equitable con If you can develop ways of keepingour citizens better informed, of help trol that will be fair to everybodyproducer, middleman, andconsumer. ling them to understand the increasing duties of their citizenship, I haveno That is what we are working for. doubt that this country will make the right decilions and that those decisions The special interests and the lobbieswill wreck the stabilization program as will lead the world to a just and lastingpeace, and that is what we all want, sure as you are born. unless the main body ofour citizens of this country (The audience arose and applauded.). _getbusy and do something about it, and that is what Iam urging you to do, We must pay aswe go with a fair tax program. This is something that touches the most touchy nerve in the country, the pocketbooknerve. Another I (3 LIBRARY 33 NATIMI Fr1IINTIfIN 4ccnriirrinN Itir \cit 1111 1 11111 11ell 11 THE YOUTH PROGRAM of our fatherland as we are children of God, members of every hamlet and town and city as we hope to he members of the city of God, Dear God, let Thursday Evening, May 17, 1951 us always realize that good citizenship and patriotism are a partof our calling, and that itis our vocation and duty to serve as best we can this land and Dr, John W, Davis Presides; people of ours for which and by whom great prices were paid. May this and all succeeding conferences on citizenship lake courage from its Father Carney Gii;es Invocation past great work and go on to loftier heights in the future, This is the blessing ?he meeting convened at 7:30 o'clock p,m., Dr. John W. Davis,:I air- we ask of Thee through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amu man, National Commission for the Defense of Democracy through licluca (Ammo' DAVIS: Under the direction of Miss Florence Booker, with Miss lion, presiding, Eleanor Christ as the student leader, and Miss Shirley Repass, accompanist, CHAIRMAN DAVIS: The Second General Session of the Sixth National Con- the Washington and Lee High School Madrigal Singers will now present ference on Citizenship isnow in session. music. We arc glad to have them, (Applause) Largely from the standpoint of youth we will continue tonighto examine (Musical entertainment followed by applause.) the functions and duties of American citizenship, for freedomn one world, CHAIRMAN DAVIS: We wish to thank the Washington and Lee HighSchool for today and tomorrow. Madrigal Singers for that delightful mush. It is in the true American traditions that we begin our deliberations with Our first thumbnail report will be made by Dr. Ruth Cunningham, as- God's blessings, At this time maywe how with the Reverend Edward J, sociate professor, Teachers College, Columbia Univcirsity. Dr. Cunningham Carney, O.S.A. past national chaplain, The American Legion. Father Carney. has been so effective in other conferences in telling our groups what they have THE REVEREND EDWARD J. CARNEY, 0.S,A, (past national chaplain, The been doing and saying in their sessions that she is here tonight on popular American Legion): 0 Almighty God,we who have gathered here from near demand, Dr. Cunningham will now do what you want her to do, Dr. Cun- and far and every walk' of life, maywe tell You we love America for more ningham, (Applause) reasons than we can number. We love our country not only with a secular but a religious love. Our love is mingled witha profound gratitude for all Dr, Cunningham Reports on that our country has done for us and for our ancestors. Our love isa senti- ment as well as a dutyLa sentiment from which we could no more divorce Freedom and Citizenship Activities ourselves than we could forget or deny the tender memories of our homes DR. RUTHCUNNINGHAM (Associate Professor, Teachers College, Columbia and families, the bonds of flesh and blood linking age to youth and coupling University, New York): Ladies and Gentlemen of the Sixth National Con- the present with all of the past, ference on Citizenship: It is here in America that we live and 'lead our lives for God, His provi This is the first report front you to you, telling you of our work in dis- deuce planned and placed us here, In His wisdom He has appointed this land cussion sessions this afternoon. Today, our first session, was a period of get- the scene of our vocation. As social beings we have been called to live for God the American way of life. We have been given to worship Him in the ting acquainted with each other and deciding areas for further exploratiOn, cathedral that is America, where the aisles are the mighty rivers and the Some important ideas have emerged even at this early date. whistling of the wind through our forests and fields is the note ofa majestic Several grOups looked to the matter of what we want to accomplish in this organ, where the rock-ribbed mountains are the altars, and the pearl and conference. Of one thing we are sure: We don't want our only accomplish, purple of the clouds are the stained glass windows, where the sun itself isa ment to be a flow of highsounding words, We want to make sure that we sanctuary lamp kindled by the hand- of God and hung out of the heaven to are thinking clearly, of course, We want freedom to become, a partof our indicate his dwelling place. minds. But beyond that, we want freedom to become a part of our feelings, \ Trulya government, like everything else, we must love it to preserve it. a part of our way of acting, a parta our sense of responsibility, a part of Help us,to be citizens of America as we hope to be citizens of heaven, citizens our loyalty, a part of our courage. [34] 39 40 THE YOUTH PROGRAM 31 As one group put it, this conference will be meaningful to the extent that it develops ideas, methods, and procednres which can be translated into action back home. To achieve real freedomfor all ofus, we need the help of each other. This is true in families, in communities, in organizations, in our nation, and in (Sur world. We hope this conference may be an example of citizenship activities as we share our thinking and our experiencesas we help each other. One group said: Our discussion groups at this conferenceare practical experiments in the techniques of democracy. The topic of the day seems to have been well chosen: Freedom and Citizen- ship Activities. We want to underline that word, "activities." Thatmeans doing somethingabout freedom. It means taking action as individuals andas groups. Doing something about freedom means learning techniques for ef- fective action. You know, just having our hearts in the right place isn't goingto be enough. just doing the best we can isn't going to beenough.We need to develop techniques of working for freedoin which are asup to date as atomic energy. For, you know, freedom doesn't just "come naturally." We need to prepare ourselves for citizenship and for freedom. The exhibits draw important visitors.'Upper left*:Mr. Gerald M./Van Pool, director, Studeut Activities, National Association of Secondary School Principals, NEA, and Miss Elizabeth Sutton of Breathitt County Schools, Jackson, Kentucky, browse before the Department of State exhibit.Upper right:The INS booth is back- ground for star performers' in the conference luncheon programDean Ernest D. Me lby, New York University; Rabbi Norman Gerstenfeld, Washington Hebrew Congregation; Senator Estes Kefauver;Mrs.Ruth Montgomery,New York Daily News;Mr. Theodore Granik, director, American Forum of the Air; the Honorable Argyle R. Mackey, commissioner, Immigration and Naturalization Service;Mr. Charles Collinwood, White House correspondent for CBS News;Mr. Evans E. Evans, chairman of the Conference Committee.Center left:NEA Executive Secre- tary Willard E. Givens chats with the Honorable Carl B. Hyatt, director he Attorney General's Citizenship Program.Center right:The chairman of the C n- ference Committee, Mr. Evan E. Evans, talks with Mr. Watson B. Miller of, the American Legion, former commissioner, Immigration and NaturalizationSe/vice. Lower left:Dr. William G. Carr and Dr. Richdrd B. Kennan, NEA ohlicials, visit with Miss Euphrosine Mikuzis, delegate.of the Lithuanian Alliance of America. Lower right:Mr. Tom C. Clear, exhibits chairman, points out his Connecticut school exhibit to SenatorKefauver. 42 iki I 1.1t1.1\ 1111; IOU 11.1 1)1(00W1 39 -- Some have suggested that,as we work for freedom, we might start at It is easy, to talk about the need for others to take responsibility for the home, and some of us have suggested that we better putour own house in development of freedom, but it may be more difficult forus to recognize and order before we can be of helpto people in other countries. accept our responsibilities. As one group says, We love our freedom in this As you know,citizensof the District of Columbia have no vote. Some of but how cari we get other peoples of the world to know. about it, realize our colleagues have suggested that we beginour campaign for freedom by its power and possibilities., andmaybe choose to follow its concepts? freeing the citizens of the District of Columbia. Doyou know that in our We seeok problems, but we havesome strong convictions, and in our nation's capitalwe have segregated schools, that Negroes are barred from groups we have stated them in terse, clear statements, Here are a few ex- many restaurants and hotels? Maybe this is A place to start, There are schools amples: and colleges in various parts of our nation that still operateon the archaic We reatlirm our belief in the freedom and basic ideals of democracy. quota system. If you are in such an instituti6n, you have your work cutout for you, We need to understand and accept the fact that people differ. In a democracy thi:re is only one type of citizenship, but the responsibilities Maybe a look at ourselves is in order. Sometimes there isdiscrimination pi of citizens vary with the position and the capacity of the individual. within organizations such as those represented it this conference.' Ifso, maybe Restrictions on freedom often occur because of the lack. of facts and the a starting place would be right there. lack of free and open discussion basedon facts, We knew we face some exceedingly difficult problems. For example,when As one group has said, We agree thata major problem for citizens is get- does freedoM of a minority impinge upon the freedom of themajority? Can ting adequate information on public issues in order to educate the "general one be' loyal to tlie UN and other groups without harminginational loyalties? public" about these issues. flow far can wego in this matter of multiple loyalties? Adults in a democracy, says another group, should be free to hear all sides Some people 'say wecan find freedom through political and economic re- of a subject, even if the speakers are listedas subversive,' forms. On the Other hand,others say that what we need is the development It is a citizen's responsibility to he alert to presstires which threaten free- of spiritual and moral values.Which is the wayor is it both? dom in education, How does a citizen distinguish between liberal ideas and dangerous sub; We need to recognize current threats to freedom of speech and freedom versive thoughts? Censorshipis a crucial problem, especially since it tends to of thought wherever they are found. force people to identify with one extreme position or another. We all recognize the basic elements of freedom:a maximum of self- Perhaps we should recognizethat the present hysteria tends to curb our determination with a minimum of necessary restraint. freedom. How can we encourage freedom of thought andexpression in a A good citizen of America is a good citizen of the world. period of protracted emergency, when we know that certain securityprotection The idea of "freedom from" isn't big enough to hold our major concepts. is necessary? We need to think through the "freedom fors!' On the other hand, another Let us recognize that our efforts to achieve freedom,may in themselves group says: Every freedom to do something, or for something, is balanced by develop conflicts. Maybewe need to recognize this and learn hosko handle a necessary restraint or freedom from something. For example, freedom to these conflicts. worship implies freedom from a state church. Freedom isn't something that How can we develop in all peoplein America a concept of law based on is the right of a special few. If we think it is, we don't have freedom. the rights of the whole, equated with the freedoms ofthe individual? You know, I hesitate to repeat this one, being a New Yorker, but being Currently, in many business*and industries the boss has the right to fire an honest reporter, I hope, I guess I must: If given the chance, freedom, like an employee without trial or hearingor even explanation. This practice may a tree, can grow, even in Brooklyn. I suppose we could paraphrase that and damage careers and cripple personalities.Isn't this a problem for citizens to say, The roots of freedom are deep within our heritage. They are a strong face realistically? force Among us, perhaps in spite of us, If given a chance, the tree will grow One of our biggest problems-today is apathy. Apathy is fartoo widespread, and flourish. says one group. We must mobilize enthusiasmfor getting more people to One group says: Discrimination is a matter of education,or maybe the careto care about their votes,to care about their neighbors, to care about lack of it. In other words, if we practice discriminationwe arc just plain the immediate community, tocare about the world. stupid. 43 44 :10 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE THE YOUTH PROGRAM -- .11 But we can teach people to think in terms of freedom. Oneavenue of such requested tselect two organizations, two secular organizations in this cowl- teaching is through our public schools. The communityhas special responsi- to stand back of you, could ryou do any better, could you get a greater bilities to public education. Community membersshould have a share in sense of security and serenity than by having the National Education Associa- deCiding what is taught in schools. But,suggests a group, they should leave tion and the United' States Department of Justice standing back of you? I to professional educators the decisionas to how it should be taught. kink that is a privilege. There is no question about it, The public, through public education, has some special responsibilities to Several years ago at the National Conference on Social Work in Atlantic young citizens: for example, to provide able teachers and to provide adequate C.y the Reverend Charles Bermingham said the following words, and I physical facilities. Andwe should see to it that there is a Clear understanding ant to quote them to you. He said: and free and open discussion when school boardmembers are selected. But education for citizenship isn'ta matter of the age of the learner. This Those agencies and institutions which enjoy respect and esteem education for citizenship should start in the homein infancy and should in American life must prudently and progressively provide oppor- be continued throughout life. tunities for more dynamic and realistic youth expression. Abandon- ing sonic of their safeguards and privileges, these educational, You know, I guess this is whatwe are trying to say: we really mean it religious, and social institutions must exhibit a confidence in the when we say that freedom is everybody's business, and we had better get busy. rank and Me of American young people to the end that the leader-. For we really mean it whenwe say we are ready to work for freedom in the ship of this group will join with the adult leaders of those agencies' worldfreedom for today and tomorrow, in fostering the best interests and widest good for the local, national, and international community in which they live. Youth Chairman, Mr. Flynn, That quotation along with several recommendations made at the Midcentury "Shares the Work" White House Conference on Children and Youth has been read by thousands of youth readers all over the country, I wish I could say that youth participa- CHAIRMAN DAVIS:Thank you, Dr. Cunningham. tion has grown in leaps ang.,hOUnds because of those statements. I cannot say This is the sharethe-work spoton this program. We are going to share the it because I don't think 'it iSA'tieue. Leaders of youth organizations are much responsibility at this time with Mr. William J.Flynn. Mr, Flynn keeps his like some golfers that Ikrigtfhey talka good game. They play in the 80's youthful appearance because of, his associationwith young people. He is the in the locker room in the clubhouse, but they very seldom break 100 on the assistant director of the American Junior Red CrossYouth Chairman. He fairways. . 2q- '.', . .., ,,,-,:, will address himself and direct your attention to the topic,The Place of Fortunately, the National Conference on Citizenship has always given a Youth in the Sixth National Conference on Citizenship." Mr. Flynn has been proper place to youth in its program. I say that and I think that you can a member of our Planning Committee of this Conference and of these con back it up by what youave seen today. Leaders in youth organizations ex- ) ferences from the beginning, and he has served the Citizenship Conferences hibited today in the various workshops saw that youth participated. I say in niany capacities. It is witha great deal of pleasure that I present him now, that they participated on an equal basis, They were treated as adults. That is Mr. Flynn. (Applause) a question that is debatable. Sonic people say it is impossible to have youth MR, WILLIAM 3. FLYNN(Assistant National Director, American Junior Red participate on an equal basis with adults because of three good reasons: First, CrossYouth Chairman): Thankyou, Dr. Davis, they haven't maturity. Second, they haven't stability. Third, they haven't the I wish that no speaker hadever started his remarks with "It is a pleasure p experience. and a privilege to be here," because Iwant to say that, and I want to say it You people in the audience who have taken fundamental first year algebra sincerely. In fact, I am going tosay it.It is a pleasure and a privilege to be or any mathematics at all know that there is such ,a thing as an equation, here on this platform tonight. It isa pleasure because looking out over the that to have an equality you must have something on the lefthand side of the audience I see many youthful faces, and itis always a pleasure to calk with equation equal to whatever is on the righthand side. So already jou say that youth about what they can do to solve the problemsof adults in this troubled youth has three minutes: Experience, stability, and maturity. I say that adults world. It is a privilege to be here becauseI ask you confidentially if you were have minuses too, and they might be apathy, indifference, lethargy. 45 4 6' 42 THE CITIZENSHIP CCINFEREN ; THE YOUTH PROGRAM 43 But then let's look away from the negatiside. You know from .your New York Times Forum mathematics that on one side you have positive and negative, and sometimes Officials Introduce Program an unknown, and on the other side a similar combination. So let's look at the five grand pluses of the youth, namely vitality, exuberance, enthusiasm, ANNOUNCER: The New Y ork TimesYouth Forum. sincerity, frankness, and lack of sophisticatiokin a,philosophicalsense. Then At this time we bring youa special forum in which youth and young adults I think you will realize you 'havea genuine, ai real equality which should not exchange ideas on vital issues. Theprogram is being presented as part of the be passively recognized but actively encouraged. National Conference on Citizenship sponsored by theDepartment of Justice You leaders of youth organizations in the audience should pay heed to and the National Education Association. Itcomes from the Presidential Room the example set in this conference by giviniyOuth an opportunity to par. of the Statler Hotel in Washington. tkipate. In the next few' minutes, I hope,you will havr the opportunity of The members of the forum have been selected from differentareas of the listening to this panel, They 'representa cross - section' of this country. In their country in order to have a representative cross-section of American youth. names we 'don't have a Tom, Dick and Harry, but we have a Jim, Dick, and The Honorable W. Averell Harriman, special assistantto the President Jerry. I might say that this ;groupwas not,picked willy.nilly. We asked some of the United States, will actas adult guest to discuss with the youth "What 40 youth organizations to' send in applications, Weiscreened theseapplica is a Citizen's Responsibility ina Democracy?" tions, and we have tried to geta tress- section of the cduntry,'You'will note Dorothy Gordon, moderator of youth forums for the New YorkTimes, that we have three girls and three boys. Altholgh thereare more women in and author of "You and Democracy," presidesat this forum, And now, here this country than men, we evened, that out We 'do havesomeone from a is Miss Gordon, (Applause) rural section, I believe Burns Flat, Oklahoma: which isg,town of300. We have other representatives from largeMetropolitanareas, MISS GORDON: Good evening, everybody. This.d(Dorothy Gordon speaking (The participants in the panel entered the room.) (Applause), from the Presidential Room of the Statler Hotel in Washington,where, the Sixth National Conference on Citizenship la being held, sponsored bythe MR. FLYNN: I just sairk about .you fine boys and'girls thatyou are just Department of Justice and the National Education Association. The large average; you are normal, Yokare no better than anybody else in any other audience represents more thorly 700 leading national organizations which make youth organization'in thrcountry, Soyou people but ,there who are leaders up our democratic way of 16: The six members of the panel area true cross- in youth organizations or school teachers, these peopleare not exceptional. ., section of American youth. With us isan adult guest whom I will introduce You have members just like, them in your'organization; All I can say is, in a moment but first we will ask the panel membersto introduce themselves, please use them, t, Now it gives me very great 'pleasure; to intpduceour moderator. She carne to radio from the stage where she was knrA 'here and abroad 'for her folk Participants Are from Many song recitals. She soon became known as theing and story lady; and in.her Areas of Country and Thought long career has appeared'on allkthr Major, networks. Steis...yaveled ex tensively and has bladea Study, of chiidren:s radio programs in a number of MR. WILSON: I am Richard Wilson, 23 years ofage, from California, European, countries, Notching the conitant,indoctritation"ofyouth in totali- Pennsylvania, I am attending Temple University andam representing the tarian countries, she became.a. crusader for democracy and has pledged her- Boy Scouts of America. self to sec that our children shall be giVenan understanding of democracy MISS ALEXANDER: I am Joy Alexander. I am 17years old, I am from and a realization that it isa way of life that offers unique freedoms enjoyed Burns Flat, Oklahoma, I am representing the 4-H clubs and the high 'school by few national. groups today. This fervo'r stimulatedher Youth Forums and students. has taken shape in her bOok,,"You and Democracy,"which she hopes will give children an abiding'faith andfervor for democracy. MR. RICHARDS: I am Gerald Richards from Elmira, New York. Iam 17 It gives me,great pleasure to turn this meetingover to our moderator, years old. I represent the National YMCA and the high school students of Dorothy Gordon of the New .1/ ork Elmira Academy, 47, ,io,...a ig.1.41.\ 1111'1,0,411.1ti;141.1, I lotil I I PM it 111ASI 4t4 MISS JAMES: I am Claudette James, 15 years old, high school juniorrep. MISS JAMES: A citizen has beendefined as one who owes allegiance to a resenting the Future Homemakers of America. Iam from Forsythe, Georgia, government and expects protection from that government.From this defini. tion we see that citizens have a responsibility tm their government,fora MR. ROBINSON: [ am Jim Robinon, a studel at George Washington democracy assunxis that citizens support it or it cannot survivt University here in Washington. Like another member of the panel,I, too, come from the state of Oklahomi, I have been nominated by the American MISS 6onhoN: You don't entirely agreewith Mr, Webster, do you, that Legion. "A% being a citizen is just having the privileges in a democracy? MISS COLEMAN: I am Mary Coleman, 22 years of age. I come from Haiti., MR, ROBINSON: I think it canbe summed up, Miss Gordon, that citizen. more Maryland. 4workfor a labor union, and I am representing the United shipis privileges on the one hand and responsibilities onthe other. World Federalists. ---, Muss GORDON: It is acombination of them both, MISS GORDON: As yOu see, we really have a true crosssection of youth and MR. ROBINSON: Yes. young adults. Our gt,,, t is a citizen not only of this country but of the world. He has a rich backgro' d of service in the nationalas well as the international MISS CORDON: AU right,Mary ti field. As a Ring amiiassador for thconomic CorporationAdministration, mitiS COLEMAN: I think that citizenshipis more than just privileges and Mr. Harriman saw the Marshall Plan in action and witnessedthe effects of responsibilities in a political sense and formal sense. It is alsoeveryday livitig economic stabilizatiol on wartorn countries and what it d6esto raise the in a democracy, translating our democraticprificiples into our social and morale of the peoples; Mr. Harriman,as you all know, was Ambassador to economic life as well as our political. Russia and watched tke ioviet Union in operation during andafter the war, He4nows about life li !totalitarianstate, and because of his knowledge he MISS GORDON: We speak ofprivileges and responsibilities. What would has dedicated himselfltofthe,cause of preserving democracy,with profound you say are the privileges orthe rights of a citizen in a democracy? Dick, conviction that it musOn'clure, did you raise your hand? % I take great pleasure in presenting the Special Assistantto the President MR. WILSON: I was just going to say,Isn't a citizen one who exchanges of the United States, 'Ile Honorable W. Averell Harriman,Mr. Harriman, responsibilities for rights and loyalty for liberty? (Applause) MISS GORDON: Yes, Joy? MR, HARRIMAN: Miss Gordon, I am very happy to be backon the pro- has a very good idea there, With every gram with you and these boys and girls here. I expect to learna whole lot MISS ALEXANDER: I think that Dick these obligations tonight. The subject iS one of intense importance because whatwe arc 'faced right that we have goes an obligation. Are we to live up to nation will be with in the world is 'whether democracycan survive against the threat of and accept our responsibilities?,Otherwise, I don't think our totalitarianism. So,1 havecome to learn and I think it is a high privilege able to progress in the future, for me to be hereP, ' MISS GORDON: You all speak veryglibly and very nicely and in very beauti- i ful terms about what you think a citizen is and what' are acitizen's rights. MISS Gosnox:',!I* sure, Mr. Harriman, you will giveus a great deal. Mr. Harriman, do you want to come in at this moment? The topic as wcit,'Worded it h, ",What is the Citizen'sResponsibility in a Democracy? I., ought that perhapswe might start the discussion by asking MR. FIARRIMAN: I think it hasbeen pretty well summed up. The word is OOur panel mem s dto define the word"citizenship."Wht-do you mean by used in other connections in the Soviet Union, A Soviet citizenis a person word "citizetiship',!? who is under the domination of the State. Soviet citizens are notallowed to k leave their country unless they are given permission,and very few of them are, MR, R1CHARDS Looking at it from the technical sensewe could go into They are pretty much told what they shall do from thetime they are young. ebster's dictiotiary which states thata citizen is an inhabitant of a town or- sters until the time they die, So it is aquestion of how each country interprets City, especially one who enjoys its privileges. that word, I certainly agree with the interpretationthat has been given by ?ass GORDON: Yes, Claudette. the panel. 49 46 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE THE YOUTH PROGRAM 47 MISS GORDON: Yes. That is why I go back again to what is the right ofa 4I think we have a few on the panel who are votirigwe will be able to be citizen in a democracy, becausewe are discussing the responsibility of a responsible citizens, citizen in a democracy. MISS GORDON: Where does your responsibility come from? Where do you MR. ROBINSON: What you are asking is: What isa citizen? What does the get your ideas of citizenship, your ideals of citizenship? young citizen owe to his democracy or his country? MISS COLEMAN: I thought perhaps we didn't fully cover our rights that MISS GORDON: No. I want to find out what is the right ofevery citizen we have in democracy, In the Western civilization we have built up more in a democracy. What doyou think is the right? and more rights until today we have a wonderful roster of rightspretty well demonstrated by our Constitution and its interpretation, First andpost basic mi. WILSON: I think I 4ouldsay the right of a citizen in a democracy is our freedom, our right of free thought, right of free assembly, and tight of is to participate in that democracy and in thegovernment, in the community, free press. Then in the last few hundred years we have been addingnew and on a statewide anda national basis. rights, the right to a job which is guaranteed perhaps in our kind of society MISS GORDON: All right, Joy., by the right of workers to organize and enjoy union efforts and privileges the right to decent housing, the right to enough moneil to livea good life`, MISS ALEXANDER: We have a right to participate, and I think that right so that you can participate in democratic processes. I think those are rights COMM in with another responsibility, When you ask someone what is the from which come our responsibilities. responsibility of a citizen I think the first thingto be said is to vote. But MR. ROBINSON: Mary, howare these rights going to be,achieved? Does that action requires clear thinking before it'can bea good action, So I think one of our responsibilities is to think as well is to act. society owe them to members of society and if so, just how does it dedicate and hand down these rights to society? MISS GORDON: Then where does your thinking col% from? . MISS COLEMAN: In this country we have our Constitution which guarantees MISS ALEXANDER: We should form our own opinions and not be afraidto them and through our courts we interpret them, We also haveand I think disagree with some of our leaders, Weare already grateful to 4ave that op. this is importantorganizations outside of the political organizations which portunity in contrast to the communists that Mr. Harriman toldus about. can guarantee and continue our rights, because if you" fighting for you, it doesn't matter what is down on paper., '-Miffs GORDON: Claudette? rights by sticking together and working for them, MISS JAMES: I think it is the right of every citizen to receive thebenefits MISS ,GORDON: Do you think all citizens in the United States of America of a democdcy on an equal basis. are receiving those rights that you enumerate so well? MISS GORDON: Yes. As a matter of fact, I think that that is what I wanted MISS COLEMAN: No place is perfect. I think that we receive them better to hear, didn't you, Mr. Harriman? than any totalitarian country like Spain or Russia today: 1 think, however), MR. HARRIMAN: Very much so. Equal privileges and equal responsibilities there is a long way to improvement yet, and the best thing about this country\i. to all citizens. is that we still have freedom of assembly, free press, and free speech, and we can continue to criticize and improve it. MR. ROBINSON: I want to ask Joy a question. Shesays one responsibility is to vote, In most states one can't vote until he is21. In concrete terms of MIL HARRIMAN: May I ask a question? these personalities hire, those ofus who are younger than 21, whit is our MISS GORDON: Yes, responsibility? MR. HARRIMAN: I suppose I am kind of old-fashioned. I fully agree that a MISS ALEXANDER: I think it is the responsibility of each of us to live as a citizen has certain rights, but what isit that the citizen does which justifies good citizen, to be a good example, and to participate in activities such as that long list of rights? What are the obligations that he assumes or she as these, so when that day comes when the rest of us will be able to vote. sumes to participate? p IP ,koisa.01111'1.,(1111:10,0il.e. 111.,101.111i Iltut,KAM 49 Mi. WILSON: Oril obligation thatwe must all assume I think is to speak munity planning. Then I think we owe to societythe responsibility of carry. truthfully and frankly aboutthe way we feel. It is often soeasy, particularly ing Out these things that it has given us todo. when we get involved in political activities and politicaldoings, to be sub- MISS GORDON: Do yOu thinkthat the various factors of the community are jective in our thinking and to feel theway a certain man does because he operating enough to develop responsible citizenship? belongs to a certain political party. I thinkwe have to be objective in our thinking and our speaking andsay exactly what we feel, no matter what our MR. ROBINSON: I don'tknow. I could answer only in part for Washington. party thinks or says. and for Blackwell, Oklahoma, perhaps with someparticularity. I think that is I just don't think it could he answered on anationwide miss GORDON: Yes, Jerry? an individual matter. MR. RICHARDS: I would like to further my 'opinion and what Dick said MISS GORDON: What are thefactors in the community that are supposed here. I would say it would bea real duty of a citizen to learn to live in civic to promote citizenship? and national opportunities and to take these opportunitiesand learn to live with all types of people and exercisea moral obligation to see that all types, MR. ROBINSON: The church, thehome, the school, the civic clubs. As I say, races, creeds and religions, all receive an equal chance in sucha democracy as I can answer for one community, but not forthe nation. we idealistically are striving for and which we must reach. isiiss GORDON: How do youfeel about that, Claudette? MISS GORDON: When you are 'doing that you becomea responsible citizen, MISS JAMES: I agree withJames. I think the church, the school,and the is that it? parents and teachers all have a responsibilityfor teaching the people ideals MR. RICHARDS: That is the idea, yes. of good citizenship. MISS GORDON: Yes, Jim? MISS GORDON: Are theydoing it? MISS JAMES: I can speakfor but one place, and that is the South. MR. ROBINSON: All well and good with this idea, but let'sput it into practice. How do you make it work? Whatare the means of achieving this MR, HARRIMAN: May I ask aquestion? goal? Miss GORDON:Yes, Mr. Harriman. MR. RICHARDS; It is up to the young citizen of today to study the party platforms, the problems before him, and to form hisown opinion so that he Who Improves Our Society may actively participate in the debates and the various organizations that can And How? Mr, Harriman Asks alleviate these circumstances. MR. HARRIMAN: I agree withall these obligations on the idealistic side and. MISS GORDON: Let's get down to basic things for a moment. I want to the obligations on the practicalside of making better citizens. But what about ask you two questions. One is, I hearso many young people say, "I don't to society as a whole? Whatabout the economic obligations? After all, we ,owe anything to society. I didn't ask to be born. Yoll broughtme into the all have to eat, and we have to have something over ourheads, and we want world, and society owesme everything." How do you young people feel to have a chance to get aroundthe country. about that? MISS ALEXANDER: I thinksociety and the whole people should create the MISS ALEXANDER: I have heard a few young people who have just gradu- opportunity for people to help themselves inthe community. ated from high schoolsay, "What's the use of going to college?" but I don't MISS COLEMAN: What is yourquestion, Mr. Harriman? think that is representative of the majority ofyoung people. I think the emphasis falls on what wecan do for others more than what others can dp is the economic obligation ofhe individual to I MR. HARRIMAN; What for us in the majority. society? and MR. WILSON: I think society owes us something. I think it owes us the MISS COLEMAN: You aresuggesting if someone inherits enough money opportunity to do something, to participate in community activities andcam- doesn't have to work, should he go ahead and work? 53 54 Sv 50 THE CITIZENSHIP' NFERENCE THE YOUTH PROGRAM 51 MR. HARRIMAN: I am not suggesting anything. (Laughter) You know,we MR. HARRIMAN: Exactly. What is the economic obligation? all have to eat. Thereare certain things one inherits from one's father such MR. ROBINSON: Miss Gordon, I think Mary may very well be as a roof over one's head. We all have to eat andwe all have to get on and on, the right - raise track, but I think she is tending to leadus astray. Site has adopted one very extreme example of one family in Baltimore thatowns three automobiles. I MISS GORDON: A family. ask, has any government the right to determineor regul.ate the margin of utility of that certain second or third car? Would she dispose MR. 'HARRIMAN: a family and perhaps make things a little better than absolutely of entrepreneurs in this country's economic system and suggest that their they were before, Just what is the obligationto produce that each citizen has? prop erty be expropriated? She has adopted onevery extreme example. Certainly MISS COLEMAN: That depends upon the social system under whichyou there are other examples equally fair. work, If you workas we do in America, under our system where we have MISS GORDON: Come onvlary, Do you want to private enterprise, I wouldsuppose you would say that it is the obligation of come back on that? the capitalist or the private enterprise person to provide enough jobs and MISS COLEMAN: In a country such as ours wherewe have, first, a high try to keep up full employment in our society, and therefore the worker by standard of living, and,' second,a democratic political system, and, third, his very economic nature will have to find a job. Hqwever, we discover that a modern industrial society developed to such extent, with all the benefits of society does not provide full employment, that society does not prevent" de. our modern society, I don't think there is any excuse forany child not having -iitission. Perhaps we will have to reexamine its economicbasis and sec if a chance even to go to college, and certainly for not havinga chance to live we can't find some better way of working outour problems and some better in a home where he gets threesquare meals a day, a chance to go to school, way of giving everybody a chance to work anda chance to better himself. and so forth. I am posing the prbhlem. We have thesewonderful benefits. We have one of the greatest societies and li\filizations MR. ROBINSON: What doyou suggest? Mary, what means do you suggest? that has ever come What alternatives are there? into existence in the whole world, and yetwe still have these problems. We must not avoid them, We must face the problems that thereare plenty of MASS COLEMAN: Well, I chink that thereare a lot of improvements that children, particularly in the South, plenty of children who don'teven get a need to be made. decent education, much lessa chance for a good high school or college MR. ROBINSON: What improvements? education. They don't get really enough tocat once they get beyond the age of 12 or 14 and private charity stops takingcare of them. MISS COLEMAN: Partly through the political and partly throughthe economic, MISS GORDON: How are these conditions going to be improved in a democracy? Who does it? MR. ROBINSON: How through political and economic? MISS COLEMAN: That is the beauty of our system. We havea democratic MISS COLEMAN: For example, I think it is quite often in thiscountry the system, Thereby we can improve it both through thegovernment and through kind of profit that has been made inthe last five years by the 19 big businesses private organizations, I personally would favor leavingthe government out that make billions of dollars of profitwhile I see every day, inmy union of most of it and lettingus work out our problems in our own way. organizing, families in need. Inone family which was in need a man and a woman and four children were all living inone room with two double beds. MISS GORDON: Mr. Harriman? There is something wrong with a system where one person in Baltimorecan Afit, HARRIMAN: I think you are basically right, Mary. That is onlyone have a big home with threecars and two chauffeurs and other persons in the part of the problem, and you sec it. same city can't go to.college, I wish there weremore young people your age who had the same feeling, because thenmany of these conditions MISS GORDON: You believe thi ondition should be bettered. Howare which still exist in this country would he corrected, I do believe thatyou conditions bettered inour societ I think that is what Mr. Harriman means ought to look at the other side of it and analyzewhat has created this great in his question. Where dOes theresponsibility lie to improve our society? productive power in this country. After all, theAmerican peoplecan out -isn't that the question, Mr. Harriman? produce other countries two or threeor six or ten to one. Something has TIII; YOUTH PIUXRAM 53 happened in this country,i Don't overlook that in tryingto gain the still MR, RICHARDS: It is taking an active part, and a very good part, I would further objective whichwe all have before us. I am very happy to hear you say, in bringing to the fore the needs for the youth ,in New .York State, for say the thingi that you do. But beforeyou make up your.mind what kind of example, youth did participate in a political school that was carried on last changes should be inour society or what kind of things should be developed, summer. The League has been bringing up various speakers and various do some analyzing as to what it was that created that great productivecapacity organizational opportunities for the youth of New York State. of our country which has brought more benefits to more people thanany other country. miss CORDON: Wait a moment. You have strayed away ft'om my question, which was: What is the woman's place as a citizen in the community? Why MISS GORDON: That goes back to the basic"principlesof our democracy and is it the boys are taking up t is question? the relations of citizens to the responsibility of the community andthe various factors of the community. Do you young people feel thatyou have been MR. WILSON: I think a wo an has a great deal of responsibility, perhaps prepared for responsible citizenship and that all theyoung Reople of this even more so than a man, and that you women here in the audience have a country, or, shall we say, the majority ofthem, have been ? responsibility. Younger children are more under your influence than they are under that of their fathers. Therefore if you have the right ideas of citizen- MR, NILSON: I was going togo to the schools as one example. I think ship, the right attitudes, and are able to give training to the children, it can the schools are potentiallya great force in developing our future citizens, mean a lot to them in the future. Therefore, the woman's place is a very active Frankly they are falling downon!lrr job toa great extent, In the first place, I feel the forces one indeed, we have for citizenship and allied helds in highschool and college are not coordinated at all to the end that thereis continuity MISS GORDON: Here is a representative of the Homemakers of America.. between thecourses and that we actually progress and are thinking toward Claudette, come on. active citizenship later. I don'tthink that all ofour teachers are looking Add MISS JAMES: Dick said something about the teachers being responsible for looking to the fact that someday soon weare going to become citizens, this problem of citizenship. I know that we are receiving training in citizen- thatweare going to have theresponsibility of takingupon our shoulders this great country, this ship in various organizations, but I would like to say that parents and other great government, and than to do thiswe must have a lot of training, we must have attitudes, ideals, andexperiencek, people are also supposed to teach us the ideals of citizenship, MISS GORDON: Can other factors in thecommunity coordinate and supple. miss GORDON: You get it from the various factors. You feel that irt learning ment perhaps some of the things You donot get in high school ? how to live together with people you have to have all organizations, all com- munity activities come into itis that it? MISS ALEXANDER: Siticelam the 4 -H club representative, we do supple. ment the training which is received in theschools, is. the church and home,,. Mr. Harriman, I want to ask you a question, Do you feel that the present and work together cooperatively, it is democracy in action. 'I think thatwe . emergency requires a re-examination of the functions and duties of citizen- are receiving training in citizenship from the practical standpoint so thatwe ship? will be able to putit intouse right rim and in the future too. MR, HARRIMAN: Yes, I do.I think it requires a greater responsibility MISS GORDON: You know, Joy, you hit a very important thing. The 4.H today than at any time in perhaps our history, because we are engaged in'an clubsand the boys' of course are also members of the 4-H clubsare the ideological struggle which really does threaten our survival. I am convinced rural and the farm end of it, aren't they? What about woman's placeas a that we will meet it, but it requires a degree of effort, a degree of'sacrihce citizen and woman's place in our society? What do the young gentlen:enor without a tangible objective. In war there'is a tangible objective, but today the young women have to say? Allright, Jerry. our objective' is to strengthen our country to cooperate with other countries, MR, RICHARDS: I would like ,to bringout that in New York State the to learn how to work together with other free countries, to exercise,patien,c and understanding with other people. This responsibility has come to us League of Women Voters is becomingvery powerful in the state itself. because we are the strongest nation in the world, and we must give that MR. ROBINSON: What do you mean by "pbwerful," Jerry? leadership. 57 58 54 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE THE YOUTH PROGRAM 55 ti So I do believe today the young people vAI:o are growing up have to learn and be thrilled at living, andpass something on to the next generation, which not only to be good citizens of their own community, of their own country, no generation has ever been able to do before. but to learn to be good citizens of the world. MR. ROBINSON: I think that is a great statement.I am in full accord with MISS GORDON: How do you young people feel about that, extending your that, I don't want Mr. Harrimanto think l am disagreeing with him, responsibilityof citizenship from your community to the nation and to the world. Jim? Audience Comes into Discussion With Varied Pertinent Questions MR, ROBINSON: I wanted to ask Mr. Harriman a question, I am in full accord with him as to the enormity of the present crisis, But hasn't every MISS GORDON: You said thatwas a great statement, and I wanted it heard emergency, Mr. Harriman, that this country has ever faced been one that I think we are going to bringour audience into the discussion with ,us now has caused a re-examination of our basic tenets? And when we talk so much with alquestion from the floor. in t of the great sacrifice that we are going to be required to deliver FROM THE FLOOR: My [lime is Wilbert Petty, I to *country, don't you thinkperhaps in these terms of fear, which represent the Kelly Wood Chapter of the FTA of Howard University.My question is directed to the essentially is the short-range motivewe are barking up the wrong alley? panel, Today there is much indiscriminatelabeling of organizations and persons as being led," What can be done to MR. HARRIMAN: I didn't understand. Barking up the wrong alley in what? protect innocent persons who are accused of communist connections? MR. ROBINSON: I agree we are going to have to sacrifice, but to dwell on MISS COLEMAN: I think thereare perhaps two major areas that can do this it continually, as sometimes has been done, don't you think that is the wrong The first one is represented largely by the teachers, Inour educational system approach? if we teach the basic structure of political democracy, ifwe teach the distinc tions, then people will not fall into MR. HARRIMAN: I would like nothing better than to have everybody assume this hysterical attitude, Second, I think our press is largely responsible for responsibility, but until the argument about General MacArthur came along, some of the hysteria and indiscriminate labeling. I think they should relaxation was the order of the day, in my opinion, in the United States. In assume a more responsible.attitude toward trying to bring us calmness and December last, the government was being criticized for not doing enough, reason. I have complete faith in democracy thatif we have calmness and reason there will be and then in two or three months everybody was wondering whether it was no more trouble along this line. all worth while. I don't know how else in a democracy you can get people MR. HARRIMAN: Of course, needlessto say I am against all forms of to take responsibility than by the responsible people talking about the real communist subversion in thiscountry. But I am appalled thatythe' necessity issue, for that question whichwe must all face exists in this country7at the idea. that our civilians in this country should be terrified and subjectsto attack OF MR: ROBINSON: That is my wholegpoint. I agree with you entirely.Itis such a way that people have to ask a question like that, Inor democracy the fear that we were trying to put into the hearts and minds of the Amer. every one should have a fair trial. Noneshould be guilty. by .association. ion people after Korea, that troubles me. It was the same fear after the Everybody hasa right to go around to meetings and be inquisitive about second communist assault, It is the same fear we are trying to drive home what is going on. I don't think itis necessary to stampout communism in after the MacArthur crisis.I say fear is a short-range motive...,That is this country by adopting totalitarian methods, namely, guiltby suspicion, why there is a relaxationbecause it produces fear instead of something else. guilt by association, Let'sget that out of this country. (Appluse) MR. HARRIMAN: Fear is the least desirable emotion to arouse, It seems to MISS GORDON: Another question from thefloor. me the job that is ahead of this generation is to build,the free world so it FROM THE FLOOR: My can be impervious to attack, so that it can by its example end tyrannya name is Richard Kennan. I an with theNEA Defense Commission andI would like to ask these development that I believe it is within our power to achieve if we are wise young people if they think the otherstates should follow the example Of and lead to a peaceful world. That is a positive objective which we can take, Georgia.in showing faith in the political maturity of young people by giving themthe vote at 18? 69 59 THE YOUTH PROGRAM 57 MR, WILSON: Definitely so. I think that once a student getsout of high FROM TH4 FLOOR: I am Carol Maley. I am representing American church school there isa certain gap between that time and the time that he hasan youth, I would like to ask the opinion of the panelon one of the questions opportunity to vote. Ifwe can get our young people voting when they are that has confronted the delegates of the conference, ancithat is: To what 18 and still in high school where the teachers havean opportunity to inspire extent should we force our own conception and pattern Of democracy and them with ideals of proper citizenship, then I thinkwe are going to have a our own patriotism upon the people of other countries? lot more active participatingcitizens later, MR. RICHARDS:Ithink that could be answered pretty much by the mtss'coanow: Youcome from Georgia, don't you, Claudette? How doyou UNESCO progiam, UNESCO is doing a very fine johon this question, I feel about theage in your state? would say it would depend very much on the education standpoint, Ignorance 1411sS JAMES: I am is no excuse, I would say educate the people and let them form theirown, very, much in favor of this because Ithink if a boy is able to go into the Army opinions. at 18 he should be able tovote at 18, (Ap aiise) MISS COLEMAN: I would like MR, HARRIMAN: We don't want to adopt the methods of the Kremlin, to say no taxation withoutrepresentation. (Laughter) do we, and impose our system on anybody, We don'twant satellites around the world, What we want to do is to give peoplea chance to lead the kind littss GORDON: We have anotherquestion. of .lives and organize their own affairs as they wish. (Applause) MR, HARRIMAN: Can Isay. I am for the young people voting because I am MISS COMM Do you think, Mr. Harriman, that people would 'choose sure more of them turn out, What is had in our country is thatonly about 50 freedom if they had the opportunity to be free and the benefits ofa true percent of the people entitled to vote come to the polls, democracy that really works? I J MISS GORDON: But wouldn't it be important that those whoturn out know MR. HARRIMAN: If thky can eat, they will choose to eat first. That is what howto vote, and perhaps that is thelow important question,isn't it, Mr, Harri is so important about the Point Fourprogram, which all the American people, man? I think, support, tory to develop a world expanding economy where 'every MR. HARRIMAN: I think that is body can at least ga minimum life. Then you have a chance for freedo what is happening withthe young people of this country today, to thrive. FROM THE FLOOR: I am Bill Warner, official delegate of the Boy Sc s MISS GORDON: A question fromthe 11001% of America, and adviser to the Future Teachers of America delegation.In FROM THE FLOOR: Iam Norma LeBlond, from Hartford, Connecticut. what different ways could you help young peopleas they rea the age of 21 I am representing 10,000 teachers of the StateInw ore members of the to accept their responsibilities as citizens to the fullest extent ssible? Connecticut Education Association, I should like ask the panel, how do you'think citizenship MISS CORDON How can you help,other young people to accept andassume can be better taught in the schoolstoday? the responsibilities of citizenship? MISS GORDON: We will take Joy. MR, ROBINSON: That means there is going to have to be cooperation MISS ALEXANDER: I think thatevery teacher is a teacher of citizenship, between young people and adults, Thatmeans, I think, there is going to have and I think one of the best ways that shecan be aPteacher citizenship is to be a cooperative school program that bringsyou into the activities of that) by living the role ofbeing a good citizen, by beingan example that her 4 school, Local communities can not simplyrun activities with the adults alone. pupils can follow.(Applause) There must be cooperation. MR. RICHARDS: There is anotherpoint you could bring up with the teacher. FROM THE FLOOR: My name is Dolores Weaver, and Iam a junior at The teachercan further the student's idea of citizenship bb encouraging him Armstrong High School, Washington, D. C. I would liketo ask the panel: to participate ineschool activities as well as 'encouraging him to participate in Don't you think if our parents have been thinkingwrong they should admit outside political' activities, to us young people that they have been thinking in thewrong way? MISS GORDON: Further questions? MISSCORI: Wehave the question. 62 58 THE CITIZEHSkIIP CONFERENCE ( MR. RICHARDS: I think itis up to the high school students of today to HE LUNCHEON SESSION listen to their parents, but to formulate their own opinions. (Laughter) FROM THE FLOOR: I am Mary Botley, representing the Federation of Friday Afternoon, May 18, 1951, 1 , Citizens Associations of tht District of Columbia. Sometimes I have been considered a second.class citizen; because we don't have the vote here, I Commissioner of Immigration and want to ask these young people of the panel whether they think itis their Naturalization Service Presides responsibility when they can vote to help us to get one also ?\ MISS GORDON:, James, you are in Washington. We will take you. The meeting convened at 1:45 o'clockp. m. The HONORABLE ARGYLE R. MACKEY (commissioner, Immigration and Naturalization Service, United MR. ROBINSON: Yes, but 1 ani a citizen of Oklahoma, and I must confess States Department of Justice) presiding, introduced Rabbi NormanGersten- that some of the people of Oklahotna do not feel the way this lady does. feld,, minister of the Washington Hebrew Congregation, who delivered the MISS GORDON: The question was, would you, as you develop into Toting invocation. citizens, help them get the vote? RABBI GERSTENFELD: MR. ROBINSON: I can't answer that, I don't know, 0 Thou who art'the peace of the world, MISS COLEMAN: I would, foronr,,anyway. Save our generation from the terrors of violence that cometh by night and FROM. THE FLOOR: I would Ititt to ask the pane1,4ie they have placed the arrows of hatred that flieth by day, so much emphasis on the place of education, how they would account for the From the pestilence that walketh in darkness and its destruction that apathy of the American people toward education. As Dr. Carr said this wasteth at noonday, morning,,, there is a wholesale exodus of teachers from our schools fop economic reasons. Since this problem was recognized in the first and second 0 Thou NY o hast been our refuge and our fortress thru t agesour altar world wars, why are we closing our eyes to it now? devotion, Light our lives with Thy sacred fire andour hearts with T y flame MISS, GORDON: lam sorry, we can't take that because we are coming to So that with strength of spirit andcourage of purpose we will strive the end of our program, and I would like to ask Mr. Harriman if perhaps towards a world bringing life and light andpeace unto the children he will say something before we have to go off the air. \of men. MR. HARRIMAN: I have been very much stimulated tonight by this talk. Guide us in our deliberations Our generation has made lots of mistakes. But I think you young people have So that thru our labor we bring an inheritance, and I can tell from this discussion that vigorous youth are nearer the sacred day when peace shall be to him who is far and to him who is going to carry on, and more power to them. near, And the world shall be filled with the knowledge of Theeeven as the MISS GORDON: Thank you very much. I hate to have this program inter- waters cover the sea. Amen, rupted, but our time is up. For the National Conference on Citizenship of the Department of Justice CHAIRMANIMACKEY: Ladies and gentlemen: It is indeedan honor and a privilege to take part in this magnificent National Conference and the National Education Association, and for the New York Dmer., I on Citizenship. This gathering is genuinely thank our guest, Mr. W. Averell Harriman, and the panel. I think that'all a crossseCtion of America here, with representa- tives of organizations and agencies covering of you will agree they gave us many important things to think about. Our every good aspect of American life and reaching almost the entire population of America appreciation also goes out to Station WOL in Washington and the Liberty come together in a spirit of unity and with, as sole objective, the good of our country and the Network for theiricooperation in this broadca.ste If all citizens will recognize peace and happiness of all mankind. their responsibilities and their functions in a democracy, we will certainly have no need to fear the future. This is Dorothy Gordon saying goodbye. (Ap If there is any person in the National Conferenceon Citizenship who yause) might be deemed indispensable it is the lovely and keen-thinking lady who [59] 63 64 i hi,t,ia ic.1 .01111(.1)1N11,111,1M.1, 1101,014t,111..to nymt ) leathers arc too often gd&I little has done such an admirable job during theserecent years in presenting the from economic and political security? The themselves thumbnail reports of the discussiongroups. It is a pleasure to present to you soldiers who obey for public good, but fail at times to assert now Dr. Ruth Cunningham, associate professor, Teachers College, Columbia against exploitation. (. alumni)/ University. (Applause) Another group says, Actual first-hand experienceni i ivic .Ind en activities is essential for allteachers, certain that people who are Thumbnail ReIrter Su mmarizes Another group says, We as citizens must make interested in correcting the defects of ourdemocratic society never feel that Responsibility forFreedom at Home I they should apologize for their activities,After all, they are the people who make a difference. DR, RUTH CUNNINGHAM: Ladies And Gentlemen of the Sixth National arc going to have to light to get and to hold, Conference on Citizenship; P We must learn that what we value, we Maybe a good fight now and then is agood measure of a growing freedoiny This is the second report fromyou to you, telling of our work in our 22 this weiamty be sure; It is important discussion groups. This,inorningwe were discussing a citizen's responsibility Not all of the way is clear, but of conference to exemplify'in their own for freedom at home. Theseare some of the things we have been sayirEig to for organizations represented at this they purport to believe in. each other. programs the freedom home, according t most of our Ourvote is the way we tell our government what we think should be done. A basic factor in maintaining freedom at As one group puts it, knowledge isstrength, and Our vote is the voice of all of us, andwe are the people, the citizens. groups, is communication. the citizen needs knowledge of thealternatives to democracy. That statement A citizen should make up his own mind and vote, to besure, but he has a punch: The citizen needs knowledgeof the alternatives, should respect the right of the other fellow to makeup his mind for himself; 'says one , The fe r to speak out on controversialissues seems to be growing, and we as citizens don't try to persuade him but to help him decide for should be and can be corrected, and it canbe corrected best at himself. group.Tllfis sides the local community level by encouragingthe full presentation of all There is, little advantage in getting people out to vote if they don'tvote of issues. intelligently, Maybe in the past we have put too much emphasison the mere let ,,.,.. The higher, the quality of 'educationof the people, the more you can mechanics of voting. Maybe we need to give more attention to helping people people "shoot off" in speeches andthe press, one group says. The more to think, inferior the quality of education oft4 people, the more dangerous it is to let Moreover, we need to recognize that laws don't makea thing so. A law is them read and hear what rabblerousers say. ,erely a statement of intention. We can't legible freedom for individualsor speakers in The right of freedom of speechdoesn't give free access to all g oups. There is no substitute for character, honesty, decency, and that is schools should all situations, says another group.For example, speakers in what freedom is all about. contribute td the 'school program be selected on the basis of their 'ability to We had several things to say about politics, politicians, and political action. of and should typify the best Indemocratic citizenship. In the selection One group suggests that maybe we have come to think of statesmenas dead speakers for school groups, thesuperintendent of schools, board members, politicians. Anothergroup says, Politics is never bad, although there are bad and others should consult with anadvisOry group of citizens. politicians, Good peopleand I guess thatrotans uscan control politics if improving One group says, The responsibility forfreedom at home includes we End out how. For evmple, in the primaries maybe we had better get into and television media for molding publicopinionimproving 4e press, radio, ward politics, all of us, and that means you and you and all of us. think and, through education, improvingthe quality of public demand. I One group feels that political parties are failing us as citizens and that this about that. our panel thisafternoon will have much more to say is a basic failure of democracy, But let's not blame; let's do something. Let's of mass One group suggests that thereis an undesirable trend in all media get into action. Unless we take our part in politics, it is we who are failing communication toward sensationalism,confusion, and deliberate misrepre reasoned the party, and our society. sentation. This leads to debasementof morals and interferes with Special group's were sometimes mentionedfor example, teachers. Is it judgment. This sets a poor examplefor the young and obscures facts from possible that the "sheep-like" quality of teachers tends to hold them back the People, I am sure our panelagain will have mud? to say. 65 66 62 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE THE LUNCHEON SESSION 63 It is suggested that people in the mass media keep thei.ears attuned to ideas that I likein short, people whoare different" But, come to think of the "ground.swell" of public opinion. it,that is all of us. All of us are the citizens at home, The rights, the We are all aware of the significance of educationin developing freedom responsibilities, the freedoms of each and all ofus are at stake. We, all of us, at home. Group after group said much thesame thing but in differing words. must work toward a better understanding of Ourselves; we, all ofus, must One of the reasons for lack ofsuccess in many efforts to teach citizenship is try to understand ourselves better, to understand each other better, ifwe are to Achieve freedom in our world, freedom today and tomorrow. that the work doesn't go beyond the verbalstage. It remains "book learning," and book learning isn't enough. CHAIRMAN MACKEY: Thank you, Dr. Cunningham. A fundamental weakness in citizenship training is the unrealistic nature Our speaker today has contributed much toward the building ofa better of the school instruction. This instruction has been highly verbal and has America, He early began his distinguishedcareer of public service when he failed to employ activities which 'demonIltdif good citizenship without received an award from the Junior Chamber of Commerceas "the most preaching about it. Education in citizenshipcannot be taught except by the outstanding young citizen." He attended the University of Tennessee where process of participation. Real citizenship can come only by the actual experi- he received his Bachelor of Arts degree. From there he wentto Yale Uni- ence of the individual, not through a type of education which consists of versity where he received his LL.B. Iam told that while he attended the telling the right answers. University of Tennessee he was quite a football player and that hewas chosen Schools often are prone to attemptto teach children how to live ina for the All-American team, After serving his stateas Commissioner of ,Fi- future society. They should teach boys andgirls how to live in today's world. nance, he was dead to the lower House of Congress. With a notable record Freedom to learn implies thatAveencourage schools to deal with con- in that body, he was elevated by the people of Tennesseeto the United States troversial issues so that childrenget experience in solving problems. Senate. His record in the upper House has beena brilliant one indeed, We know we still havesome problem areas over and beyond those we especially in focusing attentionon thecrime situation of our country. But I have already talked about. Onegroup said, We suffer from the disease of believe the noted Senator strikesa most forceful blow for good'American, "they-ism," We think that other peopleare responsible, not we, and we citizenship when he stresses that the ills of democracycan best 'be cured think of the government, unfortunately, through the development ofour basic human resources, the promotion of the as "they,"ot we. ' ,, Another group says, Freedommeans more than security. It implies con- physical, educational, and spiritual well-being ofour people. Itis indeed tinual vigilance; possibly it implies the needto live dangerously. unfortunate that the Senator must leave right after his address here this afternoon. I am extremely happy to present to The responsibility for freedom at home includesattacking and eradicating you at this time the United States Senator from the great State of Tennessee, the Honorable Estes segregation and discrimination against minoritygroups in our own local com- Kefauver. munities and in the local organizations in whichwe work. (The audience arose and applauded.) A little different attack, one groUp suggests: We needto give careful con- sideration to the problem of guilt by associationand accusation without proof. A constructive suggestion byone group: Let's not spend our time looking The Citizens are Responsible, for communists under our beds and us end up on the couch in a psychik Says Senator Estes Kefauver trist's office. Let'suse our energies constr ctively. Some of us asked whether freedom ans the same thing in Bangor, Maine, THE HONORABLE ESTES KEFAUVER (United States Senator from, Ten- as it does in Miami, Florida. Does it mean the same thingacross the tracks nessee): Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen: Ofcourse as it does in Plush Heights? Should it? Does it? Can it? I am very grateful to Mr. Mackey for all of the unusually complimentary We said it in many ways, but maybe this is the gistofit: "These people things he said about me, but if I should selectone that I particularly appre- are citizens, tooJews, millionaires, Negroes, people who work in Wall ciate it would be his statement that I had made the All-American football Street, women, people who arc foreign-born, Catholics,people who don't team when I attended the University of Tennessee some six or eight yearsago. (Laughter) I think I should tell you the truth aboutmy prowess as an All- have much money, management, labor, Protestants, white-collarworkers, American football player because it might really be people who don't think the way I do, people who don't likethe things and an inspiration to some of 67 68 you you g people whoare considering embarking upon a life of politics. As intelligence, to what he attributed corruption and crime and bad conditions matter of fact, back when I attendedthe University of Tennessee we did which we found in some parts of the State of Illinois. He said there were have some very great teams under Major Bob Neyland,General Neyland, as five things. First, bribery of public officials. Second, improper campaign can- you know, but I didn't have the goodfortune to be on the first team. I was tributioT, which amounts to about the same thing. Third, that, many laW ,vrhat is well known as a bench warmer, and only whenwe got into the fourth enforcethent staffs are not properly equipped. They arc underpaid, And the quarter against some particularly weak opponent didI have an opportunity same goes for the staffs of prosecuting attorneys in various parts of the coun- of playing at all. But in 1938 I ran for the State Senatein Tennessee, from try. Fourth, a lot of good people in variouscommunities just didn't know Chattanooga, and my managers didn't haveany issues to talk about so they what was going on in the places where they lived. He said the fifth reason prompted me to the first string of the University ofTennessee football team, is public indifference or public apathy, that you could mark out all of the That campaign platform worked well;so well in fact that when I started to first four and just leave the fifth and yoti would have the entire and complete run for the House of Representatives two years later, lo and behold, I had picture. not only gotten on the first team but I had mirk\ the AllSouthern Conference I think that is quite accurate. We found that to be the situation all over as one of the best tackles the University of Tennessee hadever had. Then :oesn't speak well for the great American people, be about two and the United States. It a half years ago when Iran for the United States Senate cause actually there i)a't anything wrong in the hearts and the minds of the and some ofyou may remember that campaign --I found that much tomy mass of American people. It is just siniply that we have too much public surprise, and I didn't particularly repudiate the statement,I was not onlyon the first team and indifference and public apathy. an All Southern Conference tackle, butGrantland Rice had put me , Ladies and gentlemen, as has been stated and as I know the Attorney on his All-Americ,an. (Laughter) So ifany of you have poor abilities as athletes,and General has told you so well, the passage of laws may be important. There you feel called to public life and wouldlike to enter the field, you never are some loopholes that we ought to plug in our federal statutes, We need to can tell what it will do foryou. The thing that impresses pass more federal laws to try to block the operation in interstate commerce me about this ConferenceonCitizenship isthat while so many conferences of criminals and gangsters in the country. Many state laws need to be revised, on citizenship use vague generalities andthe and many constitutional amendments in some of the states' need to be passed. speakers talk in glowing terms that one maysoon forget when he goes back home, in this cOnferenceit But the passing of all the laws in the world is not going to do anything seems ,to me, from your program and fromthe very substantial toward eliminating crime and the influence of gangsters or distinguished guests who Will follow on the panel afterwards,and from what I have read about it in the toward making America a cleaner and a better place in which to live. The paperyou do really translate the ideas intoa final result and the final necessity is an aroused Public opinion, interest by program of action. And that, after all,is the thing that counts. the citizens at the local level. If we have that interest, then laws are naturally But if anyone of you has not had a definitecourse of action in which you going to come and the criminal cannot operate. cotild turn your local communities, I wish thatyou could hive been with So to these people who say, "Let Pennsylvania Avenue or the Department our Senate Committee during the last year when we went from- one part of ,of Justice do the job," and pass on all the responsibility to Washington, the nation to the other in the investigation oforganized crime in interstate while we have our responsibility and while we have been making some effort commerce, and its political connections. We saw in all parts of thenation and I do not think we have fully met our responsibility in the final analysis the criminals and the gangsters and their political counterparts.Net group of I say conditions will be just as good as the, people back home want them people, inducting members of theostaff, some of whomare here today, saw to be. a better picture of the causes and the results of crime, of the terribleand We hear a great deal about Abraham Lincoln's statement of a government devastating effect it is having not only.upon our moral life, 'but, equally of the people and for the people, but too often I think that we forget the important, upon our political life andupon tivconomic life of our people. third prerequisite for a great dembcratic government, and that is by the I feel that, after all of our visits in the various parts of thecountry, perhaps peele.,We'have been for e that in connection with our war against the Governor Adlai,Stevrnson ,summed up whatwe found and the causes about ofkrime which ex,i great a scale in the United States. as well as anyime has Duringour meeting in Chicago I asked Governor rwish to make it clear l`n the beginning that this is not a partisan Stevenson, who has a splendid record of public service and isa an of great matter in any sense of the wolq: Crime is not partisan. Criminal conditions 66 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE' / THE LUNCHEON SESSION 67, cannot exist and a criminal cannot operate in a big way unless he has, some So that is the first thing I think we are going to have start to do all over kind of political protection or acquiescence. And the criminal doesn't rare the country in our effort against, criminal conditions thwe have found. whether he gets it from a Democrat or a Republican'or Socialist or Commun The American peopleand this is whereyou can play a great part ist, I have always had a feeling that whenever there is a condition where do not follow through as we ought to with our public officials. Youmay be crime is on the increase and is threatening the economic and political life of certain that the gangster and the criminal is unrelenting in the exercise of our country, it doesn't make so much difference about how thatcame to pass. pressure and influence upon people that he may have some connection with The important thing is that the government inpower in the city or the or may have some control over, But too many Americans, if they do vote, county or the state or the federal government has' the responsibility of doing forget about the public official. They do not advise with him constructively. Something about it with all the force at the command of fhosegovernments, When officials stand up for the good of themasses of the people there is and if that is done, then that government is goingto receive its just acclaim no encouragement very frequently from the good citizens. POE( officials not from a;grateful people, only need to be able to rely upon you; they, eed to be backedup by you I should like to go back to Governor Stevenson's diagnosisthat public after they have been elected. apathy is the most important deficiency of the American people inthe effort I am certain, that any member of the Congress will tellyou the same thing, to rid the country of gangs and gangsters. I think that public apathy shows When we do something right, we never have any letters from anybody back itself first in the fact that the good people of thecountry are not taking the home telling us about it. But let us stub'a toeor do a little something that lead in seeing that people vote. After all, in, the last electionI think only offends some pressure group and they come in by basketloadstelegrams, 50 percent of those eligible to vote in America actually voted. It is only letters, protests, visitations to Washington. Sometimeswe get the idea ,that through the exercise of our right of the ballot, togo to the ballot box, the these special interest people are really speakirig for the people back Woe, exercise of di citizen's sovereign right to vote thatwe have any way of That is one thing that has encouraged me about the formation of crime managing our government or of runningour government. You can be quite committees throughout the country, There have been some 35or 40 created certain that the criminal and the racketeer who is looking for protection, who during the last year, Not only are they going to keep the spotlight of public must have at least the acquiescence of the law in order to operate, gets his attention upon officials to see that they enforce the law, but they are, as they should, going to back up honest officials, and in that people out and he uses his influent ,and hismoney to see that candidates arc way we are going to have good government. elected who are going to be kind thim. But too often in too many places in the United States the good people stay away from the pollseven though There is another impression that I got. from our trips about the country they, may be 90 percent in the majority, and they let a small 3or 4 percent that I wish to mention very briefly, and that is that there isn'ta great deal that we can do about most of the criminals thatwe had before us. They have literally take over and control the government. Particularlyisthis true in communities. been living a life of crime, many of them t long that theyare hardened in their, way. We must enforce the law and block their operations and put them It was very shocking to us as we went from coast to coast to find that in in jail when they commit some'offense, but in so far as reforming and giving some places of the United States local governments had actually been prac them a new lease on life, there isn't a great deal that can be done. tically taken over by the criminal element, The public officials felt they owed You may remember that Senator Tobey in very vociferous and touching their election to the money and the influencecof the racketeers, that they had language lectured practically every gangster we had before us, He brought to have it, and that they couldn't be reelected ifthey went against their wishes, tears to the eyes of Frank Erickson but I don't think he converted Frank They called it a liberal policy; in other words, a wide open criminal town. Erickson. (Laughter) As a matter of fact, I think the only real conversion Here were 95 percent of the good peOple sitting back, not voting, and we had, and this may not have been actually a conversion, was Sheriff "Lower letting the 5 percent get away with it. We had officials tell us, "Unless I the Boom" Clancy froih Jefferson Parish,. Louis'a.I do not mean to put adopted a liberal policy, I wouldn't have any chance of being reelected," him in exactly the criminal class, The sheriff was on hose fellows who You hear a great many people, preachers, educators, say, "What are you felt that he couldn't carry on as sheriff unlessc had a wide open town, going to do about it?" Asked if they voted, "Oh, well, we didn't pay much including the Club Forest and Beverly Club and many of the largest and attention to that," most profitable casinos in the country. But when we were in New Orleans 71 ten ki 70 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE THE LUNCHEON SESSION 71 the good people PAGE 68 came around and asked what we could do.Some of our staff suggestedDowney Riceand Pat Kiley, who Many people contribute to the conferenceplan its functions, operate its mechanics, are over here today from OW staff"If you will go out and make enoughnoise and show that _the philosophize and deliberate in its panels and discussions.Upper left:Participants in majority of the people are on yo11side, you are likely toget a different the youth pro ramMiss Claudette James, Forsythe, Georgia; Mr. Richard Wilson, result." Sheriff Clancycyat first woul n't testify because hewas afraidtisthis Philadelphia,ennsylvania; Mr. James Arthur Robinson, Washington, D. C.; Mil! testimony might not only intimidate him but incriminate him, Imagine sheriffs , Gerald Richards, Elmira, New York; having to take that attitude. /Mary L. Co an, Baltimore, Maryland;Mr. He did come on back to Washington,and when Senator Tobey got after him, he said, and (seated) Miss Joy Alexander, Burns Flat, Oklahoma; Miss Dorothy Gordon, You know, I am going to shutup every place in Jefferson Parish this afternoon by telephone." moderator of the youth forum; and Mr William J. Flynn, youth chairman.Upper He called on the telephone and closed them allup just like that, I sa* him in Washington right*: Members of the mass media panel debate the responsibility of press and a few days ago and he said, "You know, the good people down therehave radio for good citizenshipMr, Elmer Davis, ABC commentator; Mrs. Ruth gotten behind me, all the preachers, and Iam going to be reelected sheriff Montgomery, NewYork Daily News;Mr. Theodore Granik, director, American without opposition." Forum of the air; Mrs. Agnes Meyer,The Washington Post;Mr. Charles Collin. It is really too bad that the criminalswe saw cannot be rehabilitated, that wood, White House correspondent for the CBS.News,Center left:Members of the so many have gone into a life of crime, because it isa great loss to society. Group Discussion Leader Training Team conferDr. Ruth Cunningham, Dr, Many of them are unusually intelligentand capable. I know that Willie Moretti when he was testifying said, "If Stanley B. Dimond, Mr. John T. Cheney.Center right:The Honorable Patin Miller, I hadn't gotten into badcompany and gotten arrested that first time I chairman of the Attorney General's Citizenship Committee, speaks at a conference might have been whereyou are, a United States Senator." Actually I think that istrue. He is a very smart, capable session.Lower:Nine of the members of the 16member Department of Justice and man, as most of these people are, National Education Association Joint Conference Committee deliberate on confer- Then it is too bad also because it is suchactremendous burden ence plansMiss Carolyn Just, Miss Emma Mae Brotze, the Honorable Carl B. upon the good people to try to keep themfrom operations 'in which the public of Hyatt, Dr. Ruth gunningham, Dr. Stanley E. Dimond, Mrs. George R. Ellison, the course always pays the bill economically, morally,,and politically,We cannot Honorable Robert Anderson, Mr. Tom Clear,Mr.Evan E. Evans, do anything about many of these hardened criminit Even thoughmany of them would give everything they have if things lould be different,even though they have found that the life SAGE 69 they have carried on is Rally nota very wholesome one for them and their families,they have gone so far that it is Upper: More than 60 organizations are represented in the Planning Committee hard to change. that chose the theme and planned the pattern of the conference.Centerleft: Meni I think it is important foryou who are considering good citizenship to bets of one of the 22 working groups of the conference deep in a discussion,Center consider just a minute what it isthat brought on this group of criminals in right:Mr. Leo M. Cadison, Department of Justice, member of the Conference the country, what itis that is going to bringon another group ten years Executive Committee, at the OW media luncheon,Lower left*:Members of the from now unlesswe do something about it. We asked various and sundry ones all over the country, "How did youth panel chat with Presidential Adviser W. Averell HarrimanMr. Gerald you get this way? What took place? What started you intoa life of crime?" The answer isn't easy. It is Richards, Elmira, New York; Miss Mary L. Coleman, Baltimore, Maryland; Mr. a culmina- tion of many different circumstances 'andlittle parts of their lives, but usually Richard Wilson, Philadelphia,, Pennsylvania; Miss Claudette James, Forsythe, the answercan be found in about eight or ten situations. One is lack of Members of the Department of justice and NEA staffs join Georgia.Lower right: activity in the church. Another is "I didn't have an opportunity toget an s to)rlister delegates; Bobbie Pridgen, Elinor Miner, Frances Smith, Constance education so I could forcei earn an honest living. The school wouldn't takeme in." Jones, Dorothy Morford, Mary Elizabeth Jameson, Mary Josephine Matecki, Evelyn S;ime of them had bad health conditionsso that they didn't have the same chance as normal children. Some Young, Patricia Braker, Fern Hicks. of their conditions of health couldhave 73 been remedied if only we had hadan alert citizenry 'around them, Other times talking about it only, but by doing somciingabout it, Mr, Emerson wrote it was, "I didn't have any playground to get wholesome recreation." And let and his little verse might be apt here: me tell you that a recent survey in Chicago showed thata slum area had 20 times as much criminal activityas a section with wholesome recreational So nigh is grandeurto our dust, activities. So near is God toman, The others of course are poverty or hunger and broken homes. Many of When Duty whispers low, "Thou must," them said, "It just.didn't seem like anybody cared what happened to me." The youthOplies, ''I Lin!"( A pplatis4 There was no association, no group,no good citizen who took an interest in the child, and he went on his way and madea bad start. I think the operation of our juvenile courts andour juvenile laws in put- What About Press and Radio ting a record on a first offenderas a child has caused a good many of these In This Changing World? people to feel, "Well, my record has been made, and I 'hayas well go on." CHAIRMAN MACKEY: Thank you very much, Senator Kefauver. These things are important not from whatwe can do about those who have Now we have come, ladies and gentlemen, passebn. There isn't a great dealwe can do. But, ladies and gentlemen, we to a most novel and important can arouse ourselves to see that the young people of today, who, after all, will panel, "The Role of the Press and Radioin this Changing World." Freedom ,of the channels of communication, unshackled be the citizens ten years fromnow and will build a society in which we by public or private forces, is essential to the preservation of must necessarily live, do not find themselves confronted with all thecon- or the attainment of freedom, This was recog- nized by our founding fathers, In the parlance ditions that led others to be steered intoa life of crime. of newsdom, theprogram that follows remindsone of the story of a man biting a dog(( Instead of the I think that we should pass any of these laws thatwe can, but I want to newsmen asking the questions of the delegates, the delegatsare going to reiterate that if you go to a city where thereare good schools and churches ask the questions of thenewsmen and women, who have so graciously con- and recreational facilities, interest in children, and peoplemaking a fair sented to be the victims of this ordeal. The discussion living and no slum areas,you are not going to find very much crime. will be moderated by the founder 23years' ago of the National Broadcasting Company's American If you go to a city where kidsare playing in the mud puddles and living in Forum of the Air,,the oldest forum in America, slum conditions, the schoolsare down and the churches are not taking very an outstanding example of the free exchange of ideas. much interest, then you have a hotbed of criminal activity. On .May 7 last he was given the much coveted MichelAward presented by We talk about organized crime. There can't beany organized crime unless the Academy of Radio and Telefision Arts andSciences. He is also a District there is local crime, It is going to takeyears to do something about it.I of Columbta attorney and formerlywas a prosecuting attorney for the State. know this cause that you are dedicated to. Ican think of no better way that of New York. I take great pleasurenow in presenting to you Mr. Theodore you can translate your interest in citizenship than in giving the children of Granik, who will tell you tomorrow an opportunity. They were not born to be criminals, If they do more about the program and introduce the par- ticipants, follow that kind of life, some happening in their lifestarts them that way. .gight here we(are honored with thepresence of Dr. Earnest O. Melby, I think it was Woodrow Wilson who saidvery aptly that in America it is Dean of Education of New York University, honorary the things that we do notOw thatcause us all of our difficulties, that if chairman of the First National Conferenceon Citizenship and honorary sponsor of this, the Sixth the American peopleknow the facts there isn'tany situation they cannot Conference on Citizenship. I do notsee Dr. Hobart Corning, the superin- adequately cope with. So I think that whenwe know the facts about crime tendent of schools of the District of Columbia, here; but in the country, we knowour responsibilities as citizens, If we can get the I do see Mr. Norman J,NeIson, the message over to the people everywhere and get them to do something about first assistant superintendent of the public schools of the District of Columbia, He is over at table 31. Stand it, then we are going to have a better anda cleaner America.' up, will you, Mr. Nelson. "(Applause)* We all have a duty in this connection, I think that all ofyou by your presence here will agree that the best way to discharge that duty is not by I will now turn the proceedings over to Mr, Gtariik. 75 74 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE THE LUNCHEONSESSION 75 Mr. Granik Poses Questions To a Distinguished Panel MRS. MEYER: It is. Iassure you when he finished speaking I hada very bad consciencebecause I think this matter that he broughtup of the apathy MR. GRANIK: In a democracy, free people proudly takean active interest and the indifference of the Americanpeople is in their government. Political issues of the dayare debated in the Congress, a very profound problem, I really think thatsome of these highpowered in the schools, and in the homes, overthe morningnewspaper and the second social scientists whotalk so much aboutour problems ought to do cup of coffee. You and I and all the free peoples of the world depend a real job of researchon this profound on problem. the press to outline these vital issues. To define whatwe mean by the press But 1 would like we must include all mass media: newspapers, magazings, radio, to defend the American television, people to a certainextent as far as this apathyis concerned, Mr. and motion pictures. In dictatorialgovernments, all of these media become Chairman, heCause 1,as you know, have been around the tools of the state, but in country a great deal and a great democracy such as ours, they help to familiar I found thatour society has been so shattered by two worldwars and a depression that pzeus with the problems confronting our daily lives so thatwe may discuss all people are isolated. They feel isolated:Families sides of all issues among ourselves, and then formour own opinions and act have moved aroundso much that they don't know where,they belo\ng. accordingly. They are isolatedin our big urban' cities, andas A result they think, that the The recent investigations of the Senate Crime individualno longer counts and thatpersonal Committee uncovered many efforts such as voting are futile. I think instances of organized crime. Had it not been for it is this isolation of our freedom of the press, the people thatwe must overcome by a reorganization the average American would not know of thegreat work of the committee of community services, especiallycentered to the schools, nor of its vast accomplishments. Such freedom has ceased to existin the Soviet Union and her satellites. There the After all, Senator press does not report both sides Kefauver revealedthat. the criminal elements are ef. of controversial issues. There these issues ficiently organized are not discussed and clebad intel from one end of thecountry to the other, which ful, Why aren't is shame. ligently by the man in the street. Thus, when freedom ofthe_ press_ disappears, there evenmore powerful citizens' organizations in this So atke the individual lose freedom of speech and freedom of thought, country to protect thenation from these criminals? Why aren'tthere more organizations that Theepeople through lack of information must restrict their are working for the discussion common good? In other words,these criminal elements and beliefs to the distortions whichappear in the subverted press, exist becausewe let them exist, I thInk this discussion will be worth While and What of our 'own free- American press? Has it helped your whole meeting here will or hindered our be worth while ifyou will face thatone question. What are we going to do about it? cherished liberties in the past decade? Areour citizens getting enough in. , formation to form sound judginents? Wepose these and related questions to *MR. GRANIK: Let me ask Mrs. Montgomery, Whatare we going to' do our distinguished panel today: Mr. Charles Collingwood, White House Cor. about it? Areour citizens getting complete enough informationto form respondent for CBS News and the Columbia BrOadcastingSystem; Mr. Elmer sound judgments? Davis, nationally known ABCcommentator, former director of the OWI; MRS. MONTGOMERY: Ted,I think perhaps along Mrs. Agnes E. Meyer, reporter on social problems forthe Washington Post, the Atlantic Seaboard are, Certainly Washington they and New York distinguished wife of the chairman of the board of papers do an exceedingly the Post; Mrs. Ruth job of thorough coverage of national andinternational Montgomery, Washington correspondent for the New York Daily Noes and news, But I alwaysam a little appalled when Igo out to visit my relatives rpresident of the Women's National Press Club. in the MiddleWest and when I travel around in the South and inlesser sized communities, Now before opening the discussion Iwant to remind all of t in the to discover how little of the actualnational and international audience that this is your program, Wewant you to participg news they arc getting. The Ps' hole frontpage is usually about from the floor. After about 15 minutes of panel some local crime that has beencommitted, discussi dy _goo many editors, I think, believe that oldsaw that we learned in for your questions, so please jot them down, raiseyour ha d ea journalism' clues. school that theman next door,is far more interested in theman who tripped tion period beginS, and a walking mike will be broughtto yourside, his toe in front of his house andsprained his ankle Mrs.. Meyer, would you care to than he is aboutwhat open the discussion by commentingon the Senate is doingin Washington, i Senator Kefauver's remarks? That is a big order. MR. GRANIK: Mr. Collingwood? 78 11111 LeINCHLON NI;NNIUN 77 MR. COLLIN6WOOD: I agree with both Mrs. Montgomery and Mrs. Meyer, but I would like to translate it, if Ican, to some of the particular problems that I face in radio and television. Mrs. Meyerwas talking about the apathy of the public. Mrs. Montgomerywas talking about the fact that real news is difficult to get: This morning Iwas looking at the text of President Truman's talk to you people here yesterday. ol-le started adlihbingat one of the many places and he hid, "Citizens should understand the facts."We heard a lot about facts here today. Wilson was quoted by SenatorKefauver that if the people had the facts, then all would be well. The President said,"You know, the hardest thing in the world to find isa real fact." In spite of his estimate of rarity of fact,.1 don't think that theyare really quite so hard to find as you might think. Facts are presented. The problem is to get people to listen to them, which once more is this question of public apathy. You know an awful lot of nonsense is talked about radiocommentators who are forced off the air because of their unpopular views.Most of the time radio commentators and others are forced off the air becausepeople have stopped listening to them. The real problem in terms ofnews and mass communication, which we are supposed to be talking about here,as 1 See it, is the same problem that Senator Kefauver is talking about, publicapathy. By and large, most people in this country would rather listento someone who distorts and falsifies and misrepresents facts than to listen to people whotry the laborious task of making facts interesting and important to them. News of the gathering was broadcast by the Voice-of America insome 40 foreign languages, and reporters from eight Baltic and Eta !kin language desks attended the conference' to record interviews with delegates. Reading in eachcase left to right: Upper left*:Polish women get together before the broadcastlrena Grabowska, Polish desk, IBD/NY, who has been in the U. S. for nineyears; Bernice Lewandow- ski.Upperright*: Mrs. Lubov Drashewska of ilie Voice of America, New York, interviews Marvin Gretchen, Ukranian Congresi Committee; Mrs. HelenF. D. Lototska, president, Ukranian National Women's. League; Konslanlin lrarwariw, Self-Reliance; Theodore Mynyk, supreme recordingsecretary, Ukranian Working- men's Association.Center*:John Hogan, State Department, Voice of America, briefs Paul Dargis, Dr. M. J. Vinikas, Miss Euphrosine Mikuzis and JosephF. Maceina, members of the Lithuanian Alliance of America.Lowerleft*: John Hogan, Voice of America, interviews Maar Pleer, and John W. Tiedeberg, Eston- ia,' Education Society, Inc.Lower right*:Joseph Sadlik, Czech desk of Voice of America, New York, interviews 'Mrs. Marie Holk recently of Czechoslovakia. 78 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE THE LUNCHEON SESSION 79 MR. GRANIK: We all listen to Elmer Davis.Let's see what he has to say read the colwnns. Then he is dependenton the men who write the headlines, about facts, the leads and the columns. .MR. DAVIS: Are we still on the Kefauver crimeissue or on general matters? MR. GRANIK: Ruth? getting complete enough in MR. GRANIK: On the general matter, are we MRS. MONTGOMERY: Which one of those doyou want me to talk about? formation to form sound judgments? It seems that Mr. Davis has covered the waterfront, dealing with the question of crime, I am sorry MR. DAVIS: If we were still GRANIK: We will get away from Key West for the moment, Iwant to Senator Kefauver has left because Mr. Collingwood and I can tell him much go into the emotionalism of the press, particularly surrounding the MacArthur about a town which he did not have the opportunity to visit on his travels, testimony. Key West; Florida, where these problems do not arise. Key West is a devout MRS. MONTGOMERY: Of course that word is slightly editorial, town. Every one goes to church and liVes in a state of Adamic innocence to assume that there isptionalism, because peopleare of such two minds on the in which the definition of crime is extremely uncertain and tenuous, A politi- subject. I get% awful lot of letters fromwomen around the Middle West, cian is shot, and it is automatically, put down as suicide. A couple of years for instance, who are simply frantic about the wholething, They say, "General ago when the Governor of Fl a put on his annualcrackdown on gambling, MacArthur has been my ero since the first worldwar. How could they do which they always do for *Um at the season when the customers have this to him?" This wasce ainly something that 'vas built up before the press gone home, he called up thesheriff in Key West and asked him if there/was reported the facts. I think tere has been a lot of emotionalism, But remember any roulette in the county, and thesheriff said, "No, sir, I give you my word when Secretary Acheson kept saying, "Let's wait untilthe dust settles"dur- of honor there is not." And that was correct. It was 8:30 in the morning and ing that time Mao Tse-tung took China. I thi lik(thedustiisertling. This may the crOupiers had just gone to bed. be a good way to cjar the air'now. However, if you want the general issue, lithink one of theproblems re- cently has been the enormous volume and coMplexity of the news, notably in MRS. MEYER: I would like to bring up the point tha avis made these hearings of the Senate Committees-175,000 words of testimony by about the volume of news with whichwe are overwhelme k what has just happened is a perfect illustration of 'it. Let's admit MacArthur. tha e Kefauver report was swamped by the fightover foreign affairs.I think what the for fhe emotionalism regard- MR. GRANIK: How far is the press responsible Kefauver report should do forus is to terrorize us into a, recognition that ing the MacArthur testimony? one of our prime responsibilities is the strengthening of the home front. And when it comes to facts, every newspapercan 'see that a slum is a fact; they MR. DAVIS:Arne of the newsmen certainlyhave whipped it up, but I think can see that bad health is a fact; they can see that inadequate schooling a great deal of it perhaps was spontaneous.There is a very singular state of is a fact. And that is whatour newspapers must not forget. (Applause) mind in the country which I am unable to analyze, but it'was by no means all synthetic. The great problem is, if you want to find out what has been going MR. GRANIK: Let's get back to: Should news commentators listento other on, here you have had already half a million wordsof testimony. To know commentators? Would that lead to confusionor greater accuraci? What do about this situation, everybody' ought to read it all. Nobody has that much you find? I, will come back to you on that. time I haven't read it all. I think I have read 75 percent of it,and a digest MR. COLLINGWOOD: I lisfen to Mr. Davis. of the rest, but I haven't had time to read it all. MR. GRANIK: I do, too. We all do, CHAIRMAN MACKEY: Do you listen to other commentators? MR. COLLINCVCDODI For profit and enlightenment, MR. Davis: No, I don't listen totheher commentators. (Laughter) I (Lo_L_, MRS. MEYER: And good sense and calmness. my own digesting, but I must sayth average citizen who tries to lind out what is going on in the intervalstween earning his living must find MR. cOLLINGWOOD:Absolutely. himself appalled. He can read the headlines, he can read the leads, he can MR. GRANIK: Would you care to comment, Mr. Davis? ti 0 til, Lit LUM.l.1(1,1\ LiimikuN sEssh)N MR, DAVIS I happeii to coik.along so late on weekday evenings there is MR. DAVIS: I agree with Mrs. Montgomery that if we don't think instead nibody left to listen to except Ed Miaow, who might 'he the onlyone I of being al4rmed, we are done for',. I think there is still enough capacity, for bother listening to anyway. I listen to Charley Collingwood.on Sundays with thought and willingness for thought in the country to pull us through, hut, a the utmost edification, but that is about all. Therewas a time when'I was on lot of people are certainly doing their best to discourage it. only three nights a week, and I used to iniprove my mind on the other MRS. Wviiitr: Mr. Davis, wouldn't you agree that because of the volume of evenings by listening to about six in a row, and if I had not been it profes- news, the,ediforial',page and all the columnists have a'greater responsibiljty4 sional in the news business I would have ended-in a state of complete con. than they ever hathhccause they are supposed to digest the news and analyze fusion. But Lilo think everybody ought to listen to more than one. it. . MR, GRANIK: Do you feel th'ere is too milch interpretation of clicnews MR.GRANIK: Do you thinkradio stations should have'thOnews editorial. r V; J rather than straight news reporting? Wouldyou care to comment 6 that, , -Charley? 1;*. MRS. MEYER: Yes, eel they should analyze the new for the pub*. In fact, they do; Evk Elmer Davis, who is,) think, perhaps the most,no, MR. COLLINGWOOD: I would comment on it on the basis of what Elmer won't say thatonc of the most objective analysts, is still an analyst:and Davis said a minute ago when he spoke of thetremendous volume and com- think that is his ftniiton and think that is thefunctionof theeditorial plexity of the news that 'confrontsus now. Mrs, Meyer brought up the page. It Was never c irdportant-than it is now. Kefauver Committee report which was' Wamped; and there isthe MacArthur * totimoriy,,there is the whole economic stabilization fight, andall the rest of MR. DAVIS: That is not a station. That is an individital. Obviously what a ' it, As soon as you start selectintnews and digesting It,you are inwolved in a network should do and what, so far as I know,' they all do is to get people process ofointerpretation, becau3ek is a necessary element in klection. It is of different political opinions and let each man analyze the news as he sees inescapable that there ,be-interpretation -innews. The question is how that ,' it and then the net\vork has a balance. interpretation is domancl on what basis. I feel that by and , large the Amer- MRS. MONTGOMERY: I 'would bevery,mucn againstthestationitself / ican press lias.1i'ihwted itself pretty well in the kinds ofinterpretation and because there are so few channels, Thiorctically you could have condensation tha done, Once again the Americanpress and the Amer- 20 newspapers in a town, You don't hakto read them it -buy the Unless .,,i;can radioiaie really servantsof the people, and they put forward the things you want to, but there are solew'cliannel that Ithink it wo#1dbea dan rows that people want to read and listen to. If they want their news hopped up, precedent to permit them toeditorialize then it Is going to.coMe out hoppelup, Once again the real responsibility MR.tikofic'!'cBs? -1 for the clear,pure stream of news thts not only on peOpleilike us who put, :MR. COLLINGWOOD: Like CBS, I 'don't. think I have :ever hide' up-m,y,' it out, but on,the people, who read it and listento it. mind completely on the situation; I think; the basic function of, radio I44:'E MR, GRANIK: Is there too much hopping up, Ruth? inform, not to convince, and until-We',do that job',better;,1,ani Willing to wait for the editorializing: (Applause) 6 ) MRS, MONTGOMERY: I ctonl know. Iam, sitting here being a little alarmed . by Mrs, :MRS.. MEYER: I ant willing to concede that, Mr, ChairMan, I wasn't slaking. flyees remark that the KefauverCommittec should terrorize'us into , that distinction between the network addtI a commentator, .doist something, and then everybodyclapped. I think she is very right, But on the other hand last week I was here at a meeting of the civilian defense GRANIK: IS there any reason -to doubt th.Ower of the presS?Piesident people; At they were trying-toget us alarmed and hopped up over atomic Truman wrn..in,ele'ction when his'defeat was.rrccist by e4rtnewspapgin. bomb attacks and civilian defense, Then theyare trying to get us alarmed the countrYi'Woutd you care to comment on tlrat, Ruth ?. over Far Eastern policy and what We should do, Now we are supposed to be MRS. MONTGOMERY: You are looking at,'sdineDoctywhor'raVel61 on' tee alarmed aboutgjuveniles.4 ifsa very. real probleni, but I think that Stalin Dewey train all that hot fall. everituilly will lickus just by'ulcers if we aren't careful. MR. DAVIS: It is 27 years since I havebeen connected with thepress, so I 1R. GRANIK: Davis? had better notoffer any opinion. t 83 82 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE THE LUNCHEONSESSION 83 MRS. MONTGOMERY: Does that imply that they were allwrong, Elmer? ,FROM. THE FLOOR: We havea lot in this country besides Washington. I across the river wherewe can vote, in Arlington, MR. DAVIS.: I was just as wrong as they wire. Virginia, and therefore 74 would like to go beyond the District ofColumbia. MRS. MEYER: We live in a town, sir, that has nota vote, and therefore MR. GRANIK: A lot of peopledive We ate not implicated. (Applause) across many rivers throughout thecountry. MR. DAVIS: I think it is standard procedure atevery election. All thenews' MR. CRANK: Let me ask you this question. Does the advertising dollar papers are telling everybody they ought to registerand vote. Some do and restrict the freedom of individual newspapers? That isa tough question. 1 some don't. MRS. MEYER: I am willing to answer it. No, not withany newspaper MRS. MONTGOMERY: Certainly no one can deny thatnewspapers always worthy of the name, and what is come forward to the day before more, all this talk about people being able election andurge them to go blit and vote. to color the news through advertising,Iva,s But television isso enchanting and entertaining proven wrong only recently, be. that that keeps ,,the people cause it was Senator McCarthy who tried to threaten that newspaperwhat home so they can'tvote, was the name of it, Elmer? MRS. MEYER: I personally think,that television isthe greatest medium that we have for educating peoplein the duty MR. DAVIS: The Milwaukee Journal. f public service andvoting, too. After all, itcan bring Congress or the wle government closeto the people. MRS. MEYER: The Milwaukee Journal, by saying nobody should adverte Itan mat Ole silly old civics books thatwe used to have come to life by in the Milwaukee Journal. The Milwaukee Journalis still doing fine. showing them'what reallytakes 'place and temptingthem to get into public work on a local basis, If theyare active then they will MR, GRANIK: Do you want to comment, Ruth? vote. But if theyare not activeand simply 'fsel that the 'individual iscut off and .what he does MRS. MONTGOMERY: I am thinking about' `doesn't matter, theyare not going to,vote a commentator that Senator no matter what thepress does. ItCarthy also tookout after, and he lost a sponsor. M.R. GRANIK: Do you want to take that before I takeanother question? MR. DAVIS: Yes. MR. COLLINGWO0D: Ican only say I think the sources of public apathyare much deeper thananything that radio, television, andnewspapers can do. MRS, MEYER; Again it is a matter of'tiourageAfthe preis hasn'tgot courage They go a longway farther back, and they aren't going to, be cured bythe and if individuals haven't gotAourage`,0engoucan it do anything anyway, quadrennial gingeringupprocess that the mass communications mediedo. It is much deeper, MR. GRANIK: Lies see if some individuals hivecourage in the audience to ask some questions. It is time for questions, MR. DAY4 Just one minor addition. The figuresabout the vote in national elections are" not quite right bitate we havea great many oneparty states, some of them in the North as irin as the South, and in thosestates the vote Delegates Question About Leadership in the primary is whatcounts. You add up the vott in the Democraticprimary Exercised by Ai* Media Channels in the SouthernStates and it will be about ten timesas much as the vote in the election. FROM THE FLOOR: I have a question. Much ha en said about public MRS. MEYER:Ilat is right. apathy here, and I notice the panel has somewhattouched on it, but not the way 1 woad, like to see it. Senator Kefauver mentioned it was due mainly MR, GRANIK: Another question, Go ahead. Doyou have a qiietion back there? to people who do not vote. I feel that thepress, television, and radio could do much more to get people tovote; Why don't they do more? FROM THE FLOOR: I believe it was Dr. Cunninghamwhtil of the radio and the MR. GRANIK: We will start with you,Iltnet. press as the servants of the people. I wonder :obligatir is merely to be a servantor whether they also have an obisloito;..,Oled MR. DAVIS: It is no good here in Washitgton. Congress won't letus vote. some light and take the lead. 85 IIIV 1,1),(1011IN SENSION MR. COLLINCWOOD: If that question were addressed to me, I would,say , Nashville T eallesseallwas.subsi4dby Insult.D6 you think thatsine certainly- they have an obligation to, take the teal However? the basic prin. time theInftlioh6bugwspaps tire, free from prejudice that they epics of American comrnunicailOpi.media ,are 414 'they Inform. Crusading accept money from OR: .National ManufacturersAssociation papers and crusading comihentattrare, all,''It Well, but the basic theory interests tti educate the public in the reasoningthey .w. Pant them tor' that we work on is that if we getifiefatt's,,iiiithe people,then.they will. reach i,, ,_ MK, GRANIK.: i'wni asii' imrs.Meyerpd to,take that, the right conclusions. I think theygut the fads to the peopleabout is much as the people are willing to take. And if the people. want moreiffacts, then you ..,.MRS, ttxpt,,I, I can t think offhand ofany paper of 'which I would say can be sure that the newspapers and the radio nations and the rest will that' it co;".'4,1en,lpe 'suspected4o?taking money from the National-Associa- provide more facts, tion'of,'aodfacturf4.,liut on theother hand, the National Association of Mannfacturers4 it is'ille MR. GRANIK: Another tuestion. Committee on Economic Develop lent whichhas drawn up 'anitHconomicprogram of whatthey think shot' d he taught in FROM THE FLOOR: I should liketo ask since we are all agreed that there :schools, I thinL thatmay be a very gofid pingram---I haven'tseen ithitt is a necessity for editorializing, theaverage person being unable to get at I do think-that even a big organization likethat should be Very careful about all the just views from publication ofnews stories alonein what sense is a its approach to the schools. It shouldsay, "Here is a program. What do you strictly partisan channelor newspaper of service to the public? Does itcon- think of it ?" I think they arc in great dangerof being suspected of fording fuse and rattle' the publicor is there an actual service performed in recog their program on the schools unless theyarc careful. nition of certain distinctively...partisanpapers whicliare so rated? MR. GRANIK; Would yoli care to comment MR. GRAM: Elmer, do you want to take that one? on that, Ruth? MRS, MONTGOMERY: I think the newspaperhas becomesuch big business MR. DAVIS; If you take the publications of the Democratic andRepublican in recent years that practically allpapers in the country that I know of committees you know what they represent andyou can often read them with are owned by very wealthy people. I don'tthink that they would sell out ....Stime':edification on that basis. As forgeneral newspapers, this question to a particular group. I only know ofone paper in the United States that is sub. kiwi* ilbjectbity and editorializingis a matter of walking,a tight' rope i .,, ' sidized and that is the Daily Vorker byStalin. . andnobodyd has ever known theexact answer. Fifty or sixty years ago almost .' all .American papers were very biased. Their news columns reflected the MR. GRANIK: Another question? Go ahead. &litorial page. Therewas a very proper reaction to that, which went too far, FROM THE FLOOR: I think there has beena lot of talk about apathy and /,I think'. About 35 or 30years ago you would see in the papers "Joseph W. also about crime. This goes mostly to Mr, Davis because I think he ison the Blottf said: ":., and three quarters ofa column if he was a man of any same side. I wonder if he wouldn't agree thata great deal of the prObleap in portance, with no indication as to whether he knew anything about the today is ;lot simple apathy but the factthat we haVe losta moral '*Ject he was talking about, andno indication 'as to whether he hiidsome our news reporting. I would like to havea discussion of our Far.P.agtern particular interest in getting hi's side of itover.There was cessive foreign,r, without' having Acheson madeinto a Dreyfus. I don't think objectivity. The result is that in' recentyears there has been a tendency hack it is rt bliso disobjehive inour facts that we have to make it toward interpretation,;tttitis awfully easy to lean over on the'wrong side r impossi discuss anything inan Objective way without being *led ,iii' ' way.).have en some, interpretive reporting which was on the side a Communiseel think if o y ejpdice well as on the side against we cold carry /4e the crime investigaiidn that has my. prejudices ,that was just 41' c, ,. , . been going on to realize that'Stealingintnerisn'r 7: ,,, theionly form of perjury, . 0 gr we would be doing a good thing: kes:anctof.course PM wasfoundedin New York 1: t 410. MR. GRANIK: Let's tag! a lithe part or tnat, prott, w$ tore flounced intention of interpretingoils 1 epor ,and t had a very short lifeas we all remember. sot, DAVIS: The gentleman has stated the,,casevery well. so K ,ndtberquestiop;?. Go abead,,sir, MR. GRANIK: You think he hasanswered the questionas welis asked 400(4.1.110e a questi4A I remember Luke Lea of the MRS, MEYER.: I would like to add to it, though, thatI don't sec why you 86 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE blame the newspapers. I don't thinkyou can liavOetter newspapers than you have people, I don't think THE CLOSING you can have better politicians than you have GENERALSESSION people. In other words, there can't bea better public morality than there is a private morality, When youget right down to the basis of all this we Saturday, May19, 1951 4 had better look intoour private morality in this countrya(Applause) FROM THE FLOOR:I wonder if the people have been staccustomed to read. Chairman PresentsGuests, Gives ing overbuilding ofnews 'that the newspapers have hollered "wolf" tous as Message fromHonorary Chairman to.the little.boy three timestoo many times, and we cannot believe thateven though civilian defensemay be urgent today, it is still as frighteningas it The meetingconvened at 8:30 o'clock p,m,, the Honorable Carl is put up by the newspapeis. director, Attorney B, Hyatt; General's Citizenship Program, presiding. MR. GRANIK'Do you want to commenton that, Chancy? utttimaN man: Thespiritual blessing upon this meeting will be by the Reverend given COLLINGWOOD:I would only comment onthat, that l nk you 'are Matthew M. Hanley,O. P., Dominican House or Studies, laying the blame at the wrong door, After all, nekapersand radio stations Catholic Universityof America. and people like Elmer and myself report'what other people say. If there has THE REVEREND MATTHEW M. HANLEY,0.P. been too much emphasis placedon scaring people, which I think there has (Dominican Houseof.Studies, Washington; D.C.): been, then it is not our fault for reporting itso much as it is the fault of , those whom we report. Almighty and EternalGod, who knowcst how good andhow pleasant for brethrento it is MR. GRANIK:I dwell together inunity,-we ask Thy will take a final question. Go ahead, blessingon this gathering and pray that men everywheremay ,live as brothers in FROM THE FLOit.I' harmony and in the would like the facts,on the number of Americans freedom of the children of God, 1 killed in the Kil.aras well as the number of Red Chinese, Who doe's Help .us, c;'izensof this beloved the censoring, the iiporfo,orthelpapers? The land, to be ofone mind in Washington papers in the fast one heart in charity and that byourexample we few days 'have carried ch,e,ntidiber of Chinesewho were killeik the Korean may lead the nations of thFworld to freedom and unity war `44;. and peace forever.Amen. , (koduction ofguests at head table) MR. CRANK: W nag, the paper or the reporterrWe have (10duction ofservice veteran a reporter and the guests; by the HonOrableWatson B, e we might ask them. Miller) MRS; MEYER: 1,01, wilbagree with me that the facts that CHAIRMAN HYATT:,We hid hoped'to weget from Ko. have withus tonight our! Hoilorary Chairman, thewist,genial, and much loved Vice Presidentof the Naked DAVIS: We t ',,statement Jtom" lima. (Laughter) Isee States. I havelust received a letter from,hint, which I shall now ing that the casualtiesare 914,783, ngi'S, not 94, but 83. That is read toyou. tr, A I greatly regrtOny-inability eilus froin Kt? rea. to be present 'at, the c.., `cure National Confer. ,`'.?, .' on Citizenship Dinnerto be held on Saturday 4.wish we could be herelonger. evening, I had . . looked forwardto this occasion with great anticipation, butcircum- Tir51:60itt I think we are all, agreed that 'both stances beyond my control they parties make it impossiblefor me to attend. fiAitsii getiput. Shouldn'tthere be a gieatei emphasis in activating In these clays of national d world conditions,there is nothing the ca'all!dependent voter.? more important than theemphasis that We should plat.'upon citizenship and itsresponsibilities. All of MR. COLLINGWOOD:The questiikwasWhether there ought to be our democracy stems from a greater the rights of individualcitizens, It spreadfp communities, states, emphasis on activating the so.called independentvoter. 1 certainly think tl\qe and to the nation,and, in view our leadership among thefree peoples of the world, it extends alsto the whole of mankind. We are all 'anxiousfor peace,prosp '"..101441K: Weare all in accord with that. Thank you very much. ity and security, andif the ,;. '7.,,f ,N , % peoples of the worldcould express their hopes, I thinkan over- [871 89 SLSSION 89 whelming majority .of them would Wantpeace and security, without which there can he no rean-osperity. .40;. ''''Please extend to all thoseassembled my sincere good wishesfor. a profitable occasion, and my profound hope inthe ultimate justice'' of all our efforts in behalf of democraticideals. Sincerely yours, ALBFN W. BARKLEY. Delegates Receive Neighborly Greetings, Hear Music, View Drama 'There are three thousand' miles ofboundary line between two greatcoun- tries, Canada and the United States.Along that line is no fortificationto shut out peace, friendship, and understanding betweentheir peoples. For the past three days valt have had withus a representative of the Canadian Citizenship Council. He had to Ay home thismorning since the first Canadian Confer- ence on Citizenship begins on Monday at Ottawa. It isbeing fashicnied very much like our own, stressing'democraticideals and the part Canada must play in this world over which the cloudsnow hang low. He left this message with me; It was a great honor and privilege forme to take part in this annual conference on citizenship. I foundit very interesting andc very stimulating. Being .a French-speaking Canadian,I hope you will notistiif I send my greetings andmy thanks in "Basic English." In Canada, we are faced with thesame problems that you have in the United States okAmerica. But I canassure you that Canada s the will anstiaprepared to defend and tosaye, at any costs, her cremocratic way onifeWithihe helpof God and in closecoopem- tion with our allies, parfiturarlf inclose cooperation with our friendly neighbor, we will pave the road fora free world. I thank you for yourwarm reception and on the behalf of the # Canadian Citizenship Council andin my own name, I offer to the National Conference on Citizenship*to all the delegates, and to the Ameridin pOle, our greetings andour best wishes., JEAN PIERRE-HOULE Assistant Executive Director, CanadianCitizenship Council. piss CORMA MOWREY: Mr. Chairman,at this time I thinlitthatie should like to sendto our Canadian neighbors. our 'very good wishes fora most successful citizenship conferenc'e,',andif it is in 'circler I should like toso move at this time. (Applause) 92 90 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE CloSINt; SESSIoN 91 freedom for CHAIRMAN HYATT: It is moved and seconded thatwe send our warmest Communists to speak, We don't needto be afraid to let munists talk, We Com- greetings and best wishes to the first Canadian Conferenceon Citizenship. are convinced that iur democratic way of lifeis superior It has not been the policy of this Conferenceto pass resolutions, but I think to Communism, and teh speeches aren't going to persuadeus Our 'fear isn't of Communists; it is most timely and most important thatwe give a rousing vote on this e can handle them. Perhaps a greater danger is that particular motion. All those lin favor please make we may become it known by saying "aye." mere anti-Communistrather than pro-Americans. Freedom of speech is' the The, "ayes" have it. We a/c to havea special treat tonight, excelpts from very essence ofour democrati way. Let's show the Com- munists that we "Faith of Our Fathers," thesymphonic"drama produced by the National can practice whatwe preach. What we need is Capital Sesquicentennial Cdnimission. Thecast will have to leave shortly for an atmosphere of free, clear thinking forthe classroom and the public forum, a practie session in preparation for their opening night,so I am going ,to an atmosphere in which knowledge andsound judg- introduce the director of this dramatic production, wtowill now tell you ment can grow, 44 .lornething about it. Mr. William Vorenberg, The real danger, as one group put it,is the subtle creeping. paralysis ,threateningour freedom of thought (Introductory remarks by Mr. William Vorenberg) and speech. Amajor causeiis in ' rent unprincipled the cur-, methods of accusation, i, (Excerpts from "Faith of Our Fathers") (Applause) A summingup was given by one group: Althoughwe are fully are of N the need for security, we are deeply concerned CHAIRMAN HYATT: As a North Carolinian, Iam proud of Paul Green's that the traditionalAniqiean philosophy of justiceseems to be undergoing production, a change and thatwe seem to be moving in the direction ofa philosophy of guilt until Music has always beena part of our conference. I am glad tonight that we proved innocent, rather than the assumption of innocence are to hear from the Eastern High School Mixed Chorus of which Mr. J. J. until proved guilty. During this COnference Summers is the director and Miss Margaret Hughes is the we have added a accompanist, new "freedom" to the usuallist. We support the "freedom to bedifferent," Freedoms in this countryarc (Musical entertainment)(Applause) threatened bya cult of conformity, says one group, a cult of conforMity in our pattern of living. Too much fear is paralyzing itHAIRMAN HYATT: Thank,you for thatwonderful music. our freedom of action. Our basic assumptionis that every man everywhere hasa basic desire to A few days ago I dictatedsome words aliout:the person I ,am going to respect his fellow man. Wemust respect his call upon now. I said "She differinkcustoms andinstitu. was deemed indis0We'!.The stenographer had tions, respect them provided he is freeenough to make Fiis trouble with the word-"deemed." She substituvd own decisions, an "a" for the two e's and The importance of the individual isthe essence of den added an "n." Well, maybe that describes her, acy, In that con- the incomparable reporter 'nection one you!)says: 'Minority groups don't need or 'Want special of this conference, Dr. Cunningham. (Appliuse) con- A cessions; -Theywant an equal, chance to develop fully theirabilities to '.; 'with others for serve democratic betterment, . . Frtvedomcan be a lonesome thing. It's Third Thumbnail Report not easy to stand alone for whatwe think istimportant.If freedom is .Stresses Reiponsibility Abroad not t a lonesome thing, it will be we use our freedom because to form teamsf like-minded citizens dedicatedto a DR: RUTH CUNNINCHAM: Ladies and GentleMen of the Sixth National anion purpose. v'e Since threalkto ''',ConCerence on Citizenship: . anyone's f reedoinis threat to. everyone'sfreedom, it is the major responsibility This is the third report fromyou to you telling of our work .in' our 22 of citizens tocome to the defense of everyone's free-, ; dom, even ifa particular "everybody"is discussion groups: Pestery afternoon we continued our discussion of kee labeled as "different.' , Growing out Itifour dom at Home,'and in r sessions,today we have been discussing Freed*._,,.;., inking inthese groups), , we have some-very special Ab pad, '11 recommendationus,o how we.might operate *1 to'work as teams,as community groups. Here are some thingsto remember: Ayery big idea in the'consideration of -freedomat home had to do with Good politics is freedom of speedt7freedomto speak up for unpopular causes; utilizing theresources of the community for yes, even the best inter- ests of its citizens, 93 9Z (.041 Iii.NL,I, aN1d(A1is%10N .93. A special note for a special problem; Don't stopyour work once your are against is any formof gOvernmen4which the candidate is elected. He needs aid and comfort after he is in officeas much as, MAC and the submersion of the individual. or more than, he needed your help to gain dice, Our reports 'indicate that we recognize the resphnsibility of citizens of this Citizens groups organized to take specific actionon community prollems county for international action, We feel that America, faced with the neces would do well to observe the following principles, recommendedone group: sity of world leadership, is perhaps uncertain as to the best method for train Make sure that the organization isa crosssection of the community. Work ing leadership. We suggest: with the duly dotted authorities of the community. Chiller, discussand 1, The development of good democratic practices at homeon local levels, analyze your facts before you take action. starting.with the individual. The organizations represented at this Conference shouldgive some serious 2, That we learn to live demos racy rather than merely to talk it. thought to ways andmeans of bringing to the attention of the electorate the critical problems which require that citizens exercisetheir voting franchise, 3. Maybe we had better learn to accentuate the positive. Suggestions toward this endarc: (I) Establiiment of community councils. 4. We need to get more people involved in action groups for democracy, (2) Establishment of legislative councils made Up of representativesor dele 5. We need to make better use of the opportunities we have at hand. . gates of ciyic agencies.. 6. That we show more concern with the politics that conic out of local com Let's move now to whatwe saabout'Freel 4 Abroad. The international .. , mun ities, problemisn'tsomethingthat'sa road, over t ere, far away. Its not merely 7.,That we include youth in all our groups. on our doorstep; It has walked right into our living rooms and intoour kitch ens. It's a part of how we live and what we eat, andeven our feelings 'about This is our conviction: Our responsibility for freedom abroad must con ourselves and other people, Maybe'we had better 'tort by "re.makiie our sdously transcend even an enlightened selfinterest. selves as individuals ana groups before Westart out toremakemake the world. It was interesting to find in the reports today answers to questions raised Perhaps the best way tocarry out our citizen responsibility to insure free,. by groups. yesterday 'and the day before and reported throUgh these thumb dom abroad is to putour own house in order thrOugh removing the social nail reports. Maybe you will recall that one of the questions raised was,Can inequities and discriminations that plagueour society. we he loyal to the UN as well as to our nation? Should we? Can we? Here ,'What ie,need is notso much a re.examinatiorrOf our ideals for citizen are Some of the responses, ship, but a reexamination ofour dent:practices. Isn't it possible that there One group wants to protest a recent cartoon in a focal paper which seemed is a gap between our beliefs andour practices? How can we bridge that gap? to disparage he UN. What it seems to boil down to is this: Actionsspeak louder than words, Anotlki,group says, Americansshouldgive full support to United States Our democracy.thust be a democracyof action,with an iction program, and '"i .participafion irr the UN. our individual way of livingis apart of that action. Another said, We support the United Nations. This support should go Let's recognize that people can't talk freedomon an empty ,stomach. And beyond passive, acceptance. We need;ictive support to the actions and wh4,MortirOportant, peoplecan't feel freedom or act freedomon an empty .accomplishments of the UN. stomach. That's whereinternational affairs step intoour kitchens, into our Another said, We believe in the United Nations, We believe that loyalty pantries. . to the United Nations is not inconsistent with our loyalty to our own country, As one group puts it: We deplore the delay 4 in answering,India's need for Over and over again.,groupspointed out that international understanding grain. In the future we hould. act quickly to answer the cries of famine. is a twoway street,,Werieed to know other people, but we want to help (hem stricken people. to know us. For examplerwo hay say it in terms like thco; Instead of offer We agree thatwe should not forceour Way of life on other peoples. Our int:bread and wine.in'llpa:---and the group was very careful to point out opportunity adddut lie in creatinga dynamic democratic society. that these were Biblical cans we might better recognize that local CustOms Here is a thoutprovoking statement fromone group, I quote: We itaild call for rice and tea, Rather than telling,people about us, we can let `ijieople in America for a particular form of government, a democratic form ofgovern. know us by inviting tkem to he our guests in this country for a sufficient ment, but we won't stand for any speciahform.of economic system. What we period of time for us to get realiyiacquaintpd. 9 r) A .0 2.5 VIII 22 111111-z 1v6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TESI CHART NA 11,INAL 11_11?[ Allill ArAr.APD. Vito A 94 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE CLOSING GENERAL SESSION . 95 It is important to select for work in foreign countries goodpersonalities We cap-open our homes to guests from abroad, suchas those attending the who are genuinely interested in people and want to work with them, to help World Assembly of Youththis summer, them to help themselves within their own cultural framework. For example, Personal contacts are necessary, says 'one group, in publicizingAmerican we recognize the adverse publicity which the United States gained abroad freedom. Americans abroad should demonstrate friendliness,courtesy, and because of ,limitations placedupon the rights of Negroes here. To correct this respect for "the freedom to be different"thit we were talking about. publicity, we recommend that the Negro be given fullrights and that many School groupscan do much to develop.understanding through activities trained, competent Negro citizens havea part in our Point Four activities such as those sponsored by theJunior Red Cross, and, in other foreign offices. Our organizations might giveeven more effort to the exchangpiol-people The international exchange of students andteachers n help promote a idea--exchange teachers, pupils, organization leaders. Maybewe, could do better understanding of inter-personal,international, and intercultural rela- more with the' idea of town affiliationsacomm pity in the United States tions. Maybe we had better foster this further, affiliating itself witha community abroad. 1Maybe the immigration laws should be liberalized to establish equality of It is essential, says one group, that we inform ourselvesas citizens about admission on the basis of qualification ratlr thanquota. conditions abroad to providea basis for any intelligent public opinion that As we work with people of other countries,let's not assume that the way will support constructive foreignrelation's. we are doing things today is necessarily the bestway for everybody. Maybe we We should write our Congressmento extend the Fulbright Act. can learn and develop, too. And tourists take note. Americans abroad often giveour country a bad Sympathetic understanding rather than tolerance ofother nations and their reputation by being too smug, to unacquainted with other cultures, andtoo people is essential for developing mutualrespect and world peace. much centered in ourown economic interests. The actions and expressed The foreign-bornamong us are a great opportunity for self-education for opinions of American tourists abroad are living commentaries; theyare sales- all of us. Let's bring these people intoour activities and let them contribute men of American philosophy and practices, If ty are.bad; theymay out- their special values to the thingswe need. weigh the good done by economic and armed help abroad, It issuggested The American life is a process of solving problems, This idea of a continu- that all Americans applying for passports to visit countries abroadbe given ous process is not being correctly interpreted abroad, perhaps.We tend to and required to readI am not quite sure howwe can enforce that --a give the idea that we have arrived, that we have solved all out problems. We pamphlet prepared by the State Department, a pamphlet havingto do with know we haven't. We know we have problems 'yet to be solved. For example, the country to be visited. These pamphlets should include the"stoplights" of it is our responsibility to understand the PointFour program, and to interpret behavior, phrases ofcourtesy, v'ytues: and qualities to be admired it to others, as 'in the an effort to help countries to help themselves rather than to country to be visited. impose a political pattern upon-them.. ks we came to the closing of our conference some of us took a look back Again to sum it up'fromone group: We think the United States should at our experiences here at the Sixth NationalConferenceon Citizenship. give direct relief where needed, but long-time emphasis should centel around We're.all interested in a look baCk in order to makea better future. Your self-help programs as ifirststep in encouraging freedom. Conference Committee has this interest at heart. We wantto know, honestly, It is well for us to think broadly about the interntioi al responsibilities, what you think has been accomplished and how it might bebettered anotfier but it is well, too, for us to consider our specific respo sibilities as individ- year. At your table you will find an evaluation sheet. We hope thatyou will uals. One groiOys; Citizenshipi-lo'cal,state, national, or international be willing to fill this in, ifyou have not done so before. If 'you will fill these has to.be used and worked at,or else it will wither on the vine. in and leave them ...A at your plates at the table, the; will, becollected and care- One group recommends "newcomer" programs. It is suggested that proles- fully studied. The Committee will be very appreciative ofyouf help, isional groups could help orient displaced persons so there would be less Looking back at our conference .., experience, some hav'e suggested'that we waste of human. resources. We should sponsor welcoming projects for war have given too much attention to negatives in this conference. Butone of our brides, Wi should foster progtams in which newcomers would demonstrate colleagues, a gentleman from the farm state of Iowa, pointsout that a good their customs, folklore, native dishes, and so forthin other words, be given f, farmer goes after the weeds first. Maybe that is whatwe have been doing. an opportunity to express the rich heritage they have brought to our culture. Many groups expressed the very sincere gratitude we hare forour youth 9? 98 97 participants, As one group says: Adults are not aware of how far ahead of A second consideration is this: How can we implement the work of this them many youth reallyare, conference to keep it from being "just another conference"? We have talked We 'arc told that there is an old Chinese proverb which readslike this: a lot about action, How can we put it into action? How can we put into cannot carve a good statue out of rotten wood."gutno trees and no action sonic of the things we have learned, some of the insights we have. people are rotten in the beginning. gained? Sometimes youth may be self-consciouslyhiding its idealism and altruism One group says: The trouble with ideals is that their phrasing becomes, behind phrases of selfishness andselfinterest, but ifwe really listen, listen platitudinous. Let's practice rephrasing ideals in terms of ,Idnig activities, and carefully, we will hear the undertones of sincerity and faith thatare so badly do it frequently. needed in today's world. The next job for all of us, for each of us, as follow-up of this`conference,,,. Confidence in youth alwayspays off, A real test Of our confidence in youth is to go home and, in our communities and organizations, try to see that free comes from the group which recommends that thevoting age be lowered to dom has a real chance, eighteen. Our conference has come to the full cycleofrealization.lt was said at Here is another line of thought. our first session, and it was said again today: Recognizing that our democracy One group says: Weare concerned that some participants in this conference has many problems, we reaffirm our faith in the democratic process of solving are avoiding the work sessions butare prominent in the "glamor" our.problems. We believe that civicminded individuals and sessions. Perhaps anotherway of saying this is groups must pool that people who didn't attend their efforts and work together. This charts the discussion sessions just don'tknow what our direction 'as we work for they missed. Freedom, Freedom at Home and Abroad, Freedorti for Today and Tomorrow, Here is a tfibute toour ways of working: In the fourth meeting the mem. .(11AIRMAN Hum Since its beginning in 1946 the National Conference on bcrs of our grOup had reachedsuch a point of confidence in each other that Citizenship has matured, adding stature toits growth, and horizon to its they could discuss franklywhat we were accomplishing, evon to the point vision. But this development as well as other developments to strengfhen, of questioning whetherone's own opinion is better than that of the other citizenship has required the thinking' and planning of men and women who fellow, looked beydnd the bounds of organizations or individual' interest. From the 'Anothergroup says: What we take back is not so much information or con many such'men and women, a few have been asked to share their thoughts elusions as the experience of dealingtogether important issues through ,wit 's tonight. shared thinking, Ifwe have accomplished that, we can feel that our time has In940 the Alien Registration revealed that there were over-five million been well spent, can'twe? peshere from other lands who were noncitizens of our country, Hun. A major strength of 'this conference }ids been that ithas helped us to dregsf thousands of those were seeking United States citizenship: Shortly realile that developing better citizenship isa job for all of us. Nobody can afterw rds, a nation-wide plan was proposed to, make the court ;eremony for claim that clef/eloping citizenship is its special functionor an exclusive right. the 'b stowal of citizenship an inspirational occasion: We were in' the *1st No one organization can do it alone, No one institutioncan do it alon'e. of w and the president of the Federal Bar Association'saw the patriotic Developing citizenship is (` a job of the home, the schocol, the church, the signifinee and service of such a progtain and gave his wholehearted support 'government, and the many or,ganizations of this country, In short, ifis a job to. it:It is a,pleasure to present him to you now. Mr, Robert, N, Anderson. for each ofus, for all citizens. (Applause)- In dosing the conftiencesome of us felt it an opportunity to look aheid to future conferences. We recommend, says one group, that the Conference Mr. Anderson Warns That on Citizenship widen the delegategroup to include people from commercial, industrial, and other professional Citizenship Is Seriously Threatened , 'circles., The Conferenceon Citizenship should encourage closer cooperation between the citizensassociations and MR. ROBERT N. ANDERSON: Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests, delvates public agencies, We recommend that the work of the CitizenshipConference to the Sixth National Conference on Citizenship, ladies and gentlqmen: I be extended thriolighoutthe United States through regional or sate confer- am indeed happy to speak to you a few, minutes on American citizenship. caul, with purposes and procedures similar to tliose of this conference, It is our most' valuable and precious possession. In no other place on the 99 IGO THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE CLOSING, GENERAL SESSION 99 globe does citizenship have such meaning as here, Despite differences of seeks to engulfus, Yes, well reassert our faith in those.who 'hold public creed, race, and opinion, United States citizenship 'has madeus a united °lino reassertour faith in fur great governmental institutions: WemusC not family and has brought us together underone flag in the name of liberty. let the asserted defaults and shortcomings ofan insignificant Minority destroy It is not my purpose tonight to recount toyou the wonderful privileges our faith in our gove'rnment and its public servants. that are inherent in this great possession ofours. Your presence herecoming As a great President saidin another era of peril, '"We have nothingto as you do from every section of the country, the representatives and leaders fear hut fear itself," of hundreds of organizations and agencies, is testimony ofyour awareness You as delegates, coming frowall parts of this'greatnatiotVrepresenling of these great blessings , influential organizatios, have by this c,onfereficecreated the opertunk for I would like to take this opportunity, however, to sounda note of warning. a free discussion by the President of the United States, theAttorney General, In my opinion the blessings ofour citizenship arc being seriously threatened the President of the National Education Assodation, andother distinguished at this very moment. A dangerous trend is taking place in this free nation of . Americans of the weighty problems affecting our citizenship) today,I have no ours: It isan, emotional something that is foreign to our American way of doubt that throughthese .deliberations and the rektiont 'here madeyou lifeintangible and yet as insidiousas a dreaded disease. It is a subtle sonic- iave.set' inincac,counterforces that will help to insure thC safetyof our thing, a creeping something that paralyzesour free thought and speech, Its precious citizenship in\the years to come. Let us, above everythingelse, keep loots are itnbedied in fear, and itoperates as a slow poisOn in thd blood our faith, stream of our national life. This indefinite, reprehensible something attempts CHAIRMAN HYATT:Thank you, Mr, An4rson. to cast suspicion upon those .holding public office throughout the nation. At the same time,thatMr. Anderson was president Lacking in just kid constructive criticism, suchas fair Americans welcome, of,sthe, Federal Bar Association, therewas also a president of the-Tmerican this,insidious thing undertakes to placein disrepute and dishonor our Bar Association who likewise saw the good thatcould be rendered,our governmental institutions and those whoserve you. It has as its object one country through an inspira tional induction ceremony and lOng.time citizenship piogram. thing, and this the destruction ofourfaith in our nation, our faith In its He joined hands with Mr. Anderson,and through the'cooperative public officials, and our faith in each other. efforts of the Amer, 4 lean Bar AAociation and theFederal Bar Association, the Referring to some 'of the damage that reputedly has already been done, worth anc,meaning a of our citizenship have been emphasizedto overtwO million new citizens: prominent news commentator Jusrthe other day said: "... forsome time And to further the noble objectiveof the rational Conference there has been clear evidence that/many of the ablest, scientific "students on Citizenship are has even offered terscaiien pencils if .necessarf, Mr.George Maurice shunting away from atomic or any scientific work for theirgovernment; there Morris. (Applause) , has been a drop of 25 percent in the number of college seniors"applyingfor career diplomatic work. But this disease of fear has gone much further than Air. Morris SaysAmericans that, The campuses are becoming barren of free giveandtake of ideas, Even Need to.Relax and Laugh the generous impulses of youth for the underdogare self-su ressed and .. MR. MORRIS: 'Mr. . frier and fewer dare speakfor simple humanitarian causes." Chairman, ladies and gentlemen. n this occasion it appears to me that what American If this is a clear picture of the situation, and I haveno reason to believe people need is to rcla,stand.off and take a look at themselves, and laugha little. Inthese that it is notthen this isa serious problem for us to consider in our citizen 's, when we-move from crisis tp 'crisis, the ship groups. headlines' of the, ness;spapes veal; the radio com entators moan, the cartoonistsdraw 'sneering cartoons, and This evil thing--this creator of confusion, thispromoter of disunity, this We move from Jf intellectualto fftryous tenseness and back crude mixture,of fear and suspicionrthat seeksto fasten its talons upon the again jo,intellectual tenseness,we area little amusing. , ,, very soul of our national life could have its inception in lio othersource c The life of democracyis contioversy. Criticfsmis Phan the vicious ideology that currently threatens thedestruction of the peace aOod deal like coffee. tt may makeyou nervous, but it helps fb.keeplou awake. and security of the world, (Laughter) When we areein'our hottest controversy, as we are how,we ate it great people. But in:our entire history,courageous Americans have never been captive Controversy is what Ernsout the soft spots in tte thinking of 'to fear and will not be captive to fear now. They will halt this our public wave isvhich men and our people, Crit)kism is what !tits downphonics..', ti . s :1Q1 102, 1.40k 1/0,1 (IENE101, 11.:SS(IIN 10t Today this great democracy of ours, which as a political adolescent has Dr,:tiennan Strisses thot the come into the prime ministership of the world, is what makes us good, is Citizenship CoVerence isOur Conference what maCes us strong. Look at yourselves, and smilea littlelitre you arc. What arc you here DR, tiRII"ARo Ii. KENNAN: Mr, Chairman, honored guests and delegates to for? You an trying to getlot of other people who aren't here, to realize this conference: I would like to throw in just one thought which has nothing - what a wonderful thing it is to hean American citizen, to take all the advan- to do with the'particular' thing I want to nent'in iirst, This afternoon on the tages of it, net for you but for them, the values that lie in theblessed fact throat Of a very attractive delegate from the tIew Jersey Education Associa.. that yoti were born in thiscountry, which was none of your doing, or that \lionI saw what impressed me as the 'perfect symbol of a good teacher. yol had sense enough tocome into it and be naturalized, Here you arc, the \It was an elaborate and a 'rather beautiful questOn.mark, I have tome more children or,the greatest material wealth, thegreatest individual wealth, the and more to believe that as long av we stay curious,we are kip to learn. it greateit freedom, the greatest comfort, the largestnumber of deep freezes is because I ,believe in that, that I have tried to. stay curious myself, In recent .and, refrigerators and automobiles andtelevisions that anybody has,ever months the public schools of this country have been under rather severe attack thought o'f,' All over the world people wonder, "Whyshould those people from a gdo'd many sources, and one of the statement's that is used in attacking be making such a tremendous effortto give\ away what they have? Why do theschools, and usually iita Very generalized way, is that thereare toconany they tax themselves? Why qo they send theirmen off to/ war? Why do they fads and as, So I have gd.qe t out dskil people who use that expression; do all these things? Whatare they up to?" 'What do you mean,by faili,i4'.h?":1.11,c'ause I don't want such thingsin the public schools'an' e,thin''l'do'. Time and again We are'tlid 4doggondest do-gooders') the worldhas ever seen. Here we are, one of the,things La - P 4, that has been4nentioi.! lies 41 music., 0 We have everything that anybodywants within teason. Nobody has ever had, .9 , all we have. And I mention that ,toghr,t'oediuse asIsat there, looking at that beautiful we have come down here,. 1100 of us, all kinds, to geta ..' ,..,. chorus and lisle= .the inspiration of their' songs, I was deeply stirred. lot of other ;people to take advantage ofwhat we 'have to offer. Wearc amusing, and vie area little wonderful. (Applause). And I looked i)hoi0r0 young men particularly (the girls.werebeautiful .. ' in their costumes, theiroresses;, they always remind me, 'particularly at that CHAIRMAN a HYATT: The National Conference otiCitizenship isnot the age, of just pretty 'timers appropriate to this season hut the young men who product of a solitary thinker. For the future growth, of the conference,)is staiial at tidier end: fine,strong, handsome, arc boys who within perhaps' well not to try to pin-point its.origin. Perhaps its goes back to Valley hiiinflils willte'called.'upon to givd the sameservice, make the same sacrifice Forge where ragged, starving soldiers stood togeth' teedom Or perhaps these honored guests of ourFliive'already made) and I wondered what sort more recently to the heroic death of the fou he North. Atlantic of peison it was that would deny to tliOse young people the emotional experi- who, respecting each others difference, exen G i Ibrake tour countryx, ence, the tremendouslyvaluablc,an"d,I think, educational'experience of par. "one riation indivisible," ,t1,4 1, 's ticipOon together in musicyTome,and I wonder if 'you don't agree, music. t 5110^ C At our first "Inference at, Philadelphia, th6sefeiv'of \ resent here* to can never'be 4611 4 is'an essential part of a child's education. (Applause) ,night who were esent then may recall that alpealcereihpsized that thd .There are just o or two things that I wanted to' say 'tonight and sap ',meeting was not a ational ASSowiatidn gathciing aqn .rattier quickly'. The third through the sixth,national conference on citizenship' tion and wall ion Service meeting, bill a' Conference of jair"iepresenta- /have been called jointly by the United,States Department of Justice and the i fivesof good merican organizations.1 tecall that Iwas very ritch,impriised National Education Association, but both of these agencies prefer to be con- with the prayer which .he read and which ihe ,Ptesident of the tiiited States' \ sidered. only as instruments to make these conferefices possible, It is most had read at 'a UniteeNati ns cereMbny:The prayer contained such wads as °fitting that the Department of Justice, as the atency principally responsible for "'justice," " unity," "faith," . o ' and."hiotherhood." the citizenship of our foreign-born residents, and the 'National Education He playeci a significant role in lifting the, conference above'orgahizational, Association, as the principal representative of the teachers of Mir native -born and individual interestsan putting it upon the high plane of what is best citizens, should call the national conferences. , for our country and for the peace and happiness of our world, Dr. Richard But the real test of the success of thess meetings will not depend upon the B, Kerman. work of the principal sponsoring agencies. If you go hack to your community 1 !i .103 104 102 THL CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE fssii)N 103 and to your regular work and refer to this as the NEA's conference or the done it before, But he is not going to this time. So, Carl,,forservice far Attorney General's conference, then the conference will have failed in large beyond the call of duty, those long hours whenyou went down in the morn- degree as far as you are concerned. When you speak of this conference refer ing at ,five o'clock and stayed until two the next morning, thetimes when to it as our conference, and that of about 1100 other delegates, that of our some of your loved ones were ill and you would far rather be at their bed. Organization and nearly 700 other organizations, Representatives of many side, I know; for courage amazing to me when at times Iknow you must national groups have participated in the planning and lea ership of this and have felt 'you stood alone against some of the forces thattried to stopyou; for most of theecarlier conferences on citizenship and have d great influence vision that has seen beyond the years and far beyond thepetty annoyances in shaping policy and carrying on the work. that have come up from time to time;' and for citizenshipof a character that In one sense the two sponsoring agencies are like catalytic agents that ,we all might emulate, I would give you, if I could, a gold medal. Thenearest .imply accelerate a process. Their major objective ii to stimulate and accelerate thing I could find when I recognized my opportunitya while ago was the the citizenship contributions of the many organizations participating in these gold in the heart of a flower. And sd, on behalf of all thedelegates' 6 this ,cOifttrenceatt the simile is dot a correct one, for a catalytic agent in chemis- conference, I would like to present this little blossom with itsgolden heart try stimulates but remains unchanged itself, The work of the National Hu- in token of our profoundiappreciation of thegreat work you are doing. cation Association, and I believe even the work of our grea[ Department of (The audiencearose and applauded.) Justice, has been affected, changed and, 1 firmly believe, improved by the cHAiRMANHYATT: That Ssociatigns,sociations, deliberations, and outcomes 'of these if national conferences on puts me on the spot, especially after Iemphatically told someone, this morning that citizenship. , there should not'beany reference to individ- We are now in the closing moments of thi Sixth Conference, We should all ual contributions to the conference. If it were not for the of us be searching our minds and hearts for ways'and means by which we deep friendship and brotherlylove that 1 have for men like Qick Keonan and Earl Hawkins may implement the values that come to us from these meetings. For my part and Evan E, Evans, andothers, I should probably lose I will Summarize our obligations this., way. There are citizenship rights and my temper now. The conference is biggerthan any one responsibilities whicli we must learn to carry out more effectively. There is, 'individualall whoparticipate, contribute. Our next speaker is referring back to that prayer I, read earlier, "a fines clean world our hands a distinguished jurist. At the first meeting ofAttorney General Clark's citizenship can build," There is an American way of life we should advance. There is a committee she urged that theAttorney General place the full impact of deep abiding human brotherhood we can realize The 'are basic democratic the Department of Justice'into the movementto strengthen our citizenship and freedoms we must,preserve. But the degree to whirthis, your conference, our that' the Department join withthe National Education Association in sporisoring conference, helps achieve these great objectives depends in the greatest meas. a national conference on citizenship. It ure upon,the degree of responsibility you acceptand the degree ofsuccess you gives) me great pleasure to introduce to you a strong believer andsupporter of the American heritage; achieve in winning the participation of individuals and groups in advancing the Honorable Florence Allen.(Applause) the goal of a more active, alert, enlightened, conscientious, and progressive Judge Allen Asks Faith in citizenry in our organizationsand inour communities inthe months and }ars ( And Defense of. AnterionPrinciples ahead. , I would like to take just one moment, because I may never get a chance THE HONORABLE FLORENCE E. ALEN: Mr, Hyatt, my fellowAmericans,' to do this again, to ask Carl Hyatt to stand up beside mefor a moment: Yob and my ,fellow citizens; As we view the downfall ofthe basic liberties all sand I have worked together in the conferences from the very first. We Over the world, we realize that here in America we havean almosttperfect never would have had these conferences without thesupport' of the Attorney structure and environment for securing justice and freedom.But securing General of the United States. both Attorney General (lark and Attorney justice and freedom is never a fixed achievement. It isa growth. Whether General McGrath, We wouldn't have had thewithout the support of the we view democracy as a system of popular self-government,oras the American of&i4ls of the National Education Association, is true. way of life in which equality of individuals is generally recognized,America There have been lots of, people who have helped with,these conferences, as marly approaches democracy as any country in 'the world, Governmental Carl. I can think of many of them. But to' me you have been the one un democracy was established and has been extended by'theConstitution, and expendable man. (Applause) I know he is trying to stop me here. He has freedom from the rigid social restrictions of early Englandand of the Con.' 105 106 101 111i (111/1 (.11)S1N6 Si s10N 105, tinent, combined with the enormous leveling power of the frontier; gave us a our mass production and our comparative wealth of living makeusdisrAd democratic 'approach to our fellows, MI' of this, in spite of our faults, made the fact that many things, including American principles,are not easily're- for freedom and justice, placed, IfI break a towel rod,' Ican buy, one at th.e ten -rent store; but if But these inestimable piiNeges will not he maintained unless we create we break America, the freedom. that was meant 10 De hereon perhaps never foroinselves and among the youth ficith in our free ideals. Faith, that delicate he replaced. As surely 'as night follows day, the forcesof (rime and corny: thing called 'faith, "the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of bon, the creeg of despbtism and may will win theday if we, the good things not seen," is the prerequisite not only of religion but of,,freedoni, Faith citizens, stand unheeding, is very difficult to define, Some of our most precious words like "home" and Since we own America, we must cherish and 'preserveher not only upon. "love",eseape the boundaries' of definition, and faith is one of them. We the bloody Korean front but in the equally desperatefields where men of is an abiding conviction, something more than a mere belief, know that it alien creed and morals seek to take thecountry from us, Without our faith in. and that to maintain faith we must .define and understand it, and it must he American principles of integrity, freedom and justice, actedupon with tight a belief so convincing that we act upomit. ing power, we may lose the America thatwe love so much, the country which How many of us define our faith in America? It is a faith based upon the today, more even than in Lincoln's time, is the last besthope on earth. (Ap-, dignity of mankind and the existence in human beings of unalienable rights. plausc) But American principles have never been generally formulated into articles CHAIRMAN HYATT: The next speaker's interest in thecause of good citizen. of common faith, They have been set forth in the Declaration of Independ- 'ship dates back to his early manhood,'when in 1919 hewas an attorney in the ence, the Constitution, and the Gettysburg Address, but their scope and mean- California Department of Immigration and Housing, Later in'the fields of ing are unrevealed to hundreds of thousand's of our citizens. We need a re- education, we fart, law and government) he continued thatinterest. He has dedication of American faith clearly defined and acted upon. Each one of us always been a batter for human rights and has receivedmany honors for should say in his mind and heart: "This country belongs to me, and I must public service. The Chairman of the Attorney General'sCitizenship COmmit. cherish it. I believe in the right of human beings to life, liberty, and the pur- tee, the Honorable Justin Miller, (Applause) suit of happiness; in government by the consent of the governed; in the free- / dom of the press, speech,' and assembly; and in the right to worship God Mr. Miller Says Conference Is according to'one's own conscience. I believe in the right of all to justice and Helping To Solve Problems in the ,other tights declared in the Declaration of Independence and the THE HONORABLE JUSTIN MILLER: Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests, fel- Constitution, which constitute our heritage, I believe that these rights belong low members of the Conference: Ifyou ,will look at Your programs you will to others as well as to me'and that I have not only the privilege to enjoy but observe that we are now engaged-in hearing "Timely Terse Talks by Dis- the obligation to cherish and maintain them," ,tinguished Amelicans." In view of the days of discussions thathave preceded We must teach the meaning of this creed in terms of human life today, this meeting and especially the admirable summaries of Dr. Cunningham,I When we think 'what' Christians (Protestant and Catholic) and Jews have think it might be wise if we changed that word distinguishedto read suffered in our own time in oncecivilized Europe, freedom of religion takes "courageous" or perhaps "reckless" for assumingwe can say anything that on new meaning..When American citizens like Vogeler vanishbehind the hasn't already been said. Iron Curtain into torture or when representatives of the press are jailed or am wondering perhaps whether the committee on arrangements might thrown into some harbor, when millions of men and women arc held have presented this galaxy of so-called distinguished people byway of con in slave labor camps largely because they do not agree with the despotic tract for your benefit so that when you go home you will he able tosay, "If government under which they live, we begin to understand what liberty means' they were distinguished, certainly there is plenty of hope for me," Ionce in terms of life and happiness, and that it exists here to an extent not equalled taught public speaking, and I know howwe played tricks of that kind in in most counties of the world and nowhere surpassed. getting over lessons, We grew up in this free country and we accept it unthinkingly as the air It has occurred to me that perhaps it was thought thatwe might reach some we breathe. The, colossal task we face is to makeAmerican ideals a living of those who spent their time in the glamor sessions instead of in the work faith, for otherwise we shall lose our freedom. Our very mechanical mastery, sessions. 1 11 1 ti7 1'0 THE CITIZEtisHIP CONFERENCE CLOSING GENERAL SESSION 107 ...', One otherjyn't.: We were, told spat these were to be inspirational talks, sufficient to satisfy the active mind ofa young citizen eager to be You have obse ed how each one ofus ha$done that job so far, Now here up and doing about the affairs ofgovernment, Is mine, I hope perhaps that,I can calclilomething of the spirit of the con- When will we learn that it is equally importantto proVide sufficient funds ference.' .' ',.; s:: ,- . for teacher training, teacher salaries, and adequatefacilities for education . Experience has ought. us that a free people living inan orderly world in citizenship as for war-makingand for the technicalsciences? hive the best chance of realizing their ful)potentialities,..It has taughtus also When willwe learn to dignify citizenship andgive it as much prestige 'to,piir sorrow that 4reedom is not self ...perpetuating biltmust be fought for of achievementas we do to other forms of achievement? "ro,frQn ,generation to 'generation allidthat an orderly world with stablegovern- This conference is beginningto give answers to these questions. ;, ,me tffiecessarKto keep it that way is still an ideal unrealized'and unattained; I wish that some of these adult advisersto whom I have 'referred could '.'i, A/tilethe earth revolves on a steady axis, thank God, andcanfindlisway have been here. to hear these discussions andall .these Many suggestions. io::4;thotit'op'our help through a universeuniverse of Whichwe are only partially conscious, . Those whoare at- tending these conferenceseach year in increasing ,, nevertheless in those affairs which man controls it is an unsteady craft which numbers are findingoppor- tunity to hear those whoare actually participating in features frequent mending,sometimesMore than,at other times, as is very government. They are taking home not only inspiration. . .__. but information concerning dent today. , , the manyways in which intelligentcitizenship canplay, We look almost instinctively to government to insure freedom andto pre- its role. As individiudsand as organizations, they serve an orderly world. When it does we take-it for granted and /pile grea.ter can coordinate their efforts to bringsystem outof disorder, This conference bringsto my' mind% picture of and greater responsibility upon it, sheddingour freedon-is in return for pro- a beautiful room with a great window looking tection and ,security. When government fails, thenwe ,blame, it for our across a fair land to a range of mountainsand to an azure' sea. 'You "whbover the failures. We become confused, anxious, and occasionally discouraged. years .harebuilt this conferenceinto a vital institution ofcitizenshipare opening a great window of understanding ' This conference seeks a way out of our dilemma, Howcan we make govern- for those whoare groping for an opportunity to participate ment serve us best? How can we best cooperate in the business ofgovern' usefully ingovern- mental affairs'of community, Mein? How_can, we help to improve relations between the nations of the state, nation, and the world. ,9a I thank you. (Applause) world? Hoi,4fi we reach the minds and hearts ofmen and women all over the earth It seems highly appropFiate that 'the Department of Justice;which is de- Justice Tom ClarkPresents , signed to help preservso. orderly world and to prolictour freedoms,should -Awards to ConferenceChairmen ,...le joinwitheducation,,,MA this enterprise. Presumably one of the major purposes CHAIRMAN HvArr: Andnow it gives me a peculiar pleasure to resent ofeducation is to train young people for intelligent and effective participation to you my former chief who has been givena special assignment by the in government. We set up special schools to trainmen and women for conference, military service and maintain them at federalexpense. We make great invest- When the record is compiled I truly believe that he willgo down in history ments in training centers for experts in the physical sciences. We establish as a great' contributor to the cause of better citizenship and the promotion educational standar& of professional training and deny to those who, have of human welfare. He accepted wholeheartedly therecommendation of Judge not met such standards the privilege of practicing those professions. Allen and his advisory committee on citizenship andput the full support of But what have we done to train our people for citizenship? Whatever the the Department of Justice, along with the NationalEducation Association, reason, we know that it has not been good enough. Generation followed behind the NationalConference on Citizenship. generation asking, "What shall we do? How shall we exercise our privilege When he was advanced to the Supreme Court of the UnitedStates and left of citizenship?" Often we have been embarrassed by hearing so-called distin- the post of the Attorney, General, he gave up most ofhis outside connections, guished adult advisers reply, embarrassingly it seems to me, frustratingly: but he accepted one, a very important one, an appointmenton the citizenship "Well, you must vote and serve on juries," I would be the last to de-empha- committee Of hissuccessor, the present Attorney General. size the importance of voting and jury service; but, after all, jury service I am now most deeply proud to present to you the AssociateJustice of the comes only about once in five years, never to some people; and voting, Supreme Court of the United States, the Honorable TomC. Clark, which constitutes the absolute minimum of citizenship participation, is hardly (The audiencearose and applaud4) 110 ...11,k/1Si I 1%1.01\.1. CLOSING GENERAL SESSION <*- 109 THE HONORABLE TOM C. CLARK: Mr. chairman and riends: I have a most listen.10 him." He looked at her and scratched his head and said, "No,Mrs. happy privilege tonight. In fact, it isanother one of ese tirsts'that the judge Jones, I don't think *will go. I knowmore about farming now than I 'ever spoke of a few moments ago. I believe it is the first ime that this conference put into practice." has ever in writing extended its appreciation,its a ction, and its esteem to Wh'at I wantto say is, while we have a lot more to learn abdut citizen. any person. I would like to }rave Dr. Hawkinsan Mr. Evans to come up shiiiiiseems to me that our speakers tonight have stressed this matter of 11,ere. If you will stand on this side, Doctor, and Mr. Evansover here, action and participation. Somebody said (I don't know whoit was) that one These two gentlemen'have rendereda great service not only'to this con reason we had the second, worldwar was that between the first and second ference since its inception butto our country. They have done whatwe call :wars so many good people had merely been good while so many bad people down home "spade work." They havegone to sessions other than the glamor /1 had been fictive. So I think that ifwe have more action and more participa sessions, as Dr. Cunningham put it, Their unceasing and sacrificing (because /Lion among those who are here, and particularly ifwe can encourage action , each of them has made great sacrifices)work all during these,years has ii';// and participationamong more who are not here, citizenship iii this country . . brought about the great.sucs that this conference has achieved in the will go forward. (Applause) promotion of citizenship t out this land of ours. It is for this fine work to just one end, that uCation, equality, religion,nor justice shall 4 ever be rationed in f' I am happy to award tonight, Conference Leaders Bring Sixth on behalf of you, thefe, es. National Conference toa Close Solo Dr. Earle T.4iawkins,"Pho for fouryears devotedly and unselfishly CHAIRMAN HYATT: In a few 'moments the Sixth 'National Conference served as chairman of this Conference,I take pleasure in presenting this on Certificate, (Applausel Citizenship will come toa close, The ending of this' conference brings a tug at my heartstrings. We have met Ame ica here, It has beena great confer. Next month, Doctor,you will get another certificate, I understand. Of ence and an inspiring conference, excep for the last few moments. course that certificate should go above thisone, but I hope this will be right It was a thrilling moment whenour P sident came to the Conference, and below that one. (Reference to Dr. Hawkins' approachingmarriage.] I cannot refrain from tellingyou that My first interest in what it means to be Dr. Evils, for the work thatyou have done, sir, in the last two;confer. a citizen of the United States dates back over '40 yearsago to an incident ences as chairman, on behalf of this conference andon behalf of alliihe other concerning another President of our country. conferences in which we have hadyour leaderShip and your guidance, I want I had gone to California to Flire fora brief time with an older cousin of to give this certificate, not Only of affection,not only of esteem/but of deep mine who was also from Northtarolina. appreciation for all the many things thatyou have done. (Applause) I Early one morning in 1909 Billcame to my room, shook me out of my '---C4HIRMAN war: I will Callon Evan later. I think now we'should head farm boy's sleep and told me to getup. He said we were taking the ferry ". from our former chairman. to San Francisco to see the President, President Taft, thenon a tour of the country, was due to arrive that morning, DR. EARLE T. HAWKINS: Any o( you in the audience, who happento be my We reached 'San Francisco'0 dawn and took our places near the ferry friends know it is very seldom I lack words. I don't quite lack them tonight building. t' but I almost do. I want to express my sincere appreciation to the people who ,The Presidential pattywas late in arriving; and ,for five long, weary, hot had the idea of presenting the certificate and my sincere thanks to all of you hours we stood in the tightly packed crowd. who have attended all theher conferences we have had, I have just one When the President arrived, Bill wasone of the first to see him. He little story I would liketo tell here, threw his hat into the air and cheered, The President lookedin his direction A ladylet us call her Mrs. Jones =-hadsome land, and she had a farmer, end waved. Bill must have thought that itwas an intimate personal greeting. Mr. Brown, One day she said to him, "Mr. Brown, I think they are havirig We didn't have television in those days. He jumpedup and down and yelled down in the village this evening the county agent who is going to talk about like one gone mad and kept thisup until the President disappeared up some new, methods on farming, Perhaps you would like togo down and Market Street, ' . 112 111 ii0 THE aTIZENSHIP CONFERENCE CLOSING GENERAL SESSION 111 My back and legs ached; but worse than that, an ugly suspicion had begun 41 that, I will say Iam still scared, but I ain also deeply moved, I 'am honored to form in my mind. Bill must have'turned Republican since he Ief Yancey and pleased, af(dI want to tell you very confidentiallyI hope the word County, North Carolina. ., , doesn't get down to that end of the tableIam so happy that Kathleen He bought all the papers, the Chroitkie, the Bulletin, theialiner, and.on happens to be at this.confereme and could behere tonight. (Applause) ,the ferryboat going back home that night he read the articlesabout the I have a choreto do, and it is one that I like tkdo. I wishwe had time President, then cut them out, carefully folded them add placed them in an that I' could takeat least an hour. That is to express appreciationto all of envelope.' the peoplecwio have made this conferencepossible. I think I hon No longer able to contain myself, I blurted out: "Bill,. aren't you a lyrcould take in ho&vtol listthose that I know who have been working ithe back, Democrat?" but are still in the front..I know that back of those, there must be nother50 He looked surprised and said, "Of course I am'a Democrat," or 100 whose, names I don't know and haven'teven seen. It is terribly "Well," I sail, "I just cant understand ihy a, good Democrat would dangTus to mention any names attall, but I want especially to mention some stand all those hours in the hot sun just to see a Republican, and now you names.1 wantto mention the two ixeotive committees th3t have worked are reading all about him." together asa joint committee, the Planning Committee, 1411 havean oppor What Bill said then I have never forgotten:, "Carl;" he said, kindly but tunitf toexpress 'my appreciation to them ( at their meeting in the morning, deadly' serious, "I thought you understood. Yes, Iam a Democrat. I didn't If thereare any of you who have any suggestions as to things thatshould vote for Mr. Taft for President; and I didn't 'want him for President. But be deleted from thenextconference' or things that should be addedto the the majority of the American people wanted him and the American people, next conferenceyou should incluaie them on the sheets of paper. But if you underur,form of government, are entitled to have what they want. When 4i1 to do that, if you get word to any of the membersof the Planning he ,betame the Pres' the became the President of all the people, my Committee, whosenames are listed in the back of the program, they will, President as mucas the President Of any Republican who lives. 1,1e is the bring the suggestions into the meeting in thetiring, symbol of the right of the people to choose those wh9govern them. He is Particularly to the staffsat the Department\of justice --i hesitate tosay the representative of our .great country, with its many rights and privileges, who has headedup that group but I know that Dorothy Morford has been and especially the right of a free people to govern themselves," on the job all the time, and Martha Mangin andsome of the others. Of Now as we return to our homes in faraway Alaska, the precious iand ourse to Lucile and all the fine girls who have been doingthe grand work possessions in the two great oceans, Guam, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virg* at the National Echication Association we express appreciation, because they Islands, homes among the rolling hills of New England and under the did thevery hard behindthescenes work. bending blue of Southern skies, homes on the limitless plains of the Golden 1 had two stories Iwanted tO tell and I wanted to summarize thecon West; and homes in other grand parts of our wonderful country, may we ference, but I have justreceived a telepathic message from my wife in which take back with us from the Sixth National Conference on Citizenship a she said tome I am sure, "If you are smart you will get this conference resolve to contribute our bit to strengthening our nation and preserving our over," We willnow all stand and sing together the National Anthem, remain heritage and, as Bill said, especially the right of a free people to govern standing while the HonorGI Td retires the colors. Folloaving that the Sixth themselves. National Conferenceon Citizenship will be adjourned. Now, at our first morning session the Chairman of our Conference became (The National Anthem)\ so excited lie ran out of the hall following the President and forgot to (Retirement of the Colors) 'adjourn the meeting. So he has another chance now, and I am happy to turn this meeting for formal dosing of the Sixth National Conference on Citizenship to ,my god friend, the Chairman of the Conference Committee, Evan E. Evans. (Applause) MR, EbaN EVANS: Mr,, Chairman, distinguished guests and members of 114 the Conference: If you will remember when I opened this conference I said I was excited and scared. Tonight I am, still excited. I haven't gotten over IONAL RECORDS History The series of tional. citizenship conferences that began ipPhiladelphia, Mak 17-1411, 19 grew out of the effort of the Citizenship Committee of the- Natiofial Eca ion Association to discov6r what was beipg done in the field of citizenship and to cooperate with otherorganizations working in the same area. Both the) first- conference in Philadelphia in-1946 andthe second con- ference in Boston in 1947&had the advice\and cooperation of the United 'States Department of Justice. In the third,fourth, fifth, and sixth conferences, the Department of Justice has beeiico-sponsor with'the Association. R asonS for the Conference In. planning the/ , F siSklational tonference the Committeeini charge out Ned the folltiv. g pertinent points: That never before in the history of theworld ha's it been so important to'_ bring civic interest and participationto a high level; That there areiniany leading nationalorganizations whicteplay a. r .play a pat in developing better practices in goodcitizenship; That tiles. organizations are all working independently,With much duplica- tion and with varying degrees of success; That the contributions of theseo ganization have had real value, and that this value can be increasemany fold it the various group efforts are 1 The cosfere sponsored by the Immigration and NaturalizationService and the progiam of District of Colvmhia Am An American Daywere a fitting prelude and postlude to-the Citizenship Conference4Upper-lefts:At theyINS,conferenee, District of Columbia Commissioner J. Edwa-rd Donahue, Solicitor General Philip B. Perlman, Supreme Court justice TomClark, and the Honorable Argyle R. Mickey, commissioner, Immigration andNaturalization Service, stand before an exhibit of publications: Upper tight*: Massing1NOM?; lorson the Capitol step. Center lefts: Col. Raymond' L. Murray, formercommander, Fifth Marine Regiment, First Marine Division in Korea (left),presents the Purple Heart. to Corp) Philip David Sumner, U. S. Marines, whowas wounded in action.in'Koreq.- Center right* r Thi Capitolserves as background for the IiAin AnAmerican Day program. Lower left*: The doted 'baritone, Les IFilliams.sings. Lower Supreme Court Justice Tom Clark gives the opening addressto the INS conference.. [112] 115 UI 1 le - litst,a1 11;,. THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE ADDITIONAL RECORDS !It ,. 115 That them are practices, prograins,and techniques whit are effectiveinis 1CONFERENCE PIA COMMITTEE developini,good citizenship and other practices, programs,and rech HOWARD R, ANDERSON,associate chief, Instructional Problems, Secondary Schools Sec. ues which'are ofdoubtful or nelative value; tion, Division of Elementaryand Secondary Schools, , Office of Education'. WILLIAM R, ARNOI.D, 1 military delegate, Mi'itaryOrdinariate l?ticcincerted nationwide effort to evaluate and attempt KARL H. BERNS, assistant That there is need secretary for business, NEA - of various groups; MRS, RICHARD W. BLALOCH, /. to improve the programs president, Camp 4reGirls, Inc. . ' ROBERT V. BOLGER, judge,Orphans' Court, 4 tanding Committeeon American That, there is often a tendency for sincerelyinterested groups to pay more zenship, American Bar Association Citi. IliRNICr. BRIDGES, director, 4 Youth Division, National , . attention to the dramatic andspectacular; Social Welfare HENRY P. CHANDLER,director, Assembly Inc. Administrative Officeof the United States developing programs which have MANNING eLAGEfr, acting Court That there, is likewise the danger of a group director of infortnatihn,Motion Picture America, Inc. Association of of publicizing the group itself than iddevelop- 0 more results in the way 14C, tufk, justice 1 elite SupremeCourt ir ing effective and cestructive.citizenship; GORDON H. COLE, editor,The Afarhinift r' ' / JOHN D, CONNORS, director, Workers Education Bureau, Thai, the ineffectiveness' cif such programsoften comeknot from wilful desire Labor American Federationof of . deeds, but from a tack of knowledge of types MRS. STANLEY G. ciioit,chairman, Cothmittee to advertiSe,one's good on Legislation, Maryland Congress Parts and Teachers of proved successful; .programs fhich have HOBART M. CORNING, .1 p superintendent ofschools, Washington, D. C. GEORGE B. CORWIN, That it would, therefore, be highlydesirable to bring together in conferences secretary for youthprogram, National Council Men's Christian Associations Of the Young civic, religious,sucational, repregehtatives of the various' outstanding HARRY K. EBY, national director, School Relationships, the coon- Boy Scouts of America professional, industrial, 'labor, andcomMunications ps RHEA M. ECKEL, vicepresident, Net, york Sjate Citizens' Council,Inc.' ROBERT ENGLER,assistant legislative several days' seriousattendon to te concreteobjec- secretary, Fa rmeroEducationa try who would give Union of America I and Cooperative tives of the conference. BELMONT PARLEY, director, Press afid Radio Relations,NEA RAYMOND F. FARRELL,assistant commissioner, Research, Education, Division, Immigration and Information and NaturalizationService MRS. C. VAUGHAN FERGUSON, , The Plan of the 'Conferetice president, Girl Scoutsof the U.S.A. GEORGE H. FERN; associatedirector, Education Department, ,,, Manufacturers National Associationof . . conference were developed, with FRANK L FERNBACH, t 'The policies and program of the sixth Department of Education andResearch, Congress totaled Organizations of 'Industrial continuing advice and cooperationof committees' whose membership WILLIAM J, FLYNN,assistant national director, almost as many organizationsand American Junior Red more than a hundred people, representing JAMES T. GALLAHoRN, Cross principal, The Americanization and School 'of the District agencies/Focus of theme anddiscussion topics, divisions of time, pattern Columbia of , PAUL H, Goon, accordance with secretary, Committee oh Education, mechanics of the conference were,in so, far as possible, in Chamber of United States ' Commerce of the question- ` it' majority, decisions of these groupsand in accordance with evaluation J. R, (PAT) tdrimitN, I;(,, national vice president,Unit of delegates to the fifthconference. Commerce jStates Junior Chamberof naires returned by hundreds ,., FREDERICK BROWN HARRIS, minister, Foundry stimulated their' audi- Methodist Church Ch on to speak to theconference were people who AfElum. F. HARTstioRN,'execulive secretary, National Council thinking. In the small discussion groups, as, NEA for the Social Studies, ences serious and constructive EMU T. HAWKINS, Simultaneously the president, State Teachers session, all delegates considered FREDERICK College, Towson, Maryland in the large discussion G. HOCIAIALT, director, Commissionon American Citizenship, Catholic same problems, University of America deal of emphasis on the work groupdis- MRS. HIR4MCOLE HOUGHTON, president, Theitcommittees placed a great General Federationof Women's Clubs ALICE SCOTT11YATT, chiel., to4he extent that these Special Services Branch, that the conference succeeds Division of SocialServices, cussions and suggested Children's Bureau, federalSecurity Agency effective action. Assignments to discussion DOROTHEA JARECKI,dir'ector, Strong meetings stimulatethought and Residence, YWCA !Wirt", JEWETT, representing varied interests ineach group, youth representative, American made with a view to MORDECAI Junior Red Cross groups were W. JOHNSON, president Howard University last year's delegates, meeting 'A. enthusiastic suggestions from B. KAPPLINdirector, National Commission In accordance with on Americanism and Civic B'nai B'rith Affairs, increased. time for discussion groups was W, P. KENNEDY, president, Brotherhoodof Railroad Trainmen U 117 118 111,1 1111.1.1; /1.1 l 11111A/011111.141.1 ADDI'l 'UNARM:LOBS 11 /. kt , ALLAN B. KLINE, president, American Farm Bureau Federation CONSTANCE F. JONES, Citizen'ship staff, NEA ANNA M. KRosS, judge, Magistrates Courts, City of New York MRS. CARL MARCY, second vice president of the League of Women Voters of Virginia WALDRON E. LEONARD, chairman, I Am an American Day, for the'District of Columbia PEARL C. IAYNER, chief, Branch of Economic Studies, Division of Research, 'Wotnen's MALYINA LINDSAY, columnist,The IrashingionP0 Bureau, Department of Labor ARGYLE R. MACKEY, commissioner, Immigration, and Naturalization Service VIRGINIA REYNOLDS, Press and Radio Relations, NEA JULIUS MELTzER, Veterans of Foreign Wars . HELEN Rowe, national associate director, Campl:iie Girls, Inc. JOHN R. MILES, director of research, Committee on Education, chainher of Cl.mmerce MRS. DONALD B. STOUGH, public relations sc,retary, League of Women Voters of the of the United States Unite 'dSlates , 4 FR iEDA S. MILLER, director, Women'sBureao,'Apartment of Labor H. B. SWANSON, assistant chief, Agricultural Education branch, Office of Education WATSON B. MILT, consultant, Tlie American Legion, Washington Headquarters MARY SYNON, editorial consultant, Commission of American Citizenship, Catholic CLYDE E, MURRA', executive director, Manhattanville Neighborhood Center University of America MRS. ERNEST (*STOTT, director, Camp Rockwood, National Girl Scout Camp PAUL TABER, assistant to the nationalaster, National Grange MRS. ROBERT P. ParreRsoN, joint organizer, Junior Army.Navy Guild MILDRED MUTE WELLS, publicity dictor, General Federation of Women's Clubs DAN PYLE, judge, St. Joseph Circuit Court FREDERICK E. REISSIG, executive secretary, Washington Federation of Churches ROBERT K, RICHARDS, director of public affairs, National Association of Radio and 'Chairmen of S eclat Committees Television Broadcasters RICHARD RIECKEN, president, APO Chapter, George Washington University COFFEE Hops WILLIAM l'Russkt, president, Teachers College, Columbia University , Emifia Mac Brotze, principal,. Marshall 3 r Hi ,11 School, Marshall, Texas RUTH SHIPLEY, chief, Passport Division, U. S. Department of State CONFERENCE SUMMARY WILLIAM J. SHORROCK, editor,Civic Leader,Civic EducatioNService . MRS. JAMES SKINNER, JR., president, Association of Junior Leagues of Anierica Lois Clark, assistant director of rural service, NEA GLENN E. SNOW, assistant secretary for lay relations, NEA DISCUSSION GROUPS W. T.-SPANTON, chief, Agricultural Education Branch, Office ofEducatioir Stanley E, Dimond, professor of education, School of Education, University of MRS. HAROLD A. STONE, League of Women Voters of the United States Michigan CARL C. Tali head, Division of Farm Population and Rural Life, Bureau of Agri. DISCUSSION GROUP ARRANGEMENTS cultural Economics, United States Department of Agriculture HENRY ToY, JR., director, National Citizens Commission for the Public Schools Natalie Gould, assistant secretary, National Commission on Teacher Education GEORGE TRIEDMAN, chief, Civil Rights Section, Department of Justice and Professional,Sfandards, NEA WILLIAM S. VINCENT, executive officer,. Citizenship Education Project, Teachers Col. EXHIBITS lege, Columbia University Thomas Clear, principal, Katherine T. Murphy School JERRY VOORHIS, executive secretary, The Cooperative League of The United States FLOWERS . of America IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN, youth repreSentative, National Social Welfare Assembly, RUTH C. LITTLE, assistant director, Division of Publications, NEA Inc. HONOR GUESTS ALLEN B. WILLAND, director, National Americanism Commission, The American Robert N. Anderson, special assistant to the attorney general, Department of Legion Justice ALFRED WILLOUGHBY, executive secretary, National Municipal League LUNCHEON AND DINNER HOSTESSES Planning Committee Alternates Mrs. Shipley G. Cook, legislation chairman, Maryland Congress of Parents and . Teachers EDWINA V, A. AVERY, editor, Immigration and Naturalization Service MOVIES JOE BETTS, associate director of information, American Farm Bureau Federation J. James McPherson, executive secretary, Department of Audio Visual Instruction,, EDWARD P. BURNS, assistant to the assistant national adjutant, The American Legion NEA DAVID D. CALDWELL, Department of Justice (retired) WALLACE J, CAMPBELL, directothe COoperative League of the United States of Music America H. W. Fenner, president, Choir Guild, St, John's Episcopal Church LAWSON G. CANTRELL, associate superintendent, Public Schools of the District of RADIO Columbia 'f SALLY M. CLAGGETT, research director, General Federation,of;Women's Clubs Robert K. Richards, director of public affairs, National Association of Racfio HOWARD H. CUMMINGS,.,head, Government and Economics, Instructional Problems and Television Broadcasters Secondary, Office of Education YOUTH PROGRAM LLOYD C. HALyoRSON, economist, National Grange William J, Flynn, assistant national director, American Junior Red Cross NANCY HANEY, program specialist, Camp Fire Girls, Inc, ELIZABETH HART, Research, Education, and Information Division, ImmigratiOn and CONTINUATION PLANNING Naturalization Service Earle T. Hawkins, president, Slate Teachers College, Towson, Maryland 119 12') 118 THE CITIZENSFHP CONFERENCE SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS 119 SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS 8:00 P.M. Americanization School; 19th. and California Wednesday, May 16 Streets, N. W. °4* Evening Session "1 Am an American Day" Celebration 10:00 A.M, to12:00 M. Presiding: The Honorable Alexander 41oltzoff,fudge, United State District Court for the District of Columbia Special conference on citizenship education44trthe foreignIxirn and related , Wicome matters, under auspices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the toNew Citizens naturalized duringpast year Pr. James T. Gallahorn, Department of Justice. Jr.,Adminietrative Principal,Americanization Great Hall, Department of Justice School Moining Session Folk dances and songs ofmany nations Chairman:. Mr, Benjamin G. Habberton,Deputy Commistioner, immigration and ( Members of student body .Naturalization Service as a. Welcome to delegates: Preliminary Events The Honorable Philip B. Perlman, SolicitorGeneral of the United Slates to 0:00 P.M. Conference Objectives: g Continental Room The Honorable Argife R. Mackey,Commissioner of the IMmigration Natu- Press services ralization Service . \ I Education of the Foreign.Born for Citizenship: 2:00 to 6:00 P,M. Director, Division of Adult Education, Deparinkni dr. Thomas A. Van Sant, Mezzanine Check Room of Education, Baltirtore, Maryland Registration The Naturalization Proceedings and Court Ceremony: The Honorable TornClark, Associate Justice, United Slatei Supreme Court 2:00 P.M to 6:00 P,M. The Problems of the Naturalized Citizen Abroad: `(Congressional RooM Mr, Eugene C. Rowley,Chairman, Board of Review, Passport -Division, United Setting up of exhibits StatesDepartment of Stale 4:00 P,M, to 6:00 P.M. Some Present.Day Naturalization Problems1 Mr. A. C. Devaney,Assistant Commissioner, Adjudicatiois Division, Immi. Potomac Room Meeting of Youth Panel for Tuesday's ration and Naturalization Service program . 10:30 A.M. to4:00P.M, 12:30 P.M.to 1:30 P,M. Board Room, National EducationAssociation Great Hall, Department of Justice All.day training session for GrOup leaderslunchat Martinique Hotel Buffet Luncheon Training Team Under auspices ofDistrict of Columbia Americanization School.Service and Dr. Stanley E. Dimond,Professor, University of Michigan entertainment by members of the student bodyik Mr. John T. 'Cheney, Chief of the Literature Division, Mlle-Libraries of the District of Columbia 2:00 P.M. to 4:00P.M. Dr. Ruth Cunningham, Associate Professor, Teachers College, ColumbiaUni Great Hall, Department of Justice versity Afternoon Session Miss Carolyn Royall. Just,Lawyer, Department of Justice Discussion Groups: 1. Education of the Foreigborn for Citizenship Thursday, May 17 Moderator: Mr. James T. Gallahorn,Administrative Principal, Ameri- 8:00Alf. to10:15 A.M. canization School and Executive Ofiicer, Americanization School AIM. dation Mezzanine Check Room II. The Naturalization Court Induction Ceremony Registration Moderator: The Honorable James W. Morris,'wipe,United Soles 9:15 A.M. to 10:00 A.M. District fours for the District of Columbia 111, Nationality and Naturalization Congressional Room Moderator: Mr. JamCs.A, Hamilton, Jr.,Auorne), Office of the Gen. Coffee Hour eral Council, Immigration and Nattiralizmion Service (Admission by Delegate Badge) General Assembly Special Guests:, Reports of Moderators Participants in the Opening SessionProgram: The Honorable Tom C. Clark, Summarization of Conference:, !sluice of the Supreme Court; Mrs. Dean G. Acheson, wileof the Secretary Dr. Henry 13,Hazard,Former Assistant Commissioner, Immigration. and of State;Mrs. J. Howard McGrath, wife of the Attorney General;Mrs. Charles Naturalization Service F. Brannan, wife of the Secretary of Agriculture; TheHonorable Peyton 121 120 Ford,Deputy Attorney General, anMrs. Ford; Dr, Willard E. Givens, Miss ClaudetteJames,Forsythe, Georgia-14 years old; represAting high Executive Secretary, National Education Association school youth; nominated by the Future Homemakers of America Music, United States Army Band Mr. Gerald Richards,Elmira; New York -17 years old; representinghigh Leader Captain Hugh Curry, school youth; nominated by the YMCA Mr. Arthur James Robinson, Washington, D. C.-18 years old; representing 10:15 A.M. to 12:30 P.M. college youth; nominated by the American Legion; student at George Presidential Room ., Washington University Opening General Session Mr. Richard Wilson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-23 years old; representing President,National EducationAssociation Presiding:Miss Corma Mowrey, college youth; nominated by the Boy Scouts of America Advancement of'theColors: Discussion from the floor, American Legional National Guard of Honor Announcements Captain Giil T. Judd,Leader Invocation; The Reverehd 'Frederick Brown Harris,ChaplainoftheUnited Friday, May 18 ' States Senate National Anthem 10:00 A.M. to 12:001`t, The Conference Purpose . Discussion Group Sessions Mr. Evan E. Evans,Chairman.of thi Cant erence Committee Topic: A Citizen's Responsibility for Freedom, at Home The United States and World Freedom The Honorable J. Howard McGrath,Attorney General of the United Slates 12 :30 P,M. to 2:30 P.M. A Note of Realism Dr. William G. Carr,Associate Secretary; National Education Association Presidential Room Citizenship in Time of Crisis Luncheon Presiding: TheHonorable Argyle R, Mackey, Commissioner; Immigration and ' The Honorable Wayne, Morse,United Sims Sen(fiqmeriOregon Greetings:-.The Honorable Harry S. Truman, Predent of the' United Stales Naturalization Service, United States Department of Justice Guest: Mrs. Harry S, Truman Invocation; Rabbi Norman Gerstenfeld,Minister of the Washington Herein Announcements Congregation Thumbnail Report of Discusiion: 2:30 P.M. to 4:00 P.M Dr, RuthCunningham, Associate Professor, Teachers College, Columbia Uni Discussion Group Sessions versify Topic: Freedom and Citizenship Activities Address; The Honorable Estes Kefauver,United Stales Senator from Tennessee Panel;TheRole of Press and Radio inThis Changing World 7:30 P.M. to 10:00 P.M. Moderator; Mr, Theodore Granik,Director; American Forum' of the. Air Presidential Room . Participants: Youth Evening Ifr.Charles Collingwood,While House Correspondent for CBS News Chairman, National Commission for the Defense Presiding: Dr. John W. Davis, Mr. Elmer Davis,,ABCCommentator ofDemocracy through Education ti Mrs. Agnes E Meyer,Reporter, The Washington Post Invocation: The Reverend Edward J. Carney, O.S.A.,Past National Chaplain, the Mrs. Ruth Montgomery,Washington Correspondent. for The New York American Legion Daily News' Music: Washingtonee High School Madrigal Singers Discussion fromthe floor Florence Booker,Director Announcenients Eleanor Christ,Stmleat leader Shirley Repass,Accompanist 2:45 P,M, to 4;45 P.M. Thumbnail RepOrts: Dr. Ruth Cunningham,Associate Prof essor, Teachers Col. Discussion Group ,Sessions lege, Columbia University Topic: Continuation of ''A Citizen's Responsibility for Freedom at Home" The Place of Youth in the Sixth National ConferenceoofrCiltizenship Free Evening Mr. William J. Flynn,Assistant National Director, American parlor Red Cross Youth ChairMan 7:30 P.M, to 9;30 P.M. Youth Discussion: A Citizen's Responsibility in a Democracy Board Room, National Education Association Moderator: Miss Dorothy Gordon,Director, New York Times Youth Forum "You, the People" and other citizenship movies Guest: The Honorable W. Averell Harriman,Special Assistant to the President Participants; Miss Joy Alexander, Burns Flat, Oklahoma-16 years old;representing high Saturday, May 19 . school youth; nominated by the4H Clubs 7445 A.M. to 8:30 A.M, Miss Mary L Coleman, Baltimore, Maryland-22yearsold; representing Workers; working youth; a member of the International Ladies Garment Congressional Room nominated by the United World Federalists, Inc, , Coffee and Doughnuts 123 122 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE 9. PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS 123 8:45 A.M,to 10:30 Add, Discussion Group Sessions GROUP LEADERS 'Topic: A Citizen's Responsibility for Freedom Abroad HALL BiRTLETT, head, Materials Division, CitizenshipEducation Pioject, Teachers 12:30 PM.to1:45 P.M. College, Columbia University Pah American Roam Ci4itt.Es E. BISH, principal, McKinley High Sthool Luncheon for Discussion Leaders Only RF,G1$ L. BOYLE, teacher of journalism and English, EasternHigh School MARGARET Jusr BUTCHER, associate professor of English,Howard University 2:00 P.M,to4:00 P.M. JOHN CHENEY, chief, Literature Division, Public Librariesof the District of Columbia Discumion Group Sessions PATRICIA COLLINS, attorney, Department of Justice Topic: Continuation of 'A Citizen's Responsibility for FreedornAbroad" MARIE CORRIGAN, dean of women, Catholic University ofAmerica RYLAND CRARY, associate professor of history, Teachers College, Columbia 7:30 P.M. to 10:00 P.M,,, University RALPH DUKE, Extension Teaching Bureau, University of Presidential Room Texas HARRY K. EBY, national director, School Relationships,Boy Scouts of America Banquet. (Informal) and Closing Session , GEORGE MORRIS FAY, United States attorney, District of Columbia- Presiding: The Honorable Carl B. Hyatt, Director, Attorney General's Citizenship ELEANOR C. FISHBURN, managing editor; News and Program 'Journal, American Junior Red 6is Cross Invocation: The Reverend Matthew M 10, O.P., Dominican House of RICHARD W. FLOURNOY, American Society of International Studies, Catholic University of America Law, former assistant legal adviser, State Department Music MARION Fox, junior high school teacher of social science Excerpts from "Faith of 'Our Fathers" and language arts, Atlantic City, New Jersey Symphohic Drama produced by the National Capital Sesquicentennial Com. DOROTHY MCCLURE FRASER, former staff member, Officeof Educatipn mission . GEORGE 1, GLASHEEN, chief, Educational. Services Introduced jMr. William Vorenberg, Director, substituting for Mr. Paul Section, United States Atomic Energy Commission Green, 6hor WALTER GRAVES, assistant editor, NEA Journal Music: Eastern High School Mixed Chorus JOHN H. HAFFNER, associate professor of skid studies .J. J. Summers, Director education, State University of Iowa Margaret Hughes, Accompanist WALTER E. HAGER, president; Wilson Teachers College Timely Terse Talks by Distinguished; Americans RALPH W. HARDY, director of government relations, National Greetings: The Honorable Alben W. Barkley, Vice President of the United States, Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters and for the third consecutive year 1.16norary Chairman of the Conference (Read by the Presiding Officer) MRS, WELLS HARRINGTON, mayor of Greenbelt, Maryland Announcements' TILDEN. HARRISON, program director, Young Men's ChristianAssociation, Wilmington, Delaware Formal Closing of t Conference . Me. ban E. Ev hairman of the Conference Committee MRS, ArfaEo E. MUDGE, chairman, National PublicAffairs Commigee, Young National Adthem Women's Christian Association J. String Ensemble from oodrow Wilson Senior High and Alice Deal Junior J. O'DONNELL, captain, USN, chief, Education Branch,Armed forces, 1, and E. Division High p Hendrick Essers, Director JAMES E. PALMER, special assistant to the attorney general,United States Department Retirement of the Colors, American Legion National Guard of Honor of Justice ARTHUR F. RAPER, social scientist, Division of FarmPopulation and Rural Life, Sunday, May 20 Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United SlatesDepartment of Agriculture' 930 AM. to 12:30 P.M. ROBERT K. RICHARDS, director of public affairs, NationalAssociation of Radio and Television Broadcasters Pan American Room JAMES E. RUSSELL, assistant executive, Citizenship Breakfast for Members of Planning Committee ,Education Project, Teachers Col. lege, Columbia University 2:00 P.M, R, WORTH ,SHUMAKER, assistant director, National Americanism Commission, The The Capitol Steps FRAtlerican Legion District of Columbia "I Am an American Day" Ceremonies M. SNOWDEN, director of summer school and professorof classics. Howard Colonel Waldron E. Leonard, Chairman University Musical and dramatic entertainment JoHN B. SULLIVAN, director of education, State CommissionAgainst Discrimination, Speaker: The Honorable F. Joseph Donohue, Commissioner, District of Columbia Executive Department, State of New Y'ork MRS, CHARLES W. TILLETT, former vice chairman, Democratic 4:00 P.M. to 5:00 P.M. National Committee ALBERT S. WATSON, management officer, State Department Carter T, Barron Memorial Theater, 18th Street and Colorado Avenue CHARLES F. WEST, JR., grand lodge representative, , Music Festival, Junior High Schools of the District of Columbia, Admission International Associationof Machinists free CHARLES C. WISE, JR., legislative counsel, ReconstructionFinance Corporation 125 126 CoNkEROCII PARIKAPANI) 125 PILISHIR'S INSTITUTIONS, I AMERICANIZATION LEAGUE OF SYRA AMI#ICAN TEXTBOOK CUSE AND ONONDAGA COUNTY, INSTITUTE ORGANIZATIONS, AND AGENCIES PARTICIPATING INC, AMERICAN UNITARIANASSOCIATION, AMERICRIZATION SCHOOL OF DIS- ADULT EDUCATION AND SOCIAL IN THE TRICT O\P COLUMBIA RELATIONS DEPARTMENT SIXTH ,NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CITIZENSHIP AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE AMERICAN VETERANS OF WORLD AMERICAN JEWISH CONGRESS WAR II AMERICAN VIEWPOINT, INC, ADELPHI COLLEGE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION AMERICAN JUNIOR RED CROSS AMERICAN WAR DADS ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF UNITED AMERICAN COUNCIL OF VOLUN- THE AMERICAN LEGION, NATIONAL STATES COURTS AMERICAN WAR MOTHERS TARY AGENCIES FOR FOREIGN HEADQUARTERS ALABAMA, STATE OF AMERICANIZATION SCHOOL Ass° SERVICE, INC. AMERICAN LEGION AUXILIARY, CON ALASKA, TERRITORY OF CIATION AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION NECTICUT ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC. AC- AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AMERICAN LEGION AUXILIARY, WEST INSTRUCTION TION, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ASSOCIATION VIRGINIA ALASKA EDUCATION COMMISSION AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC Ac- AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERA- AMERICAN LEGION, MARYLAND ALL AMERICAN CONFERENCE TO VON, NEW YORK TION AMERICAN LEGION, MISSISSIPPI COMBAT COMMUNISM AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC' AC- AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERA- AMERICAN LEGION, NEW HAMP- ALLIED YOUTH, !NCI TION, STUDENT DIVISION TION, NATIONAL YOUTH COM- SHIRE ALPHI Pm OMEGA ANACOSTIA HIGH SCHOOL, DISTRICT MITTEE AMERICAN LEGION, pF.NNSYLVANI AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS OF COLUMBIA AMERICAN FEDERATION OF 'GOV- AMERICAN LEGION, RHODE ISLAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COL- ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY (MARY- ERNMENT EMPLOYEES AMERICAN LEGION, VERMONT LEGES FOR TEACHER EDUCATION, ( LAND) COUNCIL OF HOMEMAK- AMERICAN FEDERATION OF JEWS AMERICAN LEGION, VIRGINIA NEA .t. ERS CLUBS FROM CENTRAL EUROPE, INC, AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION AMERICAN ASSOCIATION. OR GROUP ANTIOCH COLLEGE AlIERICAN. MEDICAL ASSOCIATION WORKERS AMERICAN FEDERATION OF SOROP- ARKANSAS EDUCATION ASSOCIATION AMERICAN MEDICAL WOMEN'S As. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR TIMIST CLUBS ARMSTRONG HIGH SCHOOL,DIS- SOCIATION HEALTH, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR TRICT OF COLUMBIA AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS AND RECREATION, NEA UNION LABOR TRADES DEPART- ARMY AND NAVY UNION, U. S. A. AMERICAN NURSES' ASSOCIATION AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL 1/t ENT ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA, CITY A if EICICAN ART FEDERATION ADMINISTRATORS, NEA AMERICAN FORUM OF THE AIR OF AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE As. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AMERICAN GOLD STAR MOTHERS, ASSOCIATED COUNTRY WOMEN OF SOCIATION THE UNITED NATIONS INC THE WORLD, COUNTRY WOMEN'S AMERICAN PSYCHIATRICASSOCIA- COUNCIL U.. S. A. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNI- AMERICAN HEARING SOCIETY TION VERSITY' WOMEN, DISTRICT OP' ASSOCIATED WOMEN OF THE AMER- AMERICAN HELLENIC EDUCATIONAL AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSO- COLUMBIA BRANCH ICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERATION, PROGRESSIVE ASSOCIATION,DIS- AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIA- CIATION INC, TRICT OF COLUMBIA, CHAPTER AMERICAN SCHOOL BOARD JOURNAL TION ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAIL- No. 31 AMERICAN SCHOOL HEALTH Asso: AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, CobI- ROADS AMERICAN HOME. ECONOMICS As- MITRE ON AMERICAN CITIZEN- CIATION ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN UKRAIN- SOCIATION SHIP AMERICAN SOCIAL HYGIENE ASSO- , IANS AMERICAN HOME ECONOMICS As- AMERICAN BROADCASTING SYSTEM CIATION ASSOCIATION FOR CHILDHOOD EDU- SOCIATION, UNIVERSITY OF MARY- THE AMERICAN CITY AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTERNA- CATION INTERNATIONAL ° LAND AMERICAN CIVIC ASSOCIATION TIONAL LAW ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATIONIN , AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION AMERICAN HUNGARIAN FEDERATION AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAt SOCIETY WORLD GOVERNMENT AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR THE CO/t,I- AMERICANINSTITUTE OF PARK Ex. AMERICAN SPEECH AND HEARING ASSOCIATION OF IMMIGRATION AND MUNITY ECUTIVES ASSOCIATION NATIONALITY LAWYERS [124) 127 126 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS 127 ASSOCIATION OF LAND-GRANT COL- BURNS FLAT (OKLAHOMA) 4-H CON IISSION ON CHRISTIAN SOCIAL DELAWARE BOARD OF EDUCATION LEGS AND UNIVERSITIES CLUB ACTION OF THE EVANGELICAL DELAWARE DEPARTMENT OF PUB- ASSOCIATION FOFtiSUPERVISION AND CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AND REFORMED, CHURCH LIC INSTRUCTION " CURRICULUM: DEVELOPMENT, CAMP FIRE GIRLS, INC. COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL DELTA, KAPPA GAMMA SOCIETY, NEA CANADIAN CITIZENSHIP COUNCIL RELATIONS, NEA ARKANSAS ATOMIC ENERGY Cl?.AIMISSION CARDOZA HIGH SCHOOL, DISTRICT COMMITTEE OF PHYSICIANS FOR ATTORNEY GENERAL'S OFFICE,. OF COLUMBIA DELTA KAPPA GAMMA SOCIETY, THE IMPROVEMENT OF MEDICAL DELAWARE PENNSYLVANIA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA CARE, INC. DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMIT- AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS' M. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, COMMON COUNCIL FOR AMERICAN TEE SOCIATION t: COMMISSION ON AMERICAN CITI- UNITY BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, CITY OF ZENSHIP DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMIT- CONFERENCE OF' STATE SOCIETIES TEE, WOMEN'S DIVISION BALTIMORE, MARYLAND-, DEPART. CENTRAL NORTHWEST CITIZENS As- CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANI- DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, MENT OF EDUCATION SOCIATION ZATIONS . BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, PUBLIC 'AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS CHARMIAN CLUB, UNITARIAN ALL CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY, SCHOOLS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOULS CHURCH WASHINGTON CHAPTER BAPTIST JOINT COMMITTEE ON PUB- AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERV- CHICAGO BOARD OF EDUCATION CONNECTICUT, STATE OF LIC AFFAIRS ICE CHICAGO CIVIL LIBERTIES COMMIT- CONNECTICUT STATE BAR ASSOCIA- BELLEVILLE NEW JERSEY) CITY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TEE, INC. TION OF OFFICE OF PERSONNEL CHILDREN'S BUREAU, FEDERAL SE- COOPERATIVE FOR AMERICAN RE- BELTSVILLE (MARYLAND), CITY OF DEPARTMENT OF CLASSROOM CURITY AGENCY MITTANCES TO EUROPE, INC. B AND P ORDER OF ELKS t4 TEACHERS, NEA CHATTANOOGA (TENNESSEE) EDU- COOPERATIVE BENJAMIN FRANKLIN SCHOOL OF LEAGUE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, ARMED CATION ASSOCIATION U. S. A. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND FORCES INFORMATION AND EDU- CHRYSLER CORPORATION CORNELL UNIVERSITY BIG BROTHERS OF THE DISTRICT OF CATION DIVISION COUNCIL OF SOCIAL AGENCIES COLUMBIA CITIZENSHIP LEAGUE OF PITTSYL- DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCA- COUNCIL OF VETERANS AUXILIARIES BIG BROTHERS OF AMERICA, INC. VANIA COUNTY, VIRGINIA TION, NEA COUNTRY GENTLEMEN B'NAI B'RITH CIVIC EDUCATION SERVICE DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR,BU- COUNTRY GENTLEWOMEN LEAGUE B'NAI B'RITH ANTI DEFAMATION CAVIC UNITY COUNCIL OF PITTS- REAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRSI CREDIT UNION NATIONAL ASSOCIA- LEAGUE BURGH, PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE TION B'NAI B'RITH WOMEN'S SUPREME CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION DEPARTMENT OF LABOR', EMPLOY- CRIMEPREVENTION ASSOCIATION COUNCIL CIVITAN CLUB OF WASHINGTON, MENT SERVICE OF PHILADELPHIA B'NAI B'RITH YOUTH ORGANIZATION ;DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WOMEN'S CROATIAN CATHOLIC UNION OF THE BOYS' CLUB OF AMERICA CIVITAN INTERNATIONAL BUREAU UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BOYS CLUB OF WASHINGTON, DIS- CLARK UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF RURAL EDUCA- CROATIAN FRATERNAL UNION OF TRICT OF COLUMBIA TION, NEA CLEVELAND TEACHERS ASSOCIATION AM ERICA BOYS NATION DEPARTMENT OF STATE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA, NA- CUMBERLAND (MARYLAND), CITY BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA DETROIT (MICHIGAN) BOARD OF TIONAL SOCIETY OF BOY SCOUTS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EDUCATION COLUMBIA BROADCASTING SYSTEM CURRICULUM FILMS, INC. BOYS TOWN DISABLED AMERICAN VETERANS, BREATHITT COUNTY (KEEITIIIKY) COLUMBIA SCHOLASTIC TRESS ASSO- CURTIS PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. CIATION DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REv SCHOOLS ",..rj" OLUTION, WASHINGTON CHAPTER Dismcr OF COLUMBIA BAR ASSO- BRETHREN SERVICE COMMISSION, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY DAUGHTERS OF ISABELLA, NATION- CIATION INC. COLUNIBIA UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE AL CIRCLE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CONGRESS BROTHERHOOD OF RAILROAD TRAIN. OF ADULT EDUCATION DAUGHTERS OF THE UNITED STATES OF PARENTS AND TEACHERS MEN , COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, CITIZENSHIP ARMY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PUBLIC BUILDING AMERICA , EDUCATION PROJECT DELAWARE, STATE OF SCHOOLS 1 0 I2t1 . 129 THE CITIFNSHIP CONFERENCE CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIAPIliLIC INTERNATIONAL LADIES' GARMENT GENERAL ALLIANCE OF UNITARIAN HOME MISSIONS DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARIES AMERICAN AND OTHER 'LIBERAL CHRISTIAN THE A. M. E. ZIONCIIURCH WORKERS UNION, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIAiWOIGN'S WOM EN' FEDERATION OF LABOR HOT SPRINGS (ARKANSAS)EDUCA- BAR ASSOCIATION GENERAL ALUMNI ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OFCHRIS- OF TION ASSOCIATION DIVISION OF HOME MISSIONSAND LINCOLN UNIVERSITY TIAN ENDEAVOR HOUSING AND HOME FINANCE CHURCH EXTENsION OF 'PHE GENERAL COMMISSION IOWA, STATE OF ON CHAP- AGENCY METHODIST CHURCH FEDERATION LAINS HOWARD MEDICAL SCHOOL (MASSA IOWA FARM BUREAU DOVER (DELAWARE) PUBLI( GENERAL FEDERATION IOWA STATE EDUCATIONASSOCIA- OF WON. CHUSETTS) SCHOOLS t ENALUBS TION HOWARD UNIVERSITY DREXEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOlv; GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION ILLINOIS, STATE OF IOWA, UNIVERSITY OF ,OGY WAR GEORGE WASHINGTOKUNIVERSITY ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ITALIAN AMERICAN WORLD SiOUKE UNIVERSITY GERMAN CONSULATE GENERAL VETERANS OF THE U. S., INC. INSTRUCTION DUNBAR HIGH SCHOOL, DISTRICT JACKSONVILLE (ALABAMA) STATE GILLESPIE (PENNSYLVANIA) JUNIOR ILLINOIS STATE BAR ASSOCIATION AF COLUMBIA COLLEGE CITIZENSHIP FORUM HIGH SCHOOL ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF E'STERN HIGH SCHOOL, DISTRICTGIRL JAPANESEAMERICAN CITIZENS SCOUTS J OF THEUNITED IMMACULATE CONCEPTIONACAD. F COLUMBIA STATES OF AMERICA LEAGUE EMY EIUCATIONAL PRESS ASSOCIATION SOCIETY, GIRL SCOU'T'S OF ARLINGTON, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION JEWISH AGRICULTURAL, F AMERICA GINIA SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OFJUS- INC, E CATIONAL PROJECTIONS, INC, JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE AGENCY GIRL SCOUTS OF THE DISTRICTOF TICE 'YCLOPAEDIA AMERICANA COLUMBIA, INC, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODDFEL- JEWISH WAR VETERANS IAN BOY SCOUTS GIRLSCOUTS, OF JEWISH WAR VETERANS AUXILIARY MONTGOMERY LOWS 1,6NIAN EDUCATION SOCIETY OF THE COUNTY, MARYLAND INDIANA, STATE OF JEWISH WAR VETERANS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA GIRLS FRIENDLY SOCIETYOF THE INDIANA STATE TEACHERSASSOCIA- RIVER (MASSACHUSETTS) USA JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY TION ACRERS OF ADULTS EDU- GOLDSBORO (NORTH CAROLINA), INDIANA STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE JOURNAL OF i'HE NATIONAL ,fRAL BAR ASSOCIATION, COM- CITY OF CATION ASSOCIATION (PENNSYLVANIA) rf ON AMERICAN CITIZEN GOLD STAR SONS AND DAUGHTERS INDIANA STATE' BAR ASSOCIATION JUNIOR BAR CONFERENCE GILD STAR WIVES OF AMERICA KANSAS, STATE OF INSTITUTE OF INTERAMERICANAF- ,PVERI. SECURITY AGENCY TODWILL INDUSTRIESOF AMERICA, KANSAS COUNCIL FOR CHILDREN FAIRS EDER4TION OF CIVIC ASSOCIATIONS INC, AND YOUTH INSTITUTE ON WORLD ORGANIZA- FIRST CHURCH OF CHRIST, SCIENTIST GOVERNMENTAL RESEARCH ASS° KANSAS STATE TEACHERS ASSOCIA TIONS ,,FIRS' HUNGARIAN REFORMED CIATION TION INSTRUCTIVE VISITINGNURSES SO. CHURCH .GUitM, TERRITORY OF KANSAS STATE TEACHERSCOLLEGE CIETY 'GUAM DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION fiLTRESERVE ASSOCIATION KATHERINE T. MURPHYSCHOOL INTERFEDERATION COUNCIL HAMTRAMCK (MICHIGAN) PUBLIC UNDATION (CONNECTICUT) ASSOCIATIONOF SCHOOLS INTERNATIONAL EE HOUSE KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OFPut MACHINISTS HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC LIC INSTRUCTION DS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF INSTRUCTION INTERNATIONAL OF AMERICA, KENTUCKY, UNIVERSITY OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICES HAWAII, TERRITORY OF LACKEY (MARYLAND) HIGHSCHOOL FUTURE HOMEMAKERSAND NEW INTERNATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION HO* SHELTERINGAND IMMI- ; HOMEMAKERS OF AMERICA, FED. LANSING (MICHIGAN) SCHOOLSYS- GRANT AID SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR ERAL SECURITY AGENCY TEM HEijos; FOUNDATION HUMAN RIGHTS DEMOC- I FUTURE FARMERS OF AMERICA, FED OF LEAGUE FOR INDUSTRIAL HENRICO COUNTY (VIRGINIA) INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION ERAL SECURITY AGENCY RACY, INC, SCHOOLS CATHOLIC ALUMNAE AMER- FUTURE TEACHERS OF AMERICA, OF LEAGUE OF UNITED LATIN HIGH POINT (NORTH CAROLINA), INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION NEA ICAN CITIZENS CITYOF WOMEN LAWYERS 131 132 130 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE' CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS 131 LEAGUE OF WOMEN VoTERsh9F MARYLAND, UNIVERSITYOF MUNICIPAL. COURT OF PHILADEL- NATIONAL.CATHOLIC EDUCATION THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA MASSACHUSETTS, STATEOF PHIA, PENNSYLVANIA ASSOCIATION LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF MASSAHUSETTS ASSOCIATION OF MUSIC EDUCATORS NATIONAL CON. NATIONAL CATHOLIC RURAL LIFE THE UNITED STATES YEACIIERS OF ADULTS FERENCE, NEA CoNFEgNCE LEBANON LEAGUE OF PROGRESS MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF MUTUAL BROADCASTING SYSTEM, NATIONAL CATHOLIC WELFARE LIBRARY SERVICE DIVISION, OFFICE EDUCATION INC, CONFERENCE, RESETTLEMENT DI- OF EDUCATION MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE VISION LINCOLN (NEBRASKA) PUBLIC EDUCATION, ADULT CIVIC EDUCA ADVANCEMENT of COLORED PEo. NATIONAL CATHOLIC WELFARE`, SCHOOLS TIoN PEE CONFERENCE, YOUTH DEPART- LITHUANIAN ALLIANCE OF A mERIcA MASSACHUSETTS PUBLIC SCHOOL NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COL- MENT LITHUANIAN ROMAN CATHOLIC AL. SYSTEM OF SPRINGFIELD ORED GRADUATE NURSES, INC. NATIONALCITIZENSCOMMISSION LIANCE OF AMERICA MASSACHUSETTS STATE TEACHERS NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUN- FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE TY OFFICIALS NATIONAL CIVIL LIBERTIES CLEAR. LOUISIANA EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM MASSACHUSETTS TEACHERS EEDERA. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THE INGOUSE LUTHERAN CHURCH MISSOURI TION DEAF, INC. NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE SYNOD. MAYORS CIVIC UNITY COUNCIL NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF DEANS DEFENSE OF DEMOCRACY MCCALL'S MAGAZINE MENNONITE CENTRAL COMMITTEE or WOMEN, NEA THROUGH EDUCATION, NEA MCKINLEY HIGH SCHOOL, DISTRICT MIAMI BEACH COMMITTEEOF ONE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION .OF GIRL NATIONAL COMMISSION ON SAFETY OF COLUMBIA i- HUNDRED SCOUT EXECUTIVES EDUCATION, NEA MCNEEsE STATE COLLEGE. (LOUISI- MICHIGAN, STATE OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HODS ANA) NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON ALCO- MICHIGAN EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 'NG OFFICIALS HOL HYGIENE, INC., THE THE MACHINIST MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITYOF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANU- NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON BOYS MADISON COLLEGE (VIRGINIA) MINNEAPOLIS (MINNESOTA), CITY FACTURERS AND GIRLS CLUBS o'''\ MAINE, STATE OF. OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NEGRO NATIONALITY COMMITTEE d BALTI. MAINE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MINNEAPOLIS (MINNESOTA) PUB- BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL MORE MANCHESTER (NEW HAMPSHIRE LIC SCHOOL SYSTEM WOMEN'S CLUBS, INC, NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRIS- TFiCHERS GUILD MINNEAPOLIS (MINNESOTA) COON NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIO TIANS AND JEWS . MARION COUNTY (INDIANA)CLASS- CIL OF AMERICANIZATION AND TELEVISION BROADCASTERS NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF 'CHRIS- ROOM TEACHERS ASSOCIATION MINER TEACHERS COLLEGE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE TIANS AND JEWS, INC, DISTRICT MARSHALL COLLEGE MINNESOTA EDUCATION ASSOCIA- DIRECTORS OF VOCATIONAL EDU- OF COLUMBIA MARSHALL (TEXAS) JUNIOR HIGH TION CATION NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JUVE- SCHOOL MINNESOTA STATE DEPARTMENT NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STU- NILE AGENCIES MARYLAND BOARD OP :EDUCATION OF EDUCATION. DENT COUNCILS NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON STATE OF PRItICE GEORGE'S COUNTY MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITYOF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOm RECREATION MARYLANDCONGRESS OF PARENTS MISSISSIPPI STATE COLLEGE, EN LAWYERS NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CATHOLIC AND TEACHERS NATIONAL BAPTIST CONVENTION, MONTANA, STATE OF MEN MARYLAND DEPARTMENTOF PUB- U. S. A,, INC,, WoIEN's CON- NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CATHOLIC LIC INSTRUCTION MONTGOMERY COUNTY (MARY- VENTION AUXILIARY WOMEN MARYLAND 4H CLUBS LAND) COMMISSIONFOR YOUTH NATIONAL BOARD OF MISSIONS OF NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHIEF MARYLAND NATIONAL HOUSING MOOSE, LOYAL ORDEROF THE PREBYTERIAN CHURCH STATE SCHOOL OFFICERS ADMINISTRATION MpoSE, WOMEN OFTHE NATIONAL BROADCASTING Com- NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR HISTORIC MARYLAND STATE BAR ASSOCIATION, MORGAN STATE COLLEGE pANY, INC. SITES AND BUILDINGS AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP COMMIT- MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL CAPITAL HOUSING AU- NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH TEE AMERICA, INC. THORITY WOMEN MARYLAND STATE DEPARTMENT OF MOTION PICTURE THEATRE OWN- NATIONAL CAPITAL SEsQUicEN NATIONAL COUNCIL ON NATURALI- EDUCATION ERS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA TENNIAL COMMISSION ZATION AND CITIZENSHIP 133 k.u0,11.1EINLE pAR I IcIPAN IS 133 NATIONAL COUNCILOF NEGRO p NATIONAL RECREATION ASSOCIA- NEW YORK BOARD OF EDUCATION, 0111o, SEMI OF WOMEN, Its, TION DIVISION COMMUNITY EDUCA- 011Io DEPARTMENT OF lioucelyN NATIONAL COUNCIL FORA PERMA- NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATIONOF 'T'ION OHM FARM BUREAU FEDERATION NENT EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE AMERICA NEW YORK BOARD OF EDUCATION, OPTIMIST IN7I RNATIoNAL COMMISSION NATIONAL SCHOOL BOARDS Asso. SCHOOL CIVIC CLUBS ORDER OF AlIEPA, WAsIIINGTON NATIONAL COUNCIL ON SCHOOL CIATION Ni W YORK COUNTY LAWYERS CHAPTER HOUSE CONSTRUCTION NATIONAL SELF GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION, COMMIITEE ON ORDER SONS OE ITALYIN AmilocA NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE So., COMMITTEE AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP OSBoRNE. ASSOCIATION, INC, GAL STUDIES, NEA NATIONAL SMALLBUSINESS MEN'S NEW YORK DAILY NEWS OSWEGO STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE. NATIONAL COUNCIL OF WOMENOF ASSOCIATION NEW YORK SECONDARY SCHOOL PADUCAH (KENTUCKY), CCTV THE UNITED STATES OF NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR CONSTITU- DISTRICT PATHFINDERS OF AMERICA, INC, NATIONAL COUNCIL TOR YOUTH, TIONAL SECURITY NEW YORK STATE BAR ASSOCIA- PAT'RIOT'IC WOMEN INC. OF AMERICA, NATIONAL STUDENT ASSOCIATION TION INC, NATIONAL. SOCIETY NATIONAL EDUCATION 'ASSOCIATION NATIONAL WOMAN'SCHRISTIAN NEW YORK STATE CITIZENS COUN- PENNSYLVANIA, STATE OE NATIONAL FEDERATIONOF BUSI- TEMPERANCE UNION CIL PENNSYLVANIA BAR ASSOCIATION NESS AND PROFESSIONAL WOM- NAVAL ORDER OF THE UNITED NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENTOF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENTOF EN'S CLUBS, INC, STATES OF AMERICA EDUCATION, BUREAU OF ADULT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEM- NAVY DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT EDUCATION PENNSYLVANIA FEDERATIONOF PLE SISTERHOODS OF DEFENSE NEW YORK STATE 4-H CLUBS WOMEN'S CLUBS NATIONAL 4-H CLUBS NEBRASKA, STATE OF NEW YORK STATE TEACHERS Asso. PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL DISTRICT NATIONAL GOLD STAR MOTHERS, NEBRASKA CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION CIATION OF RADNOR TOWNSHIP INC. PROJECT NEW YORK TIMES YOUTH FORUM PENNSYLVANIA STATE EDUCATION NATIONAL GRANGE NEBRASKA COOPERATIVE SCHOOL NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, CITIZEN- ASSOCIATION NATIONAL HUMANE EDUCATION . STUDY COUNCIL 'SHIP CLEARING HOUSE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE SOCIETY 'NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITYOF NATIONAL INDUSTRIES FORTHE NEW HAMPSHIRE, SCHOOL DEPART- OF EDUCATION PHILADELPHIA, CITYOF BLIND MENT OF MANCHESTER NORFOLK (VIRGINIA), CITYOF PHILADELPHIA BAR ASSOCIATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MUNICI- NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE BOARDOF NORTH CAROLINA, STATE OF COMMITTEE ON AMERICAN CITI- PAL LAW OFFICERS EDUCATION NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENTOF ZENSHIP NATIONAL JEWISH WELFARE BOARD NEW JERSEYCITIZENS CONFER- PUBLIC INSTRUCTION f PHILADELPHIA BOARDOF EDUCA- NATIONAL JEWISH WELFARE BOARD, ENCE, INC NORTH CAROLINA FEDERATIONOF TION DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA HOME DEMONSTRATION 'CLUBS NEW JERSEY CONGRESS OF PARENTS PHILADELPHIA TEACHERS ASSOCIA- NATIONAL KINDERGARTEN ASSOaA+` AND TEACHERS NORTH CAROLINA FEDERATIONOF TION WOMEN'S CLUBS ?ION NEW JERSEY ELEMENTARY CLASS- PIONEER YOUTH OF AMERICA, INC, NORTH CAROLINA RECREATION NATIONAL LEAGUE OF NURSING ROOM TEACHERS ASSOCIATION PLANNED PARENTHOOD FEDERATION EDUCATION NEW JERSEY STATE BAR ASSOCIA- COMMISSION OF AMERICA, INC, NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY NATIONAL LEAGUE TO PROMOTE TION OF POLISH AMERICAN CONGRESS,INC, NORTH CAROLINA WOMEN'S COL. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE NEW JERSEY STATE TEACHERS COL- POLISH NATIONAL ALLIANCEOF LEGE NATIONAL LUTHERAN COUNCIL LEGE AT MONTCLAIR OF THE UNITED STATES OF NORTHERN ILLINOIS STATE TEACH- NORTH AMERICA NATIONAL ORDER OF WOMEN LEG- NEW MEXICO, STATE OF ERS COLLEGE POLISH SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU, , ISLATORS NEW MEXICO STATE DEPARTMENT OBERLINCOLLEGE INC. NATIONAL PANHELLENIC CONFER. OF EDUCATION OCEAN VIEW SCHOOL, NORFOLK PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION CLEARING ENCE NEWSWEEK MAGAZINE (VIRGINIA) HOUSE NATIONAL PROD rION AND PAROLE NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH OFFICE OF EDUCATION, FEDERAL PUERTO RICOrTERRITORYOF ASSOCIATION NEW YORK, STATE OF SECURITY AGENCY QUEENS COLLEGE 135 134 THE CITIZENSHIP CONFERENCE CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS 135 QUOTA CLUB INTERNATIONAL, INC. STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE, INSTI- UNITED MINE WORKERS RABBINICAL COUNCIL OF AMERICA TUTE, WEST VIRGINIA WALLED LAKE (MICHIGAN)PUB- UNITED NATIONALLEAtili, OF LIC SCHOOLS RANDOLPH MACON COLLEGE STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE, Tow- e LAWYERS, UNITED STATES DIVI- RAYMOND SCHOOL, DISTRICTOF SON, MARYLAND . WASHINGTON HEBREWCONGREGA- SION TION COLUMBIA STATION WMAL UNITED POLISH PRESS OF AMERICA READER'S DIGEST MAGAZINE SUPREME COUNCIL 33°, SCOTTISH WASHINGTON AND LEEHIGH UNITED SEAMEN'S SERVICE, INC. REGULAR VETERANS ASSOCIATION RITE SCHOOL (VIRGINIA) UNITED SERVICE FOR NEW AMERI- OF THE UNITED STATES SYNAGOGUE COUNCIL OF AMERICA WASHINGTON POST CANS . REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF WAYNE COUNTY (NORTHCARO- RETIRED UNITED STATES ARMY BAND OFFICERS ASSOCIATION, ", CITIZENSHIP AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS LINA) BOARDOF EDUCATION UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURTOF INC. TAKOMA PARK PRESBYTERIAN WEST VIRGIN14,STATEOF APPEALS RHODE ISLAND DEPARTMENTOF YOUNG PEOPLE'S GROUP WEST VIRGINIA'STATE COLLEGE UNITED STATES COURT OF CLAIMS EDUCATION TEACHERS COLLEGE, COLUMBIA WESTERN HIGH SCHOOL,DISTRICT UNITED STATES JUNIOR CHAMBER OF COLUMBIA ROOSEVELT HIGH SCHOOL, DISTRICT UNIVERSITY OF COMMERCE OF COLUMBIA TEMPLE UNIVERSITY WILMINGTON (DELAWARE),CITY UNITED WORLD FEDERALISTS, INC. OF RURAL YOUTH OF THE UNITED TENNESSEE, STATE OF UPHOLSTERERS INTERNATIONAL STATES OF AMERICA TENNESSEE BAR ASSOCIATION WILMINGTON (DELAWARE)PUBLIC UNION SCHOOLS ST. MARY'S P. E. CmuRGi,,Wom TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF ED1.1- UPPER MARLBORO (MARYLAND) EN'S AUXILIARY CATION WILMINGTON (NORTHAROLINA), BOARD OF EDUCATION CITY OF SALVATION ARMY TENNESSEE Pam BUREAU FEDERA- UTAH, STATE OF SAVE THE CHILDREN FEDERATION, TION WILMINGTON (NORTH CAROLINA) VASA ORDER OF AMERICA INC. TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH VERMONT, STATE OF SCIENCE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES TEXAS, STATE OF WILSON TEACHERS COLLEGE VERMONT BAR, ASSOCIATION SEAMAN'S CHURCH INSTITUTEOF TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF WINFIELD (KANSAS) PUBLIC VETERANS ADMINISTRATION SCHOOLS NEW YORK THEATER OWNERS 'OF AMERICA VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS WISC6NSIN BAR SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM THIRD DIVISION SOCIETY ASSOCIATION VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS, WOMEN'S 1NIERNATIONAL SELF - RELIANCE ASSOCIATION OF TUFTS COLLEGE LEAGUE AMERICAN SOVEREIGNTY CAM- FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM AMERICAN UKRAINIANS UKRAINIAN CONGRESS COMMITTEE PAIGN WOODROW WILSON HIGHSCHOOL, SERB NATIONAL FEDERATION UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATION VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SERVICE STAR LEGION, NATIONAL UKRAINIAN NATIONAL WOMEN'S LADIES AUXILIARY WORLD REPUBLIC SOCIETY, INC. LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC. VETERANS OF, FOREIGN WARS, YOUNG ADULT COUNCILOF 133T1- SIDWELL FRIENDS SCHOOL, DISTRICT UKRAINIAN ORTHODOX CATHOLIC MORE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEPART- OF, COLUMBIA CHURCH YOUNG AMERICA MAGAZINES MENT SLOVENIAN MUTUAL BENEFIT As. UKRAINIAN WORKINGMEN'S Asso- YOUNG CATHOLIC MESSENGER VETERANS OF FOREIGN SOCIATION WARS, CIATION YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIANASSOCIA- DELAWARE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN MILITARY TION OF THE UNITED STATES UNITARIAN FELLOWSHIP FOR SO- OF VIRGINIA, STATE OF ENGINEERS AMERICA, NATIONAL COUNCIL CIAL JUSTICE VIRGINIA CONGRESS SOCIETY OF LEES OF VIRGINIA OF PARENTS YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIA- UNITARIAN YOUTH OF ALL SOUL'S AND TEACHERS TION, YOUTH AND GOVERNMENT SOCIETY OF SPONSORS OF THE CHURCH VIRGINIA STATE BAR ASSOCIATION PROGRAM UNITED STATES NAVY UNITED COMMUNITY SERVICES YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN VIRGINIA STATE DEPARTMENTOF Ass° SOUTH CAROLINA, STATE OF UNITED DEMOCRATIC CLUB OF antoN, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EDUCATION STANFORD (CONNECTICUT) PUBLIC MARYLAND, EASTERN SHORE Di- YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN Ass° VOICE OF AMERICA, DEPARTMENT SCHOOLS VISION CIATION OF THE UNITED STATES, OF STATE STATE\\ COMMISSION AGAINST Ds- NATIONAL BOARD UNITED DEMOCRATIC WOMEN'S VOLTA SPEECH ASSOCIATIONFOR CRIM NATION (NEW YORK) CLUBS OF MARYLAND YOUTH ARGOSY THE DEAF, INC`, YOUTH HOUSE 137 lric umixtsoNlYLONIRINLL /,g7 THE ATTORNEY GENERAL'S CITIZEN50 NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE DEFENSE t: COMMITTEE r OF DEMOCRACY THROUGH EDUCATION JUST1N MILLER, chgirrno, chairman of the board and general counsel, National Association of It'adio and Television Broadcasters JOHN W. DAVIS, chairman, president, West Virginia State College FLORENCE E. ALLEN, judge, United States Circuit Court of Appeals MOZELLE CAUSEY, vice chairman, teacher, Greensboro, North Carolina 'ROBERT N. ANDERSON, special assistant to the attorney general, United States Depart- JENNIE L. DAVIS, teacher, Cincinnati, Ohio ment of Justice A. C. FLORA, chairman, NEA Board of Trustees WILLIAM R. ARNOLD, bishop, Brigadier General, U. S. Army, retired JOHN GUY FOWLKES, dean, School of Education, University of Wisconsin EMMA MAE BROTiE, principal, Marshall Junior High School, Marshall, Texas WILLARD E. GIVENS, executive secretary, NEA MRS. J. L. BLAIR BUCK, past-president, General Federation of Women's Clubs THERON LAMAR CAUDLE, assistant attorney general, United States Department of HAROLD CURTIS HAND, professor of education, University of Illinois Justice WINONA MONTGOMERY, teacher, Phoenix, Arizona LEO M. CADISON, assistant director, Public Information, United States Department of COMA MOWEEY, president; NEA Justice VIRGIL M. ROGERS, superintendent of schools, Battle Creek, Michigan HENRY P. CHANDLER, director, Administiative Office of the United States Courts RICHARD B. KENNAN, executive secretary Tom C. CLARK, associate justice, Supreme Court of the United States CYRUS C. PERRY, legal counsel ERLE COCKE, JR., national commander, The American Legion VIRGINIA KINNAIRD, associate svetary LAURENTINE B,COLLINS, director, Department of SchoolCommunity Relations, Board LUCILE ELLISON, assistant secretary of Education, Detroit, Michigan ROBERT A. SKAIFE, held secretary JOANNA Z. CONNELL, assistant director, Department of Practice and.Training Boston Public Schools JOHN C. COOPER, chairman, Lommittee on American Citizenship, AmericanBat" Association AMONG THOSE WHO HELPED STANLEY E. DIMOND, professor of education, University of Michigan LUCILUSON, assistant 'secretary, NEA Commission for the Defense of Democracy tlAugh Education , JESSIE E. ADAMS KENNETH B. FRYE SUE MORELAND EVAN E. EVANS, superintendent of schools, Winfield, Kansas S. A. ANDRETTA FRANCIS E. GUY DOROTHY JUNE MORFORD PHILLIP FORMAN, judge, United States District Court, District of New Jersey MRS. DEFOREST ANTHONY MARY V. HEALY MAY MYERS WILLIAM GREEN, president, American FeddatiOn of Labor HUBERT BARBOUR JOHN C HILL NORMAN J. NELSON FREDERICK BROWN HARRo,,choplain, United States Senate MURRAYGZEARDSLEY FERN O. HICKS CHARLES NICHOLS EARLE T. HAWKINS, president, State Teachers College, Towson, Maryland JAMES V. BENNETT ALYS J. HOPWOOD KATHLEEN O'SULLIVAN FREDERICK G. FlOCHWALT, director, Commission on:American Citizenship, Catholic BERNICE BUNS MARY ELIZABETH JAMESONCHARLES B. PARKER ELIZABETH A. BOYD University of America CONSTANCE P. JONES SIBYL PARKS . CARL B. Hun, director, Attorney General's Citizenship Program Leo W. Born ARCHIBALD G. KEEGIN CHARLES PEACOCK , HAZEL M. BRABSON CHARLES S. JOHNSON, president, Fisk University BARBARA KELLEY BOBBIE S; PRIDGEN RICHARD B. KENNAN, executive secretary, NEA Commission for the. Defense of PATRICIA BRAKER SUZANNE REED ROSE N. KELLY Democracy through Education HELEN P. CAMPBELL VIRGINIA' REYNOLDS , FREDERICK C. KILGUSS SIDNEY G. KuswoRm, chairman, National Americanism Commission, B'nai Utah HARRIET M. CHASE IAN H. Ross VIRGINIA KINNAIRD ARGYLE R. MACKEY, commissioner, Immigration and Naturalization Service W. L. CHRISTIAN DOROTHY J. SALMON NORVAL V. LEWIS WATSON B. MILLER, special representative to the national commander, The AMetiCID JOHN P. ,CLARX DEAN L. SCHEDLER RUTH MADOIIIE Legion ELTZABETIL COOK ELSIE SHANNON MARTHA MANGR1 GEORGE MAURICE MORRIS, speaker, House of Deputies, International Bar Association CHARLES L COOPER MARY WRIGHT SILVET PAUL M. MASSMN , CLYDE E. MURRAY, executive director, Manhattanville Neighborhood Center,New LAURA COOPERSMITH AMELIA L. SIVLEY MARY JOSEPHINE MATECKI York City JESSE S. COWDRICK M..rRANLES SMITH FERN J. MCCASLIN PHILIP MURRAY, president Congress of Industrial Organizations BLANCHE E. CRIPPEN JACQUELINE SONDERB" GEORGE A. McCAuLly ANGELO PATEL author and lecturer . MARJORIE DA COSTA ELIZABETH STILES LEROY C. MCCAULEY' MRS. ROBERT P. PAITERSON, joint organizer, Junior Army.Navy Guild HAZEL DAVIS ELIZABETH A. THOMAS MATTHEW A. McKAvITT CRIB L PHILLIPS, judge, United States Circuit Court of Appeals JOSEPH J. DAVIS GEORGETTE M. TUNAS JEAN T. MEADE DAN PYLE, judge, SL Joseph Court, South Bend, Indiana 1.D. DONALDSON MARY CATHERINE WELCH REGINA C. MEANT WILLIAM P. RussELL, president, Teachers College, Columbia University VETA V. DONOCK MARY E. WIBEL RUTH SHIPLEY, Chief, Passport Division, United StatesDepartment of State SADIE J. DOYLE MARIE A. MICHELS MILTON WILKINS WILLIS SMITH, past.president American'Bai Association WILLIAM E. EMBREE, Emma L MINER EILEEN M. WILLEY GEORGE TRIEDMAN, chief, Civil Rights Section, UnitedStates Department of Jam MILDRED E. FANEBUST MARY R. MIN= PHILLIS WILLINGHAM Association R. C. FIELDS, JR. WILLIAM H. MONAGAN ROY K. WILSON ROBERT F. WILLIAMS, secretary, Virginia Education L PAUL WININGS, general counsel, Immigration andNaturalization Service EDGAR M. FORD GEORGE C MORELAND EVELYN C. YOUNG 1-1011-11-11 '7 LiLJnI 1) NATIONAL EDUCATIONA4o,...,,Ilvi WASHINGTON, 139 D, C. Pio ,f.