Quaternary Valley Fill of the Abandoned Teays Drainage System in Southern Ohio

Home , Lake Tight, Minford High School, Teays River

77-2417 HOYER, Marcus Conrad, 1943- QUATERNARY VALLEY FILL OF THE ABANDONED TEAYS DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN SOUTHERN OHIO. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Geology

Xerox University A/llcrofllms fAnn Arbor, Michigan 48106 QUATERNARY VALLEY FILL OF THE ABANDONED

TEAYS DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN

SOUTHERN OHIO

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate

School of The Ohio State University

Marcus Conrad Hoyer, B.A., M.S.

*****

The Ohio State University

1976

Reading Committee: Approved By

Dr. Richard P. Goldthwait Dr. Kaye R. Everett Dr. Hallan C. Noltimier QL j -(PdatJr Advisor Department of Geology and Mineralogy ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my appreciation to all those who have had a part in the completion of this study. First to Professor Richard P.

Goldthwait who suggested the problem of the. "Minford Silt" and who has been patient in his discussions, text clarification, field visits, and suggestions regarding laboratory operations.

A special acknowledgment is due to the late Dr. David K. Webb, Jr., former Assistant State Geologist of Ohio, whose interest in the "Minford

Silt" was instrumental in allowing the field work to be done, and whose interest brought him to the field assisting in the drilling and description of the units on many days. In addition, since his death, the data which he had compiled prior to the initiation of the present study has been made available to me; some of this data has been inserted into this dissertation at several points and credit has been given to Dr. Webb for it.

Thanks and appreciation are expressed to Mr. Horace R. Collins,

State Geologist, Ohio Division of Geological Survey, for his efforts in supporting the field work and allowing use of Dr. Webb's data.

Otto and Ethel Remy of Beaver, Ohio, provided shelter and many contacts during the field work. Mr. M. Mitchell, Mr. R. Jernigan and Mr. J. Bapst provided assistance with the drilling of the auger holes and collection of core segments. Appreciation is expressed here to all those persons who allowed access to their land and allowed me to drill holes. Without that permission portions of the work would have been impossible to complete. Mr. Heber Lessig, formerly of the

Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, provided his views and showed me some sites at an early stage in this study.

Mr. R. Drees, Dr. G. Faure, Dr. J. Foster, Ms. D. Larson,

Dr. B. McMahon, Dr. H. Noltimier, Ms. E. Schofield and many others assisted in the laboratory phase of this work. Professor Hallan C.

Noltimier generously provided time both on the spinner magnetometer and OSU IRRC computer which have been most helpful to the paleomagnetic portion of this dissertation.

Thanks are due Dr. Kaye R. Everett for his interest in this project and his time in spending several days in the field and office discussing some of the problems which have come up during the course of the study.

Financial support for the field work came from the Ohio Division of Geological Survey; the Department of Geology and Mineralogy provided a Jeep-mounted auger; the Quaternary Laboratory, Department of Geology and Mineralogy made available laboratory supplies and thin-wall samplers and adaptors. The Friends of Orton provided financial assistance for preparation of some figures and maps.

Without all of the above support and encouragement the project could neither have gotten off the ground or have been completed.

In addition, without the support of my wife Mia and the encouragement

iii given by our children Kristin and Matthew this project would be on

the shelf.

iv VITA

18 July 1943...... Born - Chicago, Illinois

196 5 ...... B.A., Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois

1965-196 6 ...... Teaching Assistant, Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

2 April 1966...... Married, Mari-Ann Lundell, Tempe, Arizona

1966 (summer)...... Field Investigator, USAROD Grant, Depart ment of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (Prince William Sound area, Alaska)

1966-196 7 ...... Faculty Associate, Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

1967-196 9 ...... N.D.E.A. Fellow, Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

196 8 ...... M.S., Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

1969 & 1970 (summers) Geological Consultant, Southern Ohio

1969-197 0 ...... Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

1970-197 1 ...... Graduate Research Associate, Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

1 9 7 1 ...... Boxmocker Fellow, Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

1971-197 2 ...... University Dissertation Year Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

v 1972-1973 Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota

1973 Geological Consultant, Illinois

1975-present Instructor, Department of Chemistry and Geology, Murray State University, Murray Kentucky

PUBLICATIONS

Hoyer, M.C., 1970, Puget Peak Avalanche, Alaska: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 82, p. 1267-1284.

, 1972, The Puget Peak Avalanche (abstract): p. 285 in The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964: Geology. Washington, Nat. Acad. Sci., 834 p.

______, 1972, Remanent magnetism of Minford Silt, southern Ohio (abstract): Geol. Soc. America Abstracts with Programs, v. 4, p. 544.

FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Field: Geology

Studies in Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology. Professors Richard P. Goldthwait, Sidney E. White, and Kaye R. Everett

Studies in Paleomagnetism. Professors Hallan C. Noltimier and John H. Foster

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ii

VITA ...... v

LIST OF TABLES ...... ix

LIST OF FIGURES ...... x

LIST OF MAPS ...... xiv

ABSTRACT ...... 1

INTRODUCTION ...... 3

Regional Setting ...... 4 Primary Study Area ...... 8 Previous Investigations ...... 8 This S t u d y ...... 13

STRATIGRAPHY ...... 15

Original Definitions ...... 15 Proposed U s a g e ...... 19 Teays Formation ...... 20 Gallia Sand M e m b e r ...... 22 Minford Clay Member ...... 38 Colluvium, Alluvium and Loess ...... 53 D i s c u s s i o n ...... 56

PALEOMAGNETIC STUDY OF THE MINFORD C L A Y ...... 61

M e t h o d s ...... 64 R e s u l t s ...... 67 D i s c u s s i o n ...... 77 Suggested Paleomagnetic Studies ...... 85

SUGGESTED HISTORY ...... 87

CONCLUSIONS ...... 91

LIST OF REFERENCES ...... 95

vii Page APPENDICES ...... 100

A ...... 100

B ...... 137

C ...... 147

D ...... 151

E ...... 156

viii LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Stratigraphic nomenclature which has been applied to and proposed for the sediments of the Teays Drainage Lines of Ohio and West Virginia ...... 16

2. Relative percentages of clay minerals and quartz in the <2y fraction as determined by x-ray diffraction methods ...... 47

3. Clay mineral types reported in studies of the Minford Clay and similar deposits in Ohio and West Virginia. Clay types listed from most abundant to least a b u n d a n t ...... 48

4. Summary of grouped paleomagnetic data from the Minford Clay. Figure 35 illustrates the sample groups; Appendix E lists individual sample results . . . 79

5. Grain-size distribution of some sandy samples of Teays Formation ...... 147

6. Grain-size distribution and moisture content of some samples of the Teays Formation and overlying m a t e r i a l s ...... 148

7. Relative percent of clay minerals and quartz in the less than 2 micron fraction of the Teays Formation and overlying materials ...... 153

8. Paleomagnetic data summary ...... 157

ix LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Map of southern Ohio region indicating the study area and the limits of Illinoian and Wisconsinan glacial deposits ...... 5

2. Teays Drainage System of southern Ohio (after Stout and others, 1943) 6

3. Generalized geologic and preglacial drainage map of the east-central United States. Limit of the Wisconsinan glaciation and location of Teays Valley are indicated (from King and Beikman, 1974, p. 3 3 ) ...... 7

4. Modern and Teays drainage lines in southern Ohio .... 9

5. One stage of Lake Tight as interpreted by Wolfe (1942). Principal Teays System valleys, pre-glacial divides (A, B, C, D), four large erratic boulders (large dots), Illinoian and Wisconsinan glacial boundaries, and counties of southern Ohio (inset) are indicated. Extent of lake based principally upon the 900 foot contour lines from topographic maps (from Wolfe, 1S42) ...... 11

6 . Schematic cross-section of the Teays valley- fill in Ohio illustrating relationships between units and suggested stratigraphy ...... 21

7. Gallia Sand Member of Teays Formation exposed at Keener Sand Pit, Springfield Township, Gallia County (#57', .Map II). Thickness of sand below soil is 11 feet (3.4 m ) ...... 23

8. Teays Formation and overlying loamy sediment exposed along C & 0 Railway, Seal Township, Pike County (#58, Map I). Possible paleosol developed in Minford Clay at this site. Gallia Sand is beneath 6.5 feet (2 m) of Minford C l a y ...... 54

x Valley fill exposed along Appalachian Highway, Union Township, Pike County (//ll, Map I). Thicknesses here are: loamy sediment: 6.7 ft (2 m); Minford Clay (?): 1.5 ft (0.5 m); Gallia Sand: 11.5 ft (3.5 m ) ......

Minford Clay rests upon Gallia Sand and directly upon bedrock. Modern soil developed in loamy sediments which overlie bedrock and Minford Clay. Shovel stands about 0.8 m high. Exposure 33 south of Beaver, Pike County ...... 27

Interbedded clay and sand exposed in Gallia County (#5, Map II) ...... 29

Contact between Minford Clay and Gallia Sand marked by an iron-stone layer about 1 cm thick. Mattock marks contact (#35, Map I ) ...... 31

Profile along the Teays Valley from near Minford to near Waverly, Ohio ...... 32

Profile across Teays Valley 0.7 kilometres south of Stockdale ...... 34

Profile across Teays Valley 2.6 kilometres east of S t o c k d c i l e ...... 35

Profile across part of Teays Valley 2.0 kilometres southeast of Beaver ...... 36

Profile across Teays Valley and along a part of a tributary valley 2.3 kilometres west of Beaver ...... 37

Textures of the loamy sediments, "brown" Minford Clay and "gray" Minford Clay ...... 39

Minford Clay Member type section at Chesapeake and Ohio Railway tracks, Minford, Ohio (#1, Map I) . . . 41

Brief descriptive log of drill hole 19-90-1 at Minford, O h i o ...... 42

Lamination of Minford Clay Member exposed in test pit near Oak Hill, Ohio (#38) ...... 44

xi Figure Page

22. Eroded surface of Minford Clay beneath loamy sediments, south of Beaver, Ohio (#34) ...... 51

23. Slump along Appalachian Highway 5.5 kilometres east of Jackson, Ohio (#41). Most of slumped material is Minford Clay. Scarp at head of slump is composed of loamy m a t e r i a l ...... 52

24. Paleomagnetic time scale for the past 4.0 million years (after Cox, 1969) 62

25. Paleomagnetic time scale for the past 2.1 million years showing some recently identified excursions and events. Data from Barbetti and McElhinny (1972), Cox (1969), Denham and Cox (1971), Morner and Lanser (1974), Nakajima and others (1973), Noel and Tarling (1975), Noltimier and Colinvaux (1976) ...... 63

26. Jeep-mounted auger with thinwall sampler at lower end of augers. Orienting mark is visible at upper end of thinwall s a m p l e r ...... 66

27. NRM declination and inclination data plotted on an equal-area n e t ...... 68

28. Alternating field (a-f) demagnetization curves for 10 samples of Minford Clay. Ir/Io is the ratio of residual magnetic intensity following demagnetization to the original magnetic intensity of the same specimen ...... 70

29. Declination and inclination of samples following each a-f demagnetization plotted on an equal-area n e t ...... 71

30. Declination and inclination data for all samples following 200 oe plotted on an equal-area net .... 72

31. Declination and inclination data from hole #24-100-1 following 200 oe a-f w a s h ...... 73

32. Declination and inclination data from hole #1-100-1 following 200 oe a-f w a s h ...... 74

xii Figure Page

33. Declination and inclination data from hole #26-90-1 following 200 oe a-f w a s h ...... 75

34. Declination and inclination data from hole #19-90-1 following 200 oe a-f w a s h ...... 76

35. Equal-area plot of declination and inclination of samples following 200 oe a-f wash. Mean declination and inclination for all samples (T), normal samples (N), reversed samples (R) and anomalous samples (AW and AE) are also plotted. See Table 4 and Appendix E for further information ...... 78

36. Late Cenozoic time scales and possible chronologies with suggested time for deposition of Teays Formation. Modified from Cooke (1973) and other s o u r c e s ...... 83 LIST OF MAPS

Maps

I. Map of Beaver-Minford-Oak Hill area ...... in pocket

II. Map of Rio Grande area in pocket

xiv ABSTRACT

Abandoned Teays drainage lines in southern Ohio and adjacent states are marked by a valley fill consisting of: 1) sand and silt,

2) clay, 3) loamy sediment. These were examined, sampled and described from 43 drilled holes and more than 58 exposures. The lower two units are herein referred to as Gallia Sand and Minford

Clay members of the Teays Formation. Terminology is adapted from previous informal and formally proposed usage. The Gallia Sand

Member is a Teays River fluvial sediment and Lake Tight deltaic sediment. The varved Minford Clay Member is the principal sediment of Lake Tight. Loess, colluvium and alluvium make up the loamy sediment which 1'ests on eroded and weathered Teays Formation.

Textural, mineralogical and field characteristics clearly distinguish between units. Source areas for the Teays Formation are both to the north and south. The Minford Clay represents at least

7,100 years of lacustrine sediment.

The first Laurentide ice sheet to enter the east-central United

States dammed the Teays River and initiated Lake Tight. Abandonment of the Teays Drainage System and initiation of the Deep Stage drainage, an "old Ohio River", followed the deposition of the Teays

Formation to elevations now at least 860 feet (262 m) above sea level.

1 Samples of laminated Minford Clay were run on a spinner magneto meter in a limited paleomagnetic study. Most samples have stable detrital or chemical remanent magnetism (DEM or CEM) with an intensity of 10-5 or 10“ '7 emu/cm^ (mean = 5.06 x 10-^ emu/cm^) following a 200 oe a-f wash. Most samples are clearly reversed in polarity; three samples have normal polarity; nine samples have transitional polarities. Mean declination and inclination for all samples are 164.3° and -48.4°. The likely time of deposition for most or all of the Minford Clay was during the Matuyama Magnetic Polarity

Epoch (0.68 to 2.4 x 10^ years ago). INTRODUCTION

Problems of characterization and correlation of the valley--fill sediments along the former drainage lines of the abandoned Teays River system in southern Ohio, West Virginia and Kentucky have been recognized since Orton (1874) and White (1884) mentioned them. This study deals with the content, distribution, stratigraphic relationships and paleomagnetism of the valley-fill sediments along the Teays drainage lines in southern Ohio and immediately adjacent West Virginia. The age and identification of these sediments has long been a problem.

In Ohio, a major portion of these sediments are known as Minford

Silt (Stout and Schaaf, 1931, p. 666). Similar sediments in West

Virginia have been termed Teay Formation (Campbell, 1900, p. 5) or correlated to the Minford Silt (Janssen and McCoy, 1953; Rhodehamel and Carlston, 1963).

The objectives of this study are to clarify the stratigraphic relationships of the valley-fill, to describe the units present, to present evidence limiting the age of the sediments. In addition, this study attempts to shed light on the relationship of these valley-fill sediments to continental glaciation of North America.

3 Regional Setting

Figure 1 indicates the general area studied and indicates its relationship to the area covered by Wisconsinan and Illinoian Stage glacial ice. The study area lies entirely within the Appalachian

Plateaus Physiographic Province (Fenneman, 1938). Bedrock in this region consists of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sandstones, shales, coals, and a few thin limestones. The bedrock dips gently to the southeast.

Numerous abandoned drainage lines cut through the area. The

Teays Drainage System (fig. 2) was the drainage network occupied in latest Tertiary and earliest Pleistocene time, prior to the first

Pleistocene ice sheet to reach Ohio (Stout and Lamb, 1938; Stout and others, 1943; Ver Steeg, 1946).

Tight applied the name Teays to the drainage system in 1903. He derived the name "Teays" from a portion of the abandoned drainage system known as "Teays Valley" in Putnam and Cabell counties, West

Virginia. Buried segments of the Teays drainage have been traced by means of well logs through Ohio and westward across Indiana and into

Illinois (fig. 3; Wayne, 1956; Horberg, 1950).

The principal tributary valleys of the abandoned Teays System are recognized by the unconsolidated valley-fill deposits (often only from well records), their more subdued topography and the higher proportion of agricultural clearing of these areas compared to the surrounding hills. Locations of minor tributary valleys are often recognized on the basis of topographic position (a present-day divide in an anomalous position) and the presence of valley-fill sediment, A v Marietta o

Waverly Jackson i

Gallipolis Portsmouth Study |f Area L KY. Wisconsinan Drift

KY. Illinoian ' W. VA Drift

mi. 60

km.

Figure 1. Map of southern Ohio region, indicating the study area and the limits of Illinoian and wisconsinan glacial deposits. TEAYS DRAINAGE

60 ml

70 km

Figure 2. Teays Drainage System of southern Ohio (after Stout and others, 1943). EXPLANATION

Pennsylvanian

Mississippian

H ; : l o; H AO' D e v o n ia n

S ilu ria n LIN i / m m i x '/ 4y ^ - y > ^ J-; r v M ^ ; ■■:: Ord I N ;:;:D:::i;inA%/;yA 4 V : K - ^ . O rd o v ic ia n Y o ^ ' 4 ^

Southern lim it o! 'Wisconsin ,»Tenya « la c ia tin n i Val.'ey

38" Prenlaeial river Ord j ch a n n el

50 100 150 200 MILES — 1— 50 100 150 200 KILOMETRES

Figure 3. Generalized geologic and preglacial drainage map of the east-central United States. Limit of the Wisconsinan glaciation and location of Teays Valley are indicated (from King and Beikman, 1974, p. 33).

-vi 8

including clay. Present drainage lines show little correspondence

to the Teays drainage lines (fig. 4).

Primary Study Area \ This study was concentrated in the generally triangular area of

southern Ohio, approximately bounded by lines from Waverly to Ports

mouth on the west; Waverly to Jackson to Gallipolis on the north; and

Portsmouth to Gallipolis on the southeast (figs. 1, 5). A few

exposures of the valley-fill sediments were also examined in Washington

County, Ohio, along tributaries of the Teays System, and cast of

Huntington, West Virginia, along the main Teays drainage, line, near the

namesake for the drainage system — Teays, West Virginia.

P r ev i o u s Inves t iga t ions

Early investigators emphasized the drainage networks with little

emphasis on the deposits associated with these former drainage lines.

Chamberlin and Leverett (1894), Leverett (.1895, 1902), Orton (1874),

Andrews (1874), White (1884, 1896) and Wright (1890) were among those

early investigators.

Campbell (1900) and Tight (1903) consider the deposits more

thoroughly than previous investigators. Tight's lengthy report treats

the entire region describing the present and past valleys and indicating

the areas of extensive valley-fill sediment. His maps indicate former

drainage lines, and his text discusses the possible reasons for their

abandonment and the origin of the sediments found along them. He

proposed that damning and ponding of the major stream (Teays River), Jackson Pomeroy B eaver St:r.-A.

Stock dale mi

Oak HI 11 Q' Rio Graride Minford,

G al Ifpolf s DRAINAGE

Portsmouth g W h e e I e r s b u r tj Modern

Teays

Figure 4. Modern and Teays drainage lines in southern Ohio. 10 probably by an ice sheet, caused the major drainage change, and that the widely distributed fine-grained valley-fill sediments were a reflection of this damming. Campbell, in the Huntington, West Virginia

Folio (1900), described the sediments of the Teays Valley, named them the Teays Formation, and considered them to be a result of fluvial and lacustrine sedimentation in a series of ice-dammed lakes.

Stout and Schaaf (1931) proposed the name Minford Silt for the fine-grained valley-fill sediment of the Teays Valley. Rich (1934) noted that the valley fill extends up to an elevation of 860 to 900 feet and that drainage pattern anomalies below an elevation of 850 feet are numerous. Wolfe (1942) proposed the name Lake Tight for the body of water in which the fine-grained sediments wei'e deposited and presented a map indicating its possible extent (fig. 5). Stout and others (1943) indicate the entire extent in Ohio of the Teays and other former drainage systems. They indicate areas which have significant thicknesses of valley fill in their discussion. Norris and Spicer

(1958) discuss the valley-fill sediments of the Teays Valley where they are buried beneath glacial sediments in central Ohio. They report up to 242 feet (74 m) of Minford Silt in the valley, and indicate that it includes some fine sand. Lockwood (1954), in a preliminary report, reported on the sedimentary sequence from the main Teays Valley in southern Ohio. He suggested a four-fold stratigraphy — sand, silt, clay, soil — with-unconformities at each of the lithologic boundaries.

Manos (1961) studied the heavy mineral fraction of the sands of the valley fill from West Virginia, southern Ohio and eastern Illinois.

Coffey (1961) discussed the probable location of the Teays drainage 11

Figure 5. One stage of Lake Tight as interpreted by Wolfe (1942). Principal Teays System valleys, pre-glacial divides (A, B, C, D), four large erratic boulders (large dots), Illinoian and Wisconsinan glacial boundaries, and counties of southern Ohio (inset) are indicated. Extent of lake based principally upon the 900 foot contour line from topographic maps (from Wolfe, 3.942) . 12

83° 82°

s f l t l S l

f i i i f l i l P )•/' J Comp^bJjpk

Figure 5. Figure 5. lines beneath the glacial deposits in Ohio and Indiana and proposed

that the Teays drained to the north and east rather than to the west.

Teller (1973) briefly discusses the valley-fill sediments near

Cincinnati. Ettensohn (1974) discusses these same sediments near

Cincinnati in considerably more detail. Webb (unpublished data) compiled information on the valley fill, especially the "Minford Silt" in southern and southeastern Ohio. Lessig had discussed similar deposits in southeastern Ohio (1961).

In West Virginia, Janssen (1952, 1953) and Janssen and McCoy

(1953) studied the sediments and considered the fine-grained portions

co be varved. Rhodehamel and Carlston (1963) discuss at length the valley fill in West Virginia. They divide the valley fill into four units and consider the rhythmites to be probable varves. Cross and

Schemel (1956) and Fridley (1950) present considerable information regarding the old valleys and some of the sediments found in them.

Tli.is Study

This study was initiated in order to help resolve three questions

1) What is (and is not) "Minford Silt"; 2) What is (or are) the age(s) of these valley-fill sediments; and 3) How are these sediments related

to Quaternary glaciation. The study was centered in Pike, Jackson,

Scioto and Gallia counties in southern Ohio (fig. 1). This area was selected because of the widespread occurrence of "Minford Silt" and other valley-fill sediments; the type locality for "Minford Silt"

is in the area; and the typical stratigraphic sequence of the Teays

Valley fill occurs in the area. Field work was conducted during the summers of 1969 and 1970, as well as on short trips in 1971 and 1972. Outcrops were examined, described and sampled. Holes were drilled using a hand auger and a

Jeep-mounted auger in order to examine, describe and sample at locations where exposures were not present or needed to be probed to depth.

Locations of all sites described are shown on Maps I and II. Descrip tions of selected sites are presented in Appendices A and B; a complete listing of sites examined is on file with the Ohio Division of

Geological Survey (Fountain Square, Columbus, OH 43224).

Laboratory work has included determination of clay minerals, granulometry, pollen content, and remanent magnetism of the clay; and determination of the texture and major mineral content of portions of the sand. Procedures used and results obtained are presented in

Appendices C through E. STRATIGRAPHY

The valley fill of the Teays Drainage System has a regionally consistent vertical sequence composed of three major units: 1) basal sand and silt; 2) laminated clay; and 3) loamy sediment (fig. 6). The basal sand and the clay are reasonably consistent in their properties.

The loamy sediment includes loess, alluvium and colluvium which differ markedly in their properties. Stratigraphic names have been applied to the valley-fill sediments by several writers. Table 1 summarizes many of these names and indicates my proposed usage.

Original Definitions

M.R. Campbell proposed the first formation name for the sediments of the Teays drainage system in 1900. His Teay Formation clearly includes all of the valley fill of the Teays Valley other than colluvium and recent alluvium:

{The Teay Formation} ...consists of the floodplain

deposit of the ancient Kanawha River and of finely laminated

clay laid down by it before it abandoned Teay Valley for its

present course . . . Bowlders and gravel have been found at

every point where the old valley floor is exposed; sand also Table 1. Stratigraphic nomenclature which has been applied to and proposed for the sediments of the Teays Drainage Lines of Ohio and West Virginia.

WEST VIRGIN I A OHIO Campbell Rhodehamel Neff and Stout & Lockwood Hoyer 1900 & Carlston others Schaaf 1954 this report 1963 1970 1931

colluvium & sandy loess, soil alluvium later silts silt & colluvium

light gray Minford rhythmite Minford Minford Minford Teay Clay . Silt ferruginous Teays Member rhythmite Silt Clay /

Formation sand and sand Teays Formation Gallia gravel (sands) River Sand gravel & clay Sediments Member 17

is apparently a constant feature, but the clay appears

remnant of this same valley. . . . (Campbell, 1900, p. 5)

Most often this unit is now termed the "Teays Formation" following the usage of "Teays Drainage System", or "Teays Valley"; these are all named after the Teays Post Office (zip code 25569), the community of Teays, and the Teays Valley, Cabell and Putnam counties. West

Virginia. Few have, used this as a formation name, though it precedes any other name applied to these sediments.

Stout and Schaaf (1931) defined the Minford Silt as the "highly laminated silt unit" forming the upper part of the valley fill in the

Teays Valley and its tributaries in southern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky. According to them:

The most outstanding deposits in these old preglacial

valleys are the highly laminated silts which rest on the sands

and alluviums and which, with local fans of outwash from side

streams, form the upper part of the valley filling. Unless

modified by erosion, these silts make up by far the greater

part of the formation {i.e., valley fill}. Such deposits

are widely distributed throughout the entire basin, being

present locally on the small tributaries as well as on the

main streams. Further, they show marked uniformity as to

physical and chemical properties both laterally and vertically

throughout the range of deposition. The thickness of these

silts on the old divides, that is, where they have been

least disturbed, is from 10 to possibly more than 80 feet,

but usually the measurements range between 20 and 40 feet. 18

These silts are always highly laminated, the laminae

being closely and regularly spaced. When moist, the material

will peel easily and smoothly along these planes. These silts

are made up of very fine-grained particles. ... Very little

coarse material is present and this is largely secondary in

origin, such as gypsum crystals and small ferruginous concre

tions. ... For ease of identification and because of the

excellent exposure in the cut of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway

at Minford in Harrison Township, Scioto County, this particular

silt is here named Minford. (p. 666-667) {Note: The exposure,

is actually located in Sect. 33, T. AN., R. 20 W., Madison

Township; most of the community of Minford is located in

Harrison Township.}

Stout and Schaaf recognize the presence of sand beneath what they term Minford Silt, yet their discussion is somewhat ambiguous regarding the upper and lower limits of the Minford Silt. Table 1 shows my interpretation of their definition. The name Minford Silt has been used throughout southern and southeastern Ohio for any fine-grained sediment associated with the Teays drainage system. Norris and Spicer

(1958), working in central Ohio, applied the name Minford Silt to some fine sands and silts beneath glacial drift in the buried Teays Valley.

Lockwood (1954) refers to the fine-grained deposits as "Minford

Clay". He refers to the coarser sediments beneath-the silts and clays as the "Teays River Sands and Gravels" and states that there is an unconformity between these units marked by a soil. 19

The basal sands, gravels and silts in the eastern portion of the

study area and adjacent areas have been informally referred to as

"Gallia sand" or "Gallia red" due to their abundance in Gallia County

(Lessig, pers. communication). Sand predominates in this unit. The

sand is clearly beneath or interfingers with the Minford Silt (or Clay)

at localities where both are exposed.

Proposed Usage

Table 1 indicates the stratigraphic terminology adopted for the

valley-fill sediments of the Teays Valley and tributary valleys in

this report. The basal sands and silts and clay make up the Teays

Formation. This follows and extends to Ohio the usage of Campbell (1900) who named all of the valley fill associated with the Teays Drainage

System, the Teay Formation in West Virginia. The name Teays has been

adopted because it refers to what is now the community of Teays, West

Virginia and the Teays Valley. The sand and clay are included in

the same formation because: a) there is no compelling evidence suggesting

an unconformity between them; b) the units interfinger at several

localities; c) the vertical sequence is consistent wherever the valley

fill is found, suggesting a change in depositional environment from

fluvial to lacustrine.

The sandy unit is here termed the Gallia Sand Member for the large

number of outcrop localities in Gallia County, Ohio. These sediments

are the ones informally known as "Gallia sand" or "Gallia red" since

the turn of the century. 20

The term Minford is here restricted to the clay member (Minford

Clay Member) of the valley fill. It is named for the fine exposure at Minford, Ohio. This exposure was the type locality of the Minford

Silt (Stout & Schaaf, 1931); texturally the material is a clay and not silt as originally described. The name "Minford" is retained because it is a well-known and widely recognized name for these fine-grained sediments throughout southern and southeastern Ohio.

Overlying the Teays Formation are a variety of sandy, silty and clayey materials which at most localities have a loamy texture. They include loess, colluvium and alluvium; any one or any combination of these materials may be present at any given locality. Mo formal name is applied to them in this report.

Teays Formation

The sediments which fill the former valleys of the Teays drainage system and which were deposited prior to and at the time the Teays drainage system was abandoned make up the Teays Formation (fig. 6).

Sands with some silts predominate in the basal portion of the formation and are here termed the. Gallia Sand Member. Clays make up the upper portion of the formation and are here termed the Minford Clay Member.

These sediments were deposited as sedimentation continued immediately prior to and following the blockage of the Teays River at some point downstream from the study area. Sedimentation continued until new drainage lines became effective, in the. region. LOESS, COLLUVIUM & ALLUVIUM \

GALLT TEA: FOE AT (Of-

Figure 6. Schematic cross-section of the Teays valley fill in Ohio illustrating relationships between units and suggested stratigraphy.

10 22

Gallia Sand Member

The Gallia Sand Member is the lower portion of the Teays

Formation. It is named for Gallia County, Ohio, where there are many

small outcrops of this unit (Map II, Appendix B) and an area of

O m60 km underlain by this unit. Exposures are along roads and in borrow pits — both active and abandoned, and are thus both rare and

ephemeral. Some important exposures are: 1) Keener Sand Pit, near

Kerr (#57, Map II; fig 7); 2) Chesapeake & Ohio Railway cut, about

2 mi south of Waverly (#58, Map I; fig. 8); and 3) roadcut along

Ohio Rt. 124 north of Coal Dock Road (Pike County Rd. 42)(#11, Map I; fig. 9). Scioto County has few exposures of the Gallia Sand Member; one is located about 330 feet (100 m) east of the type section

(#1, Map I) of the Minford Clay. Sand has been reported from the type section (Lamborn and others, 1938) and was encountered in drill hole

19-90-1 located about 150 feet (46 m) west of the type section.

These occurrences are all at an elevation of 656 feet (200 m).

All but two drill holes which penetrated through the Minford Clay penetrated into a sandy unit. Detailed stratigraphy of the sand was obscured because of water through most of its thickness. The sand is a source of groundwater along the old drainage lines for many domestic wells in Gallia, Jackson, Pike, and. Scioto counties (Smith and Schmidt,

1953; Stout and others, 1943; Walker, 1953; Walker and Schmidt, 1953;

Wilson, 1950). The greatest thickness encountered in drill holes was

27 feet (8.2 m)(#23-70-1); Wilson (1950) indicates that in Springfield

Township, Gallia County, the average thickness of the sand is 20 feet

(6.5 m) with a range of from 12 to 36 feet (3.7 - 8.0 m). The maximum t? ^'.r -

Figure 7. Gallia Sand Member of Teays Formation exposed at Keener Sand Pit, Springfield Township, Gallia County (#57, Map II). Thickness of sand below soil is 11 feet (3.4 m ) . Figure 8. Teays Formation and overlying loamy sediment exposed along C & 0 Railway, Seal Township, Pike County (#58, Map I). Possible paleosol developed in Minford Clay at this site. Gallia Sand is beneath 6.5 feet (2 m) of Minford Clay. Figure 9. Valley fill exposed along Appalachian Highway, Union Township, Pike County (#11, Map I). Thicknesses here are: loamy sediment: 6.7 ft (2m); Minford Clay (?): 1.5 ft (0.5 m); Gallia Sand: 11.5 ft (3.5 m). 26

thickness which Lockwood (1954) reports is 25.5 feet (7.9 m).

Sites where no Gallia Sand was present are located near the edge

of the main Teays Valley and on bedrock highs. Some exposures present

during construction of the Appalachian Highway south of Beaver show

this relationship: clay resting directly upon bedrock (fig. 10); while a short distance away there is sand between the bedrock and

the clay (fig. 10).

The Gallia Sand is reddish-brown (5YR4/3)"^ to brownish-yellow

(10YR6/8) in color with some dark gray and black stains and streaks.

The colors are largely the result of iron and manganese staining of the sand grains and of the fine matrix material.

Subangular to subrounded quartz makes up the bulk of the sand.

Muscovite and feldspar (K-feldspar according to Webb (unpublished data)) are the primary accessory minerals. According to Manos (1961), who used some of Lockwood’s samples, zircon, hornblende and epidote are the primary heavy minerals present. Manos’ data indicate that hornblende first becomes prominent in samples from the Teays Valley in Ohio. However, one of his samples (#146) is like samples from

West Virginia, with few easily weathered grains like hornblende; it is also the only sample from a tributary valley.

Most of the unit consists of medium sand having a median diameter of 0.3 mm. However, the sand ranges from coarse to fine. Much of the

^All colors followed by a notation such as (5YR4/3) are read

moist from a Munsell Soil Color Book in the field. Colors not

so noted are estimates in the field by the writer. Figure 10. Minford Clay rests upon Gallia Sand and directly upon bedrock. Modern soil developed in loamy sediments which overlie bedrock and Minford Clay. Shovel stands about 0.8 m high. Exposure 33 south of Beaver, Pike County. 28

sand is well-sorted, having a quartile sorting coefficient (SQ) of

less than 1.50. The coarsest sands are at the base of the unit. At

some localities a pebbly gravel containing some large clasts of local bedrock make up the basal portion of the unit. However, within the sand

unit no particular trend of fining or coarsening upward is present.

Silt and clay interbeds are present at several levels, particularly

in the upper portion of the unit. These interbeds are from less than

0.25 inches (0.6 cm) to more than 6 inches (15.2 cm) thick. They were observed in outcrops (fig. 11) and inferred from materials brought up while drilling. These silt and clay interbeds may represent slaclcwater deposits as a part of normal fluvial sedimentation of the Teays River.

Parallel beds, 0.5 to 6 inches (1.3 to 15.2 cm) thick, and massive layers are present. Planar crossbeds 0.3 feet (0.1 m) high which indicated a flow direction consistent with that proposed for the

Teays drainage, toward the west in east-west valley segments, were noted

in three exposures (#39, #57, & #58). Color variations accentuate the bedding. Modern soil structures obscure sedimentary structures where overlying materials are thin (fig. 7).

Twigs, one from each of two outcrops (#39 & #58), are the entire macrofossil collection by the writer. No other macrofossils were

observed.

The basal contact of the Gallia Sand Member with bedrock, where

observed, is sharp. Where the bedrock is sandstone, some clasts of

the bedrock are quite prominent in the basal sand. Where the bedrock

is shale the clasts of local bedrock are quite small and do not form

a large proportion of the basal sand. The sharp contact suggests that 29

Figure 11. Interbedded clay and sand exposed in Gallia County (#5, Map II). 30 the Teays River was actively cutting its valleys just prior to the onset of sedimentation.

The upper contact with the overlying Minford Clay is of two types: sharp or interbedded. Where sharp, the contact is marked by an iron stone layer up to 0.75 inches (2 cm) thick (fig. 12). This ironstone layer temporarily stopped penetration when drilling holes. Penetration resumed upon breaking through the ironstone and entering the sand below. Lockwood (1954) may have interpreted this hard layer as bedrock in some, of his drill holes which were done by hand. In at least one case (his hole #111), southwest of 24-100-1) it is important to his interpretation of the drainage history of the area.

Clay is interbedded with the sand at several localities. The top of the highest sand is considered the top of the Gallia Sand Member.

The clay/sand contact is a reddish-brown color whether the contact is sharp or interbedded. Lockwood (1954) interpreted this contact to be a soil marking an unconformity between the sand and clay. It seems probable that the colors are simply the result of postdepositional staining and precipitation of iron from groundwater acting at the interface between the less-permeable clay and more-permeable sand.

The. elevation of the sand/clay contact rises and falls as one moves down the old valley (fig. 13); this also was used by Lockwood to argue for a paleosol marking a period of time between deposition of the sands and silts and the clay. I interpret the contact to be depositional with secondary ferruginous pan. Differences in elevation of previous filling at particular points across (figs. 14, 15, 16) and along (figs. 13, 17) the valley seem sufficient to account for the 31

Figure 12. Contact between Minford Clay and Gallia Sand marked by an iron-stone layer about 1 cm thick. Mattock marks contact (#35, Map I). 32

Figure 13. Profile along the Teays Valley from near Minford to near Waverly, Ohio. Elevation (feet) MINFORD om Sediments Loamy iue 13. Figure Member Minford bedrock 33

26 - 90-1 CN A A BEAVER

700 — o o 8 o

CM CM o>4 o> I I 13-80-1 f & 'W

Sand

V miles

kilometres Profile along the Teays Valley

7 5 0 —

=3.5 mi S of BEAVER WAVERLY

700 — CM CO

o CO

o Minford GO Clay

j.v Member

Member

bedrock

M.C.Hoyer,I976 AS Lockwood’s holes 14 S0-1 Hoycc’s hole3

Figure 14. Profile across Teays Valley 0.7 kilometres south of Stcckdale. 13-9-1 ft 680 680

141

143

.142

640 144 640

1S-9-1 by Hover 141-4 by Lockwood

bedrock 0.5 km

Figure 15. Profile across Teays Valley 2.6 kilometres east of Stockdale,

CO Lrt 13-70-1 19-9-1 700

19-9-2

650

-139 by Lockwood

0.5 mi

0 . 5 k m

Figure 16. Profile across part of Teays Valley 2.0 kilometres southeast of Beaver.

G\ 104

120

700 Trib 700 eays Va Valley B 2 ‘

124, 128 12-80-2 127 ,30-70

,121 122

650 ~ 650

bedrock

121 Lockwood's holes 30-70-1 Hoyer's holes 0.5

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 km

Figure 17. Profile across Teays Valley and along a part of a tributary valley 2,3 kilometres west of Beaver. CO 38

situation. The lack of adequate exposures of the base of the clay

does not provide completely unambiguous answers to these points;

however, the lack of compelling evidence for a paleosol has caused

me to retain my view. Lockwood's view that a paleosol is present at

the top of the Gallia Sand would imply a significant interval of time

following the deposition of the Gallis Sand preceding the initiation

of the conditions causing deposition of the clay. This would suggest

that the sandy valley fill and the clay valley fill are not related

to the same depositional episode, and are perhaps very different in

age.

Minford Clay Member

The laminated clay making up the portion of the valley fill

above the sands and below the loamy sediment is the Minford Clay

Member of the Teays Formation. Previously this unit was termed the

Minford Silt by Stout and Schaaf (1931). Texturally the unit is a

clay having up to 85 percent clay-sized material (<2y)(fig. 18;

Appendix C). The name "Minford" is retained because it is in wide

use in Ohio, and the deposits referred to by that name are the same.

The type section proposed by Stout and Schaaf (as exposure along the

Chesapeake & Ohio Railway at Minford) is retained. Lamborn and others (1938,’ p. 252) report the section at Minford as follows:

Description Thickness

Clay, chocolate-tinted, fine-grained 22 ft

Clay, yellowish, ferruginous 1 ft 6 in CLAY (<2y)

fl.D - Samples Contaminated by Sand and/or Silt

loam y ' b ro w n ” ' gray” ' sediments clay clay V SAND (2000-63U) SILT (63—2u)

Figure 18. Textures of the loamy sediments, "brown" Minford Clay and "gray" Minford Clay.

w VO 40

Description Thickness

Sand, coarse 0 ft 6 in

Sand, fine-grained, and silt 3 ft

Only the clay-rich portion of the exposed section is the Minford Clay

Member of this report. The exposure remains one of the best in the

region; however only 12 feet (3.7 m) of clay remain exposed (fig. 19;

#1, Map I). Webb (unpublished notes) reports 36 feet (11.0 m) of clay

at the type locality and up to 30 feet (9.1 m) of clay reported from water wells. Drill hole 19-90-1 located about 150 feet (45.7 m) west

of the type section penetrated 47.5 feet (14.5 m) of clay (fig. 13, 20).

Thickness of the Minford Clay along the old drainage lines of the

region ranges from 0 to more than 80 feet (24 m). Norris and Spicer

(1958) indicate a maximum thickness for what they call "Minford Silt"

of 242 feet (74 m); however, they included all valley-fill sediments

beneath the glacial sediments penetrated in a drill hole more than

50 miles (80 km) "down-valley" from this study area; much of this was

reported to be fine sand. An unknown portion of their reported thickness would be included in what is here termed Minford Clay Member. Rhodehamel

and Carlston (1963) report a thickness of 104 feet (31.7) for a "silty

clay" at a discontinuous hillslope exposure in West Virginia. They

correlate this to the "Minford Silt", and it represents the greatest

reported thickness from one exposure. Perhaps the 104 feet (3.7 m)

thickness represents the maximum remaining thickness of the Minford

Clay; however, the slumping may have affected even this exposure

resulting in a greater than actual thickness value at that site. 41

Figure 19. Minford Clay Member type section at Chesapeake and Ohio Railway tracks, Minford, Ohio (#1, Map I). 42

Silt loam* strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

Pebbly silt (and gravel), "brown"

Clay, brown (7.5YR 5/4) with some mottling near top, laminated (Minford Clay Member)

Clay, dark gray (10YR 4/1), laminated (Minford Clay Member)

Clay and silt, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) at top, brown (7.5YR 4/4 & 7.5YR 5/6) beneath (Minford Clay Member?) Sand, yellow (10YR 7/6), medium, some clay stringers (Gallia Sand Member)

Figure 20. Brief descriptive log of drill hole 19-90-1 at Minford, Ohio. Most exposures of Minford Clay are small and located where slopes have been altered by man (ditches, highway and railroad cuts, and excavations). Often slumping takes place on these slopes. Where exposed, the clay has the appearance of either laminated beds (fig. 21) or a "puffy" appearance with many dessication cracks. Colors range from yellowish brown to strong brown (10YR6/8 to 7.5YR5/6). Greenish gray mottles are quite common. Noteworthy exposures in addition to the type section at Minford (//l) include others along the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway tracks between Portsmouth and Waverly (#58), several along "old Rt. 124" between Givens and Beaver (#10, #12, #17, #18,

#21), one east of Oak Hill (#38), and one at Camba (#2). During construction of the Appalachian Highway (Ohio Route 124) there were several exposures along the right-of-way. (Some are: #11, #33,

#42.) They are now grassed over, but are likely to have some exposure along slumps and gullies for some time to come.

The uppermost 3 to 8 feet (1 to 2.4 m) of clay from drill holes have properties similar to those in exposures — brown colors, varicolored mottles, soil structures. Sedimentary structures are obscured at several locations. Alum crystals up to 0.5 cm across were noted at some localities. Ettensohn (1974, p. 221) reports gypsum from similar deposits near Cincinnati.

Below the "brown" clay is "gray" clay which is dark grayish brown to dark gray (10YR4/2 to 10YR4/1) in color. The brown/gray contact is roughly parallel to the present upper surface of the clay. The color change occurs gradually where observed with a transition being up to one foot (0.3 m) thick. The. color change represents the contact 44

Figure 21. Lamination of Minford Clay Member exposed in test pit near Oak Hill, Ohio (#38). 45

between the oxidized clay (brown) above and the less-oxidized or

unoxidized clay (gray) below. Along some more permeable silty layers

within the gray clay there were thin (< 0 .2m) brown layers.

The basal few feet (<1 m) of clay are a reddish brown color (5Y54/4)

where examined. In some drill holes, up to 6 feet (1.8 m) of brown clay

is present. Groundwater oxidation of the iron minerals at and near

the site of the change in permeability between the sand below and

the clay above is the likely cause for this color change. An iron pan

is present at the sand/clay boundary at many locations (fig. 12).

Fine laminae (<0.1 to 1 cm) are present at all levels within the

clay. Portions of the clay appear massive, but upon close inspection

laminae are observable. Many of the laminae shoxj a bluish gray or a

brownish color in the coarser portion. Some authors have considered

these laminae to be varves. Average varve thicknesses reported are

12/inch (2.1 mm; Janssen and McCoy, 1953), 9/inch (2.8 mm; Rhodehamel.

and Carlston, 1963), and 20.3/inch (1.25 mm; Webb, unpublished data).

Thin laminae (<0.1 cm) appear only as partings. Coarser laminae (0.25 -

1.0 cm) within the clay clearly show a silt-rich and a clay-rich layer.

Graded beds in the laminae are not obvious; these are. similar to Ashley’s

Group I varves (1975). If these rhythmites are varves, then between

11.000 and 25,000 years of clay accumulation arc represented in the

thickest preserved section.

Nodular., tubular and play iron-rich concretions are present in sizes up to 15 cm diameter. Incipient and full37-develope.d calcareous and iron- rich concretions are present. Calcareous concretions from similar depos

its near Cincinnati have been described by Ettensohn (1970, 1974). 46

Clay mineral types for the clay-size fraction were semi- quantitatively determined by x-ray diffraction techniques listed in

Appendix D. Illite dominates all of the Minford Clay samples,

followed by chlorite, vermiculite, "interstratified" clay, and expandable clay (smectites)(table 2). Comparison with the few other clay mineral data published for Minford Clay and similar deposits in

Ohio and West Virginia show a consistent picture over quite a wide area (table 3). This is the case even though different techniques were used for sample preparation and determination of clay types.

The data from Rhodehamel and Carlston (1963) are the only ones with a markedly different relative composition. They reported upon two samples of clay; one had a composition indicating a 4:3 kaolinite/ illite ratio, the second indicated a kaolinite/illite ratio of about

1:1. My sample from West Virginia (table 2) has a kaolinite/illite ratio of 1:7, not very different from my other samples of Minford

Clay. The difference may be an artifact of the analytical methods used, or may indicate a real difference in the particular materials analyzed. Quartz is the only other significant mineral present in the clay-size fraction.

Clay mineral data indicate that the Minford Clay is quite different from Illinoian glacial materials in source materials (Quinn,

1975). The glacial materials are much higher in vermiculite and expandable clays, and lower in illite. The clay minerals of the upper

Minford Clay do suggest that weathering has altered the clay mineralogy of the upper portion of the clay by changing the relative percentages of chlorites and vermiculites (table 2). The consistent relative Table 2. Relative percentages of clay minerals and quartz in the <2y fraction as determined by x-ray diffraction methods.

Number of ' samples Material Illite Smectite* Vermiculite Chlorite Kaolinite Quartz Interstratifiedf

12 "loam" 39 12 20 5 7 6 11

Minford 14 "brown" clay 70 3 12 4 2 2 6

23 "gray" clay 70 1 1 13 5 1 8

1 W.Va."Minford 70 2 8 2 11 « 1 7 Silt"

4 "Minford Silt" 80 « 1 15 <1 <1 5 <1 Ross C o . §

* Smectite includes all material which expanded to >15 & upon glycolation. t Interstratified clay includes all clay having d-spacings between 10 and 14 & upon glycolation. § Data from Quinn (1974, p. 188); these values are rounded to nearest 5%. Table 3. Clay mineral types reported in studies of the Minford Clay and similar deposits in Ohio and West Virginia. Clay types listed from most abundant to least abundant.

Rhodehamel & Ettensohn Norris & Spicer Carlston* Webb & Collins Hoyer 1974______1958______1963______1967______this report Most Most Abundant Illite Illite Kaolinite Illite Illite Abundant

"mixed layer" Chlorite Illite Chlorite Chlorite§ clayst Vermiculite Vermiculite Kaolinite VermiculiteS Chlorite Montmorillonite Montmorillonite "mixed layer" "interstratified" Kaolinite clays# clays' *

Least Montmorillonite Kaolinite Least Abundant Abundant Smectiteii

* Analyses by Droste of the Illinois State Geological Survey. f Believed by the author to be "illite-montmorillonite" and "chlorite-vermiculite" clays. § Chlorite and vermiculite varied inversely with each other; samples near the top of the clay were very low in chlorite. # Type of mixed layers not stated; they are likely as in note t above. ** Includes all clays with d-spacings between 10 and 14 upon glycolation; perhaps as in note t above. it All material which expanded to >15 & upon glycolation has been termed smectite. 49 abundances of clays in the analyses from Ohio (table 3) suggest that all investigators recognized the same materials as Minford Clay.

Webb (unpublished data) reports that quartz and potassium feldspar make up the bulk of the silt fraction.

Portions of the clay containing carbonate have only a small amount.

Quinn (1975) reports a carbonate content of 6.1% (2.5% calcite, 3.6% dolomite) from Minford "silt" in Ross County. Carbonate is present only in the gray clay.

Fossils are rare in the Minford Clay. Wood, however, has been reported from the clay since the earliest investigations. Organic materials is present in the clay at most levels. A few poorly preserved pollen grains are present. From 12 samples prepared for pollen analysis only a few grains of pine pollen and some spores were recovered. No diatoms were found in 6 samples given to Ms. Donna Larson for analysis.

The basal contact with the Gallia Sand Member is of two types — sharp or interfingered. An ironstone "pan" often marks the contact

(see p. 30; fig. 12). The basal portions of the clay are quite iron-stained, having colors which are more red than the clays above

(i.e., 5YR colors rather than 7.5YR or 10YR colors). Where the clay is directly upon bedrock the basal clay is little different from that above i t .

At locations along a tributary to the main Teays Valley the clay rests upon a sandy unit which is composed of locally-derived alluvium and colluvium. At such locations the base of the clay is higher in elevation than along the main Teays Valley; in addition, the bedrock 50 elevation is higher than along the main drainage line.

The surface soil is developed in Minford Clay at a few localities.

However, at most localities the clay is overlain by a loamy or silty unit. A very sharp textural difference marks the contact very clearly.

At exposure #58 there is a strong suggestion of a paleosol at the top of the Minford Clay beneath more than 6 feet (1.8 m) of overlying loamy sediments (fig. 8 ). The top of the clay does not parallel the present topography erosion prior to deposition of overlying loamy sediments

(fig. 22). The thickest clay sections are found on present-day hills; overburden on these sites was often greater than on sites situated in other topographic positions.

The highest elevation that clays were encountered in the main study area is just below 820 feet (250 m), a minimum elevation for a

Lake Tight stage. The lowest elevation that clays were encountered is about 640 feet (195 m). Elevations for the Minford Clay outside the main study area are likely to be higher in an up-valley direction and are likely to be lower in a down-valley direction.

The "Minford Silt" is well-known in southern Ohio as a hazard to engineering structures. The clay slumps readily on cut slopes and is frequently difficult to stabilize (fig. 23). Webb and Collins (1967, p. 72) report Atterberg limits for the Minford Clay as follows: Liquid limit - 47 to 62; Plastic limit - 23 to 33; Plasticity index - 22 to 31.

They determined that the field moisture content of the clay was 30 to

40%, indicating that the Minford Clay is often in a plastic state under normal field conditions. Moisture contents of clay samples used for size analysis in this study were between 10 and 20%. There was Figure 22. Eroded surface of Minford Clay beneath loamy sediments, south of Beaver, Ohio (#34). 51

Figure 22. Eroded surface of Minford Clay beneath loamy sediments, south of Beaver, Ohio (34) . Figure 23. Slump along Appalachian High way 5.5 kilometres east of Jackson, Ohio (#41). Most of slumped material is Minford Clay. Scarp at head of slump •is composed of loamy material. 53

likely some moisture lost prior to analysis so that many of these

samples, especially from drill holes, may have been plastic in the

field.

Colluvium, Alluvium and Loess

Materials overlying the Teays Formation are composed of mixtures of colluvium, alluvium and loess. These materials differ markedly from the Teays Formation, and they differ markedly in character from locality to locality. The modern soil is developed in these materials at most localities. The colluvium, alluvium and loess rest upon the eroded surface of the Teays Formation or bedrock formations.

Textures range from sandy loam to silty clay am (fig. 18). At some localities gravel and sand make up a portion of the material.

Pebbles and cobbles are present in much of the "loamy" material.

Thicknesses of these materials are quite variable. The average thickness penetrated in my drill holes is 8.3 feet (2.5 m)(fig. 13,

Appendix A). The maximum thickness penetrated is 14 feet (4.3 m) in drill hole #13-80-2. In outcrops the average thickness of the overlying loam is between 3 and 6 feet (0.9 and 1.8 m); however, differences in thickness may be large across an outcrop (fig. 22). At some localities no loam is present; the Teays Formation or bedrock is the surficial material. In two drill holes (#17-9-2 & #14-70-1) where no Teays Formation was encountered, thicknesses of 13 and 12 feet (4.0 and 3.7 m) of loamy material were penetrated before reaching bedrock. These drill holes were located on the tops of hills at elevations of 770 and 725 feet (235 and 221 m), well below the upper 54 limit of Minford Clay occurrences. Apparently erosion had removed the

Teays Formation from these sites prior to the deposition of these loamy materials.

Colors of the loamy sediments are yellowish browns (10YR5/4,

5/6, 5/8), brownish yellows (10YR6/6, 6/8), browns (10YR4/3, 5/3) and strong brown (7.5YR5/6). Where the unit is composed entirely of sand, it is yellow (2.5Y6/4). Where the loamy sediment contains a substantial amount of fine material, colors are more brown (5YR and

7.5YR colors).

Sedimentary structures are not present in most of the loamy materials. Soil structures dominate these materials. No carbonate is present in these loams.

The. base of the loamy sediment is marked by a sharp contact with the Minford Clay. A textural change clearly distinguishes these units (fig. 18). At some localities the contact is also marked by a concentration of pebbles and small cobbles immediately above the clay. Relative abundances of clay minerals change sharply at this contact (table 2). Illite is distinctly lower in percentage, though still the most abundant of the clay materials. Vermiculite, smectite and "interstratified" clay are more abundant in the overlying loamy sediment than in the Minford Clay. The clay mineral data and the concentration of pebbles and cobbles both support the idea that there has been an'interval of erosion and weathering following the deposition of the clay and intervals of weathering since the deposition of some of these sediments. 55

Where no Minford Clay is beneath the loamy materials, their

base is interpreted as the first occurrence of either bedded material,

clean sand or bedrock.

These loamy materials, composed of differing mixtures of colluvium,

alluvium and loess, were deposited following the development of a

landscape upon the Teays Formation. Stream activity, slopewash,

mass movement and eolian action worked both to remove and deposit

the loamy materials from and upon the surface of Minford Clay. The

rates and durations of their accumulation were likely of a sporadic

and (perhaps) episodic nature. The fact that the Teays Formation has

been eroded and weathered suggests that a significant interval of time

passed between the end of the deposition of the Teays Formation and

the onset of the colluviation, alluviation and loess deposition.

Presumably the majority of these sediments accumulated during one or more of the Quaternary glaciations which followed the abandonment of

the Teays drainage lines.

The loess portion of the loamy material is apparent because of the

silty nature of much of the material, especially on present-day

topographic highs. The fact that Rutledge (1969) studied loess capping nearby hilltops and that Goldthwait (1968) includes much of the study area within the area covered by Illinoian and Wisconsinan loess

supports the conclusion that a portion of these materials are loess. 56

Discussion

Several interesting questions are worthy of discussion: When was the Teays Formation deposited? What conditions were likely present? How was the lamination of the sediment developed? Where did the sediment come from? How much erosion has occurred since deposition of the Teays Formation? Why did the drainage pattern change so much following the infilling of the Teays Valley?

The age of most of the Teays Formation is the age of the first

North American ice sheet to enter the east-central United States.

The most plausible explanation of a widespread interruption of the

Teays drainage to a ponded condition, and subsequent abandonment of the old valleys, is a Laurentide ice sheet some point downstream

(north and west) of the study area, probably in the area covered by the Illinoian and Wisconsinan glaciers at a later time (fig. 1).

The Teays Formation must pre-date the development of the ancestral

Ohio drainage, the Deep Stage (Tight, 1903; Stout and others, 1943), because of topographic and stratigraphic arguments. The minimum elevation of the Teays Formation lies on the bedrock floor of the Teays

Valley, which near Portsmouth, Ohio, is about 650 feet (200 m). The

Deep Stage Ohio at the same point is about 460 feet (140 m) above sea level. Gradients of the Teays and Deep Stage Ohio rivers are not in the same direction — north and west for the Teays Valley; south and west for the Deep Stage Ohio Valley.

Illinoian glacial and glacially related sediments lie well below the Teays Valley floor in Ross County just to the north of the study area (fig. 1; Quinn, 1974). Older glacial materials are not found 57

in the vicinity of the study area. Teller (1973) and Ray (1974)

indicate that the Teays-age streams near Cincinnati were probably

damned by a pre-Illinoian glacier. Teller (1973) also reported

four pre-Illinoian tills from the Cincinnati region.

The Teays Formation was observed to elevations of 860 feet

(262 m). Others have reported the deposits elevations to 900 feet

(274 m). Reports of high level deposits at higher elevations do exist

(Lessig, 1963). A lacustrine environment of deposition is always

suggested for the Minford Clay (Stout and Schaaf, 1931). An elevation

of 900 feet for a Lake Tight level is used by Wolfe (1942; fig. 5)

to outline a supposed extent for Lake Tight. The numerous drainage

reversals and present-day divide positions below elevations of

850 feet (260 m) suggest that the limiting elevation to which deposits reached was at least 860 feet (262 m), and as an upper limit;, perhaps 900 feet (274 m) as was supposed by Wolfe (1942). The extent

for Lake Tight shown by Goldthwait and others (1961) is more conser vative.

The conditions of sedimentation, environmental conditions, and

cause of the thick laminated clay sequence are all interrelated.

The northward flowing, and eroding, Teays River is obstructed by an

ice sheet; unlike a land barrier the ice sheet supplies large amounts

of water and sediment to the ponded drainage. Also, the upper

reaches of the drainage system continue to supply water and sediment

to the drainage. In adjacent drainages, like the northward flowing

pre-glacial Monongahela River of Pennsylvania (White, 1896) and the

pre-glacial Kentucky River near Cincinnati (Ray, 1974), there are 58 similar ponded sediments. The ice front may have had a trend similar to those of the later glaciations (figs. 1,3). There were many ice- dammed lakes along the ice front.

Sediments within the basin are from both ends. The lowermost sediments should reflect the waning phase of a fluvial environment giving way to a deltaic environment if lake level rose slowly.

Interbedded silts, clays and sands might result. A rapid rise in lake level would cause a sudden change from fluvial to lacustrine sedimentation. A sharp boundary might mark such a transition.

A deltaic assemblage would build up at the lower end, aiding the preservation of the lake. A deltaic assemblage at the upstream end of the old stream valleys would migrate upstream as lake levels rose.

Far away from the dam the accumulation would be of largely local derivation. Near locations of tributary valleys entering the Teays

Valley interbedded sand, silt and clay are more abundant than at other points (figs. 13, 15, 16, 17), reflecting local deltaic sediments in the main valley. Close to the dam, the materials would largely reflect the mechanically broken down fragments carried by the glacier.

A suggestion of two sources is in Manos' (1961) heavy mineral data.

The assemblage in the Teays Valley in Ohio indicates a substantial percentage of easily weathered material. In West Virginia, the material is largely composed of resistant constituents.

The clay mineral data agree in general with this also. Illite is very high (table 2). The clays are likely detrital, though there is an indication that some weathering has taken place in the "brown" clay following deposition. 59

Conditions may have been similar to those in Malaspina Lake

(Gustavson, 1975) or some of the Great Lakes in the reaches near the ice sheet. Sediment-laden water probably entered the lake as either an interflow or underflow and spread over the lake floor burying the old topography.

The laminations are likely varves. The rhythmites have a coarser

(silt or silty clay) and a finer (clay) part. A distinct color difference can be seen on a dried surface. The varves would fall into Ashley's Group I (clay thickness > silt thickness) and Group II

(clay thickness = silt thickness) types. Measured thicknesses of laminae range from < 1 mm to 10 mm. These varves are likely deposited several kilometres from sources of sediment. Coarser materials are settled out closer to the sources of the sediment. Ashley (1975) reports that water depths for all these varve types in Lake Hitchcock are > 15 metres (49 ft).

Projecting the average varve thicknesses measured by others, a duration for Lake Tight of 11,000 to 25,000 years is arrived at for the maximum measured thickness (see p.45). Using a value of 0.002 m/yr, the section at Minford (1.9-90-1) represents about 7,200 years.

An ice sheet like the Wisconsinan ice sheet would likely not have i-emained so near its maximum extent for a duration of 2.5,000 years; my estimate of Lake Tight's duration is 8 to 10,000 years.

The lack of fossil remains, including diatoms, suggests that the water was quite turbid. The sparse pine pollen grains are not helpful in recreating the surroundings of the lake. With the near ness of the ice sheet, the climate was likely cool and moist. 60

The Teays Formation is a distinctive unit separate from the surficial loamy colluvium, loess and alluvium. They are different, in age, by a considerable, but unknown, amount. During this time interval a well-dissected landscape with relief of at least 150 feet (46 m) developed upon the Teays Formation removing a volume perhaps equalling or exceeding that which remains. Clay mineral data suggest that weathering of the upper portion of Minford Clay altered chlorite to interstratified clays and vermiculite. A possible paleosol also developed (#58) at this time. PALEOMAGNETIC STUDY OF THE MINFORD CLAY

During the past several years a chronology of reversals of the

earth's magnetic field for the past 80 -million years has been compiled

(Heirtzler and others, 1968; Watkins, 1976). The chronology of magnetic

reversals for the past four million years published by Cox (1969)

indicates four magnetic polarity epochs and at least six magnetic

events (fig. 24). Later work has revealed that there has been at least

one more magnetic event, the Blake (Smith and Foster, 1969), and there

have been several magnetic excursions during the past two million years

(fig. 25). A magnetic polarity event is characterized by a particular

geomagnetic polarity for 10^ to 10^ years; polarity excursion is

characterized by a series of virtual geomagnetic pole positions which may be 135° of latitude from original polarity and by its short

duration (10^ - 10^ yr)(Watkins, 1976). The chronology of reversals

and excursions has been built up by measuring remanent magnetism of

thousands of specimens from data sequences around the world.

Study of the remanent magnetism of the Minford Clay was deemed a

potential way of placing closer limits on its age than has been possible

by any other methods. Stable remanent magnetism of a particular or

changing polarity would place some limits on the possible times for

acquisition of the remanence, which could date from deposition of the

clay. Sediments deposited in marine, lacustrine, eolian and fluvial

61 AGE MAGNETIC FIELD POLARITY: (m .y.) normal reversed Events Epochs

r77T7T77 /r~r ■////////// ' Laschamp ////////// ///////, Event / / BRUNHES '// '//

//////////' //////////• NORMAL *////////// s////////// 0.5- ////////// ////////// //////////* EPOCH //////////s zsss////// . s \ \ \ \ s w \ x W X X X X X X N X xxxxxxxxxx' X'''NV'^NSS'' Jaramillo ■n\X X x" x \V \X X 1. 0 - w w \s \ xxx* Event XXXXXXSXSX' X W x X x x x x x >xxx\sxx\\x MATUYAMA

N X S X X v S\\\\\\\SSv XXXXXXXXW -XX SSN'sW W

n \XX\\\\XXX \V SW \ \\X\' S S W S W W s.' 1.5- S\\\V,\\s w . V ^ W ' x W W REVERSED

Gils a //,?////'/'////////S'' ' ' '. . . , , , s s E vent \\SWN\\S\ ,XXXXXXX\X^ .XXXXXXXXX' EPOCH 2.0 - WVANWW 0 Iduvai A\N\\N\\\S ^a.xa-x.x Events XNXWXXXXX'- c-rvc'vvr.—r' \w\ss\sw w w w w w A W v W W W

s \ S \ \ \ \ \ W ' X X W X X X s X N / / / / / / / / / / 2.5- /////////S'////// " / ' x //////////'////////S/? -/////////s ’/,//////// GAUSS ///'£/'///_,/S/////// XXXXXXXXXV Kaenci x x x w xxxx X ZZZZZZ2 Event NORMAL 3-0- sXXXXSXXXXX.xv’sxxxxxx.x Ma in m o 111 ■/,//// S/// Even t '/////////' EPOCH 'Sr'.''.'////, /// ////// N N \ N NXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX- XWXXXXXXX xXXX XXNXXW ''XXXXXXXXXX 3.5- nXXXXWXXX' GILBERT XXXXXXXXS.X- A'OvXXXXXXX HXXXXXXNW x sXXXXX\s\xV Coc hi t i REVERSED Event 4.0- EPOCH

Figure 24. Paleomagnetic time scale for the past 4.0 million years (after Cox, 1969). years BP Figure 25. Paleomagnetic time scale for the past 2.1 million 2.1 past the for scale time Paleomagnetic 25. Figure 1 , 000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 — MATUYAMA REVERSED REVERSED ' M1!1/1! iM c ’'W W W I l V POL. EPOCH POL. l lill li. LASCHAMP iliillilL ilA ViiiiiVi i [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1l ! l i l I ' l j ! ! ! ! !I I ! I I l11 ' !I I ' I I I l I I I l I I I l I i j I (111111i 1 1 1 1 1 (i * 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 i111 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1r 1 1 1 I Ii i Ii i i Vi i 1 I 1 11 I 1 . 1*1 I I * I * I ' I * I * I * I * 1 1 i •i 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 'I1" I II II I I I 1II I I I I I I ' i I Vi l 111,1,11i V ii ViI I i I I i'iVi I I I I ' I,"i' I 1 I I I II 1 1 1 1 11 1 i1111111I I i l l iVi 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 , 1 11I 1 , i 111 , 1 1 ! i I ' i 1 1 ! 1 I I I I l I I I I l ]|| I I I | | 11111111I I I I i 1 I I ' ' i ol n Tiln (95, otme ad Colinvaux and Noltimier (1975), Tairling and Noel er soig oe eety dniid excursions identified recently some showing years n Lne (94, aaiaad tes (1973), others and Nakajima (1974), Lanser and and events. Data from Barbetti and McElhinny and Barbetti from Data events. and 1 (1976). EVENT 17) Cx 16) Dna n Cx 17) Morner (1971), Cox and Denham (1969), Cox (1972), I I i , 1 i 1 ' i i 1

11 l I l I I 1!1!1!1!1 'ii i ‘ 1 1 i

I 11 V 1 i i

I I i1 i i 1 i

nn t Y 5 I' V I'll I1, i'l1! .E 11 11 11 II 11 11 ii 'i i Eli,L ii:i , 11 i_e 11 11 11 11 11 II , i 1 ; i

tti riiiiuEZ IT rri.r . .V JJj I < ii i; ill ll: jj | i | i 'i !|!;t I'l'fc I * ii11 V I I - e V I V 11 11 'i 'i' 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 ' i1 'I'l'i- 'l 11 V? II 1V I 'r I 1 v 1 V- 1 - V a 1 1 I

1 1

■— j!— ) t _

ia II Biwa Mungo Mungo 'flip' Gothenberg ia I Biwa event Blake mrk n Biwa and Imuruk Mn Lk excursion" Lake "Mono "excursions"

1 event

environments have retained remanent magnetism indicating the polarity of

the earth's magnetic field at their time of sedimentation.

Knowledge of the age of the Minford Glav would provide a minimum age

for abandonment of the .Teays Drainage System and initiation of the ances

tral Ohio drainage system (Deep Stage). Filling and abandoning of the

Teays drainage have been attributed to damming which resulting from tec

tonic activity, normal stream piracy, or an intruding ice sheet (Coffey,

1961; Campbell, 1900; Stout and Schaaf, 1931; Rhodehamel and Carlston,

1963; Tight, 1903, Ver Steeg, 1946; Janssen and McCoy, 1953).

The absence of evidence for tectonic activity of stream piracy

on the scale necessary to explain the filling of the drainage lines

over the tens of thousands of square kilometres involved leaves damming by an ice sheet as the most likely and attractive alternative. The

first of the Laurentide ice sheets to invade the area of what is now

Illinois, Indiana and Ohio is the one which would have dammed the Teays

River (fig. 3). The Minford Clay then would be the same age as the

first ice sheet to invade the area of east-central United States; a

paleomagnetic data could help to date this event where other dating and

correlation methods have failed.

In addition, a virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) can be calculated which may be compared to others spanning the late Cenozoic and the

present geomagnetic pole (78.5° N, 70.0° W; McElhinny, 1973).

Methods

Samples for paleomagnetic work were collected from outcrops and

drill holes. Surface samples were collected by pushing short lengths 65 of 1 in (2.5 cm) O.D. aluminum conduit approximately 1 in (2.5 cm) into the outcrop. The orientation of the conduit was then determined by using a Bruton compass; marks were made on the conduit to indicate its strike and dip. This method of sample collection is slow, laborious and barely satisfactory. Others have developed better collection techniques for unconsolidated materials since that date

(1970).

Subsurface samples were taken by slowly driving a thinwall sampler (3 in (7.6 cm) O.D.) vertically into the sediment. The sampler was at the end of a string of auger flights and was driven by the hydraulic ram of a jeep-mounted auger (fig. 26). The orientation of the core, segments was done by aligning the axis of the pin hole at the top of the auger flights with a determined azimuth.

The thinwall sampler was marked parallel to the pinhole. Cores were attempted at 5 ft (1.5 m) intervals. Recovered cores were from about

6 inches (15 cm.) to V\ inches (61 cm) long; useful length composed of undisturbed material was up to 20 inches (51 cm). Core segments were marked as they were extruded to maintain their original orientation. Short cores of the appropriate diameter for the spinner magnetometer, about 2.5 cm, were taken by pressing a small core tube into the core segment parallel to the determined azimuth and perpen dicular to the. length of the core segments. These small sample cores were then extruded, marked and trimmed to the appropriate length

(about 2.5 cm) for the spinner. One. or two sample cores were prepared depending upon the success in extrusion and trimming. The approximate volume of each prepared cylindrical sample core is 12 cm-. 66

Figure 26. Jeep-mounted auger with thinwall sampler at lower end of augers. Orienting mark is visible at upper end of thinwall sampler. 67

Prepared samples were run on a Schonstedt SSM-1A Spinner

Magnetometer for natural remanent magnetism (NRM) using a six-spin procedure. Selected samples were demagnetized in steps of 50 or 100 oe using a Schonstedt GSD-1 AC Geophysical Specimen Demagnetizer by alternating-field demagnetization procedures up to peak fields of 800 or 1000 oe. After each alternating field (a-f) demagnetization step the samples were again run on the spinner using a six-spin procedure.

Following several test demagnetization runs, the remaining samples were routinely demagnetized by subjecting them to a 2 0 0 oe peak field in the demagnetizer. Data from each set of spins was entered on punch cards. Declination, inclination and intensity for each set of spins was calculated by the use of a computer program developed by many individuals, including M. Kopacz, T. Smith, D. Watts,

Dr. C.E. Corbato, Dr. J.H. Foster, Dr. B. McMahon, and Dr. IT.C . Noltimier.

Computations were made on the OSU IRRC IBM 370 and the MSU IBM 360 computer. Data obtained are presented in tabular form in Appendix E.

Results

NRM intensities range from 2.5 x 10~5 to 2.8 x 10~7 emu/cm^ with a mean value of 6.31 x 1 0 “ 6 emu/cm^ (table 4). Figure 27 summarizes the declination and inclination data. Most of the NRMs show a reversed inclination (that is, they point above the horizon). Declinations of the NRMs are scattered, but dominantly in a southerly direction (fig. 27).

Mean declination and inclination values are 160.0° and -46.5° respectively. 68

270 90

Of ° > « DOWN

NRM 180

Figure 27. KIM declination and inclination data plotted on an equal-area net. 69

Demagnetization curves for 10 samples plotted on figure 28

clearly show two distinct groups: 1) those which increase in total

intensity before decreasing in intensity, and 2) those which drop

off in intensity rather sharply following a-f treatment of 300 to

500 oe. Taking into account the fact that one sample (724B1) is

normally magnetized, directional and inclination data are not very

different for the two groups (fig. 29). This suggests that the

different responses to a-f washing may be the result of different minerals or different-sized mineral grains being responsible for the remanence. Hematite and magnetite are likely present in all samples, but not in equal amounts.

Intensities of the remanent magentism following the 200 oe a-rf

treatments ranged from 1.8 x 10~5 to 1.3 x 10 ^ emu/cm^ with a mean of 5.06 x 10“6 emu/cm^. Intensity ratios of the residual magnetization

(Ir) to the original magnetization (Io) following the 200 oe a-f wash range from 1.24 to 0.20; a value from about 0.6 to 0.9 being most common (Appendix E). Mean declination and inclination are 164.3° and -48.4° respectively. Declination and inclination data are summarized in figure 30. More of these samples show a reversed inclination and declination than the untreated samples (fig. 27).

There are, however, three samples were are normally magnetized.

Data from the various core segments are summarized on figures

31 to 34. Within single core segments there are yarying degrees of consistency among the results. 29 samples are clearly reversely magnetized; three are clearly normally magnetized; and 10 have rather anomalous declinations. The results have been placed into normally (N), -o-

0.8

o 0.6

0 . 4

0.2

0.0 200 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 Oe Peak Field

® 724B1 A7016A2 0 7264G1 O 724C O72G3C1 OOS242470 0 OS2G24-70 ^052fi2470 <>05202470 □ OS092470

Figure 28. Alternating field (a-f) demagnetization curves for 10 samples of Minford Clay. Ir/Io is the ratio of residual magnetic intensity following demagnetization to the original magnetic intensity of the same specimen. 71

270 -90

o DOWN o D UP

180

Figure 29. Declination and inclination of samples following each a-f demagnetization plotted on an equal-area net. 72

p DOWN o UP 2 0 0 O e 180

Figure 30. Declination and inclination data for all samples following 200 oe plotted on an equal- -area net. 24-100-1 DEC. INC. loamy 2700 90 1S0 270 20 -30 •60 sediments i i j i

'brown (p a A

Minford

Clay N

20 - gray

~i r - l 1 r - G! " R Minford" © b R

Clay R R o R 40-

Figure 31. Declination and inclination data from hole #2A-100-1 following 200 oa a- ■f wash.

-4 LO 7- 700-7 DEC. INC. loamy 270 90 180 270 20 !__ I______l______| |_L sediments ©. : \_ CD "brown" c C

Minford

R R

Minford Q R R R i© A

A A % + 7.5 ft ,

brovm" R Minford i ^ i R Clay Eeil-is;-.; ;!& hdY v.

Figure 32. Declination and inclination data from hole #1-100-1 following 200 oe a-f wash. -v] 26 - 90-7 DEC. INC. 270 90 130 270 30 0 -30 -SO ■ ' —- - J I_ A sediment

N ""'FroX’Jii” Minford-- Clay A

20 - R 'gray R

Minford R

i i 1 r T ' \----- ( I Clay j'

rs ""Browh^

40- _ _ c L a X. . 6 R Gallia ^

Silt A

55-5 ji.y-Sgns-Vd.'il

Figure 33. Declination and inclination data from hole #26-50-1 following 200 oe a-f wash. 79- 90-7 DEC. INC. 270 0 90 180 270 30 -60 loamy CD a R

(Db N 10" "brown" j

Min fon “i i 1 r 1 r i 1--- 1--- 1- - - r Clay

20- ® b o A

gray

Minford ! P 30 - Clay

/ 50- browin' Minford Clay

Figure 34. Declination and inclination data from hole #19-90-1 following 200 oe a-f wash.

ON 77 reversely (R) and anomalously (A) magnetized groups (Appendix E; fig. 35, table 4). Those samples which show anomalous declinations have intermediate polarities, in an easterly or westerly direction.

They may be transitional, recording excursions or intervals of changing magnetic polarity. The samples having anomalous declinations do not show any single consistent property. However, they do show a higher mean intensity of magnetization (5.63 x 10”^ and cm^) than any other groups of samples (table 4).

Figure 35 illustrates the declinations and inclinations of the various groups of samples categorized as normal, reverse, or anomalous.

Discussion

The paleomagnetic data are subject to errors primarily in orientation to the cores. The samples from outcrops were collected using a somewhat cumbersome method requiring three marks on the sample tube. The strike of the collecting tube and the dip angle and direction were recorded. The computer program requires the dip angle and the dip direction; one sample (0S242470) was found to have been incorrectly transformed. It was corrected. The other outcrop samples were carefully checked and found to have been correctly transformed.

The core segments from drill holes were systematically handled in such a way that the length of the core samples had the same azimuth directions as those determined in the field. The uncertainty of the azimuths determined in the field is ±10°. Sample cores were extruded 78

©N

AW 270- -90 p A E

°^DOWN O D UP

180

Figure 35. Equal-area plot of declination and inclination of samples following 200 oe a-f vzash. Mean declination and inclination for all samples (T), normal samples (N), reversed samples (R) and anomalous samples (AW and AE) are also plotted. See Table 4 and Appendix E for further information. Table 4. Summary of grouped paleomagnetic data from the Minford Clay. Figure 35 illustrates the sample groups; Appendix E lists individual sample results.

No. of Polarity Treatment Mean Mean Virtual Cone of k* Mean Samples Declination Inclination Geomagnetic Confidence Intensity Pole(VGP) (°95) (emu/cm^)

29 R NRM 164.5 -39.4 68.8N,140.2E 13.8 4.74 6.27 x 10“6 29 R 200 166.3 -40.3 70.2N,137.3E 10.1 7.95 5.18 x 10 6 3 N NRM 350.6 27.7 64.4N,U8.6E 38.7 11.20 3.08 x 10 6 3 N 200 349.3 25.7 62.9N,120.4E 52.1 6.67 2.06 x 10 6

6 A NRM 101.0 -36.2 20.8N,163.3W 37.8 4.09 }7.37 x 10“ 6 4 A NRM 284.6 - 7.3 9.ON,175.3E 69.9 2.71 6 A 200 101.0 -38.8 21.7N,161.7W 37.2 4.19 }5.63 x 10 5 4 A 200 275.6 -25.4 4.IN, 6.4W 44.6 5.21

42 All NRM 160.0 -46.5 70.ON,159.4E 20.6 2.14 6.31 x 10~6 42 All 200 164.3 -48.4 73.9N,155.5E 17.2 2.64 5.06 x 10"6

* Precision parameter of Fisher (1953). 80

from the core segments as close as possible to the determined azimuth;

errors here are likely less than +5°. The bedding planes of the

sediment made it quite easy to line up the vertical plane with the

sample holder; any error in the orientation of the vertical is less

than ±5°. Each determined magnetic declination and inclination

of the samples should lie within 15° of the true declination and 5°

of the true inclination value for the sample.

The scatter of the results (figs.30, 35; table 4) is discouraging

at first glance. However, because of the sampling density and distri

bution these results must be considered as preliminary but are

considered to represent the true geomagnetic field at the time of

acquisition of remanence. The most significant result is that a large

proportion of the samples (60%) show reversed polarity. These

samples are from all tested levels of the clay (figs. 31, 32, 33, 34) which suggests that the earth's field was reversed during a substantial

portion of time when the remanence was acquired.

These samples have a component of hard remanent magnetism which

may be either detrital remanent magnetism (DRM) or chemical remanent

magnetism (CRM). The a-f demagnetization results (fig. 28) do not

determine which of these the remanence represents, or if both are

present. The a-f demagnetization data do suggest that either two

or more minerals or that different sizes of particles are providng the

remanence. The grain-sizes of the materials examined (fig. 18;

Appendix C) suggests, but does not prove, that the difference lies

in different mineralogy. My guess is that magnetite and hematite are

the two principal minerals providing remanent magnetism in the Minford 81

Clay. The demagnetization curves which drop in intensity rapidly likely have magnetite as the carrier of remanence (fig. 28). The other demagnetization curves can only be used to suggest that a mineral like hematite which does not drop in magnetic intensity under the influences of relatively low fields is present. Both

CRM and DRM may be important.

Regardless of the type of remanence, I suggest that the remanence was acquired at or very close to the time of deposition.

The fact that the majority of the samples run indicate a reversed polarity suggests that much of the Minford Clay was deposited during an interval of reversed magnetic polarity (figs. 24, 25). Two of the three normally magnetized samples are near the top of the clay

(figs. 33, 34); the other is between samples which have reversed and anomalous polarities (fig. 31). This suggests that a transition from reversed to normal polarity may be recorded within the Minford

Clay. The lower magnetic intensity of the normally magnetized samples (table 4) suggests that these samples may have had an overprinted CRM upon a previous magnetization. The anomalously and normally magnetized samples may record a brief event or excursion.

Samples prepared for paleomagnetic study represent only a small percentage of the Minford Clay. Cored intervals represent <25% of the clay thickness. Samples for magnetic study represent 25% or less of the cored intervals. Making the assumption that the layers are varves, and that a reasonable estimate of mean thickness for each is 0.002 m yr--^ (see p. 45 )5 each specimen represents about

12 years, and each gap between specimens from the same core segment 82

represents between 12 and 100 years. Intervals between core segments

then represents approximately 575 years. If all cored intervals

were tested for remanence only short excursions might be missed.

Not all cored intervals have been run; it is possible that an excursion

could be missed.

If the entire Minford Clay is varved, it could represent up to

25.000 years of deposition (p. 45). However, the preserved sections

studied in Ohio probably represent less than half that length of time because of subsequent erosion. With no time reference with which to

tie the clays, deposition could have taken place during any interval of reversed magnetic polarity long enough to include most of the deposition. A reversed polarity event like the Blake (114,000 to

108.000 yr b.p.; Smith and Foster, 1969) may be of sufficient duration for the entire analyzed sequence to have been deposited; an excursion of the earth's magnetic field would not be long enough.

Assuming that the remanent magnetism was acquired at or very close to the time of deposition, some useful, but tentative, correlations may be suggested. As already stated (p. 64 ), the Minford

Clay is likely to be synchronous with the first Laurentide ice sheet

to reach areas of the east-central United States. Thus, there is a potential time framework — the glacial chronology of early North

American glaciations. The paleomagnetic time scale (fig. 24), the

chronology of North American ice sheets, and the data from the Minford

Clay place some limits on the age of the Minford Clay (fig. 36).

It is known that the first Pleistocene North American ice sheet built up during the Matuyama Reversed Polarity Epoch (figs. 24, 36). 8 3 TIME SCALE GLACIATIONS

0 Wisconsinan -?

I llin o ia n

0 .5 -

K ansan

Suggested age i'i' iIi' iIiIi for Lake Tight 1. 0 - o.r and deposition of

CL CO Minford Clay Member, >- Teays Formation Nebraskan

1.5-

K T 7 i |k i t I !|i ^ P " lV -'Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary’

11111: i: i: I.: l 2.0 -

i!iIi|i|i!i|i|

TTTTTTT 111' 1 'H't f v y 11 1 2.5- ili||ry|i!i

Figure 36. Late Cenozoic time scales and possible chronologies vrith suggested time for deposition of Teays Formation. Modified from Cooke (1973) and other sources. Current and recent work on fission-track dating of ash beds within old (Nebraskan and Kansan) glacial and glacially-related sediments in the type areas indicate that all Nebraskan, and some (perhaps all) of the Kansan material is >600,000 years old (Boellstorff and Hallberg, pers. communication). Correlation to the east becomes quite complication because the ashes and distinctive lithologic units are missing. Johnson and Kukla (pers. communication) indicate that paleomagnetic data suggest that silts below the oldest Kansan till in eastern Illinois were deposited prior to the end of the

Matuyama Reversed Polarity Epoch. All overlying materials are apparently normally magnetized.

Anomalously or transitionally magnetized samples seem to be common in the Pleistocene deposits of the central United States

(Bleuer and Kukla, pers. communication). Materials that are overlain by glacial tills seem to be especially prone to such conditions.

Recent work on magnetic declination and inclination recorded in lacustrine sediments suggests that some periodic fluctuations with significant magnitude are present (Creer and others, 1976). Thus individual samples may appear to be anomalous, yet if closely spaced samples are measured the results may show some regularity.

The remanent magnetism was acquired during some interval of reversed polarity. If the remanent magnetism was acquired during the Matuyama Reversed Polarity Epoch (0.69 - 2.4 m yr), then the present topographic position of the Minford Clay may be understood.

The Teays Valley floor lies about 150 feet (46 m) above the Ohio

River; assuming a constant thickness of material removed and constant 85 rate of removal, the rate of vertical lowering would be from 0.75 to 2.6 in/1000 yr (19 to 66 mm/1000 yr). These values bracket the present rate of lowering for the Mississippi River drainage basin

(2.0 in (5.1 cm)/1000 yr).

Suggested Paleomagnetic Studies

This limited paleomagnetic study of the Minford Clay provides only a starting point from which a complete study could be begun.

Data from this study do not identify the minerals carrying the remanence, clearly identify whether the remanence is DRM or CRM — therefore the time of acquisition of the remanence, identify possible differences in magnetism between the "brown" clay and "gray" clay making up the Minford Clay, identify cyclical trends in declination and inclination as have been found in some more recent lakes (Creer and others, 1976). The small number of samples (42) and the particular method of sampling at intervals in drill holes are in part responsible shortcomings of this investigation. Analysis of shore samples collected for this study, but never studied would, in part, remove some shortcomings.

For a future investigation into the paleomagnetism of the Minford

Clay and associated deposits I would suggest the following points to eliminate shortcomings in this study:

1. Take continuous oriented cores from a few locations with

thick Minford Clay sections preserved.

2. Sample at closely spaced intervals within the clay, and also

in the loamy sediments and Gallia Sand below the clay. 3. Expose test samples to stepwise thermal or chemical

demagnetization to determine which minerals are carrying

remanence in samples of "gray" and "brown" clay.

4. Determine amount and susceptibility of magnetic material(s)

present to determine mineralogy of carriers of remanence.

5. Look for possible regular periodic fluctuations in the

declination and inclination of remanent magnetism similar

to that found in young lacustrine sequences.

6. Look for the possible transition(s) of magnetic polarity

which may be contained within the Minford Clay.

The above steps insure a more complete study of the magnetism of the

Minford Clay and allow a firmer basis for fitting to the known paleomagnetic reversal and excursion history of the past few million y e a r s . SUGGESTED HISTORY

As is clear from figure 4 and Map I, the present drainage system of the study area and much of the surrounding area bears little, resemblance to the Teays Drainage System. The streams are not located in the same places, are not flowing in the same directions, and are not at the same altitudes. A drastic drainage change affecting several thousands of square kilometres occurred early in the Pleistocene.

The Teays Drainage System had been active for some time sculpturing the landscape. The Teays River flowed northward in a rather broad valley. A well-integrated system of tributary valleys can still be recognized (figs. 2, 4; Maps I, II), even from LANDSAT images.

The valley floor near Waverly is at an elevation of about 630 feet

(192 m ) .

The Teays River was obstructed by the first Laurentide ice sheet to enter the area of the east-central United States (fig. 3). A long, deep and rather narrow lake, Lake Tight, developed in the Teays age valleys. The lake extended at least as far upvalley as the vicinity of Teays, West Virginia and may have been even extended farther.

The lake level would have risen to the. level of the lowest divide. This divide was likely to the southwest and probably, in part, along or upon the ice sheet. The highest level of the lake must have

87 8 8

been higher than 860 feet (262 m), the highest level that Minford Clay

has been identified. Probably the lake depth at the locations of clay

deposition was 50 feet (15 m); therefore an elevation for the lake

level and the divide ought to have been 910 feet (277 m) or higher.

The first ice sheet to affect the area of Teays drainage lines

was either a Nebraskan or an early Kansan in age (fig. 36). This

occurred prior to 690,000 years ago.

The main Teays Valley filled with sediment to an elevation of

at least 710 feet (216 m) near Reaver and Minford. The Minford Clay

is found to elevations of 860 feet (262 m) at locations which are

not along the main Teays Valley in the study area. The sediment may have reached that elevation nearly everywhere in the lake basin,

but it was likely not a completely flat-floored lake prior to the

next episode of stream-cutting in the area. The initiation of

the Deep Stage having very little similarity to the Teays drainage

system suggests that the Teays valleys x^ere filled up to an elevation

of over 850 feet (259 m). The anomalous drainage patterns of areas

below about 850 feet (259 m) above sea level today would place the

fill close to that elevation at several places. Duration of Lake

Tight is suggested to have been 8,000 to 10,000 years.

The Teays Formation was derived from up and down the old valleys.

The glacier supplied a substantial portion of the materials to the

Teays Formation.

The Deep Stage drainage was initiated during the later stages of

the existence of Lake Tight when a col to the xrest was reached. The

drainage was superposed upon the old bedrock surfaces as the streams 89 cut. Drainage was to the south and west roughly along the course of the present Ohio River (Stout and others, 1943; Tight, 1903). This

"pre-Ohio" Ohio River river cut into the area to below the present

Ohio River levels by more than 20 feet (6 m) near Portsmouth (Stout and others, 1943) and more than 100 feet (30 m) at Cincinnati

(Teller, 1973). The deepest cutting has been assigned to Yarmouth

Interglacial Stage (immediately pre-Illinoian).

Minor changes in the drainage occurred during the Illinoian

Glaciation as the ice sheet approached the study area (fig. 1).

Aggradation of the Deep Stage valleys occurred. Teller (1973) and

Ray (1974) indicate that minor rearrangements of the drainage occurred near Cincinnati at this time. Loess was likely deposited over portions of the study area near the Scioto River Valley.

Rutledge (1969) found no basis for indicating a pre-Wisconsinan loess in the region; but there may have been some deposited and subsequently eroded.

The Sangamonian Interglacial is not well recorded in the area by anything except perhaps some stream-cutting.and terrace formation along stream valleys which had drained the glaciated area (Quinn,

1974).

The Wisconsinan Glaciation caused a minor amount of aggradation along the stream valleys with outwash being deposited and raising the base level of streams not draining from the ice sheet (Quinn, 1974).

Loess was deposited adjacent to the Scioto River Valley during stages of the Wisconsin. Colluviation was more effective during the glacial periods. Post-Wisconsinan history has been recorded largely by stream- cutting and soil development. CONCLUSIONS

Valley-fill sediments of the abandoned Teays Drainage System

are composed of three materials: a basal sand and silt, a clay,

and overlying loamy materials. The basal sand and silt are alluvium

of the Teays River and its tributaries. The clay is lacustrine sediment

deposited In Lalce Tight following the blockage of the Teays River at

some point downstream (northwest) of the study area in southern

Ohio. The basal sand and silt and the clay are genetically related;

it is proposed to call them the Teays Formation following the usage of Campbell (1900). The sand and silt are a distinct, recognizable portion of the valley fill. They are here termed the Gallia Sand

Member of the Teays Formation after Gallia County, Ohicr where they are well exposed. The laminated clay forms a very distinctive, portion of

the valley fill; it is here termed the Minford Clay Member of the

Teays Formation after the exposure at Minford, Ohio.

The loamy material rests upon the eroded and weathered surface

of the Teays Formation and Paleozoic bedrock. It is composed of

loess, colluvium and alluvium in various proportions depending upon

its topographic setting. No stratigraphic names are proposed for

these sediments which are clearly younger than and distinct from

the Teays Formation.

91 92

The most plausible explanation for the blocking of the Teays

Drainage System and initiation of Lake Tight is the entrance of the

first Laurentide ice sheet to the central Illinois, Indiana, or Ohio area. Lake Tight existed long enough'to have had at least 104 ft

(32 m) of Minford Clay deposited. A duration of 11,000 to 25,000 years is suggested by extrapolation of rhythmite counts.

Paleomagnetic study of the Minford Clay indicates that most of the clay has a significant detrital remanent magnetism (DRM) or chemical remanent magnetism (CPU). Most samples indicate a reversed polarity. Mean declination and inclination for all samples are

164.3°, -48.4°, with a mean intensity following a 200 oe a-f wash of 5.06 x 10~^ emu/cm^. Comparison with published polarity time scales and with other paleomagnetic work on Quaternary sediments in North America suggest that the Minford Clay was deposited during

the Matuyama Reversed Polarity Epoch (2.4 to 0.68 x 10^ yr b.p.).

Glaciations which have been recognized to have been occurring during

that interval are the Nebraskan and early Kansan.

An outline of the Late Cenozoic history for the region is suggested as follows:

1. Development of the Teays Drainage System flowing to

the north and west through the study area prior to the

beginning of the Pleistocene. This is suggested by

elevations of the bedrock valley floor and the basal

fluvial sediments of the Gallia Sand.

2. Damming of the Teays River at some points north and

west of Chillicothe, Ohio, at one time during an early Pleistocene glacial stage, still called either Nebraskan or early Kansan. This is suggested by widespread

Minford Clay, interbedded clay and sand, topographic position of the clay and paleomagnetic data from the clay.

A lake (Lake Tight) developed which at some stage had a level of more than 860 feet (262 m), perhaps 910 feet

(277 m) above sea level. Suggested by absence of deposits much above 860 feet and the presence of widespread laminated (varved) Minford Clay Member below this elevation.

Draining of the lake as an outlet lowered developing into a pre-Ohio Ohio River. This is the Deep Stage Drainage of Tight (1903). This was also the time of removal of a large volume of the Teays formation. Drainage was superposed across former drainage divides. Suggested by depth to bedrock in valleys sloping south and west through the area, erosional topography on the top of the Teays Formation, soils and weathering developed in the Teays Formation.

Deposition of surficial loamy, sediments, probably during intermittent episodes — perhaps related to Illinoian and Wisconsinan glacial history. Suggested by the mantle of loamy sediment over much of the area, even on bedrock, and the addition of loess cover, mostly

Wisconsinan in age. 94

The modern soil is developed in materials of all of the depositional phases of this history. LIST OF REFERENCES

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Ashley, G.M., 1975, Rhythmic sedimentation in Glacial Lake Hitchcock, Massachusetts-Connecticut: p. 304-320, in Jopling, A.V., and McDonald, B.C., eds., Glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sedimen tation: S.E.P.M. Spec. Pub. 23, 320 p.

Barbetti, Michael, and McElhinny, Michael, 1972, Evidence of a geo magnetic excursion 30,000 yr BP: Nature, v. 239, p. 327-330.

Campbell, M.R., 1900, Huntington Folio, West Virginia-Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey Folio 69, 6 p.

Chamberlin, T.C., and Leverett, Frank, 1894, Further studies of the drainage features of the upper Ohio Basin: Am. Jour. Sci. v. 47, ser. 3, p. 247-283 & 483.

Coffey, G.N., 1961, Major preglacial, Nebraskan and Kansan glacial drainages in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois: Ohio Jour. Sci., v. 61, p. 295-313.

Cooke, H.S.B., 1973, Pleistocene chronology: Long or short: Quat. Res., v. 3, p. 206-220.

Cox, Allan, 1969, Geomagnetic reversals: Science, v. 163, p. 237-245.

Creer, K.M., Gross, D.L., and Linebaclc, J.A., 1976, Origin of regional geomagnetic variations recorded by Wisconsinan and Ilolocene sediments from Lake Michigan, U.S.A., and Lake Windermere, England: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 87, p. 531-540.

Cross, A.T., and Schemel, M.P., 1956, Geology and economic resources of the Ohio River Valley in West Virginia: W. Va. Geol. Econ. Surveyj v. 22, pt. 1, 149 p.

Denham, C.E.., and Cox, Allan, 1971, Evidence that the Laschamp polarity event did not occur 13,300-30,400 years ago: Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, v. 13, p. 181-190.

95 96

Ettensohn, F.R., 1970, The pre-Illinoian lake clays of the Cincinnati region {M.S. thesis}: Univ. Cincinnati, 151 p.

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Fenneman, N.M., 1938, Physiography of eastern United States: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 714 p.

Fisher, R.A., 1953, Dispersion on a sphere: Proc. Roy. Soc. London, v. A217, p. 295-305.

Flint, R.F., 1971, Glacial and quaternary geology: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 892 p.

Fridley, II.M., 1950, The geomorphic history of the New-Kanawha River system: W. Va. Geol. Econ. Survey Rept. Inv. 7, 12 p.

Goldthwait, R.P., 1968, Two loesses in central southwest Ohio: p. 41-47, in Bergstrom, R.E., ed., The Quaternary of Illinois: Univ. Illinois, Coll. Agriculture Spec. Pub. No. 14, 179 p.

Goldthwait, R.P., White, G.W., and Forsyth, J.L., 1961, Glacial map of Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-316.

Grim, R.E., 1968, Clay mineralogy: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 596 p.

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Happ, S.C., 1934, Drainage history of southeastern Ohio and adjacent West Virginia: Jour. Geology, v. 42, p. 264-284.

Heirtzler, J.R., Dickson, G.O., Herron, E.M., Pitman, W.C., and LePichon, X., 1968, Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic field reversals, and motions of the ocean floor and continents: Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 73, p. 2119-2136.

Horberg, Leland, 1950, Bedrock topography of Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 73, 111 p.

Janssen, R.E., 1952, The history of a river: Sci. American, v. 186, no. 6, p. 74-80.

Janssen, R.E., 1953, The Teays River, ancient precursor of the east: Sci. Monthly, v. 76, p. 306-314. 97

Janssen, R.E., and McCoy, G.P., 1953, Varved clays in the Teays Valley: W. Va. Acad. Sci. Proc., v. 25, p. 53-54.

Johns, W.D., Grim, R.E., and Bradley, W.F., 1954, Quantitative estimations of clay minerals by diffraction methods: Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 24, p. 242-251.

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Lamborn, R.E., Austin, C.R., and Schaaf, Downes, 1938, Shales and surface clays of Ohio: Ohio Geol. Survey, Bull. 39, 4th Ser., 281 p.

Lessig, II.D., 1961, Soils of the high terrace remnants in the upper Ohio Valley: Ohio Jour. Sci., v. 61, p. 25-37.

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Manos, Constantine, 1961, Petrography of the Teays-Mahomet valley deposits: Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 31, p. 456-466.

McElhinny, M.W., 1973, Palaeomagnetism and plate tectonics: Cambridge, University Press, 358 p.

Morner, Nils-Axel, and Lanser, J.P., 1974, Gothenburg magnetic ’flip’: Nature, v. 251, p. 408-409.

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Neff, J.R., Blankenship, R.L., Bonnett, R.B., and Scrudato, R.J., 1970, Teays river and lake deposits: Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstracts with Programs, v. 2, no. 3, p. 233-234.

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Wilson, R.L., 1950, Geology of Addison and Springfield Townships, Gallia County, Ohio: {M.S. thesis}: Univ. Iowa, 89 p.

Wolfe, J.N., 1942, Species isolation and a proglacial lake in southern Ohio: Ohio Jour. Sci., v. 42, p. 2-12.

Wright, G.F., 1890, The glacial boundary in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 58, 112 p. APPENDIX A

The logs are arranged in the order that the holes were drilled; hole numbers correspond to those on Map I and are coded to indicate the date of drilling (that is: Hole 9-9-1 was the first hole drilled on 9 September 1969; Hole 19-90-1 was the first hole drilled on 19

September 1970). Locations of drill holes x^ere estimated in the field at the time of drilling; elevations are estimates based upon topographic maps of the sites. Textures listed are those applied in the field. Colors listed were read using a Munsell Soil Color Book at the time of drilling if a number is listed; if no number is listed it is an estimate.

1 0 0 1 0 1

Hole 9-9-1 Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (Minford Quad.) SW^, SE^, Sect. 33, T. A N . , R. 20 W.

On crest of hill above type section. 100 feet W of embankment, 60 feet S of woods; in orchard-pasture.

Elevation: 710 ft

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 9-9-SCI (ft)

0 - 5.5 5.5 -Silty loam, "yellowish broxm" 1A 5.5 - 8.3 10.0 -Clay, yellowish broxm (10YR IB 8.3 -13.3 5/A), laminated 1C 15.5 -18.3 17.33- -Clay, dark grayish broxra (10 ID 18.3 -23.3 YRA/2), laminated IE 23.3 -28.3 slightly calcareous - 28.3 -33.3

Remarks: No x^ater encountered. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer, M.H. Mitchell and D.K. Webb.

Hole 9-9-2 Scioto Co., Harrison Tx^p. (Minford Quad.) NE%, NEJ£, Sect. A, T. 3N., R. 20 W.

15 feet S of Bond Road, N of Minford High School (on the school grounds)

Elevation: 683 ft

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 9-9-SCI (ft) ______

0 - A.8 A.8 -Gravelly silt, brownish yellow (10YR6/8) 2A A.8- 8.3 3.5 -Clay, strong brown to broxm (7.5YR5/6 - 5/A) and It. greenish gray (5G7/1), gray color along root channels, not laminated 2B 8.3-13.3 7.0 -Clay, gray (N5/), laminated 2C 13.3-15.3 2D 15.3-15.8 0.5 -Clay, "broxm", laminated 2E 15.8-18.3 7.5 -Clay, gray (N5/), laminated 2F 18.3-23.3 2G 23.3-28.3 8.7 -Clay, "gray" and "brownish 2H 28.3-32.0 gray" 1 0 2

Hole 9-9-2 (continued)

32.0-33.0 1.3+ -Sandy clay, dark, moist, (no sample as little, came up)

Remarks: No water encountered. Samples 2G & 2H may be somewhat contaminated. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer, M.H. Mitchell and D.K. Webb.

Hole 9-9-3 Scioto Co., Harrison Twp. (Minford Quad.) N^s, NE'£, Sect. 4, T. 3N., R. 20 W.

75 feet S of Bond Road near W edge of Minford High School grounds

Elevation: 658 ft

Sample // Depth(ft) Thickness Description 9-9-SCI (ft)

3A 0-8.0 8.0 -Pebbly silt, "reddish brown" 3B 8.0-13.3 5.3+ -Slightly pebbly clayey sand, "reddish brown"

Remarks: Water encountered at approximately 12.5 feet. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer, M.H. Mitchell and D.K. Webb.

Hole 10-9-1 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Stockdale Quad.) NE%, NE^, SE^, Sect. 33, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

On crest of hill, about 100 feet W of fence line.

Elevation: 768 ft

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 10-9-PIK (ft)

1A 0 - 4.3 4.3 -Pebbly silt, reddish yellow (10YR6/8) IB 4.3- 7.5 3.2 -Slightly pebbly silty clay, strong brown (10YR5/6) 1C 7.5- 8.3 0.8 -Clay, brown (10YR4/4) with some "gray" present ID 8.3-13.3 5.0 -Clay, greenish gray (5GY6/1) with some brown (10YR5/4), 103

Hole 10-9-1 (continued)

IE 13.3-18.3 1 2 . 8 -Clay, brown (10YR5/4), lami IF 18.3-23.3 nated 1G 23.3-25.0 1G 25.0-28.3 8.3+ -Clay, gray (10YR4/1), lami nated

Remarks: No water encountered. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer and M.H. Mitchell.

Hole 10-9-2 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Beaver Quad.) mtk, m h , NE^, Sect. 11, T. 5N. , R. 20 W.

400 feet N of D.T. & I. RR tracks; 250 feet E of old farmhouse; in field.

Elevation: 678 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 10-9-PIK (ft) ______

2A 0 - 4.3 5.5 -Clayey silt; strong brown (10YR5/8) with some 'gray’ and 'reddish brown' mottles 4.3-5.5 2B 5.5-8.3 5.0 -Clay; brown (10YR5/4) 8.3-10.5 2C 10.5-11.0 0.5 -Clay; reddish brown (5YR5/3) 11.0-13.3 2.3 -Clay; greenish gray (5BG5/1) 2D 13.3-15.3 2.0 -Clay; reddish brown (5YR5/3) 2E 15.3-19.0 3.7 -Clay; reddish brown (5YR5/3) & greenish gray (5BG5/1) 2F 19.0-23.3 9.3 -Fine sand; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4); micaceous 2G 23.3-28.3 28.3-33.3 5.0+ -Clay; 'gray*

Remarks: Water encountered at 21 ft. 'Quicksand' at that point. No sample taken of lower clay because of contamination. Below 21 ft depths are approximate. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer and M.H. Mitchell. 104

Hole 11-9-1 Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (Stoclcdale Quad.) SW%, NE^, NE^, Sect. 30, T. 6N. , R. 19 W.

500 feet W of Bethesda Church; on crest of hill.

Elevation: 705 ft asl.

Sample // Depth(ft) Thickness Description 11-9-JAK (ft)

1A 0 - 3.3 3.3 -Clayey silt; yellowish brown (10YR5/6) IB 3.3- 7.0 3.7 -Clayey silt; olive yellow (2.5YR6/6) 7.0- 8.3 1.3 -Clayey sand; strong brown (10YR5/6) 1C 8.3-11.0 3.7 -Sand; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); wet ID 11.0-16.0 5.0 -Clay; brown (10YR.5/4) IE 16.0-18.3 2.3 -Clay; dark grayish brown (10YR4/2); very calcareous 18.3+ - -Bedrock?; shale chips on bit: strong resistance to further drilling

Remarks: Water encountered at 10 ft. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer, M.H. Mitchell and D.K. Webb.

Hole 11-9 -2 Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (Stoclcdale Quad.) Mlh, NE-4, neV,, Sect. 30, T. 6N., R. 19 W.

On level spot in swale between two hills in pasture; approx. 800 feet SSE of Ohio Route 776.

Elevation: 678 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 11-9-JAK (ft)

0 - 2.0 2.0 -Silty loam; brown (10YR4/3) 2A 2.0- 4.0 2.0 -Clay loam; light yellowish - brown (2.5Y6/4) 4.0- 5.0 1.0 -Clay; brown (10YR5/3); plastic 2B 5.0- 8.3 14.3 -Clay; varicolored (brown (10YR5/3), dark bro wn (10YR4/3) & greenish gray (5BG6/1); some laminations 105

Hole 11-9-2 (continued)

ob served 2C 8.3-13.3 -Clay as above; brown (10YR 5/3) predominant, brownish yellow (10YR6/6) also present 2D 13.3-18.3 -Clay as above; a reddish brown (5YR4/4) zone at 15 ft 2E 18.3-19.3 -Clay as above; a grayer zone at 19 ft with reddish brown immediately below 2E1 19.3-21.0 1.7 -Clay; yellowish red (5YR4/6) 2E* 21.0-23.3 2.3 -Clay; varicolored as that above 19.3 ft 2F 23.3-33.3 10.0-l- -Sand with some 'gray' color streaks; water* present

*Note: Sample 11-9-JAK-2E is from 18.3 to 19.3 feet and 21.0-23.3 feet.

Remarks: Water encountered at 23.3 ft. Bedrock not reached. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer, M.H. Mitchell and D.K. Webb.

Hole 11-9-3 Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (Stoclcdale Quad.) SWJ-4, SWSst, SWJ-i, Sect. 17, T. 6N., R. 19 W.

On crest of hill 70 feet E of County Road # 67.

Elevation: 703 ft asl.

Sample // Depth(ft) Thickness Description 11-9-JAK (ft)

3A 0 - 3.3 5.0 -Clayey silt; brownish yellow (10YR6/6) 3B 3.3- 5.0 3B 5.0- 6.0 1.0 -Fine sand; light yellow brown (2.5Y6/4) 3B 6.0- 8.3 4.3 -Loam; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) with light bluish gray (5BG7/1) streaks 3C 8.3-10.3 3C 10.3-13.0 2.7 -Clay; dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) 13.0-22.0 9.0 -Sand; 'reddish brown1 with clay streaks SS* 22.0-23.3 1.3 -Gravel(?) with sand and clay 3D 23.3-26.3 3.0 -Clay; 'brown' 106

Hole 11-9-3 (continued)

3E 26.3-33.3 7.0+ -Clay; 'gray'

*Note: 11-9-JAK-SS is a washed sample from the indicated depths; fines were washed away in the field.

Remarks: Water encountered at 15 ft; recovery of samples below that depth poor. Depths approximate below 15 ft. Drilled by M.C. Iloyer, M.H. Mitchell and D.K. Webb.

Hole 12-9-1 Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (Jackson Quad.) SWk, NE^, SE^, Sect. 5, T. 6N., R. 19 W.

On crest of hill; 750 feet SSE of Wesley Cemetery.

Elevation: 746 ft asl.

Dept h(f t)Sample # Depth(ft)Sample Thicknes: Description 12-9-JAK (ft)

1A 0 - 3.3 5.0 -Clayey silt; brownish yellow (10YR6/8) IB 3.3- 5.0 IB 5.0- 5.5 0.5 -Silty clay; brownish yellow (10YR6/S) IB 5.5- 8.3 7.8 -Clayey silt; brownish yellow 1C 8.3-13.3 (10YR6/6); clay streak at 10.0 - 10.5 ft ID 13.3-17.0 3.7 -Sand; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) with gray (N7/) color bands IE* 17.0-18.3 8.0 -Silty clay; strong brown (7.5 YR5/8); laminated IF 18.3-23.3 1G 23.3-25.0 1H 25.0-28.3 8.3+ -Clay; 'gray'; calcareous

*Note: Sample contaminated with sand.

Remarks: Water encountered at 13.3 ft. All samples fairly 'clean' except as noted. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer and M.H. Mitchell. 107

Hole 16-9-1 Pike Co., Beaver Twp. (Beaver Quad.) N edge, SW^, NE^, Sect. 4, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

On grounds of East Local High School; N edge of grounds 20 feet S of old road.

Elevation: 690 ft asl.

Sample // Depth(ft) Thickness Description 16-9-PIK (ft)

1A 0 - 3.3 7.0 -Clayey silt; strong brown (7.5YR5/6); some coarse sand grains present IB 7.0- 8.3 6.3 -Clay; yellowish brown (10 YR5/4) with greenish gray (5G6/1) streaks; plastic 1C 8.3- 13.3 -Clay as above; one pale olive (5Y6/4) silt streak at 12 ft ID 13.3- 18.3 9.0 -Clay; brown (10YR5/3) IE 22.3- 28.3 16.0+ -Clay; dark grayish brown (10 IF 28.3- 33.3 YR4/2) 1G 33.3- 38.3

Remarks: No water encountered. Clay was laminated though the lami nations were not mentioned in field notes. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer, M.H. Mitchell and D.K. Webb.

Hole 17-9-1 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Beaver Quad.) m k „ SW*i, SE*S, Sect. 4, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

On nearly flat surface S of pond (being put in in 1969); approx. 200 feet S of D.T. & I. RR tracks.

Elevation: 668 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 17-9-PIK (ft)

0 - 0.5 0.5 -Loam; brown (10YR5/3); friable 1A 0.5- 3.5 3.0 -Clayey loam; mottled; yellowish brown (10YR5/6), light gray (5Y6/1), & strong brown (7.5YR5/8) IB 3.5- 7.5 4.0 -Fine sand; colors as above; visible mica flakes 1C 7.5- 9.0 1.5 -Loam; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), light gray (5Y6/1 & 108

Hole 17-9-1 (continued)

5Y7/1), & strong brown (7.SYR 5/8) ID 9.0-13.3 5.5 -Clay loam; dark brown (7.SYR 4/4) with greenish gray (5GY 6/1) and 'pale olive' laminae; a very fine sand streak at 13 ft IF 14.5-15.5 1.0 -Clay; yellow (10YR7/6) 1G 15.5-18.3 13.0? -Coarse and medium sand; 18.3-28.5 yellowish brown (10YR5/8) III 28.5-38.3 9.8+ -Coarse and medium sand as above with 'gray' clay

Remarks: Water encountered at 20 ft. Depths estimated below 20 ft; recovery of sample poor below 20 ft. 'Gray' clay at base may be shale. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer and M.H. Mitchell.

Hole 17-9-2 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Beaver Quad.) NE*s, SE*a , SWJ-a, Sect. 9, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

Elevation: 770 ft asl.

Sample. # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 17-9-PIK (ft) ______

2A 0 - 1.5 1.5 -Loam; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) 2A 1.5- 3.3 1.8 -Slightly pebbly loam; strong b r o w (7.5YR5/6); pebbles are quartz 2B 3.3- 5.3 2.0 -Sandy clay loam; yellowish red 5YR5/6) 2B 5.3- 8.3 3.0 -Slightly pebbly clay loam; brownish yellow (10YR6/8) 2C 8.3-12.0 3.7 -Fine and medium sand; brownish yellow (10YR6/6) 2D 12.0-13.0 1.0 -Fine sand; yellow (2.5Y8/4) -Bedrock; sandy conglomerate (?)

Remarks: No water encountered; no clay encountered. Lower sands penetrated may be weathered bedrock (disaggregated). Drilled by M.C. Hoy^r and M.H. Mitchell. 109

Hole 18-9-1 Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (Stockdale Quad.) SE*s, NE^, SW*s, Sect. 25, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

On crest of gentle hill, approx. 250 ft west of Ohio Route 776, approx. 150 ft south of township road 189.

Elevation: 683 ft asl.

Sample // Depth(ft) Thickness Description 18-9-JAK (ft)

1A 0 - 3.0 3 -Pebbly silt, brownish yellow (10YR6/6), well-rounded quartz pebbles, colluvium? IB 3.0- 6.0 3 -Pebbly clayey silt, brownish yellow (10YR6/6) 6.0- 8.3 8.3 -Clay, brown (10YR5/3) 1C 8.3- 11.0 -Clay, brown (7.5YR5/4), laminated ID 13.3- 16.0 2.7 -Clay with fine sand interbeds, brown (7.5YR5/4) and (10YR5/4) IE 16.0- 23.3 22.3+ -Medium sand, brownish yellow (10YR6/8) IF 23.3- 38.3 -Medium sand, ’brown' and ’gray ’yellowish brown' predominant

Remarks: Water encountered at approximately 25 feet. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer and M.H. Mitchell.

Hole 18-9--2 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Stockdale Quad.) SEh, SW*5, NE%, Sect. 34 , T. 5N., R. 20 W.

On flat area near top of hill, in pasture north of Pike Co. Road 40.

Elevation : 720 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 18-9-PIK (ft)

2A 0 - 3.3 3.3 -Clayey silt; yellowish brown (10YR5/8) 2B 3.3- 8.3 6.7 -Silty clay, brownish yellow (10YR6/8), with gray (N7/) streaks 2C 10.0- 13.3 7.0 -Clay, brown (10YR5/3), plastic 2D 13.3- 17.0 2E 17.0- 23.3 6.3+ -Clay, 'gray', wet, plascic 1 1 0

Hole 18-9-2 (continued)

Remarks: No water encountered. Problems encountered with jeep; throttle control, alignment of hole, auger sticking in the ground. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer and M.H. Mitchell.

Hole 19-9-1 Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (Beaver Quad.) SE*s, NEV„ NE*«, Sect. 13, T. 5N. , R. 20 W.

At crest of hill in pasture.

Elevation: 701 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 19-9-JAK (ft) ______

1A 0 - 0.5 0.5 -Silt, dark brown (10YR4/3) 'topsoil' 1A 0.5- 3.3 3.5 -Clayey silt, brownish yellow (10YR6/6), one rounded quartz pebble found 1A 3.3- 5.3 1.5 -Clay, brownish yellow (10YR 6/ 6) 5.3- 6.9 1.5 -Silty clay, yellowish brown (10YR5/8), plastic 6.9- 7.3 0.5 -Clay, pale olive (5Y6/3), plastic IB 7.3- 13.3 6.5 -Clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR5/6), laminated 1C 13.3- 19.3 6.0 -Clay, brown (10YR5/3), laminated ID 19.3- 23.3 12.0 -Clay, grayish brown (10YR5/2), plastic IE 23.3- 28.3 -Clay, as above. IF 28.3- 32+ -Clay, as above with 'red-to- purplish' streak at bottom 1G1 32+ - 43.3 12+ -Sand, 'brown* and 'gray', micaceous, some clay probably present

Remarks: No water encountered. Sample ...1G1 from upper part of interval; sample ...1G2 from lower part of interval. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer and D.K. Webb. Ill

Hole 19-9-2 Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (Beaver Quad.) SE corner, SE^, SE^, Sect. 12, T. 5N., It. 20 W.

At base of hill, approximately 20 feet S of fence line, in pasture.

Elevation: 675 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description .9-9-JAK (ft)

0 - 0.5 0.5 -Silt, ’topsoil’, ’medium g r a y ’ 0.5- 1.0 0.5 -Clayey silt, yellowish brown (10YR5/6), gray mottles plastic 2A 1.0- 5.0 4.0 -Clay, yellowish brown (10YR. 5/6) mottled (’gray' and ’yellow’), plastic 2B 5.0- 8.3 3.5 -Clay, brown (10YR4/3), with greenish gray (5GY6/1) streak: plastic 2C 8.3- 13.3 6.5 -Clay, brown (10YR4/3), with 1 ft 'red' zone. (7 . 5YR5/2 (?) ) at approx. 12.5 ft 2C1 13.3- 14.8 -Clay, as above 2D 14.8- 17.0 2.0 -Clay, gray (10YR.5/1) 2E 17.0- 18.0 1.0 -Clay, brown (7.5YR5/2) 2F 18.0- 20.0 2.0 -Clay, gray (10YR5/1) 2G1 20.0- 38.3 18.3+ -Clay and sand, ’red’, 'gray', 'yellow-brown'; 2G2 -observations hindered by water; sequence and thick nesses not known 2SS — sample collected off the bit

Remarks: Water encountered at about 20 ft. Sample 2A somewhat contaminated with overlying matei'ial. Sample .. . 2G1 stratigraphically above ...2G2. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer and D.K. Webb.

Hole 25-9-1 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Beaver Quad..) NE^, SEh, NW^, Sect. 9, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

Approx. 100 yards W of Tile Mill Road; approx. 50 yards N of the new highway (Ohio Rt. 124).

Elevation: 638 ft asl. 1 1 2

Hole 25-9-1 (continued)

Sample // Depth (ft) Thickness Description 25-9-PIK (ft)

0 - 0.5 0.5 -Clayey silt, brown-dark brown (10YR4/3), friable 1A .5- 3.3 2.8 -Slightly pebbly clayey silt, brown-dark brown (10YR4/3) at top to brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) at bottom, some ’gray' and ’reddish-brown’ mottles IB 3.3- 6.0 2.7 -Claj'ey sandy silt, brownish yellow (10YR6/8), moist 6.0- 7.0 1.0 -Pebbly clay, dark brown (10YR 4/4) with yellowish red (5YR 5/8) coatings on pebbles, strongly oxidized 7.0-... -Bedrock? or gravel?~unable to penetrate with drill

Remarks: No water encountered; suggests that bedrock was not encountered. See Hole 25-9-2- Drilled by M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 25-9-2 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Beaver Quad.) NE%, NESs, SFJ%, Sect. 9, T 5'N., R. 20 W.

Approx. 30 yards W of Tile Mill Road; approx. 50 yards N of new highway O h i o Rt. 124).

Elevation: 642 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 25-9-PIK (ft)

0 - 0.5 0.5 -Laom, brown-dark brown (10YR 4/3) 2A 0.5- 3.3 5.5 -Silty loam, yellowish brown 2B 3.3- 6.0 (10YR5/6) 2C 6.0- 8.3 2.3 -Fine sand, gray-light gray (10YR6/1) 8.3- 10.0 1.7 -Pebbly fine sand, gray-light gray (10YR6/1)

10.0-. • • -Bedrock ( unable to penetrate)

2D « • • -Sample taken off of drill bit 113

Hole 25-9-2 (continued)

Remarks: Water encountered at approximately 8 feet. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 13-70- 1 Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (Beaver Quad.) SW%, SW% , Sect. 7, T. 6N. , R. 19 W.

6 feet south of state right of way along Appalachian Highway (Ohio 124); near crest of low hill •

Elevation: 701 ft asl •

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 13-70 -JAK (ft)

1A 0 - 4 8 -Silty clay, yellowish brown IB 4 - 8 (10YR5/4); weak platy struc ture 1C 8 - 8.2 .2 -Clay, dark brown (10YR3/3); massive 8.2- 9 4.3 -Clay, mottled-yellowish brown (10YR5/8) and greenish gray 5GY6/1) ID 9 - 12.5 IE 12.5- 14 5.5 -Clay, brown (7.5YR4/4); IF 14 - 18 laminated 1G 18 - 19 1 -Clay, reddish brown (5YR4/4) 1H 19 - 22 3 -Silt, dark reddish brown (5YR3/4); mica flakes evident 11 22 - 24 7 -Silty clay and silt, brown (7.5YR4/4); laminated IK 29 - 30 20- -Sand, reddish brown (5YR4/3) 1L 30 - 34 -As above, but moist 1M 35 - 40 IN 45 - 49 -Coarser sand

1SS approx. 38 ------One or two clay stringers

Remarks.; Water encountered at 30 feet. Drilled by M.C. Hoyer and R.C. Jernigan. 114

Hole 14-70-1 Pike Co., Seal Twp., (Waverly Quad.) SW^, Sect. 27, T. 5N., R. 21 W.

Approximately 50 ft south of Pike Co. Rd. 66, approx. 100 ft west of farmer's lane, west of the crest of hill.

Elevation: 725 ft asl.

Sample ■// Depth(ft) Thickness Description 14-70-PIK (ft)

0 - 0.8 .8 -Silt, brown (10YR5/3) 0. 8- 1.5 .7 -Silt, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 1A 1. 5- 3.0 1.5 -Silt, yellowish brown (lOYPv. 1C 4 — 5 6/8), slightly pebbly ID 5 — 6 1 -Clayey silt, yellowish brown (10YR5/6), pebbly, more clay than above 6 - 7 2 -Clayey silt, brownish yellow (10YR6/8), some mottling 1E1 7 - 8 -Pebbly silt, brownish yellow (10YR6/8) 1E2 7 _ 8 2 -Pebbly sand loam, yellowish 9 - 10 brown (10YR5/6) IF 10 — 12 2 -Clayey silt and silt, brownish yellow (10YR6/6) and greenish gray (5GY7/1), very wet -Bedrock (sandstone) encoun tered at 12 ft

Remarks: Section may be largely loess. Bedrock exposed in drainage line flowing N to S west of field; flaggy sandstone. Drilled by R.C. Jernigan and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 16-70-1 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Stockdale Quad.) SEh, SE%, NWk, Sect. 35, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

On level area in field, north of Co. Rd. 40 (Stockdale Rd.) and west of Twp. Rd. 706.

Elevation: • 697 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 16-70-PIK ( f t ) ______

1A 0 - 3 3 -Silt, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), pebbly 115

Hole 16-70-1 (continued)

3 - 4.5 1.5 -Pebbly silt, brown (7.5YR4/4) pebbles coarser than above IB 4.5- 7.5 3 -Pebbly sand loam, yellowish brown (10YR5/6), quartz and sandstone pebbles 1C 7.5- 9 -Pebbly silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR5/6), quartz and weak sandstone pebbles ID 9 - 12.5 IE 12.5- 14 1.5 -Silty clay and clay, greenish gray (5GY6/1) and brown (10YR 5/4), laminated and mottled, plastic IF 14 - 19 -Clay, brown (10YR5/4) and greenish gray (5GY6/1), laminated 1G 19 - 24 18 -Clay, dark gray (10YR4/1), 1H 24 - 29 laminated, slightly calcar II 29 - 34 eous, plastic 1J 34 - 37 IK 37 - 39 -Clay, grayish brown and dark gray (10YR5/2 & 4/1), lami nated, plastic 39 - 40 1L 40 - 44 -Clayey silt, dark grayish brown (10YR3/2), laminated, moist, mica flakes evident 1M 44 - 49 49 - 54 5 -Clayey silt and sand; samples not coming up IN 54 - 55.7 1.7 -Clay, gray (like clay above) 55.7 -Hard layer (ironstone?) 55.7- 57 1.3+ -Sand, very wet

IP (off bit)

Remarks: Water encountered at 55.7 feet. Drilled by R.C. Jernigan and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 21-70-1 Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (Stockdale Quad.) NW^, NE**, SE^, Sect. 5, T. 4N., R. 20 W.

Approximately 75 ft south of Ohio Rt. 335 and approximately 300 ft east of Ohio Rt. 335; near crest of low hill.

Elevation: 695 ft asl. 116

Hole 21-70-1 (continued)

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description •21-70-SCI _ _ _ _ _ (ft)

0 - 2 2 -Silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR5/4), non-calcareous, roots abundant 1A 2 - 4 2 -Silt, yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) IB 4 - 9 10 -Clay, brown (7.5YR4/4) and 1C 9 - 14 greenish gray (5GY6/1), some laminations ID 14 - 19 5 -Clay, dark gray (10YR.4/1), calcareous IE 19 - 24 5 -Clay, dark gray and dark grayish brown (10YR4/1 & 4/2) laminated IE 24 - 29 19 -Clay, dark gray (10YR4/1) 1G 29 - 34 1H 34 - 39 11 39 - 43 43 - 44 1 -Clay, reddish gray (5YR5/2) and dark gray (10YPv4/l) 1J 44 - 48+ 4+ -Clay, 'brown’, very wet 48+ — 49+ 1+ -Clay, 'gray', very wet IK 49 - 5575 6.. -Sand, 'brown' and 'yellowish brown', medium 1L IN 55.5- 56 -Hard resistance - bedrock; sandstone

IP -Sample off bit

Remarks: Water encountered at 4S feet; water table somewhat above this very likely. Drilled by D.K. Webb and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 23-70-1 Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (Stockdhle Quad.) SEk, NW^, NEJ-4, Sect. 8, T. 4N., R. 20 W.

Near top of gentle hill in relatively flat area; approximately 120 feet west of Ohio Rt. 335.

Elevation: 683 ft asl. 117

Hole 23-70-1 (continued)

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 23-70-SCI (ft)

0 - 0.5 .5 -Silt, brown (10YR5/3) 1A 0.5- 4 4 -Clayey silt, yellowish 4 - 4.5 brown (10YR5/8) IB 4.5- 7 2.5 -Clay, mottled-brownish yellow, light brownish yellow, yellowish brown (10YR6/6, 6/4, 5/4) and light greenish gray (5GY7/1) 1C 7 - 9 -Clay, strong brown (7.5YR5/6), reddish brown and black spots, laminated 9 - 1 0 ID 10 - 14 -Sand, fine, strong brown (7.5 YR5/6) and yellowish red (5YR 4/8), stringers and pebbles? of silt and clay, mica present IE 14 - 17 -Sand, yellowish red (5YR5/6) (1ESS) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), micaceous IF 17 - 19 1G 19 - 24 10 -Sand, wet, yellowish brown and red (10YR5/6 & 5YR5/8), medium and fine II 29 - 34 8.3 -Sand and layers of micaceous 1J 34 - 37.3 silt, (sand-yellowish brown IK (10YR5/6), silt (reddish- 1L brown (5YR4/3) and very dark red (10YR3/1)), pebbly at base 37.3 -Hard layer 37.3- 39 -Sand, light gray (N6/), weathered sandstone? 1M -Sample off bit

Remarks: Water encountered at about 23 feet. Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 28-70-1 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Beaver Quad-.) SE%, SW*s, SEk» Sect. 9, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

Southeast of pond; approximately 60 feet west of small stream; a valley position on relateively level area.

Elevation: 680 ft asl. 118

Hole 28-70-1 (continued)

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 28-70-PIK (ft)

1 -Silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR6/4) 1A 2.5 -Pebbly silt loam, yellowish red (5YR4/8); quartz and ironstone? pebbles * -Hard resistance, bedrock or large cobble

Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 28-70-2 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Beaver Quad.) SW%, SWb;, SE^, Sect. 9, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

Approximately 45 feet east of Ohio Rt. 335; opposite and approximately 70 feet south of farmhouse; on a spur.

Elevation: 718 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 28-70-PIK (ft)

0-1 1 -Silt, light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) 2A 1 - 5 4 -Silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR5/8); no pebbles; some aggregates sticking together moist 2B -Clay and silty clay, light brownish gray (2.5Y6/2) and greenish gray (5GY6/1) (sample somewhat contaminated) 2C 8-10 2 -Clay, brown (7.5YR5/4) and greenish gray (5GY6/1)

2D 10 - 12 2 -Clayey silt, yellowish brown (10YR5/8) and brown (10YR 4/3); few pebbles 2E 12 15 -Sand, silt, and clay, yellowish brown (10YR5/6 & 5/8) and brown (10YR4/3); medium sand predominates; some black layers (Fe-Mn) * 15 - 25 1 0 -Pebbly sand and pebbly clay; brown, red-brown, gray-brown; 119

Hole 28-70-2 (continued)

quartz pebbles to 1 inch in ___ diam&ter; very wet *2F (15 - 17) 2G (18 - 20) 2H (21 - 22) 21 (22 - 23) 2J (23 - 24) 2K (off bit)

25 ft depth - hard resistance - bedrock? or large cobble.

Remarks: Water encountered at 15 feet. Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. I-Ioyer.

Hole 30-70-1 Pike Co., Union Twp. (Waverly South Quad.) SW*s, SW'<, NE^, Sect. 6, T. 5N.S R. 20 W.

150 feet west of Red Hollow Road (Co. Rd. 43) and 20 feet north of Coal Dock Road (Co. 42); in line with west boundary fence of cemetary next to Beaver Chapel.

Elevation: 660 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 30-70-PIK (ft)

0 - 1 1 -Silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR5/4) 1A 1 - 2 . 5 1.5 -Silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR5/6) IB 2.5-5 2.5 -Clayey silt, strong brown (7.5YR5/6) 1C 5 - 7 2 -Silty clay, yellowish red (5YR4/6) ID 7 - 9 2 -Clay, reddish brown (5YR4/4) at top, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) and brown (10YR5/3) at bottom; few mottles IE 9 - 12 3 -Sand, strong brown (7.5YR IF • 12 - 14 5/6); some show a 'grayish brown' stain 1G 14 - 16 2 -Silt yellowish red (5YR4/4); mica flakes common 1H 16 - 20 8 -Sand, yellowish red (5YR4/6) and strong brown (7.5YR5/6); in bands and patterns; 1 2 0

Hole 30-70-1 (continued)

medium and fine; with stringers of silt 11 20 - 24 1J 24 - 25 4 -Sand, (wet) medium IK 26 - 28 1L 28 - 30 2 -Sand, medium and coarse 1M 33 - 35 3 -Sand, coarse and medium; some shale fragments IN 36 - 37 -Shale, 'gray'

Remarks: Water encountered at 24 feet. Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 4-80-1 Pike Co., Beaver Twp. (Waverly Quad.) NWbi, S\lk, SE'f,, Sect. 34, T. 5N. , R. 21 W.

20 feet south of D.T. & I. railroad tracks, 50 feet east of Smith Road 293.

Elevation: 660 ft asl.

1 ample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description -80-PIK (ft)

0 - 1.5 1.5 -Silt loam; brown (10YR5/3) 1A 1.5- 3 1.5 -Clayey silt; yellowish brown (10YR5/6 & 5/4) IB 3 - 4 1 -Silty clay; yellowish brown (10YR5/4) 1C 4 - 9 6 -Clay; yellowish broxvn (10YR 5/4 & 5/3); some lamination 9 - 1 0 ID 10 - 12 2 -Clay; yellowish red (5YR4/8) (sample contaminated) IE 12 - 14. 2 -Clay; brown (7.5YR4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR5/6); laminated (?) IF 14 - 18 4 -Sand; yellowish broxm. (10YR 5/4 & 5/8); fine 1G 18 - 19 1 -Silty sand and silt; brown (7.5YR4/4); mica present; very wet 1H 19 - 21 8 -Sand; medium and fine; dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) 11 22 - 24 1J 24 - 27 1 2 1

Hole 4-80-1 (continued)

IK 2 7 - 2 8 1 -Sand; light gray; pebbly; coarse 1L 28 - 29 -Gray shale

Remarks: Water encountered at 19 feet. Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 10-80-1 Pike Co., Beaver Twp. (Beaver Quad.) SE^, SW%, mih, Sect. 4, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

On crest of hill in pasture; 100 feet N of Coal Dock Road.

Elevation: 690 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 10-S0-PIK (ft) ______

yj — U -Silt; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 1A 0.5- 2.5 2 -Silt loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/6) IB 2.5- 4 2 -Pebbly silt loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/8); quartz pebbles 1C 5 - 7 2 -Pebbly loam; yellowish red (7.5YR4/6); fine quartz pebbles ID 7 - 9 2 -Pebbly loam; varicolored — strong brown (7.5YR5/6 & 4/6) and yellowish brown (10 YR5/6) IE 9 - 9.5 0 -Clayey silt; yellowish red (5YR5/6) IF 9.5- 10.5 1 -Pebbly clayey silt; yellowish red (5YR5/6) 1G 10.5- 14 3 -Clay; mottled — yellowish brown (10YR5/4) and light greenish gray (5G7/1) 111 14 - 17 3 -Clay; brown (10YR5/3); some mottles • 11 17 - 19 6 -Clay; dark gray and dark 1J 19 - 23 grayish brown (10YR4/2 & 4/1); laminated; plastic IK 23 - 24 1 -Clay; brown (7.5YR5/4) and dark gray (10YR4/1) 1L 24 - 27 3 -Clay; dark gray and dark 1 2 2

Hole 10-•80-1 (continued)

grayish brown (10YR4/1 & 4/2) 1M 27 - 28 1 -Clay; reddish brown (5YR5/3) and (10YR4/1) dark gray IN 28 - 30 2 -Clay; reddish brown (10YR5/3 & 4/3) and yellowish brown o IP 30 1 10 -Fine sand and silt; brown and gray; mica flakes IQ 1R IS 40 - 47 7 -Sand; brown; medium; quartz rich IT 1U 47 - 56 9 -Sand; brown; medium and coarse IV 1W IX 56 - 57 -Sand and silt (off bit)

Remarks: Water encountered at about 30 feet; pumpable in sand. Drilled by J.L. Bapst, R.P. Goldthwait, and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 12-80-1 Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (Stoclcdale Quad.) NE1^, NE-4, SEh, Sect. 4, T. 4N., R. 20 W.

Approximately 330 ft south of Ohio Rt. 776 on crest of a gentle hill.

Elevation: 701 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 12-80-SCI (ft)

0 - 0.5 0.5 -Silt loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/4) 1A 0.5- 3.5 3 -Silty loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/6) IB 3.5- 4.5 1 -Silty clay loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/6); friable IB 2 4.5- 5.0 0.5 -Clay; brown (7.5YR5/4) and greenish gray (5GY6/1) — mottled 1C 5 - 9 6 -Clay; brown (7.5YR4/4) and ID 9 -11 minor amounts of greenish gray (5GY6/1); plastic IE 11 - 13 2 -Clay; brown and strong brown (7.5YR4/4 & 5/8); 123

Hole 12-80-1 (continued)

laminated IF 1 3 - 1 4 1 -Clay; brown and grayish brown (10YR5/3, 4/3 & 5/2); lami nated; some hard layers 1G 1 4 - 1 9 5 -Clay; dark brown (7.5YR3/2); dark grayish brown and very dark grayish brown (10YR4/2 & 4/1), and brown (10YR5/3); apparently laminated; plastic; sequence-top to bottom — gray, brown, gray, brown 1H 1 9 - 2 4 5 -Clay with thin silt layers; dark gray (10YR4/1); brown 7.5YR5/4); dark reddish brown and very dark gray (5YR3/2 & 3/1) IK 24 - 27 4.5 -Clayey silt; strong brown (7.5YR5/6) with greenish and reddish stringers; forms balls on way up 1L 27 - 28.5 1M 28.5 -Hard resistance; sandstone (?) with pebbles; sample off bit

Remarks: No water encountered. Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 12-80-2 Pike Co., Union Twp. (Waverly South Quad.) SVh, Mlk, Sect. 6, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

North of Beaver Chapel, 30 feet west of Red Hollow road (Co. Rd. 43), halfway between chapel and D.T. & I. railroad tracks.

Elevation: 665 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 12-80-PIK (ft)

0 - 0.5 0.5 -Silt; brown (10YR5/3) 2A 0.5- 4 4.5 -Silt; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) 4 - 5 2B 5 - 6 1 -Silt loam; yellowish red (5YR 4/6); Mn &. Fe marks 2C 6 - 9 4 -Clayey silt; yellowish red Hole 12-80-2 (continued)

9 — 10 5YR4/6) and strong brown (7.5YR5/6); laminated; very moist 2D 10 - 12 2 -Silty clay; yellowish red (5YR4/6); some FeMn concre tions; very moist 2D2 12 - 13 1 -Silty clay; yellowish red (5Y"R4/6); moist 2E 13 _ 14 1 -Clay; brown (10YR5/3) 14 - 15 1 -Silty yellowish red (5YR4/6) 2F 15 - 19 9 -Sand; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); medium 2G 19 _ 23 2H 24 - 27 3 -Sand and clayey silt; ’reddish brown'; wet 21 27 _ 30 3 -Sand; medium; ’brown'; wet 2J 30 - 33 3 -Sand; ’brown’; medium and coarse; wet 2K 33 - 40 7 -Sand;''yellowish brown’; medium and coarse; wet 2L 40 • 41 -Gray shale (sample contami nated with sand above

Remarks: Water encountered at about 20 feet. All depths and thick- nessess below water are approximate. Bedrock encountered at 40 feet. Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 13-80-1 Pike Co., Beaver Twp. (Beaver Quad.) SWJ«, SW*s, M'lh, Sect. 4, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

25 feet east of Twp. road 302 and 300 feet north of Coal Rock Road (Co. Rd. 42). On small level area below crest of hill. Exposure approx. 50 feet to northwest.

Elevation: 665 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 13-80-PIK (ft)

0 - 0.5 0.5 -Silt loam; brown (10YR5/3) 1A 0.5- 4 3.5 -Silt loam; brownish yp.llow and yellowish brown (10YR 6/8 & 5/8); few pebbles; friable 125

Hole 13-80-1 (continued)

IB 4 - 6 2 -Silt; yellowish red (5YR5/6) 1C 6 - 9 3 -Clayey silt; yellowish red (5YR5/6); mica present; some strong brown (7.5YR5/8) laminae ID 9 -11 2 -Clayey silt; brownish red, reddish brown (5YR4/4 & 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR5/8); mica present; black spots IE 11 -13.5 2.5 -Clay; reddish brown (5YR5/4), brown (10YR5/3) and strong brown (7.5YR5/8) IF 13.5-17 3.5 -Sand; brown (7.5YR4/4); medium; moist, some dark stains 1G 17 - 33.5 16.5 -Sand, brown, medium, very wet 33.5-34 -Bedrock (2 teeth broken off)

Samples below collected while pulling auger from hole, depths no t known.

1H Sand from auger next below that from which 1G taken II Sand, as above but somewhat coarser (2nd auger flight) 1J Sand, as above, coarser (3rd flight) IK Sand, as above, some gray (5th flight) 1L Sand, grayish, coarse, some pebbles, stringer of ’lavender gray clay' (7th flight) 1M Brown ’clay' off bit

Remarks: No bedrock caught in bit. Hard bedrock at 629' asl (approx.). Water encountered at about 17 feet. Drilled by J.L. Bapst,.M.C. Hoyer, and D.K. Webb.

Hole 13-80-2 Pilce Co., Beaver Twp. (Waverly South Quad.) Ehy SEh, SVSk, Sect. 34, T. 5N., R. 21 W.

Near top of broad gentle hill; approximately 450 feet west of Smith Road. (Twp Rd. 293); behind house.

Elevation: 673 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 13-80-PIK ( f t ) ______

0 - 0.5 0.5 -Silt loam; brown (10YR5/3) 126

Hole 13-80-2 (continued)

2A 0.5- 4.0 3.5 -Clayey silt loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/6); few pebbles 2B 4 - 6 2 -Clayey silt; strong brown (7.5YR5/6); laminated 2C 6 - 9 3 -Clayey silt; reddish brown (2.5YR5/4); mica flakes; laminated (?); very soft, moist; mottled zone at 6 feet 2D 9 -14 5 -Very fine clayey silty sand; reddish brown (5YR4/6); mica ceous; stringers of yellowish silt; few ironstone chips 2E 14 -15 1 -Clayey silt; yellowish brown (10YR5/8) and yellowish red (5YR5/6); laminated (?); ironstone ’chips' 2F 15 -19 4 -Clayey silt; brown (similar to above color; few ironstone fragments -Hit water; no sample came up on auger 2G 19 -24+ 5 -Clay; 'brown' and 'gray’ 2H 21 2J -Sand, brown, coarse. (3rd auger flight) 2K -Sand, brown, coarse (5th auger flight 2L -Sand, brown with black specks; coarser than above (7th & 8th flight) 38 -Bedrock

Remarks: Perched water table at 15-16 feet; water table at 22 feet. Lower part of hole - depths are not clear at all; apparently sand to bedrock. 29' - 34' no samples came up, drilling change at 33.5 ft. 34' - 38' sand came up but from higher in hole. Drilled by J.L. Bapst, M.C. Hoyer and D.K. Webb.

Hole 14-80-1 Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (Stockdale Quad.) m h , NE^, SW%, Sect. 4, T. 4N., R. 20 W.

Very gently sloping area in pasture; approximately 300 feet east of drainage line and 30 feet south of Ohio Route 776; approx. 1000 ft west of McConnel Creek. 127

Hole 14-80-1 (continued)

Elevation: 676 ft asl.

Sample // Depth(ft) Thickness Description 14-80-SCI (ft)

0-1 -Silt loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/4); friable; roots abundant 1A 1 - 4 3 -Silt loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/6); friable IB 4 - 8 4 -Silt loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/8); weak blocky structure 1C 8 - 9 -Silt loam; yellowish brown ID 9 - 1 1 (10YR5/6); some mottles in lower 2 feet

IE 11 - 12 -Clay; light greenish gray (5GY7/1); mottled (strong brown (7.5YR5/6) (sample contaminated with above material) IF 12 - 14 -Sand; strong brown (7.5YR5/6) with some darker stains; medium; rounded grains with Fe stains 1G 14 - 15 -Sand, silt & clay; strong brown (7.5YR5/6) and yellowish red (5YR4/6) 1H 15 - 24 9 -Sand; yelloxtfish brown (10YR II 5/4); medium; very wet 1J 24 - 36 12 -Sand, slightly pebbly; dark IK grayish brown and dark gray 1L (10YR4/2 & 4/1); shale (?) 1M pebbles; micaceous 36 -Shale, bluish gray (5B6/1)

Remarks: Water encountered at 15 feet. Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 12-90-1 Jackson Co., Liberty Twp. (Jackson Quad.) m h , NE%, SE*s, Sect. 28, T. 7N., R. 19W.

On grounds of old Liberty School; approximately 20 feet west of east fence line, 200 feet east of school building, and approximately 300 feet south of old Ohio Route 124. 128

Hole 12-90-1 (continued)

Elevation: 690 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 12-90-JAK _____ (ft) ______

0-1 1 -Silt; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) 1A 1 - 3.5 2.5 -Silt; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); friable; few fine pebbles IB 3.5- 5 1.5 -Silt; pale brown & yellowish brown (10YR7/3 & 5/8); compact 1C 5 - 9 4 -Sand with stringers of silt & clay; pale brown and yellowish brown (10YR7/3 & 6/8); medium and fine; quartz rich; clay-light; brownish gray (2.5Y6/2) ID 9-11 2 -Sand, slightly pebbly; very pale brown and gray (10YR7/3 & 5/1); medium IE 1 1 - 1 3 2 -Sand; medium to fine; strong brown (7.5YR5/8); wet 1E2 13 -Silty clay?; laminated IF 1 3 - 1 4 1 -Clayey silt; gray (N5/) and yellowish brown (10YR5/6); laminated; some mica 1G 14-18.5 24 -Clay; "gray"; very wet at top III 18.5- 21 Core 1 2 1 - 2 3 -Oriented N. 33 E. (12-90-JAK- 1HC) II 21 - 28 1J 28 - 33 IK 33 - 38 1L 38 - 48 10 -Clay; "dark red" and "brown" 48 -Bedrock (shale?)

Remarks: Hater at 11 feet to 18.5 feet; wet near bottom again. Some sand near bottom of hole; unclear in material coming up - possibly washed off by the water. Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 19-90-1 Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (Minford Quad.) SW1^, SE1^, Sect. 33, T. 4 N . , R. 20 W. 129

Hole 19-90-1 (continued)

On crest of hill above type locality; approximately 100 feet west of embankment, approximately 60 feet south of woods; in orchard-pasture.

Elevation: 710 ft asl.

Sample // Depth(ft) Thickness Description 19-90-SCI (ft)

1A 0 - 4 6 -Silt loam; strong brown (7.5 YR5/6); friable then firm Core 1 4 - 5 -Orientation A (19-SCI-l) Core 2 5 - 6 -Orientation C (19-SCI-2) 6 - 7 1 -Pebbly silt IB 7 11 15 -Clay; brown (7.5YR5/4) and light greenish gray (5Glr7/l) ; mottled Core 3 11 - 12% -Orientation A (19-SCI-3)

1C 14 - 16 Core 4 16 - 17% -Orientation A (19-SCI-4) ID 17% — 21 -Clay; 'grayish brown' and 'yellowish brown'

Core 5 21 - 22% -Orientation A (19-SCI-5) IE 22% - 25 27 -Clay; dark gray (10YR4/1) Core 6 25 - 26% -Orientation D (19-SCI-6) IF 34 - 39 -Clay 1G 39 - 44

1H 44 - 49 11 49 - 54 5 -Clay and silt; light yellowish brown (10YR.6/4) at top, strong brown and brown (7.5YR4/4 & 5/6) 1J 54 - 57 3+ -Sand, yellow (10YR7/6); quartz rich; some clay stringers

Remarks: Orientations indicated are as follows:

A S 54°W C S 75°W D S 64°W

Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 21-90-1 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Stockdale Quad.) NW%, NW%, NE%, Sect. 21, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

On a 'point7 in a pasture; approximately 150 feet southwest of Salem Church. 130

Hole 21-90-1 (continued)

Elevation: 798 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 21-90-PIK (ft)*

0 - 1 1 -Silt loam; brown to yellowish brown (10YR5/3 - 5/4) 1 - 2 1 -Silt loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/6) 1A 2 - 4 2 -Silt; olive yellow (2.5Y6/8) and bi'ownish yellow (10YR6/8); friable IB 5 - 6.5 1.5 -Silt; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) 1C 6.5- 8 1.5 -Silty clay; yellowish brown & light yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 & 6/4) and light gray (5Y7/1); laminated ID 8 - 11 4 -Clay loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/8) IE 11 - 12.5 1.5 -Clay; gi'ay (5Y6/1), greenish gray (5GY6/1), and dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4); laminated IF 12.5- 14 8.5 -Clay; brown (7.5YR4/4, 10YR 5/3) and greenish gray (5GY 6/1); laminated(?) 1G 14 - 19 19 - 21 1H 21 - 24 27 -Clay; dark gray (10YF.4/1); plastic 11 24 - 29 1J 29 - 34 IK 34 - 39 1L 39 - 44 1M 44 - 48 -(as above, but wet) IN 44 - 48 10 48 - 52 7 -Clay; ’gray’ and ’brown’; wet IP 48 - 52 IQ 52 - 55 1R 52 - 55 IS 55 - 57 2+ -Clay and sand; ’gr a y ’; sand is medium

Remarks: Samples 1M and IS show some contamination with sand, implying that some sand layers are present with the clay; probably thin. Wafer encountered at 55 feet. Drilled by J.D. Vormellcer and M.C. Hoyer- 131

Hole 22-90-1 Jackson Co., Madison Twp. (Oak Hill Quad.) SEk, SW%, NW^, Sect. 20, T. 7N., R. 17 W.

At site 24-70 and 7-70; 25 feet west of existing pit.

Elevation: 701 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 22-90-JAK (ft)

0-1 1 -Silt loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/4) 1A 1 - 4 3 -Silty clay loam; brownish yellox<7 (10YR6/6); some weak pebbles

Disaster — jeep running on 2 cylinders; haul up and head for home

Remarks: A valve keeper broke; jeep running on 2 cylinders. See 1-100-JAK-1 for deeper hole. Drilled by J.D. Vormelker and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 26-90-1 Pike Co., Marion Twp. (Stockdale Quad.) SE^, SEh, M\%, Sect. 35., T. 5N., R. 20 W.

On level area in field north of Co. Road 40 (Stockdale Road) and west of Twp. Road 706. (Site of 16-70-1 is 10 ft north west of this site; see that description for further information.

Elevation: 697 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness^ Description 26-90-PIK (ft)

1A 1 4 -Pebbly silt loam; IB 9 - 11 -Silt loam Core 1 11 - 12 -Orientation A, 26-PIK-l clay) 1C 14 - 15 -Clay, brown Core 2 15 - 16 -Orientation B> 26-PIK-2 clay) Core 3 21 - 23 -Orientation A, 26-PIK-3 ID 23 26 -Clay, gray Core 4 26 - 27 -Orientation A, 26-PIK-4 Core 5 31 - 33 -Orientation A, 26-PIK-5 132

Hole 26-9-1 (continued)

Remarks: Orientation of cores as follows:

A — N 8°W B — N34°E

^"See 16-70-PIK-l for thicknesses and descriptions.

Hole 1-100-1 Jackson Co., Madison Twp. (Oak Hill Quad.) SEk, S\A, NW%, Sect. 20, 7N., R. 17 W.

Approximately 450 feet west of Co. Road #2, about 1.75 mi. outside Oak Hill, about 25 feet west of existing pit (adjacent to 22-90-1).

Elevation: 701 ft asl.

Sample // Depth(ft) Thickness Description 1-100-JAK ______(ft) ______

0 - 4 -See 22-90-1 1A 4 - 6 2 -Silty clay; yellowish brown (10YR5/4) IB 6 - 7 1 -Slightly silty clay; yellowi: brown (10YR5/4) with gray mottles; appears darker than above 1C 7 - 11 5 -Clay; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Core 1 11 - 12 -Bearing B, 1-100-1 ID 12 - 16 4.5 -Clay; brown (10YR5/3) with some yellow and gray mottles Core 2 16 - 17.5 -Clay; bearing A, 1-100-2; brn-gry contact IE 17.5- 21 6.5 -Clay; dark grayish bi'own (10 YR4/2) Core 3 21 - 23 -Orientation A; 1-100-3 IF 23 - 26 10 -Clay; dark gray (10YR4/1) Core 4 26 - 27.5 -Orientation A; 1-100-4 1G 27.5- 31 Core 5 31 - 33 -Orientation A; 1-100-5 1H 33 - 36 15 -Clay; gray (10YR5/1) Core 6 36 - 37 -Orientation A 11 37 - 42 1J 42 - 48 IK 48 - 54 6 -Clay; 'reddish-brown1 133

Hole 1-100-1 (continued)

1L 54 - 57 3+ -Sand, micaceous, very wet

Remarks: From 37 feet, drilling in semi-darkness. Water approx. at 42 feet. Orientation of cores are as follows:

A — N43°E B — N58°E

Drilled by D.K. Webb and M.C. Jloyer.

Hole 3-100-1 Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (Beaver Quad.) SW?s, Sect. 7, T. 6N., R. 19 W.'

6 feet south of state right-of-way along Appalachian Highway (Rt. 124); near crest of hill. (site of 13- 70-1)

Elevation: 701 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 3-100-JAK (ft) ______

0 - 4 8 -Silt and silty clay; brovmisl yellow and yellowish brown (10YR6/6 & 5/6) 4 - 8 -As above; colors yellowish brown (10YR.5/4) and light olive brown (2.5Y5/6) 8 - 11 4.5 -Clay; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and mottles Core 1 11 - 12.5 -(Orientation B, 3-100-1) 1A 12.5- 16 7.5 -Clay; reddish brown and yellowish brown (5YR.4/4 & 10YR5/4) Core 2 16 - 17.8 -Orientation A, 3-100-2" IB 17.8- 20 1C 20 - 21 1 -Silty sand; reddish brown (5YR5/4) Core 3 . 21 - 22 -Orientation A, 3-100-3 ID 22 - 26 7 -Silty clay Core 4 26 - 28.5 -Orientation A, 3-100-4 (sand at base of core)

Remarks: See 13-70-1 for deeper hole and more description.. 134

Hole 3-100-1 (continued)

Orientation of cores are as follows: A — N 71°E B — S 83°E

Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer.

Hole 15-100-1 Pike Co., Beaver Twp. (Beaver Quad.) N. edge, Sk%, NE’<, Sect. 4, T. 5N., R. 20 W.

On grounds of East Local High School; north edge of grounds, 20 feet south of old roadway. (near site of 16-9-1)

Elevation: 690 ft asl.

Sample ft Depth(ft) Thickness Description 15-100-PIK (ft)

0 - 1 1 -Silt loam; brown (10YR.4/3); friable, few pebbles 1A 1 - 4 4 -Clayey silt; yellowish brown 4-5 (10YR5/6) 5 - 6 1 -Silty clay; yellowish brown (10YR5/4) and gray (5Y6/1) - mottled IB 6-11 8 -Clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and greenish gray (5BG 6/1); laminated Core 1 11-11.5 -Orientation N 90°E; 1C 11.5- 14 ID 14 - 16 4.5 -Clay; dark gray (10YR4/1); a few sand stringers; contact with above seems transitional Core 2? 16-17.5 -Orientation N 90°E 17.5- 18.5 IE 18.5-20 1.5 -Clay; dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) 20 - 21 12.5 -Clay; dark gray (10YR4/1); some brown layers IF 21 - 26 Core’ore 4 2626-27.5 - 27 -Orientation N 90°E ' 27.5- 31 -As above; no brown layers Core 5 31-32.5 -Orientation N 90~E

Remarks: Dark and cold by the time 31 feet depth reached. Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Hoyer. 135

Hole 17-100-1 Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (Lucasville Quad.) NW*S, SWk, Sect. 17, T. 4N., R. 20 W.

Near crest of hill; approx. 150 feet south of old fence line.

Elevation: 708 ft asl.

Sample // Depth(ft) Thickness Description 17-100-SCI (ft)

0 - 1 1 -Silty loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/4) 1A 1 - 5 4 -Silt}' loam; yellowish brown (10YR5/6) IB 5 - 6 1 -Pebbly loam; very dark grayish brown and yellowish brown (10YR3/2 & 5/4); slow drilling; hard nodules? 1C 6 - 7 1+ -Silt loam; yellowish brown and strong brown (10YR5/8 & 7.5YR4/4) Broken eyebolt on hydraulic lift... end of drilling for day

Remarks: Drilled by J.L. Bapst and M.C. Iloyer.

Hole 24-100-1 Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (Lucasville Quad.) SWi*. NW^, Sect. 17, T. 4N. , R. 20 U.

Near crest of hill just to the southeast of scar for clay pit.

Elevation: 708 ft asl.

Sample # Depth(ft) Thickness Description 24-100-SCI (ft) ______

— 0 - 1 1 -Silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR5/4) 1 - 4 3 -Silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR5/6) 4 - 5 1 -Silt loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y6/4) 1A1 5 - 7 2 -Slightly pebbly silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR5/6) 1A2 7 - 9 2 -Clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) IB 9 - 11 2.55 -Clay, brown (7.5YR5/4) and greenish gray (5GY6/1), 136

Hole 24--100-1 (continued)

laminated and mottled Core 1 11 - 11.7 -Clay 1C 11.7- 16 5 -Clay, yellowish brown and dark grayish brown (10YR5/4 4/2) Core 2 16 - 17 -Clay ID 17 - 21 25.5+ -Clay, dark gray (10YR4/2), laminated Core 3 21 - 22k -Clay IE 22k - 26 -As above Core 4 26 - 21k -Clay IF 21k - 31 -As above Core 5 31 - 33 -Clay 1G 33 - 36 -As above Core 6 36 - 21k -Clay 1H 31k ~ 40 -As above Core 7 40 - 42 -Clay

Remarks: Still in clay at the bottom of this hole; mechanical break down caused stopping at this depth.

Orientations for cores are: S 85°E - cores 1,2,3,4,7 S 76°E - core 5 S 82°E ~ core 6

Drilled by J.L. Bapst, R.P. Goldthwait, and M.C. Hoyer. APPENDIX B

Locations and brief descriptions of selected localities

The information presented is organised as follows:

1. Locality number; number on Maps I and II and in text.

2. Field number.

3. County, Township, 7.5" Quadrangle. (Quadrangles are coded as follows:

Beaver - B; Gallipolis - G; Jaclcaon - J; Lucasville - L; Minford - M; New Boston - N; Oak IIi.il - 0; Bio Grande ~ EG; Rodney - R; Stockdale - S; Vinton - V; Uaverly South - WS; Wellston - W)

4. Location and brief description of locality.

5. Elevation (approximate).

6. Brief description of materials (optional).

1. (5-7-1) Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (M) C. S 1/2, Sect. 33, T. 4N. R.20W on west side of Chesapealc & Ohio Railway tracks at Minford; elevation: 700*

1.6* (0.5 m) Slightly pebbly loam (colluviu.m?) 3.0' (0.9 m) Gravel (in pockets) 4.41 (1.3 m) Brown clay, laminated 7.5’ + (2.3 mf) Grayish brown, laminated slum;) and cover

2. (19-3-1) Jackson Co., Franklin Twp. (0) SE 1/4, Sect. 22, T.6N., R.18W.; Railroad cut on west side of B & 0 Railroad tracks just north .of bridge at Camba. elevation: 720'

3. (24-6-1) Washington Co.

137 138

4. (24-6-2) Washington Co.

5. (24-6-3) Washington Co.

6. (25-6-1) Gallia Co., Raccoon Twp. (RG) SE 1/4, SW 1/4, Sect. 22, T.6N., R.16W., Road cut on north side of U. S. 35. elevation: 670'

4,0? (1.2 m) A & B horizons; heavy clay in B 0.1* (0.03 m) Ironstone 10.0* (3.0 m) Clayey sand and sandy clay Gray shale

7. (25-6-2) Gallia Co., Raccoon Twp. (R) C, Sect. 25, T.6N, R.16W; E.oad cut on north side of Adamsville-IIarrisburg Road, elevation: 6 5 0 ’

colluvium over silty sand (Gallia sand)

8. (26-6-1) Jackson Co., Madison Twp. (0) NE 1/4, SW 1/4, Sect. 20, T.7N., R.17W.; small road cut on southwest side of intersection of County Roads 2 and 5. (Description includes 6' hand auger hole); elevation: 698'

2.0* (0,6 m) Clayey loam 8.5* (2.6 m) Brown clay 2 . 9 ’+ (0.9 m+) "Gray" clay

9. (26-6-2) Jackson Co., Franklin Twp. (0) SW 1/4, NE 1/4, Sect. 34, T.6N., R.18W.; excavation along gas line, 8 ft. (2 m) trench; elevation: 50’

2 . 0 ’ (0.6 m) Clayey soil 6.0'+ (1.8 m+) Brown and brownish gray laminated clay

10. (27-6-1) Pike Co., Marion Twp. (B) NE 1/4, NW 1/4, Sect. 5, T.5N.; R.20W.; House excavation (5’ augerud); elevation: 670'

2.3’ (0.7 m) Loam 1.0’ (0.3 m) Yellowish brown clay 7.5’+ (2.3 m+) Brown laminated clay with some gypsum crystals

11. (4-7-1 & 12-70-1) Pike Co., Union Twp. (WS) SW .1/4, NW 1/4, Sect. 1, T.4N., R.21W.; Road cut along Appalachian Highway; elevation: 650’

6.7’ (2.0 m) Loam, silt loam, pebbly loam I.5* (0.5 m) Clay, red and grayish laminae I I . 5 ’ (3.5 m) Sand, crossbedded in part 139

12. (4— 7—2) Pike Co., Beaver Twp. (WS) SW 1/4, SE 1/4, Sect. 31, T.6N, R.20W.; Road cut on north side of old route 124; elevation: 725’

2.5* (0.8 m) Silty clay 5.0' ( 1.5 ra) Clayey sand 9.0’+ (2.7 m+) Clay, laminated

13. (5-7-2) Scioto Co., Harrison Twp. (M) SE 1/4, SE 1/4, Sect. 4, T.3M., R.20W.; Railroad cut, east bank; elevation: 665’

0.7’ (0.2 in) A and B soil horizons, silty 1.7' (0.5 m) Silty clay 5.8’ (1.8 m) Brown and mottled silty clay 8.5' (2.6 m) Gray clay and brown sand; appear "mixed" 5.7’ (1.7 m) White and yellow fine sand 2 . 0 ’ (0.6 in) Cover Sandstone and mudstone

14. (8-7-1) Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (S) SW 1/4, SE 1/4, Sect. 23, T .4K., R.2QW.; Behind Salem Church along Mt. Carmel road (hand augered); elevation: 790’+

1.5’ (0.5 ra) Brown clayey silt 6.5’+ (2.0 m+) Clay, brown and gray, some laminae, some small crystals

15. (8-7-2) Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (S) N 1/2, SE 1/4, Sect. 5, T.4N., R.20W.; along south side Ohio Rt. 335, near #21-70-1; (hand augured) elevation: 690’

3.9’ (1.2 m) Clayey silt, yellowish brown 5.5’+ (1.8 m) Clay, brown, laminated

16. (9-7-1) Pike Co., Marion Twp. (B) SE 1/4, ME 1/4, Sect. 9, T.5N., R.20W.; (hand augured) along Ohio Rt. 335 south of Beaver; eleva tion: 6 6 0 ’

0.6' (0.2 m) Clayey silt 2.4’ (0.7 m) Silty clay 3 . 0 ’ (0.9 m) Sandy silty clay 2.0'+ (0.6 m_) Micaceous sand with clay stringers

17. (10-7-A) Pike Co., Beaver Twp. (WS) C, W 1/2, Sect. 34, T.5N., R.21 W . ; Road cut along old route 124, north side of road; elevation: 655'

5.5’ (1.7 m) Silt and silty clay 0.5'+ (0.2 m+) Pebbly sandy clay 140

18. (10-7-1 & 10-7-2) Pike Co., Beaver Twp., (WS) NW 1/4, SE 1/4 (NE 1/4, SE 1/4) Sect. 34, T.5N., R.21W.; road cuts along north side, old route 124; west one is listed below; elevation: 710'

5.5* (1.7 m) Silt, silty sand, sand 6.0'+ (1.8 m) Clay, brown, some silt layers

19. (17-7-1) Jackson Co., Madison Twp. (0) C, S 1/2, N 1/2, Sect. 21, T.7N., R.17W.; road cut along township road in ditch; elevation: 705 1

3 ’ (0.9 irt) Silty and sandy loam 12’+ (3.7 m+) Clay, brown and gray, crystals present <1* (<0.3') Fine micaceous sand, brown

20. (17-7-2) Jackson Co., Liberty Twp. (J) NW 1/4, SE 1/4, Sect. 23, T.7N., R.19W.; (hand augered) slumped exposure on north side of former route 124; elevation: 680'

4.5* (1.4 m) Clay, brown and gray laminated with silt and fine sand Hard resistance (Bedrock?)

21. (18-7-1) Pike Co., Beaver Twp. (B) NW 1/4, NE 1/4, Sect. 4, T.5N., R.20W.; Road cut (last 8.3T augered) on north side of old route 124 west of Beaver; elevation: 710*

2.5* (0.8 m) Silty clay, brown 13.8l+ (4.2 ro+) Clay, laminated, brown with some silt laminae

22. (19-7-1) Pike Co., Marion Twp. (B) NE 1/4, SE 1/4, Sect, 10, T.5N., R.20W.; Road cut along north side Appalachian Highway; elevation: 6 9 8 ’

2.5’ (0.8 m) Sandy loam and sand 8.7’ (2.7 m) Clay, brown and gray, contorted laminae 5.0’+ (1.5 nrf) Clay, gray with some brown, laminated

23. (27-7-1) Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (B) SW 1/4, SE 1/4, Sect. 7, T.6N., R.19W.; Exposure along north side Appalachian Highway; elevation: 708'

2 1 (0.6 m) Silt 2 1 (0.6 m) Pebbly loam 6 ’ (1.8 in) Brown clay, laminated 2 ’+ (0.6 m-l-) Gray clay, laminated

24. (1-8-1) Scioto Co., Harrison Twp. (N) NW 1/4, NW 1/4, Sect. 6, T.3N., R.20W.; Along north side of Minford-Lucasville Road; augered; elevation: 730'

3.4* (1.0 m) Clay, laminated, varicolored 1'+ (0.3 m+) Fine sand, light gray 141

25. (1-8-2) Pike Co., Marion Twp. (S) W 1/2, SE 1/4, Sect. 33, T.5N., R .20 W . ; elevation: 720’; exposure along road (co. rd. 40) and about 30 m north of road (hand augered)

3 ’ (0.9 m) Pebbly loam 3' (0.9 m) Clay, brown, mottled, crystals of gypsum 6'+ (1.8 m+) Clay, laminated with some silt layers, brown and gray

26. (2-8-1) Pike Co., Reaver Twp. (B) NE 1/4, NE 1/4, Sect. 34, T.6N., R.20W.; road cut on east side Ohio route 335; augered in ditch on west side; elevation: 760*

12' (3,7 m) Loam over brown clay (exposed) 3.5T (1.1 m) Clay, brown, some mottling 7.0* (2.1 m) Clay, gray, with some hard silt layers 0.3* (0.1 m) Fine sand, gray 2.2'+ (0.7 nri-) Clay, gray

27. (8-10-1) Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (S) NW 1/4, Sect. 20 & SW 1/4, Sect. 17, T.6N., R.19W.; top of hill along county road, small exposures along ditch; near 11-9-3; elevation: 701T

5* (1.5 m) Sand 30' (9.1 m) Clay ? Fine sand

28. (24-60-1) Scioto Co., Harrison Twp. (M) SE 1/4, SW 1/4, Sect. 26, T.3N., R.20W.; Meade Cemetery; elevation: 670'

2.5'+ (0.8 m+) Loam

29. (24-60-2) Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (M) W.C., E 1/2, Sect. 33, T.4N., R.20W.; Exposure in ditch along road; top elevation: 665’; bedrock elevation: 655’

10' (3.0 m) Sand, white and brown, some silty patches Sandstone

30. (26-60-2) Pike Co., Seal Twp. (WS) SW 1/4, SW 1/4, Sect. 27, T.5N., R.21W.; hand augered hole approx. 10 m south of Market Street; elevation:

3.3* (1.0 m) Silt, yellowish brown 0.5* (0.2 m) Pebbly silt, yellowish brown 2.1' (0.6 m) Silt, brownish yellow, some iron nodules 0.5* (0.03 m) Pebbly silt, brown Hard resistance

31. (27-60-1) Pike Co., Marion Twp. (B) C, N 1/2, Sect. 33, T.5N,, R.20W,; north of Stockdale Cemetery, in field east of Ohio route 335 (hand augered); elevation: 775’ 142

2.2’ (0,7 m) Silt, yellowish brown 0.7’ (0.2 m) Silty clay, yellowish brown, a few quartz pebbles 2.5’ (0.8 m) Clay, yellowish brown, mottled 0.5'+ (0.2 m+) Clay, brown, laminated

32. (27-60-2) Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (S) SW 1/4, Sect. 2, T.4N., R.20W.; Along Richard Road; elevation: 785'

Colluvium over clay

33. (2-7-1, 2, 3; 3-7-1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Pike Co., Marion Twp. (13) SW 1/4, Sect. 10, T.5N., R.20W.; Exposures along south side of Appalachian Highway (generalized composite section description below); eleva tion: 6 9 0 ’

1 ’ (0.3 m) Pebbly silt, yellowish brown 1' (0.3 m) Silt, brown 1* (0.3 m) Pebbly clay, yellowish brown 12* + (3.7 m +) Clay, brown, mottled near top, laminated, some thin sand and silt laminae 0-41 + (0-1.2 m_d) Sand, reddish brown to yellowish brown Sandstone

34. (28-60-1) Pike Co., Marion Twp. (B) NW 1/4, SE 1/4, Sect. 10, T.5N., R.20W.; south side of Appalachian Highway; elevation: 690*

0.8' (0.3 m) Pebbly silt 0.8’ (0.3 m) Silty clay 4.3’ (1.3 m) Clay, brown, laminated 1 2.0’+ (3.7 m+) Clay, gray, laminated

35. (5-70-1) Pike Co., Marion Twp. (B) C., Sect. 9, T.5N., R.20W.; southeast corner of intersection Appalachian Highway and Ohio Rt. 335; elevation: 660’

10’ (3.0 m) Cover 2.0’ (0.6 m) Clay, brown, laminated 0.2* (0.1 m) Clay, brownish yellow, hard 0.5' (0.2 m) Clay, yellowish brown 2.5' (0.8 m) Medium sand, brownish yellow and reddish brown; crusty 1.0’ (0.3 m) Medium sand, brown, parallel beds

36. (6-70-1) Jackson Co., Lick Twp. (W) SW 1/4, SE 1/4, Sect, 22, T.7N., R.18W.; Northwest corner intersection of Pattonsville Road and Appalachian Highway; elevation: 705’ Cover 5.2’ (1.6 m) Clay, yellowish brown 5.8' (1.8 m) Clay, brown and light gray, laminated 0.7’ (0.2 m) Sand, yellowish red, cemented 0.9’ (0.3 m) Pebbly sand, brown 1.0’+ Sand, yellowish red, medium 143

Cover Black Shale

37. (6-70-2) Gallia Co., Springfield Twp. (V) approx. 0.3 1cm NE of Sect. 26, T.6N., R.15W.; along sides of Harrisburg-Kerr Road east of Bidwell-Rodney Road; elevation of top: 715'; of bottom: 680'

5 ’ (1.5 m) Loam (in bank) 20’+ (6.1 m+) Clay, yellowish brown and brown

38. (7-70-1) Jackson Co., Madison Twp. (0) SE 1/4, NT-7 1/4, Sect. 20, T.7N., R.17W.; Test pit approx. 100 m west of Co. Rd. 2; elevation: 700'

2,0* (0.6 m) Silt, yellowish brown, few pebbles I.2* (0.4 m) Clayey silt, yellowish brown 4.9' (1.5 m) Silty clay, mottled, few pebbles 7.01 (2.1 m) Clay, brown, laminated II.3'+ (3.5 m+) Clay, gray, laminated

Note: Paleomag. samples taken here (24-70-1).

orientation of holder (°) Sample No. Strike dip depth

OS-9-24 N 90 W 90 89 OS-20-24 N 82 W 87 NE 147 OS-24-24 N 83 E 87 NW 198 OS-26-24 N 86 W 87 NE 206 OS-28-24 N 59 W 80 NE 193

39. (12-70-1) Pike Co., Beaver Twp. (MS) SE 1/4, Sect. 33, T.5N., R.21W.; north side of Appalachian Highway; elevation: 655'

1.5' (0.5 m) Silt, yellowish brown 0.7' (0.2 m) Silt loam, yellowish brown 3.6' (1.1 m) Clay, brown, mottled and laminated; base is yellowish red 9.0' (2.7 m) Sand, brown, medium 0.8' (0.2 m) Silt, brown 3.0'+ (0.9 m+) Sand, yellowish brown

40. (14-70-1) Pike Co., Seal Twp. (WS) SW 1/4, NE 1/4, Sect. 32, T.5N., R.21W.; Railroad cut on east side of C & 0 tracks south of Ohio route 124 overpass; elevation: 665*

1 0 T (3.0 m) Silts 144

41. (3-80-1) Jackson Co., Lick Twp. (W) C, SE 1/4, Sect, 14, T.7N., R. 18W.; southeast corner of intersection of Rice Road and Appalachian Highway; elevation: 810'

Large slump involving about 3 acres 6* (1.8 m) Loam, yellowish brown 1' (0.3 m) Sand, gray and brown 25* (7.6 m) Clay, laminated and mottled Shale and sandstone

42. (3-80-2) Jackson Co., Milton Twp. (W) NE 1/4, SW 1/4, Sect. 19, T.9N., R.17W.; hillside along west side of Appalachian Highway; elevation: 725’

3* (0.9 m) Pebbly silt loam 1 5 T (4.6 m) Clay, brown, laminated 5* + (1.5 ml) Clay, gray and brown

43. (3-80-3) Jackson Co., Milton Twp. (W) SE 1/4, SW 1/4, Sect. 30, T.9N., R.17W.; House foundation; elevation: 710*

8'+ (2.4 m+) Clay

44. (8-80-1) Jackson Co., Scioto Twp. (B) SW 1/4, SW 1/4, Sect. 8, T.6N., R.19W.; ditch exposure; elevation: 683*

6* (1.9 m) Sand, medium, reddish brown (weathered bedrock?)

45. (8-80-2) Jackson Co., Liberty Twp. (J) Bank along road (old 124)

5-7* (1.5-2.1 m) Gravelly loam 1'+ (0.3 m+) Clay, brown, mottled

46. (11-80-1) Jackson Co., Franklin Twp. (0) NW 1/4, SW 1/4, Sect. 11, T.6N., R.18W.; house foundation excavation; elevation: 720*

3'+ (0.9 m+) Colluvial material Clay, mottled

47. (14-80-1) Jackson Co., Liberty Twp. (J) E 1/2, SE 1/4, Sect. 21, T.7N., R.19W.; small exposure of clay along township road and east of house; elevation: 730*

48. (23-90-1) Jackson Co., Bloomfield Twp. (W) SE 1/4, SE 1/4, Sect. 18, T.8N., R.17W,; road cut at junction of Twp, Road 154 and Ohio Route 327; elevation: 712*

10* (3 m) Clay, brown and gray 145

49. (23-90-2) Gallia Co., Raccoon Twp. (RG) SW 1/4, NE 1/4, Sect. 19, T.6N., R.16W.; road bank on north side of U.S. 35; elevation: 685'

3 1 (0.9 m) Loam 11'+ (3.4 mH-) Clay, brown, laminated Clay, gray and grown, laminated Clay, brown, laminated

50. (23-90-2) Gallia Co., Green Twp. (R) SE corner Sect. 35, NE corner Sect. 34, T.5N., R.15W.; near crest of hill; elevation: 708'

51. (23-90-3) Gallia Co., Green Twp. (R) SW 1/4, SE 1/4, Sect. 24, T.5N., R.15W,; north side of Fairfield Church Road; elevation: 700*

Loam, "red" clay, sand, and bedrock

52. (11-90-1) Scioto Co., Madison Twp. (L) SW 1/4, NW 1/4, Sect. 17, T.4N., R.20W.; Test pit east of Martin Cemetery; elevation: 710'

4 ’ (1.2 m) Loam 34'+ (10.3 m) Clay, brown, and gray, laminated

Note: oriented samples 1A, IB & 1C collected here at 11.21, 16.7' and 2 2 ’

53. (16-100-1) Gallia Co., Green Twp. (R) SW 1/4, NW 1/4, Sect. 30, T.5N., R.15W.; one mile southwest of Rodney just east of turn in Cora Road; exposed best on north side of road; elevation: 719*

0.8' (0.2 m) Clay, reddish 1-2' (0.3-0.6 m) Clay, brown 1 6 ’+ (4.9 m+) Clay, laminated

54. (20-50-2) Gallia Co., Springfield Twp. (R) SE 1/4, NE 1/4, Sect. 25, T.6N., R.15W.; house excavation west of Bidwell-Rodney Road; elevation: 715’

Slopewash over brown clay

55. (20-50-3) Gallia Co., Springfield, Twp. (V) about 0.8 1cm north of NE corner of Sect. 26, T.6N., R.15W.; along Bidwell-Rodney Road; elevation: 665'

Loam/clay/sand

56. (20-50-4) Gallia Co., Springfield Twp. (V) NE 1/4, Sect. 32, T.6N., R.15W,; road cuts along Rodney-Harrisburg Road; elevation: 665' (similar to 55) 146

57. (20-50-6) Gallia Co., Springfield Twp. (R) 1.3 km west of Kerr; north of W 1/2, Sect. 13, T.6N., R.15W.; elevation; 680T

4.I 1 (1.2 m) Loamy soil 2.0' (0.6 m) Sand, hard ll.O'-l- (3.4 m) Sand, brown, some clay stringers, some cross beds

58. (18-72-1) Pike Co., Seal Twp. (WS) SE 1/4, NE 1/4, Sect. 18, T.5N., R.21W.; railroad cut on east side of C & 0 Railroad about 60 m south of farm bridge; elevation: 690r

2.2' (0.7 m) Silt loam and silty clay loam, yellowish brown 1.8* (0.6 ra) Clay loam and silty clay loam, grayish brown 1.0* (0.3 m) Sandy loam, grayish brown, mottles 1.8r (0.6 in) Sandy clay loam, dark grayish brown, somewhat indurated 1.5* (0.5 m) Silty and clayey fine sand, dark gray and yellowish brown, lower portion indurated 1.8* (0.6 m) Clay, mottled, brown 6.0' (1.8 m) Clay, olive gray, laminated 0.5’ (0.2 m) Silty clay, multicolored 1.8’+ (0.6 m+) Sand, medium and fine, brown and yellowish brown, clay stringers, some planar crossbeds APPENDIX C

Granulometry was done by following procedures similar to those for grain-size analysis by the American Society for Testing Materials

(1964). Sodium carbonate was used to disperse the clay minerals for hydrometer analysis.

Table 5. Grain-size distribution of some sand}’’ samples of Teays Formation.

Percent Retained on Sieve Sample # 2000y lOOOy 500y 250y 125y 63y pan

1-100-1L 0.00 0.01 0.35 8.24 69.61 15.87 5.92 19-90-1J 0.00 0.39 15.37 76.57 5.74 1.02 0.89 10-80-1T 0.01 0.05 0.89 71.39 16.24 4.61 6.81 10-80-1U 0.74 0.04 0.75 61.12 24.50 4.84 8.03 10-80-1W 0.28 0.04 1.48 53.87 34.11 4.69 5.53

147 Table 6, Grain-size distribution and moisture content of some samples of the Teays Formation and overlying materials.

Grain sizes Percent Sample # >2000y <2000>63y <63>4y <4>2y <2y Water

19-90-1A 0.00 10.47 53.17 4.50 31.86 4.0 19-90-IB 0.00 0.73 17.94 11.87 69.46 18.3 19-90-1C 0.00 0.19 16.15 14.47 69.19 19.5 19-90-ID 0.00 0.12 1,8.06 13.80 68.02 20.0 19-90-1E 0.00 0.56 13.03 13.34 73.07 19.8 19-90-1G 0.00 0.39 40.26 6.65 52.60 9.7 19-90-1H 0.00 0.18 22.82 15.83 61.17 18.9 3-100-1A 0.00 0.25 19.43 8.61 71.71 20.0 3-100-1B 0.00 0.25 25.93 10.50 63.62 19.6 3-100-1C 0.00 56.24 27.84 3.85 12.07 1.4 3-100-1D 0.34 15.75 51.94 5.37 26.60 11.5 26-90-1A 12.71 -40.44 37.85 2.30 6.70 8.8 26-90-1B 0.00 41.96 34.60 1.56 20.78 10.5 26-90-1C 0.00 1.05 12.33 11.03 75.59 19.2 26-90-11) 0.00 0.19 25.15 17.77 56.89 21.3 16-70-1L 0.00 6.42 62.32 2.52 29.11 18.8 21-70-1A 0.00 17.13 51.30 2.39 29.18 7.8 21-70-1B 0.00 0.65 6.85 9.46 83.04 20.5 21-70-ID 0.00 0.01 5.41 8.69 85.89 23.3 21-70-1E 0.00 0.04 18.30 7.16 74.50 22.4 21-70-1F 0.00 0.02 17.18 12.22 70.58 22.4 21-70-1H 0.00 0.04 11.20 13.03 75.73 22.4 21-70-1J 0.00 0.17 21.71 13.57 64.55 23.0 21-70-1P 0.00 2.9.81 45.98 5.61 18.60 19.4 12-90-1A 0.00 39.25 35.11 4.68 20.96 3.4 12-90-1B 0.00 38.96 32.17 3.96 24.91 4.0 12-90-1F 0.00 22.49 43.02 6.43 28.06 15.1 12-90-1G 0.00 15.64 57.45 2.19 24.72 16.9 12-90-1H 0.00 14.56 24.01 8.54 52.89 18.9 12-90-11 0.00 20.91 49.84 5.31 23.94 19.3 12-90-1J 0.00 24.26 49.61. 4.70 21.43 15.2 12-90-1K 0.00 25.72 49.62 2.20 22.46 11.3 12-90-1L 0.43 7.17 31.58 19.03 41.96 21.9 21-90-1A 0.36 13.01 62.79 7.78 16.06 3.8 21-90-1B 0.92 18.03 45.31 9.48 26.26 7.3 21-90-1C 2.86 22.26 36.39 6.14 32.35 9.0 21-90-ID 1.59 32.16 25.97 5.17 35.11 10.1 21-90-1E 0.00 0.45 13.34 16.13 70.08 11.6 21-90-1G 0.00 0.19 19.16 20.46 60.19 11.9 21-90-11 0.00 0.56 15.91 14.22 69.31 21.9 149

Percei Sample # >2000y <2000>63y <63>4y <4>2y <2y Wate: % % % % %

24-100-1 0.00 0.87 11.40 23.78 63.95 2.0 4-4WVA-3 0.00 1.68 42.37 18.29 37.66 4.6 24-100-2 0.00 0.26 14.96 17.56 67.22 1.7 24-100-3 0.00 0.03 10.00 20.99 68.98 1.2 24-100-4 0.00 0.03 7.10 17.79 75.08 1.5 24-100-5 0.00 0.03 5.10 12.99 81.88 1.3 24-100-6 0.00 0.03 5.10 14.89 79.98 1.3 24-100-7 0.00 0.03 5.90 14.19 79.88 1.3 21-90-1J 0.00 0.60 16.20 11.63 71.57 19.4 21-90-1L 0.00 0.40 13.25 12.25 74.10 21.6 21-90-1N 0.00 17.64 18.48 8.15 55.76 18.9 21-90-1P 0.00 6.42 35.00 7.30 51.28 23.1 21-90-1R 0.00 10.48 9.22 7.88 72.42 27.2 21-90-1S 0.00 15.03 32.37 10.71 41.89 19.6 2-70-3A 2.05 14.02 39.62 11.67 32.64 12.4 2-70-3E 0.10 2.75 22.93 10.88 63.34 10.8 2-70-3C 0.00 2.25 48.88 15.64 33.23 9.3 2-70-3D 19.47 0.39 14.51 15.94 49.69 10.1 2-70-3E 0.00 0.27 14.66 14.36 70.71 12.6 3-70-1A 8.77 17.15 46.23 10.12 17.71 5.3 3-70-1B 4.37 10.27 40.37 14.17 30.82 7.5 3-70-1C 0.00 2.19 12.13 11.84 73.84 16.1 3-70-1D 0.00 0.23 15.17 13.77 70.83 15.7 3-70-IE 0.00 0.72 28.49 12.91 57.88 13.5 22-90-1A 0.00 7.91 35.91 10.32 45.86 9.7 1-100-1A 1.02 5.05 36.47 8.90 48.56 3.8 1-100-1B 0.00 0.85 17.75 16.26 65.14 8.5 1-100-lC 0.29 0.10 14,04 14.95 85.87 16.5 1-100-1D 0.00 0.27 14.96 13.96 70.81 17.1 1-100-1E 0.00 0.03 8.79 6.20 84.98 21.9 1-100-1F 0.00 0.08 5.82 14.16 79.94 20.4 19-90-11 0.15 0.90 16.43 13.28 69.37 21.9 1-100-1J 0.00 0.27 18.15 17.85 63.73 19.4 1-100-11 0.00 0.17 9.78 14.68 75.37 18.0 1-100-1H 0.00 0.12 10.89 14.78 74.31 19.7 1-100-1G 0.00 0.05 3.72 11.68 84.55 19.5 1-100-1K 0.00 0.15 17.48 17.77 64.60 20.8 15-100-1A 0.15 8.90 41.02 13.55 36.38 6.9 15-100-1B 0.00 0.44 7.86 7.97 83.73 8.2 1^-100-lC 0.00 0.41 9.66 12.25 77.68 12.9 15-100-ID 0.00 0.02 7.00 18.00 74.98 13.4 15-100-1E 0.00 0.05 14.39 15.39 70.17 10.5 15-100-1F 0.00 0.48 12.04 10.25 77.23 21.1 15-100-1G 0.00 0.02 13.20 18.10 68.68 19.8 10-80-1A 1.28 18.55 53.62 7.61 19.98 4.4 10-80-IB 1.83 20.57 47.41 6.13 24.06 7.6 10-80-1C 21.42 34.18 23.22 3.01 18.17 3.4 150 Percent Sample # >2000y <2000>63y <63>4p <4>2y <2y Wate: % % % % %

10-80-ID 1.98 50.41 24.27 2.20 21.14 6.8 10-80-1E 7.37 56.36 13.09 2.86 20.32 10.9 10-80-IF 7.82 56.31 13.86 3.02 18.99 10.0 10-80-1G 0.02 " 1.59 7.68 14.46 76.27 19.5 10-80-111 0.00 0.40 7.27 7.87 84.46 19.4 10-80-11 0.00 0.39 8.89 13.52 77.20 18.6 10-80-1K 0.00 0.58 11.43 11.14 76.85 20.9 10-80-1L 0.00 0.52 9.95 17.01 72.52 15.9 10-80-1M 0.00 0.45 9.85 17.42 72.28 19.7 10-80-1N 0.00 1.57 11.50 14.38 72.55 20.5 10-80-1R 0.05 8.68 43.77 14.69 32.84 18.9 10-80-IP 0.57 31.06 32.62 13.34 22.62 16.7 24-100-1A1 4.73 22.63 42.06 5.09 25.49 10.3 21-100-1A2 0.79 9.77 25.94 11.63 51.87 12.1 13-70-1A 0.00 8.89 30.07 11.02 50.02 9.8 13-70-1B 0.23 32.03 25.00 6.64 36.19 6.6 APPENDIX D

Clay-size Mineral Determinations

Method used is very similar to that used in the Soil Characteriza tion Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, The Ohio State University. It is a modification of that by Johns and others (.1954) by Wilding and

Drees (pers. communication).

Preparation included separating clay-size (<2 p ) materia],s from

d-d- other size fractions; saturating the clay minerals with Mg ; mounting clay slurry on three ceramic plates under a vacuum. One is treated with ethylene glycol; one is heated to 400°C; one is air-dryed, before being run on x-ray diffractometer (General Electric XliD, CuK a radiation, 45 kv, 15 ma, 1° slit, scan rate: 2° 2 0 /min.; counter voltage 1200 to 1300 lev) . The sample heated to 400°C is run on the diffractometer, heated again to 550°C and run again.

Peak areas are measured; relative percentages are then calculated using the following peaks and relative diffraction intensity ratios:

Illite = (10.0 - 10.2 2. E.G. peak) x 4 o Smectite = (15.0 - 18.0 A E.G. peak)

Vermiculite = ^_(14.J0 - 14.7 X E.G. peak) - (14.0 - 14.7 X 400°C peak)/ x 2

Chlorite = (14,0 - 14,7 X 400°C peak) x 2

151 Kao Un i t e = (3,5 A 40Q°C peak) - 3.5 X 500°C peak)

Quartz — - (3.3 X E.G. peak) = 0.75 x (10.0 - 10,2 X E.G. peak)

Interstratified => (10.2 X - 14.0 X E.G. peak) x 2

These values are summed; then percentages calculated. Percentage values should be considered as + 5% of what might be a true value. Table 7. Relative percent of clay minerals and quartz in the less than 2 micron fraction of the Teays Formation and overlying materials.

Sample Number' Illite Chlorite Vermiculite Kaolinite Smectite* Interstrat.T Ouartz Material

1-100-1 81 3 Q 1 tr 6 brown clay 1-100-2 68 18 4 1 8 brown&gray clay 1-100-3 59 28 6 tr 7 gray clay 1-100-4 71 18 6 tr 5 gray clay 1-100-5 71 18 4 tr 6 gray clay 1-100-6 71 12 4 1 12 gray clay 1-100-1H 79 11 7 tr 3 gray clay 1-100-11 70 14 9 2 5 gray clay 1-100-1J 71 12 3 2 12 tr gray clay 1-100-1K 63 10 1 8 9 7 1 brown clay

3-100-1B 71 • * 10 4 4 6 5 brown clay 3-100-1C 65 5 9 10 4 4 3 silt 3-100-1D 45 3 27 8 6 5 5 brown silty cla;

12-S0-1A 26 7 26 10 9 16 5 silt 12-90-1B 11 3 40 12 14 12 7 silt 12-90-1F 35 2 40 4 5 12 2 silt

12-90-1H 70 10 • • 7 2 9 2 gray clay 12-90-1J 54 5 13 6 6 12 5 gray clay 12-90-1K 49 7 10 9 6 15 4 gray clay

12-90-1L 55 15 • * 7 7 10 6 brown clay

26-90-1A 23 3 27 6 18 18 5 silt 26-90-1B 32 15 4 16 13 14 6 silt

26-90-1C 74 * • 18 3 1 3 • • brown clay

26-90-ID 71 13 • • 8 tr 6 1 gray clay 153 (continued) Table 7. (continued)

Sample Number Illite Chlorite Vermiculite Kaolinite Smectite* Interstrat.f Quartz Material

16-70-1L 59 7 4 10 3 13 3 clayey silt

15-100-IB 75 • • 8 8 1 3 6 brown clay 15-100-1 70 8 16 # . 3 4 5 brown clay

15-100-ID 73 11 • • 8 1 7 a a gray clay

15-100-2 72 16 • • 2 1 6 3 gray clay 15-100-IE 78 7 8 tr 1 5 tr brown clay

15-100-3 72 16 • • 2 1 9 tr gray clay

15-100-5 66 13 • • 8 2 8 3 gray clay

19-90-1A 33 2 18 5 25 tr 16 silt 19-90-1 37 5 14 1 18 20 5 silt 19-90-2 52 5 0 2 15 11 7 silt 19-90-3 60 2 o 1 8 14 6 b r o w clay 19-90-4 67 3 17 2 2 9 tr brown clay 19-90-5 68 4 11 4 2 11 tr gray clay

21-70-1A 50 3 19 a • 14 2 12 silt

21-70-1B 72 • • 24 2 * * 2 brown clay

21-70-ID 80 12 • • 4 tr 4 « . gray clay

21-70-1H 74 16 • a 7 tr 3 • • gray clay

21-70-1J 75 14 * • 2 3 3 4 b r o w clay

24-100-1 68 1 23 tr tr 8 brown clay 24-100-2 78 8 4 tr 1 9 * # brown clay

24-100-3 72 18 a a 2 1 7 • • gray clay

24-100-4 76 14 a a 1 1 8 a a gray clay

(continued) H Ln 4S Table 7. (continued)

Sample Number Illite Chlorite Vermiculite Kaolinite Smectite* Interstrat.f Quartz Material

24-100-5 75 16 • • 1 1 7 • • gray clay 24-100-6 75 10 , • 3 1 10 1 gray clay

24-100-7 74 12 « • 6 1 7 • • gray clay

4-4-3 (W. Va.) 70 2 8 11 2 7 • • brown clay

* Smectite includes all material which expanded to more than 15 & upon glycolation. + Interstratified clay includes all clay having d-spacings between 10 and 14 8. upon glycolation. 155 APPENDIX E

Paleomagnetic data

Samples are. listed with the calculated results from each set of spins. Declination is recorded in degrees clockwise from north.

Inclination is positive (negative) below (above) the horizon. Intensity reported is the total moment of each sample in emu/sample (12cm^).

Ir/Io is the ratio between the intensity of residual remanent magnetism of the sample and the intensity of the original remanent magnetism.

Polarity interpreted for each sample is stated as reverse (R), normal (H)» or anomalous (A) with the 200 oe a-f wash data.

156 Table 8. Paleomagnetic data summary

Sample No. Treatment Declination Inclination Intensity* Ir/Iot Polarity§ Remarks (emu)______

19-90-1 70193A NRM 43.14 -73.99 0.337E-5 1.00 brown clay 200 146.70 -78.04 0.153E-5 0.45 R 70193B NRM 345.67 41.76 0.248E-4 1.00 brown clay 200 331.91 27.40 0.489E-5 0.20 N 70194B NRM 268.22 4.44 0.678E-5 1.00 brown clay 200 249.14 2.70 0.382E-5 0.56 A 70195A NRM 269.50 59.27 0.313E-5 1.00 gray clay 200 288.35 2.74 0.162E-5 0.51 A 70195B NRM 214.30 -52.41 0.141E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 207.32 -52.69 0.886E-5 0.63 R

26-90-1 7262A NRM 52.82 -41.52 0.70SE-5 1.00 gray clay 200 54.24 -27.88 0.425E-5 0.60 A 7262B2 NRM 14.78 22.80 0.131E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 30.19 29.52 0.194E-5 0.15 N 72263A1 NRM 64.90 -69.22 0.129E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 79.31 -71.74 0.127E-4 0.98 A 72263B NRM 79.10 -77.51 0.457E-5 1.00 gray clay 200 142.96 -69.81 0.533E-5 1.17 R 72263C1 NRM 161.29 -38.92 0.150E-4 1.00 gray clay 100 161.97 -40,20 0.152E-4 1.01 200 162.83 -39.20 0.156E-4 1.04 R 300 163.53 -38.60 0.154E-4 1.03 400 164.17 -38.11 0.154E-4 1.03 157 Table 8 (continued)

Sample No. Treatment 1 Declination Inclination Intensity* Ir/Iot Polarity§ Remarks (emu) ______

72263C1 500 165.02 -37.75 0.154E-4 1.03 600 165.70 -37.08 0.151E-4 1.01 700 166.53 -36.86 0.148E-4 0.99 800 168.38 -36.39 0.143E-4 0.95 72263D1 NRM 351.18 -82.54 0.540E-5 1.00 gray clay 200 212.67 -80.33 0.502E-5 0.93 R 7264A1 NRM 234.20 -76.36 0.527E-5 1.00 gray clay 200 217.73 -69.56 0.595E-5 1.13 R 7264B1 NRM 135.24 -76.96 0.139E-4 1.00 gray clay 100 149.77 -68.24 0.152E-4 1.09 200 148.94 -68.46 0.144E-4 1.03 R 300 146.08 -66.92 0.139E-4 1.00 400 146.63 -66.21 0.133E-4 0.96 500 146.37 -65.41 0.132E-4 0.95 600 147.38 -64.67 0.127E-4 0.91 700 148.77 -65.40 0.125E-4 0.90 800 147.22 -65.11 0.119E-4 0.86 900 154.28 -63.91 0.116E-4 0.83 1000 148.12 -63.59 0.112E-4 0.81 7264C1 NRM 289.58 -46.98 0.214E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 2S8.76 -49.77 0.202E-4 0.94 A

1- 100-1 OS092470 NRM 129.83 -50.37 0.559E-5 1.00 brown clay 100 144.96 -58.39 0.641E-5 1.15 200 142.57 -58.56 0.692E-5 1.24 R 300 152.48 -62.02 0.700E-5 1.25 400 155.98 -60.19 0.6S8E-5 1.25 158 Sample No. Treatment Declination Inclination Intensity* Ir/lof Polarity§ Remarks o o o o - o t s t s t s Mj* O CO CM rs O CM s i i O CM r~- o o o o o i£> H o c j m H n i LO o H HrH rH m n O O CO CM o CO CM o o CO O vO m rH . - r CM CO n w I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III i • • • • • • • • - j- M vD. Ml* o rH CO lO CM O o c H rH m rH CM w i • • • 0 - n o CO DVOVD 0 0 vO >— *. n CM o o m Ml* in n m rH rH rH rH m w i 1 • • I Z rH |Z< 0 0 o D v o o c n c o CO VO HH rH CM - * r in in H w i i • • » • Mj* ON CM CM MCM CM o o o o O q p o S rH j- < n i OCO CO o n i o O w H euo rt CJ & i 1 t • • D v VO CO Ml* rH <3* LO in r^ H r - ' i 0 V CO VO rH W i i • • • • • • • • 0 • j* M MCO CM O O VO m MCO CM CM rH H r Ml* LO m M O •M* CO m I i - r OON CO n r — 1 1 • • 1 o O CM Ml* CO U0 t S Mi* HMl* .H LO H r o ON w i 1 • • • • • Ml* Ml* o o o o o Ocr> CO . r c x MCO CM rH rH CO o o o OVO CO CM n o m o M —1 i ■ • • m m co nr-.in o rH OmSi- S m VO CTv o o VD O') n i CM w j

r i • O VO o o o o o o o m Ml* m CM 0-1 n o i—1 CH tH OC CO CO CO m CM «n w i i T • • • • n* o CM o c CO CO t s f M MM*CM Mj* CM 0 0 in CM - n 1-^ . - r ^ r o o o H o n w i « • e • » • * 0 0 Ml* o o MCM CM NCO ON MCN CM lO m Ml* - - r o o CO LO w I 1 o • • vO ON o OMl* VO CO co o CO CO m i i • » • • i—I o VO VD o CM VO O O m CO CO - h in o m Lf) w 1 1 • 0 « o v vo VO in CM H r CM H CO 3 H CM MrH CM Mj* o o rH r-T-i id cdb bO J t • • • • • • • VO I o { - r l* M m o n i O o X CO n i CO O O C x m — 1O —1 — 1 i • • • 1 rH ! HC t S CO CH o Mj* CM ON CM o rH ON Mj* OCO CO —!rH r ! i— Mi* m o -' v- i m c— Pi 1 1 • • • • • • ■ 0 • • • • » O O Mi* co m rH il O o Ml* o I'"- O H r w 1 t o o o o o o rH ON OV CO VO CO "' CM '* I" o c >* r> Mj* i m CO H CO o o OH O CM '. * r in N i i • * Mt* j* M m H r H r MmCO m CM Ml* i ON o Ml* i o Mj* n > H r W — — t I • • • 1 OH 1 VD f M o o OLO VO CM r-^ o o o MMf M CM CO i - r m m LO w t I • CM ' ' I rH CM H r - n o Ml* CO O rH w i i • 0 800 161.81 - 2.49 0.795E-5 0.38 900 157.15 13.21 0.118E-4 0.56 1000 189.65 5.79 0.664S-5 0.31 0S242470 NRM 150.38 - 4.52 0.17SE-3 1.00 gray clay 100 153.08 - 6.39 0.175E-3 0.98 159 Table 8 (continued)

Sample No. Treatment Declination Inclination Intensity* Ir/Iot PolarityS Remarks (emu)

OS242470 200 151.75 - 8. 16 0.I53E-3 0.85 R 300 153.79 - 9. 29 0.115E-3 0.63 400 150.91 -10. 88 0.826E-4 0.46 500 151.19 -10. 91 0.644E-4 0.36 600 152.43 -10. 98 0.493E-4 0.28 700 153.27 -15. 79 0.446E-4 0.25 800 148.33 - 4. 84 0.367E-4 0.21 900 149.51 -12. 65 0.264E-4 0.15 1000 147.95 - 8. 21 0.251E-4 0.14 OS282470 NRM 172.51 -23. 49 0.187E-3 1.00 gray clay 100 173.09 -22. 22 0.180E-3 0.96 200 173.72 -22. 68 0.160E-3 0.85 R 300 173.73 -23. 85 0.128E-3 0.68 400 174.77 -24. 96 0.956E-4 0.51 500 171.63 -24. 59 0.696E-4 0.37 600 178.17 -27. 50 0.509E-4 0.27 700 170.66 -26. 73 0.473E-4 0.25 800 182.12 -26. 67 0.34SE-4 0.19 900 175.04 -17. 79 0.412E-4 0.22 1000 162.36 -21. 45 0.332E-4 0.18 7011A NRM 156.10 11. 98 0.276E-4 1.00 brown clay 200 158.10 8. 81 0.274E-4 0.99 R? 7011B NRM 164.54 - 5. 97- 0.865E-5 1.00 brown clay 200 188.71 -12. 59 0.872E-5 1.01 R 7011C1 NRM 143.01 - 4. 92 0.2S6E-4 1.00 brown clay 200 146.52 -27. 19 0.343E-4 1.20 R 7013A2 NRM 189.93 -11. 39 0.222E-3 1.90 gray clay 200 179.41 - 8. 78 0.241E-3 1.08 R 160 Table 8 (continued)

Sample No. Treatment Declination Inclination Intensity* Ir/Iot Polarity§ Remarks (emu)

7013B1 NRM 229.58 -72.21 0.307E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 187.16 -64.68 0.208E-4 0.68 R 7013C2 NRM 153.29 -22.26 0.884E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 164.02 -30.89 0.704E-4 0.80 R 7014A1 NRM 141.38 -33.25 0.112E-3 1.00 gray clay 200 149.79 -26.23 0.100E-3 0.90 R 7014B NRM 169.95 -47.30 0.102E-3 1.00 gray clay 200 171.51 -37.69 0.969E-4 0.95 R 7014C NRM 291.76 -68.36 0.464E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 176.35 -75.67 0.297E-4 0.64 R 7014D1 NRM 310.43 -34.83 0.143E-3 1.00 g r a y ■clay 200 282.81 -53.05 0.823E-4 0.58 A 7015X1 NRM 125.30 -10.32 0.269E-3 1.00 gray clay 200 131.25 -13.29 0.210E-3 0.78 A 7015A1 NRM 113.73 0.21 0.207E-3 1.00 gray clay 200 112.18 0.84 0.188E-3 0.91 A 7015A2 NRM 111.35 - 4.19 0.195E-3 1.00 gray clay 100 113.73 - 4.08 0.190E-3 0.97 200 109.92 -22.76 0.138E-3 0.71 A 300 115.98 - 4.78 0.132E-3 0.58 400 115.70 - 4.41 0.993E-4 0.51 500 116.42 - 4.04 0.805E-4 0.41 600 114.46 - 4.14 0.605E-4 0.31 700 113.93 - 3.71 0.502E-4 0.26 soo 113.07 - 3.18 0.427E-4 0.22 900 114.39 - 3.51 0.396E-4 0.20 1000 112.68 - 3.54 0.361E-4 0.19 161 Table 8 (continued)

Sample No. Treatment Declination Inclination Intensity* Ir/Iot Polarity§ Remarks ( emu)______

7015B2 NRM 152.67 -16.15 0.804E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 170.32 -24.68 0.778E-4 0.97 R 7015C1 NRM 225.54 -10.97 0.757E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 210.82 -15.30 0.933S-4 1.23 R

24-100-1 7244A1 NRM 90.51 -77.41 0.190E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 68.59 -81.93 0.202E-4 1.06 A 724E1 NRM 331.70 14.91 0.730E-4 1.00 gray clay 100 332.03 13.24 0.712E-4 0.98 200 331.25 12.55 0.673E-4 0.92 N 300 330.96 12.33 0.585E-4 0.80 400 331.30 13.82 0.471E-4 0.65 500 331.71 14.56 0.360E-4 0.49 600 332.93 14.19 0.275E-4 0.38 700 335.02 14.03 0.219E-4 0.30 800 334.74 14.46 0.177E-4 0.24 900 336.61 13.93 0.152E-4 0.21 1000 333.89 14.02 0.135E-4 0.18 724C NRM 131.49 -52.83 0.425E-4 1.00 gray clay 100 135.94 -56.12 0.381E-4 0.90 200 139.81 -59.96 0.317E-4 0.75 R 300 141.56 -63.00 0.243E-4 0.57 400 139.13 -63.26 0.181E-4 C.43 500 144.71 -60.06 0.138E-4 0.32 600 144.20 -60.92 0.114S-4 0.27 700 144.97 -58.02 0.943E-5 0.22 800 151.05 -56.77 0.825E-5 0.19 162 Table 8 (continued)

Sample No. Treatment Declination Inclination Intensity* Ir/Iot Polarity§ Remarks ( emu)

724C 900 156.81 -52.64 0.846E-5 0.20 1000 153.27 -54.88 0.669E-5 0.16 7247A1 NRM 179.41 -34.61 0.118E-3 1.00 gray clay 200 170.96 -37.26 0.712E-4 0.60 R 7247B1 NRM 172.10 -16.68 0.304E-3 1.00 gray clay 200 166.97 -19.74 0.215E-3 0.71 R 7247C1 NRM 158.74 -17.11 0.109E-3 1.00 gray clay 200 140.57 -20.62 0.66QF.-4 0.61 R 7247D1 NRM 164.02 -23.30 0.244E-3 1.00 gray clay 200 158.86 -30.72 0.159E-3 0.65 R 7247E1 NRM 175.95 -19.72 0.735E-4 1.00 gray clay 200 164.64 -37.37 0.533E-4 0.68 R

* Total intensity of s.ample is listed. For emu /cid divide by volume of sample (12cm^). Form of list is 0.nnnE-m where n-e exponent of 10. (example: 0.337E-5 is 0.337 x 10' 5 emu/sample) i Ratio of residual remanence (Ir) to original remanence d o ) . § K + normal polarity; R reversed polarity; A intermediate or anomalous polarity. 163 o

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M C Hoyer,197S

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800 Foot C.l.

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o Hole (by Lockwood,1954) C F

Base from: Jackson, Oak Hill, Sciotoville, & Waverly 15' Quadrangles

M C Hoyer,1976

MAP I i I es Exposure i i I o m e t r e s lap of

800 Foot C.l. Area Underlain by Rio Grande Base from Bidwell 15' Quadrangle Teays Formation &3 C Hoyer,1976