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Ancient American Ritual Bells Metallurgy Emerged Independently at Comprise Some 30% of All Ancient Colom- of the Slit Opening at the Base

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Ancient American Ritual Bells Metallurgy Emerged Independently at Comprise Some 30% of All Ancient Colom- of the Slit Opening at the Base HISTORICAL NOTE Ancient American Ritual Bells Metallurgy emerged independently at comprise some 30% of all ancient Colom- of the slit opening at the base. These bells, least twice in human history, once in the bian metal objects. They range in size from which sounded as the individual moved Near East about 7200 BC and in the Central about 2 to 7 cm, they are suspended from in ritual performances, produced various Andes (Peru and Bolivia) at around 1500 the top by a ring, and contain a loose peb- pitches simultaneously. This "textured BC. The Central Andes contain some of the ble clapper. Most are cast from copper- sound" has been described as one charac- richest mineral deposits on the American gold (tumbaga) alloys containing various teristic of the indigenous musical systems continent. These include copper, silver, concentrations of gold. To enhance the of the Americas. and tin ores, along with deposits of silver golden colors, the castings were heated to After 1200 AD West Mexican metal- and gold. The metallurgies of Colombia oxidize the surface copper to produce the smiths began producing the two bronzes, and Mexico, both related to the earlier copper oxide scale, which was then pick- copper-arsenic and copper-tin, and alloys metallurgy of the Central Andes, also led off with mild acid plant juices or other of copper and silver. The technical knowl- developed in mineral-rich areas. Metal- corrosive solutions. Repeated cycles of edge required to manufacture these alloys smiths in all three regions of the Americas heating and pickling removed sufficient was also introduced from South America. made bells which they fashioned using copper to leave the surface enriched with West Mexican artisans took advantage of copper, copper-tin, copper-arsenic, or cop- gold. These bells, like their Central the fluidity, strength, and solidification per-gold alloys. Andean counterparts, were also worn or characteristics and color of the bronze and Historical, linguistic, and ethnographic used by shamans, priests, and other elites. copper of copper-tin and copper-arsenic sources make clear that in the ancient In ancient Mexico, bell production was bronze to cast a variety of new bell Americas bell sounds were sacred. In the primary focus of metallurgical activi- designs. These bells (which contain the Mexico, bells were sounded in ritual cele- ties. Bells comprise the majority (some alloying element of either tin or arsenic brating human and agricultural fertility. In 60%) of metal objects made in Mexico between 5 and 23 wt%) are larger and battle, the sounds of bells attached to war- from the introduction of metallurgy thinner-walled than their copper counter- riors' shields protected those individuals. around 650 AD to the European invasion in parts. Resonator walls are formed by intri- Bell sounds created the ancient Mexican the 16th century. Rattle sticks with bells cate wirelike patterns. The high-tin tin- afterworld, a sacred paradise populated attached were sounded in rain-making bronze bells look golden. The high-arsenic by deities and filled with these sounds and and fertility ceremonies; priests wore bells arsenic-copper bells look silvery. shimmering colors. in dance and other ritual activities. These These color effects were intentional. The Central Andean and Ecuadorian metal- Mexican bells, like Colombian bells, are colors of gold and silver were associated smiths often worked metal to make bells, lost-wax cast to shape. They are suspend- with the solar and lunar deities, so were which made up some 20% of their metal- ed by a ring at the top of the bell, and have venerated in ancient Mexico. Yet metal- lurgical repertoire. Central Andean and a slit opening at the base. The clapper is a smiths interested in casting gold and silver Ecuadorian bells are small, spherical (2-5 pebble or occasionally a piece of ceramic. bells—with these particular design charac- cm in height), and contain a loose pebble Metallurgy was initially introduced to teristics—did not use the pure metals clapper. Two holes at the top serve for sus- Mexico's western region (the modern because they lacked the solidification char- pension, and an elongated slit was left at states of Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, acteristics, strength, and other properties the base. Most bells were made from cop- Colima, and Nayarit) from South America of the copper alloys. Mexican artisans met per, or copper-arsenic alloys with arsenic through an Ecuador-based Pacific coast the requirements of the color by employ- present between 1 and 2 wt%. Gold and maritime trade network. Lost-wax casting ing the unusual technical expedient of silver specimens, and examples made came from Colombia. A few prototype adding tin or arsenic in high enough con- from copper-silver alloys and tin bronze, Colombian bells were probably traded centrations to alter metallic color to gold are also found. These Andean metalsmiths into Mexico; later, these were copied using and silver, respectively. initially cold worked the bell metal to local materials. West Mexican smiths had These sacred bronze bells were common shape, then annealed the bell, leaving it in available to them a more varied array of in west and central Mexico after 1300 AD. the annealed condition. Priests and ore minerals than their Colombian coun- The bells, through their sounds and through shamans wore bells attached to their terparts, including copper carbonates and their golden and silvery colors, linked the ankles and sewn onto garments. Bells also sulfides, arsenopyrite (the sulfide ore of priests and elites to the supernatural. are a part of composite ritual instruments iron and arsenic), native silver, and silver DOROTHY HOSLER known as rattle sticks which were sound- ore minerals. Cassiterite, the tin oxide ore, ed in curing ceremonies and other rites. also occurs although it is less abundant in FOR FURTHER READING: D. Hosier, The Metallurgy emerged in Colombia by this region than to the northeast, in the Sounds and Colors of Power: The Sacred approximately 100 AD. Although Colom- area encompassed by the modern states of Metallurgical Technology of Ancient West bian metallurgy was related to that of the San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas. Mexico, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA 1994) Central Andes, it developed technically Between 650 and about 1200 AD West and H. Lechtman, "The Central Andes: along different lines. Colombian metallur- Mexican metalworkers principally used Metallurgy without Iron," in The Coming of gy was based on lost-wax casting, primari- copper to cast bells. Bells dating to this the Age of Iron, T. A. Wertime and J.D. ly of copper-gold ritual objects. In period range from 0.5 cm to 10 cm in Muhley, eds., Yale University Press (New Colombia, gold is common and copper height and occur in a variety of sizes and Haven, 1980), p. 267. The bells can be seen deposits occur; however, the ore minerals shapes. Pitch in these bells is primarily a at the National Museum of Anthropology required for a bronze metallurgy—either function of the internal volume of the res- in Mexico City and in regional Mexican tin and/or arsenic ores—are rare. Bells onator chamber and the length and width museums. 80 MRS BULLETIN/JULY 1996.
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