Erik Cambria Amir Hussain a Common-Sense-Based Framework

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Erik Cambria Amir Hussain a Common-Sense-Based Framework Socio-Aff ective Computing 1 Erik Cambria Amir Hussain Sentic Computing A Common-Sense-Based Framework for Concept-Level Sentiment Analysis Socio-Affective Computing Volume 1 Series Editor Amir Hussain, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK Co Editor Erik Cambria, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore This exciting Book Series aims to publish state-of-the-art research on socially intelligent, affective and multimodal human-machine interaction and systems. It will emphasize the role of affect in social interactions and the humanistic side of affective computing by promoting publications at the cross-roads between engineering and human sciences (including biological, social and cultural aspects of human life). Three broad domains of social and affective computing will be covered by the book series: (1) social computing, (2) affective computing, and (3) interplay of the first two domains (for example, augmenting social interaction through affective computing). Examples of the first domain will include but not limited to: all types of social interactions that contribute to the meaning, interest and richness of our daily life, for example, information produced by a group of people used to provide or enhance the functioning of a system. Examples of the second domain will include, but not limited to: computational and psychological models of emotions, bodily manifestations of affect (facial expressions, posture, behavior, physiology), and affective interfaces and applications (dialogue systems, games, learning etc.). This series will publish works of the highest quality that advance the understanding and practical application of social and affective computing techniques. Research monographs, introductory and advanced level textbooks, volume editions and proceedings will be considered. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13199 Erik Cambria • Amir Hussain Sentic Computing A Common-Sense-Based Framework for Concept-Level Sentiment Analysis Source is: www.sentic.net 123 Copyrights Erik Cambria, Amir Hussain Erik Cambria Amir Hussain School of Computer Engineering Computing Science and Mathematics Nanyang Technological University University of Stirling Singapore, Singapore Stirling, UK Socio-Affective Computing ISBN 978-3-319-23653-7 ISBN 978-3-319-23654-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23654-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015950064 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com) In memory of Dustin, A man with a great mind and a big heart. Foreword It was a particular joy to me having been asked to write a few words for this second book on sentic computing - the first book published in 2012, gave me immense inspiration which has gripped me ever since. This also makes it a relatively easy bet that it will continue its way to a standard reference that will help change the way we approach sentiment, emotion, and affect in natural language processing and beyond. While approaches to integrate emotional aspects in natural language understand- ing date back to the early 1980s such as in Dyer’s work on In-Depth Understanding, at the very turn of the last millennium, there was still very limited literature in this direction. It was about 3 years after Picard’s 1997 field-defining book on Affective Computing and one more after the first paper on Recognizing Emotion in Speech by Dellaert, Polzin, and Waibel and a similar one by Cowie and Douglas-Cowie that followed ground-laying work, including by Scherer and colleagues on vocal expression of emotion and earlier work on synthesizing emotion in speech when a global industrial player placed an order for a study whether we can enable computers to recognize users’ emotional factors in order to make human-computer dialogues more natural. After first attempts to grasp emotion from facial expression, our team realized that computer vision was not truly ready back then for “in the wild” processing. Thus, the thought came to mind to train our one-pass top-down natural language understanding engine to recognize emotion from speech instead. In doing so, I was left with two options: train the statistical language model or the acoustic model to recognize basic emotions rather than understand spoken content. I decided to do both and, alas, it worked – at least to some degree. However, when I presented this new ability, the usual audience response was, mainly along the lines of “Interesting, but what is the application?” Since then, a major change of mind has taken place: it is by and large agreed that taking into account emotions is key for natural language processing and understanding, especially for tasks such as sentiment analysis. As a consequence, these days, several hundred papers dealing with the topic ap- pear annually, and one finds several thousand citations each year in this field which is still gaining momentum and expected to be nothing less than a game-changing factor in addressing future computing challenges, such as when mining opinion, vii viii Foreword retrieving information, or interacting with technical systems. Hardly surprisingly, the commercial interest is ever rising, and first products-have already found their way into broad public awareness. The lion’s share of today’s work aimed at dealing with analyzing emotion and sentiment in spoken and written language, is based on statistical word co- occurrences. The principle is described in Joachim’s 1996 work on text catego- rization representing a document as a “bag-of-words” in a vector space. Different normalizations are named, and sequences of n words or characters (‘n-grams’) have since been applied successfully in similar fashion. With the advent of “big data,” recent approaches, such as by Google, translate the single words into (their individual) vectors by (some form of) soft clustering. This reflects each word’s relation to the other words in the vocabulary as added information. However, such approaches have reached a certain glass ceiling over the years as they are very limited in taking inspiration from how the human brain processes both emotions (by exploiting an emotion model) and meaning (by working at the semantic/concept level rather than at the syntactic/word level) to perform natural language processing tasks such as information extraction and sentiment analysis. This is what Sentic Computing is all about. Targeting the higher hanging fruits by not missing the importance of aiming to emulate the brain’s described processing of emotions and meaning, it provides a knowledge-based approach to concept-level sentiment analysis that is well rooted in a multi-disciplinary view. The consideration of a text as a bag-of-words is accordingly substituted by representing it as a “bag- of-concepts.” This embeds linguistics in an elegant form beyond mere statistics, enriching the representation of text by the dependency relation between clauses. The book guides its readers from the student-level onwards in an ingenious fashion, from an introduction and background knowledge (not only on sentiment analysis and opinion mining but also common sense) to the core piece – SenticNet (introducing the acquisition and representation of knowledge as well as reasoning) to concept- level sentiment analysis. It then exemplifies these ideas by three excellently picked applications in the domains of the social web, human-computer interaction, and e- health systems before concluding remarks. Thus, besides providing the essential comprehension of the basics of the field in a smooth and very enjoyable way, it not only manages to take the reader to the next level but introduces genuine novelty of utmost valuable inspiration to any expert in the field. In fact, it makes a major contribution to the next generation of emotionally intelligent computer systems. Do not be surprised catching yourself reasoning about sentiment and opinions in a whole new way even in your “non-tech” life. It remains to say that I am truly looking forward to the volumes to follow this one that kicks off the series on Socio- Affective Computing edited by the authors – and sets the bar utmost high for all aspiring readers. Imperial College, London, UK Björn W. Schuller July 2015 President, Association for the Advancement of Affective Computing (AAAC) Editor-in-Chief: IEEE Transactions
Recommended publications
  • Reassessing Journalism 'S Global Future
    Challenge & Change: REASSESSING JOURNALISM’S GLOBAL FUTURE Alan Knight Edited By CHALLENGE AND CHANGE Reassessing Journalism’s Global Future Edited by Alan Knight First published in 2013 by UTS ePRESS University of Technology, Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ © 2013 Copyright rests with the respective authors of each chapter Challenge and change : reassessing journalism’s global future Edited by Alan Knight ISBN: 978-0-9872369-0-6 The chapters in this book are peer reviewed. Table of Contents Chapter One Journalism re-defined : Alan Knight 1 Chapter Two The rise and fall of newspapers : Paolo Hooke 30 Chapter Three One World? Globalising the Media : Tony Maniaty 53 Chapter Four Reporting a world in conflict : Tony Maniaty 76 Chapter Five Networked journalism in the Arab Spring : Alan Knight 107 Chapter Six Ethics in the age of newsbytes : Sue Joseph 126 Chapter Seven Data Drive Journalism : Maureen Henninger 157 Chapter Eight Information Sources and data discovery: Maureen Henninger 185 Chapter One: Journalism Re-defined Prof. Alan Knight –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– “The future of journalism can and will be better than it’s past. We have never had a more open ecosystem for the expression of information and ideas”. Richard Gingras, Director of news and social products at Google August 9, 2012 in Chicago. (Gingras, 2012)1 Journalists were once defined by where they worked; in newspapers, or radio and television stations. Now, the internet promises everyone, everywhere can be a publisher. But not everyone has the skills or training to be a journalist; defined by their professional practices and codes of ethics.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethics for Digital Journalists
    ETHICS FOR DIGITAL JOURNALISTS The rapid growth of online media has led to new complications in journalism ethics and practice. While traditional ethical principles may not fundamentally change when information is disseminated online, applying them across platforms has become more challenging as new kinds of interactions develop between jour- nalists and audiences. In Ethics for Digital Journalists , Lawrie Zion and David Craig draw together the international expertise and experience of journalists and scholars who have all been part of the process of shaping best practices in digital journalism. Drawing on contemporary events and controversies like the Boston Marathon bombing and the Arab Spring, the authors examine emerging best practices in everything from transparency and verifi cation to aggregation, collaboration, live blogging, tweet- ing, and the challenges of digital narratives. At a time when questions of ethics and practice are challenged and subject to intense debate, this book is designed to provide students and practitioners with the insights and skills to realize their potential as professionals. Lawrie Zion is an Associate Professor of Journalism at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia, and editor-in-chief of the online magazine upstart. He has worked as a broadcaster with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and as a fi lm journalist for a range of print publications. He wrote and researched the 2007 documentary The Sounds of Aus , which tells the story of the Australian accent. David Craig is a Professor of Journalism and Associate Dean at the University of Oklahoma in the United States. A former newspaper copy editor, he is the author of Excellence in Online Journalism: Exploring Current Practices in an Evolving Environ- ment and The Ethics of the Story: Using Narrative Techniques Responsibly in Journalism .
    [Show full text]
  • 1 01/13/2013
    1 01/13/2013 - First Sunday after the Epiphany - The Baptism of Our Lord Pastor Andrés Albertsen at St. John’s Lutheran Church in Northfield, MN. SERMON ON LUKE 3:15-17, 21-22. Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. As soon as President Barack Obama heard about the awful school massacre in Newtown, Connecticut, not yet one month ago, he reacted like I can imagine any president would have reacted: he spoke with the governor and promised him every single resource that he would need to investigate the crime, care for the victims, and counsel their families. But the president also did something else. He made a public statement at the White House where he didn’t speak as a president, but as a parent. He said: I know there’s not a parent in America who doesn’t feel the same overwhelming grief that I do. The majority of those who died today were children. They had their entire lives ahead of them — birthdays, graduations, weddings, kids of their own. Among the fallen were also teachers — men and women who devoted their lives to helping our children fulfill their dreams. So our hearts are broken today — for the parents and grandparents, sisters and brothers of these little children, and for the families of the adults who were lost. Our hearts are broken for the parents of the survivors as well, for as blessed as they are to have their children home tonight, they know that their children’s innocence has been torn away from them too early, and there are no words that will ease their pain.
    [Show full text]
  • Extracting Common Sense Knowledge from Text for Robot Planning
    Extracting Common Sense Knowledge from Text for Robot Planning Peter Kaiser1 Mike Lewis2 Ronald P. A. Petrick2 Tamim Asfour1 Mark Steedman2 Abstract— Autonomous robots often require domain knowl- edge to act intelligently in their environment. This is particu- larly true for robots that use automated planning techniques, which require symbolic representations of the operating en- vironment and the robot’s capabilities. However, the task of specifying domain knowledge by hand is tedious and prone to error. As a result, we aim to automate the process of acquiring general common sense knowledge of objects, relations, and actions, by extracting such information from large amounts of natural language text, written by humans for human readers. We present two methods for knowledge acquisition, requiring Fig. 1: The humanoid robots ARMAR-IIIa (left) and only limited human input, which focus on the inference of ARMAR-IIIb working in a kitchen environment ([5], [6]). spatial relations from text. Although our approach is applicable to a range of domains and information, we only consider one type of knowledge here, namely object locations in a kitchen environment. As a proof of concept, we test our approach using domain knowledge based on information gathered from an automated planner and show how the addition of common natural language texts. These methods will provide the set sense knowledge can improve the quality of the generated plans. of object and action types for the domain, as well as certain I. INTRODUCTION AND RELATED WORK relations between entities of these types, of the kind that are commonly used in planning. As an evaluation, we build Autonomous robots that use automated planning to make a domain for a robot working in a kitchen environment decisions about how to act in the world require symbolic (see Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Lust in Order to Organize the Way That We Go Through the 7 Deadly Sins, We Will Follow the Pattern That Dante
    7 Deadly Sins: Lust In order to organize the way that we go through the 7 deadly sins, we will follow the pattern that Dante gave us in the Purgatory. In the poem, he is being led in a vision through purgatory and he sees it as a vast mountain, near the bottom are the worst sins and near the top the lesser sins. The penitents climb the mountain, leaving sins behind and eventually attaining heaven. We are actually going to go backwards, down the mountain, starting with the lesser sins and working our way to the more grave ones. The sin that, while still deadly, is considered the least, is Lust. Is Lust even a sin? (Obviously we know it is because it is one of the 7 deadly sins, but suspend belief with me for a moment.) It seems as though perhaps it is not a sin. After all, lust is not an action, it is not hurting anybody else, but it is a feeling. Typically, a sin is an action that we willfully carry out. We cannot be judged by what tempts us, after all, Our Lord was tempted in the desert for 40 days and we know that he never sinned. However, Our Lord also says this, “27 You have heard that it was said to them of old: Thou shalt not commit adultery. 28 But I say to you, that whosoever shall look on a woman to lust after her, hath already committed adultery with her in his heart.” This is a part of the Sermon on the Mount, in which Jesus teaches us how to take the law, the rules and precepts of the moral life, and inscribe those rules on our hearts.
    [Show full text]
  • Ekman, Emotional Expression, and the Art of Empirical Epiphany
    JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY Journal of Research in Personality 38 (2004) 37–44 www.elsevier.com/locate/jrp Ekman, emotional expression, and the art of empirical epiphany Dacher Keltner* Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3319 Tolman, 94720 Berkeley, CA, USA Introduction In the mid and late 1960s, Paul Ekman offered a variety of bold assertions, some seemingly more radical today than others (Ekman, 1984, 1992, 1993). Emotions are expressed in a limited number of particular facial expressions. These expressions are universal and evolved. Facial expressions of emotion are remarkably brief, typically lasting 1 to 5 s. And germane to the interests of the present article, these brief facial expressions of emotion reveal a great deal about peopleÕs lives. In the present article I will present evidence that supports this last notion ad- vanced by Ekman, that brief expressions of emotion reveal important things about the individualÕs life course. To do so I first theorize about how individual differences in emotion shape the life context. With this reasoning as backdrop, I then review four kinds of evidence that indicate that facial expression is revealing of the life that the individual has led and is likely to continue leading. Individual differences in emotion and the shaping of the life context People, as a function of their personality or psychological disorder, create the sit- uations in which they act (e.g., Buss, 1987). Individuals selectively attend to certain features of complex situations, thus endowing contexts with idiosyncratic meaning. Individuals evoke responses in others, thus shaping the shared, social meaning of the situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing 5 Section Descriptions for Fall Term 2016
    http://oracle-www.dartmouth.edu/dart/groucho/course_desc.engl5... Registrar Home > Writing 5 Section Descriptions for Fall Term 2016 Writing 5 introduces Dartmouth students to the writing process that characterizes intellectual work in the academy and in educated public discourse. Each section of Writing 5 organizes its writing assignments around challenging readings chosen by the instructor. The course focuses primarily on the writing process, emphasizing careful reading and analysis, thoughtful questions, and strategies of effective argument. Below you will find a list of the courses being offered next term. Re-order by Class Hour Writing 5 -- Expository Writing Section 01 Hour: 11; Instructor: Andreea Aldea Description: Powers of Imagination: Possibility and Conceivability in Philosophy and Science Philosophy has a long history of asking questions about the import of the imagination for theoretical thought. Questions such as the following have been at the forefront of philosophical thought since its Greek inception: How do we engage that which is radically other? How do we challenge our assumptions and presuppositions? How do we propose novel pathways for inquiry? How do we come to deem certain pathways possible? What is the relation between possibility and conceivability? We will look closely at three figures in the history of these questions – Aristotle, Galileo, and Kuhn – and study not only what they have to say about the imagination, but also, more importantly, how they put its powers to use in their own work. We will also consider contemporary discussions, which take up these thinkers’ works and further investigate their proposals. Aristotle, Galileo, and Kuhn all recognized the power of writing and harnessed it accordingly.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Mind Common Sense: Knowledge Acquisition from the General Public
    Open Mind Common Sense: Knowledge Acquisition from the General Public Push Singh, Grace Lim, Thomas Lin, Erik T. Mueller Travell Perkins, Mark Tompkins, Wan Li Zhu MIT Media Laboratory 20 Ames Street Cambridge, MA 02139 USA {push, glim, tlin, markt, wlz}@mit.edu, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract underpinnings for commonsense reasoning (Shanahan Open Mind Common Sense is a knowledge acquisition 1997), there has been far less work on finding ways to system designed to acquire commonsense knowledge from accumulate the knowledge to do so in practice. The most the general public over the web. We describe and evaluate well-known attempt has been the Cyc project (Lenat 1995) our first fielded system, which enabled the construction of which contains 1.5 million assertions built over 15 years a 400,000 assertion commonsense knowledge base. We at the cost of several tens of millions of dollars. then discuss how our second-generation system addresses Knowledge bases this large require a tremendous effort to weaknesses discovered in the first. The new system engineer. With the exception of Cyc, this problem of scale acquires facts, descriptions, and stories by allowing has made efforts to study and build commonsense participants to construct and fill in natural language knowledge bases nearly non-existent within the artificial templates. It employs word-sense disambiguation and intelligence community. methods of clarifying entered knowledge, analogical inference to provide feedback, and allows participants to validate knowledge and in turn each other. Turning to the general public 1 In this paper we explore a possible solution to this Introduction problem of scale, based on one critical observation: Every We would like to build software agents that can engage in ordinary person has common sense of the kind we want to commonsense reasoning about ordinary human affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Litany of Grief and Healing
    Litany of Grief and Healing Recognition of Loss Holy God, we gather today as a people, grieving and broken, seeking your loving embrace. We set aside this time to name our grief, to raise it to you in prayer and supplication, and to seek your ever- healing embrace. A reading from Lamentations 3:1-9 I’m the man who has seen trouble, trouble coming from the lash of God’s anger. He took me by the hand and walked me into pitch-black darkness. Yes, he’s given me the back of his hand over and over and over again. He turned me into a skeleton of skin and bones, then broke the bones. He hemmed me in, ganged up on me, poured on the trouble and hard times. He locked me up in deep darkness, like a corpse nailed inside a coffin. He shuts me in so I’ll never get out, handcuffs my wrists, shackles my feet. Even when I cry out and plead for help, he locks up my prayers and throws away the key. He sets up blockades with quarried limestone. He’s got me cornered. The Word of the Lord. Thanks be to God We grieve the impact of Covid in our world, the deaths brought on by this virus, those we knew and those known to you alone; We grieve Lord. We grieve for those who contracted the virus, for the suffering they endured, for the pain and worry to those who love them. We grieve Lord. We grieve the suffering inflicted upon so many, the caregivers, the first responders, the essential people who risked exposure and worked to keep our world in motion; We grieve Lord.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrative Treatment of Complex Trauma for Adolescents (ITCT-A)
    Integrative Treatment of Complex Trauma for Adolescents (ITCT-A) University of Wisconsin-Madison Conference on Child Sexual Abuse October 28, 2015 Cheryl Lanktree, Ph.D. USC-Adolescent Trauma Training Center Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California National Child Traumatic Stress Network attc.usc.edu Complex trauma exposure • Multiple exposures to multiple types of traumatic events, simultaneous and/or sequential – emotional abuse and neglect – child sexual abuse and exploitation – physical abuse – witnessing domestic violence – Peer or gang assault, “drive bys” – traumatic loss – trauma associated with immigration – serious medical illness or injury • Insecure attachment with primary caretakers Contextual aspects of complex trauma exposure • Trauma intensifiers – Early onset – Extended and frequent exposure; ubiquity – Relational context • Social marginalization – Poverty – Social discrimination • Race/ethnicity • Sexual orientation – Inadequate education – Reduced access to services • , Complex trauma outcomes and attachment effects • Anxiety, depression, anger • Posttraumatic stress • Affect dysregulation • Negative relational and self schema • Identity/self-reference issues • Medical issues, physical neglect of self Complex trauma outcomes and attachment effects (continued) • Avoidance responses – Dissociation – Tension reduction behaviors • Self-injurious behavior • Dysfunctional sexual behavior, • Bulimia • Aggression – Substance abuse – Suicidality “Borderline” or
    [Show full text]
  • Commonsense Knowledge Base Completion with Structural and Semantic Context
    Commonsense Knowledge Base Completion with Structural and Semantic Context Chaitanya Malaviya}, Chandra Bhagavatula}, Antoine Bosselut}|, Yejin Choi}| }Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence |University of Washington fchaitanyam,[email protected], fantoineb,[email protected] Abstract MotivatedByGoal prevent go to tooth Automatic KB completion for commonsense knowledge dentist decay eat graphs (e.g., ATOMIC and ConceptNet) poses unique chal- candy lenges compared to the much studied conventional knowl- HasPrerequisite edge bases (e.g., Freebase). Commonsense knowledge graphs Causes brush use free-form text to represent nodes, resulting in orders of your tooth HasFirstSubevent Causes magnitude more nodes compared to conventional KBs ( ∼18x tooth bacteria decay more nodes in ATOMIC compared to Freebase (FB15K- pick 237)). Importantly, this implies significantly sparser graph up your toothbrush structures — a major challenge for existing KB completion ReceivesAction methods that assume densely connected graphs over a rela- HasPrerequisite tively smaller set of nodes. good Causes breath NotDesires In this paper, we present novel KB completion models that treat by can address these challenges by exploiting the structural and dentist infection semantic context of nodes. Specifically, we investigate two person in cut key ideas: (1) learning from local graph structure, using graph convolutional networks and automatic graph densifi- cation and (2) transfer learning from pre-trained language Figure 1: Subgraph from ConceptNet illustrating semantic models to knowledge graphs for enhanced contextual rep- diversity of nodes. Dashed blue lines represent potential resentation of knowledge. We describe our method to in- edges to be added to the graph. corporate information from both these sources in a joint model and provide the first empirical results for KB com- pletion on ATOMIC and evaluation with ranking metrics on ConceptNet.
    [Show full text]
  • Automatic Affective Feedback in an Email Browser
    Automatic Affective Feedback in an Email Browser Hugo Liu Henry Lieberman Ted Selker Software Agents Group Software Agents Group Context-Aware Computing Group MIT Media Laboratory MIT Media Laboratory MIT Media Laboratory Cambridge, MA 02139 Cambridge, MA 02139 Cambridge, MA 02139 +1 617 253 5334 +1 617 253 0315 +1 617 253 6968 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT delighted us, the text sits unmoved in cold, square boxes on This paper demonstrates a new approach to recognizing and the computer screen. Nass et al.’s study of human- presenting the affect of text. The approach starts with a computer social interaction reveals that people naturally corpus of 400,000 responses to questions about everyday expect their interactions with computers to be social and life in Open Mind Common Sense. This so-called affective, just as with other people! [20],[21]. commonsense knowledge is the basis of a textual affect Sadly though, people have been so conditioned to expect so sensing engine. The engine dynamically analyzes a user’s little from the user interfaces of today that we are not even text and senses broad affective qualities of the story at the bothered by their inability to affectively respond to us like a sentence level. This paper shows how a commonsense friend or family member might do. affect model was constructed and incorporated into Chernov face style feedback in an affectively responsive This shortcoming in current user interfaces hinders email browser called EmpathyBuddy. This experimental progress in the bigger picture too. If software is to system reacts to sentences as they are typed.
    [Show full text]