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The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO NEWS AND JOURNALISM The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism presents an authoritative, com prehensive assessment of diverse forms of news media reporting – past, present and future. Including 56 chapters, written by an outstanding team of internationally respected authors, the Companion provides scholars and students with a reliable, historically informed guide to news media and journalism studies. The Companion has the following features: • It is organised to address a series of themes pertinent to the on-going theoretical and methodological development of news and journalism studies around the globe. • The focus encompasses news institutions, production processes, texts and audiences. • Individual chapters are problem-led, seeking to address ‘real world’ concerns that cast light on an important dimension of news and journalism – and to show why it matters. • Entries draw on a range of academic disciplines to explore pertinent topics, particu- larly around the role of journalism in democracy, such as citizenship, power and public trust. • Discussion revolves primarily around academic research conducted in the UK and the US, with further contributions from other national contexts – thereby allowing international comparisons to be made. The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism provides an essential guide to key ideas, issues, concepts and debates, while also stressing the value of reinvigorating scholarship with a critical eye to developments in the professional realm. Contributors: G. Stuart Adam, Stuart Allan, Chris Atton, Geoffrey Baym, W. Lance Bennett, Rodney Benson, S. Elizabeth Bird, R. Warwick Blood, Tanja Bosch, Raymond Boyle, Bonnie Brennen, Qing Cao, Cynthia Carter, Anabela Carvalho, Deborah Chambers, Lilie Chouliaraki, Lisbeth Clausen, James R. Compton, Simon Cottle, Ros Coward, Mark Deuze, Roger Dickinson, Wolfgang Donsbach, Mats Ekström, Mohammed el-Nawawy, James S. Ettema, Natalie Fenton, Bob Franklin, Herbert J. Gans, Mark Glaser, Mark Hampton, Joseph Harker, Jackie Harrison, John Hartley, Andrew Hoskins, Dale Jacquette, Bengt Johansson, Richard Kaplan, Douglas Kellner, Larsåke Larsson, Justin Lewis, Jake Lynch, Mirca Madianou, Donald Matheson, Brian McNair, Kaitlynn Mendes, Máire Messenger Davies, Toby Miller, Martin Montgomery, Marguerite Moritz, Henrik Örnebring, Julian Petley, Greg Philo, Shawn Powers, Barry Richards, David Rowe, Philip Seib, Jane B. Singer, Linda Steiner, Daya Kishan Thussu, John Tulloch, Howard Tumber, Silvio Waisbord, Gary Whannel, Andrew Williams, Barbie Zelizer Stuart Allan is Professor of Journalism in the Media School at Bournemouth University, UK. Recent books include News Culture (3rd edition, 2010), Digital War Reporting (co-authored with Donald Matheson, 2009) and Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives (co-edited with Einar Thorsen, 2009). ii THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO NEWS AND JOURNALISM Edited by Stuart Allan First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Editorial selection and material © 2010 Stuart Allan Individual chapters © 2010 the Contributors Typeset in Goudy Oldstyle Std 10.5/13pt by Fakenham Photosetting Ltd, Fakenham, Norfolk Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism / edited by Stuart Allan. p. cm. 1. Journalism. 2. Mass media. I. Allan, Stuart, 1962- PN4731.R68 2009 070.4071’1--dc22 2009013227 ISBN 0-203-86946-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-46529-X (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-86946-X (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-46529-8 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-86946-8 (ebk) CONTENTS List of Contributors xi Introduction: Recrafting News and Journalism xxiii STUART ALLAN PART I The Evolving Ideals of Journalism 1 1 The Fourth Estate Ideal in Journalism History 3 MARK HAMPTON 2 Journalism, History and the Politics of Popular Culture 13 JOHN HARTLEY 3 The Origins of Objectivity in American Journalism 25 RICHARD KAPLAN 4 Journalists and Their Professional Identities 38 WOLFGANG DONSBACH 5 The Changing Status of Women Journalists 49 DEBORAH CHAMBERS and LINDA STEINER 6 Journalism and Its Publics: The Lippmann–Dewey Debate 60 STUART ALLAN 7 Photojournalism: Historical Dimensions to Contemporary Debates 71 BONNIE BRENNEN 8 The Watchdog’s New Bark: Changing Forms of Investigative Reporting 82 DONALD MATHESON PART II News and Social Agendas 93 9 News and Democracy in the United States: Current Problems, Future Possibilities 95 HERBERT J. GANS 10 The Press, Power and Public Accountability 105 W. LANCE BENNETT CONTENTS 11 Media Spectacle, Presidential Politics, and the Transformation of Journalism 116 DOUGLAS KELLNER 12 International News Flow 127 LISBETH CLAUSEN 13 Journalism and Political Change: The Case of China 137 QING CAO 14 Rethinking “Development” Journalism 148 SILVIO WAISBORD 15 Radio News: Re-imagining the Community 159 TANJA BOSCH 16 Alternative Journalism: Ideology and Practice 169 CHRIS ATTON PART III Newsmaking: Rules, Routines and Rituals 179 17 Journalists as Interpretive Communities, Revisited 181 BARBIE ZELIZER 18 Gatekeeping and News Selection as Symbolic Mediation 191 JACKIE HARRISON 19 Journalism, News Sources and Public Relations 202 BOB FRANKLIN, JUSTIN LEWIS and ANDREW WILLIAMS 20 Journalism Ethics as Truth-Telling in the Public Interest 213 DALE JACQUETTE 21 Making up the News: Journalists, Deviance and Social Control in News Production 223 ROGER DICKINSON 22 Me, Me, Me: The Rise and Rise of Autobiographical Journalism 234 ROS COWARD 23 ‘Delight in Trivial Controversy’? Questions for Sports Journalism 245 RAYMOND BOYLE, DAVID ROWE and GARRY WHANNEL 24 Journalism and Local Politics 256 MATS EKSTRÖM, BENGT JOHANSSON and LARSåKE LARSSON 25 Journalism and Convergence Culture 267 MARK DEUzE vi CONTENTS 26 Journalism in the Network 277 JANE B. SINGER PART IV Truths, Facts and Values 287 27 News as Culture 289 JAMES S. ETTEMA 28 News and the Emotional Public Sphere 301 BARRY RICHARDS 29 Race and Diversity in the News 312 JOSEPH HARKER 30 Getting It Straight: Gay News Narratives and Changing Cultural Values 320 MARGUERITE MORITZ 31 The Broadcast News Interview: Questions of Discourse 331 MARTIN MONTGOMERY 32 Tabloidization of News 350 DAVID ROWE 33 Television News in the Era of Global Infotainment 362 DAYA KISHAN THUSSU 34 Real News/Fake News: Beyond the News/Entertainment Divide 374 GEOFFREY BAYM 35 Journalism in the Cinema 384 BRIAN McNAIR PART V Making Sense of the News 395 36 Journalism and the Question of Citizenship 397 TOBY MILLER 37 News, Audiences and the Construction of Public Knowledge 407 GREG PHILO 38 News Practices in Everyday Life: Beyond Audience Response 417 S. ELIZABETH BIRD 39 Living with News: Ethnographies of News Consumption 428 MIRCA MADIANOU vii CONTENTS 40 News Influence and the Global Media Sphere: A Case Study of Al-Jazeera English 439 MOH A MMED EL-NAWAW Y and SHAWN POWERS 41 Young Citizens and the News 450 KAITLYNN MENDES, CYNTHIA CARTER and MÁIRE MESSENGER DAVIE S 42 News and Memory: Old and New Media Pasts 460 ANDREW HOSKINS PART VI Crisis, Conflict and Controversy 471 43 Global Crises and World News Ecology 473 SIMON COTTLE 44 Reporting the Climate Change Crisis 485 ANABELA CARVALHO 45 News and Foreign Policy: Defining Influence, Balancing Power 496 PHILIP SEIB 46 Iconic Photojournalism and Absent Images: Democratization and Memories of Terror 507 JOHN TULLOCH and R. WARWICK BLOOD 47 Journalism and the Visual Politics of War and Conflict 520 LILIE CHOULIARAKI 48 Journalists and War Crimes 533 HOWARD TUMBER 49 Peace Journalism 542 JAKE LYNCH PART VII Journalism’s Futures 555 50 News in the Digital Age 557 NATALIE FENTON 51 Reassessing Journalism as a Profession 568 HENRIK ÖRNEBRING 52 Citizen Journalism: Widening World Views, Extending Democracy 578 MARK GLASER viii CONTENTS 53 Newspapers, Labor and the Flux of Economic Uncertainty 591 JAMES R. COMPTON 54 Impartiality in Television News: Profitability Versus Public Service 602 JULIAN PETLEY 55 Comparative News Media Systems: New Directions in Research 614 RODNEY BENSON 56 Studying Journalism: A Civic and Literary Education 627 G. STUART ADAM Index 637 ix LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS G. Stuart Adam is Professor Emeritus of Journalism at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, and an Affiliate of the Poynter Institute, St Petersburg, Florida, USA. A former newspaper reporter, his academic appointments included being Director of Carleton’s School of Journalism (1973–87). His publications include A Sourcebook of Canadian Media Law (with Robert Martin, 1989) and Notes Towards a Definition of Journalism (1993). He is also co-author and editor, with Roy Peter Clark, of Journalism: The Democratic
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