DOCSLIB.ORG

China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress Ronald O'Rourke Specialist in Naval Affairs December 23, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33153 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress China Naval Modernization Summary The question of how the United States should respond to China’s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has emerged as a key issue in U.S. defense planning. Admiral Michael Mullen, the Chairman of the Joints Chiefs of Staff, stated in June 2010 that “I have moved from being curious to being genuinely concerned” about China’s military programs. The question of how the United States should respond to China’s military modernization effort is of particular importance to the U.S. Navy, because many U.S. military programs for countering improved Chinese military forces would fall within the Navy’s budget. Decisions that Congress and the executive branch make regarding U.S. Navy programs for countering improved Chinese maritime military capabilities could affect the likelihood or possible outcome of a potential U.S.-Chinese military conflict in the Pacific over Taiwan or some other issue. Some observers consider such a conflict to be very unlikely, in part because of significant U.S.-Chinese economic linkages and the tremendous damage that such a conflict could cause on both sides. In the absence of such a conflict, however, the U.S.-Chinese military balance in the Pacific could nevertheless influence day-to-day choices made by other Pacific countries, including choices on whether to align their policies more closely with China or the United States. In this sense, decisions that Congress and the executive branch make regarding U.S. Navy programs for countering improved Chinese maritime military forces could influence the political evolution of the Pacific, which in turn could affect the ability of the United States to pursue goals relating to various policy issues, both in the Pacific and elsewhere. China’s naval modernization effort, which began in the 1990s, encompasses a broad array of weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), submarines, and surface ships. China’s naval modernization effort also includes reforms and improvements in maintenance and logistics, naval doctrine, personnel quality, education, training, and exercises. The Department of Defense (DOD) and other observers believe that the near-term focus of China’s military modernization effort has been to develop military options for addressing the situation with Taiwan. Consistent with this goal, observers believe that China wants its military to be capable of acting as a so-called anti-access force—a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict involving Taiwan, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. naval and air forces. DOD and other observers believe that China’s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is increasingly oriented toward pursuing additional goals, such as asserting or defending China’s claims in maritime territorial disputes, protecting China’s sea lines of communications, displacing U.S. influence in the Pacific, and asserting China’s status as a major world power. Placing an increased emphasis on U.S. Navy programs for countering improved Chinese maritime military capabilities in coming years could lead to one or more of the following: developing and procuring highly capable ships, aircraft, and weapons for defeating Chinese anti-access systems; assigning a larger percentage of the Navy to the Pacific Fleet; homeporting more of the Pacific Fleet’s ships at forward locations such as Hawaii, Guam, and Japan; increasing training and exercises in operations relating to countering Chinese maritime anti-access forces, such as antisubmarine warfare (ASW) operations; and increasing activities for monitoring and understanding developments in China’s navy, as well as activities for measuring and better understanding operating conditions in the Western Pacific. Congressional Research Service China Naval Modernization Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 Issue for Congress.................................................................................................................1 Scope, Sources, and Terminology..........................................................................................2 Background ................................................................................................................................2 Overview of China’s Naval Modernization Effort..................................................................2 Date of Inception ............................................................................................................2 Elements of Modernization Effort ...................................................................................3 Limitations and Weaknesses............................................................................................3 Goals of Naval Modernization Effort...............................................................................3 Selected Elements of China’s Naval Modernization Effort.....................................................7 Anti-Ship Ballistic Missiles (ASBMs).............................................................................7 Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles (ASCMs)................................................................................9 Submarines ...................................................................................................................10 Aircraft Carriers............................................................................................................17 Surface Combatants ......................................................................................................21 Amphibious Ships.........................................................................................................27 Maritime Surveillance and Targeting Systems ...............................................................29 Numbers of Chinese Navy Ships and Naval Aircraft............................................................29 Numbers Provided by Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) .............................................29 Numbers Presented in Annual DOD Reports to Congress ..............................................32 Chinese Naval Operations Away from Home Waters ...........................................................32 March 2010 Testimony of Commander, U.S. Pacific Command...........................................36 Comparing U.S. and Chinese Naval Capabilities .................................................................37 Potential Oversight Issues for Congress.....................................................................................38 China as a Defense-Planning Priority ..................................................................................38 Summary of Arguments ................................................................................................39 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) ....................................................................40 Independent Panel Assessment of 2010 QDR ................................................................47 Additional Perspectives.................................................................................................49 Potential Implications for U.S. Navy Programs....................................................................51 Actions Already Taken..................................................................................................51 Potential Further Actions...............................................................................................52 Acquiring Highly Capable Ships, Aircraft, Weapons, and C4ISR Systems .....................53 Increasing the Pacific Fleet’s Share of the Navy ............................................................56 Homeporting Additional Pacific Fleet Ships in Forward Locations ................................60 Submission to Congress of 2010 Edition of DOD Report on China Military and Security Developments ....................................................................................................60 Legislative Activity for FY2011 ................................................................................................61 FY2011 Defense Authorization Bill (H.R. 6523/H.R. 5136/S. 3454)....................................61 House (H.R. 5136)........................................................................................................61 Senate (S. 3454)............................................................................................................63 Final Version (H.R. 6523) .............................................................................................65 Congressional Research Service China Naval Modernization Figures Figure 1. Jin (Type 094) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine........................................................10 Figure 2. Yuan (Type 041) Class Attack Submarine ................................................................... 11 Figure 3. Acoustic Quietness of Chinese and Russian Nuclear-Powered Submarines..................12 Figure 4. Acoustic Quietness of Chinese and Russian
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deep-Sea Observations at Hydrocarbon Drilling Locations: Contributions from the SERPENT Project After 120 Field Visits Andrew Gates University of Southampton
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2017 Deep-sea observations at hydrocarbon drilling locations: contributions from the SERPENT Project after 120 field visits Andrew Gates University of Southampton Mark Benfield Louisiana State University David Booth University of Technology Sydney Ashley Fowler University of Technology Sydney Danielle Skropeta University of Wollongong, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Publication Details Gates, A. R., Benfield, M. C., Booth, D. J., Fowler, A. M., Skropeta, D. & Jones, D. O.B.. (2017). Deep-sea observations at hydrocarbon drilling locations: contributions from the SERPENT Project after 120 field visits. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 137 463-479. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Deep-sea observations at hydrocarbon drilling locations: contributions from the SERPENT Project after 120 field visits Abstract The ERS PENT Project has been running for over ten years. In this time scientists from universities and research institutions have made more than 120 visits to oil rigs, drill ships and survey vessels operated by 16 oil companies, in order to work with the industry's Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV). Visits have taken place in Europe, North and South America, Africa and Australasia at water depths from 100 m to nearly 3000 m. The project has directly produced >40 peer reviewed publications and data from the project's >2600 entry online image and video archive have been used in many others.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Thinki Ng
    Ocean Thinki ng The Work of Ocean Sciences, Scientists, and Technologies in Producing the Sea as Space Susannah Crockford Ⅲ ABSTRACT: How do scientists produce the ocean as space through their work and words? In this article, I examine how the techniques and tools of oceanographers con- stitute ocean science. Bringing theoretical literature from science and technology stud- ies on how scientists “do” science into conversation with fi ne-grained ethnographic and sociological accounts of scientists in the fi eld, I explore how ocean science is made, produced, and negotiated. Within this central concern, the technologies used to obtain data draw particular focus. Juxtaposed with this literature is a corpus by ocean scien- tists about their own work as well as interview data from original research. Examining the diff erences between scientists’ self-descriptions and analyses of them by social sci- entists leads to a productive exploration of how ocean science is constituted and how this work delineates the ocean as a form of striated space. Th is corpus of literature is placed in the context of climate change in the fi nal section. Ⅲ KEYWORDS: anthropology of science, climate change, oceans, oceanography, science and technology studies, sociology of science, space and place Th inking about the Ocean “When I think of climate . it’s very much shaped by, I think, my ocean thinking . ” When I asked a paleoceanographer about changes in the climate around southern Iceland, he answered by referencing ocean circulation patterns and the layering of subtropical and subpolar waters.1 What this answer highlighted was the pivotal role of the ocean in the functioning of Earth systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Palau Declaration on the Ocean Life and Future
    Palau Declaration on ‘The Ocean: Life and Future’ Charting a course to sustainability Importance of the Ocean to us 1. As Leaders of the Pacific Islands Forum, we have and will continue to play a central role in the stewardship of one of the greatest natural endowments in the world – the Pacific Ocean. It is the lifeblood of our economies and societies and is crucial to global climatic and environmental stability. It is the fabric of unity upon which we have woven individual and collective relationships and agreements on sustainable development, now and into the future. The Ocean is our Life and our Future. The people of the Pacific Ocean are a living testament to that truth. Our way of life, our culture, our direction and our actions should reflect that truth, as it is our very identity: People of the Ocean. 2. The well-being of our Pacific people remains the central point of reference and convergence for our efforts to sustainably develop, manage and conserve our Pacific Ocean and its resources. This is made all the more important as many of our countries are faced with: increased dependency on imported foods; a growing Non-Communicable Disease crisis in Pacific communities; slow to moderate economic growth rates; high transport costs; fossil fuel dependency; growing urbanization; growing population rates and adverse impacts from climate change. The health and productivity of the Pacific Ocean is significant for all of these development challenges, now and into the future. Threats to the Ocean and populations 3. In our lifetime, a dangerous combination of human impacts has come to threaten the foundation of our Pacific livelihoods, which centers largely on the Pacific Ocean, and indeed those of the rest of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles
    The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles The Chinese Navy Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles Saunders, EDITED BY Yung, Swaine, PhILLIP C. SAUNderS, ChrISToPher YUNG, and Yang MIChAeL Swaine, ANd ANdreW NIeN-dzU YANG CeNTer For The STUdY oF ChINeSe MilitarY AffairS INSTITUTe For NATIoNAL STrATeGIC STUdIeS NatioNAL deFeNSe UNIverSITY COVER 4 SPINE 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY COVER.indd 3 COVER 1 11/29/11 12:35 PM The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 1 11/29/11 12:37 PM 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 2 11/29/11 12:37 PM The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles Edited by Phillip C. Saunders, Christopher D. Yung, Michael Swaine, and Andrew Nien-Dzu Yang Published by National Defense University Press for the Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies Washington, D.C. 2011 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 3 11/29/11 12:37 PM Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Chapter 5 was originally published as an article of the same title in Asian Security 5, no. 2 (2009), 144–169. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Used by permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Chinese Navy : expanding capabilities, evolving roles / edited by Phillip C. Saunders ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.
    [Show full text]
  • Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan
    Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan Volume 2 Baseline Assessment and Science Framework December 2009 Introduction Volume 2 of the Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan focuses on the data and scientific aspects of the plan and its implementation. It includes these two separate documents: • Baseline Assessment of the Massachusetts Ocean Planning Area - This Oceans Act-mandated product includes information cataloging the current state of knowledge regarding human uses, natural resources, and other ecosystem factors in Massachusetts ocean waters. • Science Framework - This document provides a blueprint for ocean management- related science and research needs in Massachusetts, including priorities for the next five years. i Baseline Assessment of the Massachusetts Ocean Management Planning Area Acknowledgements The authors thank Emily Chambliss and Dan Sampson for their help in preparing Geographic Information System (GIS) data for presentation in the figures. We also thank Anne Donovan and Arden Miller, who helped with the editing and layout of this document. Special thanks go to Walter Barnhardt, Ed Bell, Michael Bothner, Erin Burke, Tay Evans, Deb Hadden, Dave Janik, Matt Liebman, Victor Mastone, Adrienne Pappal, Mark Rousseau, Tom Shields, Jan Smith, Page Valentine, John Weber, and Brad Wellock, who helped us write specific sections of this assessment. We are grateful to Wendy Leo, Peter Ralston, and Andrea Rex of the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority for data and assistance writing the water quality subchapter. Robert Buchsbaum, Becky Harris, Simon Perkins, and Wayne Petersen from Massachusetts Audubon provided expert advice on the avifauna subchapter. Kevin Brander, David Burns, and Kathleen Keohane from the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and Robin Pearlman from the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine and Ocean Engineering in 21St Century Hisaaki Maeda Nihon
    Marine and Ocean Engineering in 21st Century Hisaaki Maeda Nihon University Department of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering 7-24-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274 E-mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction “Economic Development", “Resource Limitation", and “Global Environment” consist of the so-called tri-lemma the difficulty of which we face and could not be solved in the straightforward way. The only possible way to solve this difficulty may be the sustainable development, which corresponds to the holonic path as the hybrid of hard and soft system. There is no frontier land left on the earth, while the ocean, which covers 70 % of the surface of the earth, is still new frontier left on the earth. In order to carry out the sustainable development, we have to utilize the ocean. From the standpoint of food, resources, energy and space, the ocean is left still in a new frontier. The life style in the 21st century requires to introduce a new concept on all sociological condition for safety, environment, health, product design etc, in which it is the most important to do anything in fully rational way. ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 are the examples of this concept. The rational safety includes safety engineering, risk analysis, estimation of cost of human life, ISO9000 and so on. The rational environment includes ISO14000, global conservation etc. The rational design of system and production is based on the life cycle engineering which considers life cycle cost, safety and environmental assessment through the consistent way from material selection, design, production, operation, maintenance management, recycling to scrapping.
    [Show full text]
  • 16-17 March 2016, Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A
    Arctic Council SAO plenary meeting (eDocs code: ACSAOUS202) 16-17 March 2016, Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A. Document Title Overview of measures specifically designed to prevent oil pollution in the Arctic marine environment from offshore petroleum activities Agenda item number 7.1a Submitted by Norway Document filename EDOCS-3194-v1- ACSAOUS202_Fairbanks_2016_7-1a_Overview_Measures_OPP_Norway_report Number of pages, not including this cover sheet 266 Type (e.g. report, progress report, etc.) Report Proactima Stavanger Proactima Oslo Proactima Bergen Proactima Trondheim Postboks 8034 Postboks 2369 Solli Kong Christian Fredriks plass 3 Abelsgate 5 4068 Stavanger 0201 Oslo BI-bygget, 5006 Bergen 7030 Trondheim Norway Norway Norway Norway t: +47 40 00 19 33 – f: +47 51 87 57 41 – org. no. 915 641 938 – [email protected] – proactima.com REPORT Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Overview of measures specifically designed to prevent oil pollution in the Arctic marine environment from offshore petroleum activities Arctic Council, Task Force On Pollution Prevention (TFOPP) Table of contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Purpose ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • White Paper on Ocean/Maritime Clusters
    OCEAN / MARITIME CLUSTERS: Leadership and Collaboration for Ocean Sustainable Development and Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals World Ocean Council White Paper February 2018 Dr. Eric Rolf Hansen | Paul Holthus | Christopher L. Allen Jeeho Bae | Judy Goh | Cristina Mihailescu | Claire Pedregon Contact: Dr. Eric R. Hansen Paul Holthus President, Economic Transformations Group CEO, World Oceans Council [email protected] [email protected] Tel: +1415.602.9007 Tel: +1 (808) 277-9008 Ocean/Maritime Clusters: Leadership and Collaboration for Ocean Sustainable Development Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................3 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................4 The Future of the Ocean – a Global Challenge ............................................................................ 4 What are Ocean/Maritime Clusters? .......................................................................................... 4 Ocean Sustainable Development ................................................................................................ 5 2. Drivers for Ocean Sustainable Development ................................................................................6 U.N. Sustainable Development Goal 14 ...................................................................................... 6 Business’s Role in Achieving
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Ocean Test Beds for Ocean Technology Adaptation and Integration Into the Emerging U.S
    A White Paper Prospectus The Development of Ocean Test Beds Ocean technology, adaptation and integration into the emerging U.S. offshore wind energy industry Lead Authors Anthony Kirincich WHOI Jay Borkland Eric Hines Tufts University Steve Lohrenz UMass Dartmouth May 2018 POWER‐US White Paper May 2018 Ocean Test Beds A White Paper Prospectus: The Development of Ocean Test Beds for Ocean Technology Adaptation and Integration into the Emerging U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Industry Lead Authors: Anthony Kirincich (WHOI) Jay Borkland and Eric Hines (Tufts) Steve Lohrenz (UMass Dartmouth) 1. Executive Summary The landscape of applied ocean technology is rapidly changing with forces of innovation emerging from basic ocean science research methodologies as well as onshore high tech sectors. There is a critical need for ocean‐related industries to continue to modernize via the adoption of state‐of‐the‐art practices to advance rapidly changing industry objectives, maintain competitiveness, and be careful stewards of the ocean as a common resource. These objectives are of national importance for the dynamic ocean energy sector, and a mechanism by which new and promising technologies can be validated and adopted in an open and benchmarked process is needed. POWER‐US seeks to develop Ocean Test Beds as research and development infrastructure capable of driving innovative observations, modeling, and monitoring of the physical, biological, and use characteristics present in offshore wind energy installation areas. The Industry Need: Throughout the second half of the last century, ocean technology advancements ushered in new ocean‐related industries and ocean advancements that changed the course of history. Remote and deep water oil and gas exploration and extraction methods, bottom survey methods, global shipping route optimization, ocean storm and weather forecasting, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • June 2012 ACTIVITIES
    June 2012 ACTIVITIES In This Issue Investing in Class of the Future Page 3 First US-fl agged Dual Fuel OSVs Page 7 New Series of LNG Carriers in China Page 8 News 150TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY ABS Reaches Another Fleet Size Milestone by Japanese shipbuilders and effi cient solutions that will help continues to hold the leading the marine and offshore industry position with shipyards in remains in compliance with South Korea, China, Taiwan, statutory and class requirements Singapore, India and Brazil. while adapting to the latest market dynamics places ABS in a class by According to Somerville, itself.” ABS’ continued success is attributable in great part to A particular strength of ABS, and a the desire to stay true to the focus for the future, is the ability to mission of promoting the bring together the core competency security of life, property and of marine classifi cation with the the natural environment, broader spectrum of safety, risk, which has served as a guiding integrity, quality and performance principle for all of the management services offered across organization’s activities. By not the entire enterprise. Offering deviating from the application comprehensive solutions to our of class requirements, ABS clients’ most challenging concerns has developed a high level of will position ABS well for future integrity recognized across success. the maritime and offshore industries, which allows the “For over 150 years ABS, has been class society to effectively the vanguard of setting standards of Robert D. Somerville operate at the forefront of excellence,” Somerville said. “Our technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    CURRICULUM VITAE PORTER HOAGLAND Public Policy Telephone: 508-289-2867 Senior Research Specialist Cellphone: 508-292-5263 Marine Policy Center, MS#41 Fax: 508-457-2184 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Email: [email protected] Woods Hole, MA 02543 Date of Birth: October 9, 1955 Place of Birth: Red Bank, New Jersey Nationality: United States of America EDUCATION: Ph.D., Marine Policy, University of Delaware, January 2000 M.P.A., Public Administration, Harvard University, May 1993 M.M.P., Marine Policy, University of Delaware, June 1982 B.S., Biology, Hobart College, June 1977 RESEARCH INTERESTS: Economics and public policy of marine resources and the ocean environment; optimal management of ocean and coastal resources and their uses; distribution and allocation of property rights in ocean and coastal resources; economic impacts of marine natural hazards; technology transfer and intellectual property problems; marine science and technology policy; underwater archaeological resource management. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Senior Research Specialist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2008 to present Research Specialist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2000-08 Research Associate, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1985-2000 Research Assistant, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1983-84 Conservation Intern, National Wildlife Federation, 1982 Research Intern, Environmental Law Institute, 1981 Research Assistant, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, 1981-82 Administrative Legal Assistant, Howrey and Simon, 1979-80
    [Show full text]
  • China's and Russia's Naval Modernizations Programs and The
    Troubled Waters: China’s and Russia’s Naval Modernizations Programs and the Causes of Offensive Naval Arms Race Heng “Amber” Qin Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Prerequisite for Honors in Political Science under the advisement of Stacie Goddard April 2018 © Heng “Amber” Qin Acknowledgements This thesis project is borne out of a long-time, nagging feeling that something is not quite right in the current mainstream Western perception about China and Russia. This nagging feeling stems largely from the tension and inconsistencies that I see between the Chinese and Russian narratives of victimization and the U.S. narrative of the two states’ aggressive intentions. Having lived in all three countries, I felt a personal duty and obligation to set the record right. To that end, I would like to thank, first and foremost, my major and thesis advisor, Professor Stacie Goddard: Thank you for your humor, patient guidance and continued encouragement throughout this thesis project while I channeled my muddled thoughts into something of broader theoretical implications and higher academic standards. Thank you, also, for your exemplary scholarship that inspired my pursuit of international security, and for your mentorship over the years as I try to forge my own path in this field. I would also like to thank Professor Paul MacDonald: Your World Politics and Leadership in Public Policy classes first sparked my interests in political science and international relations. I wrote one of my first international relations papers for your class on the cult of the offensive, and I can now say that my time at Wellesley has come full circle.
    [Show full text]