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CERN Courier–Digital Edition
CERNMarch/April 2021 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the March/April 2021 issue of CERN Courier. Hadron colliders have contributed to a golden era of discovery in high-energy physics, hosting experiments that have enabled physicists to unearth the cornerstones of the Standard Model. This success story began 50 years ago with CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings (featured on the cover of this issue) and culminated in the Large Hadron Collider (p38) – which has spawned thousands of papers in its first 10 years of operations alone (p47). It also bodes well for a potential future circular collider at CERN operating at a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV, a feasibility study for which is now in full swing. Even hadron colliders have their limits, however. To explore possible new physics at the highest energy scales, physicists are mounting a series of experiments to search for very weakly interacting “slim” particles that arise from extensions in the Standard Model (p25). Also celebrating a golden anniversary this year is the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow (p33), while, elsewhere in this issue: quantum sensors HADRON COLLIDERS target gravitational waves (p10); X-rays go behind the scenes of supernova 50 years of discovery 1987A (p12); a high-performance computing collaboration forms to handle the big-physics data onslaught (p22); Steven Weinberg talks about his latest work (p51); and much more. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://comms.iop.org/k/iop/cerncourier To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: https://cerncourier.com/p/about-cern-courier EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING ATLAS spots rare Higgs decay Weinberg on effective field theory Hunting for WISPs CCMarApr21_Cover_v1.indd 1 12/02/2021 09:24 CERNCOURIER www. -
Pos(EPS-HEP 2013)161 ∗ [email protected] Speaker
Searches for Supersymmetry PoS(EPS-HEP 2013)161 Oliver Buchmueller∗ Imperial College London E-mail: [email protected] on behalf of the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations Since its first physics operation in 2010, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN has set a precedent in searches for supersymmetry. This proceeding report provides a brief overview on the current status of searches for supersymmetry at the LHC. The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics -EPS-HEP2013 18-24 July 2013 Stockholm, Sweden ∗Speaker. c Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence. http://pos.sissa.it/ Searches for Supersymmetry Oliver Buchmueller MSUGRA/CMSSM: tan() = 30, A = -2m0, µ > 0 Status: SUSY 2013 1000 0 SUSY 95% CL limits. theory not included. LSP [GeV] ATLAS Preliminary Expected 0-lepton, 2-6 jets h (122 GeV) 1/2 900 -1 Observed ATLAS-CONF-2013-047 L dt = 20.1 - 20.7 fb , s = 8 TeV m Expected 0-lepton, 7-10 jets Observed arXiv: 1308.1841 Expected 0-1 lepton, 3 b-jets 800 Observed ATLAS-CONF-2013-061 Expected 1-lepton + jets + MET Observed ATLAS-CONF-2013-062 h (124 GeV) Expected 1-2 taus + jets + MET 700 Observed ATLAS-CONF-2013-026 h (126 GeV) Expected 2-SS-leptons, 0 - 3 b-jets PoS(EPS-HEP 2013)161 Observed ATLAS-CONF-2013-007 600 ~g (1400 GeV) 500 ~g (1000 GeV) ~ 400 q ~ q (2000 GeV) (1600 GeV) 300 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 m0 [GeV] Figure 1: 95% C.L. -
A Search for Supersymmetry in Events with Photons and Jets from Proton-Proton Collisions at √S = 7 Tev with the CMS Detector R
A Search for Supersymmetry in Events with Photons and Jets from Proton-Proton Collisions at ps = 7 TeV with the CMS Detector Robin James Nandi High Energy Physics Blackett Laboratory Imperial College London A thesis submitted to Imperial College London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and the Diploma of Imperial College. May 2012 Abstract An exclusion of Gauge Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking at 95% confidence level is 1 made in the squark mass vs gluino mass parameter space using 1:1 fb− of proton-proton collisions data from the Large Hadron Collider. The event selection is based on the strong production signature of photons, jets and missing transverse energy. Missing transverse energy is used to distinguish signal from background. The background is estimated with a data driven technique. The CLs method is used to exclude models with squark mass and gluino mass up to around 1 TeV. 1 Declaration This thesis is my own work. Information taken from other sources is appropriately refer- enced. Robin J. Nandi 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Jonathan Hays and Chris Seez for their help and guidance. I would also like to thank the high energy physics group at Imperial College for taking me on as a PhD student and giving me support. I also acknowledge STFC for their financial support. I would also like to thank my friends and fellow PhD students: Paul Schaack, Arlo Bryer, Michael Cutajar, Zoe Hatherell and Alex Sparrow for helping me out, being with me in the office and making my time in Geneva and London more enjoyable. -
Comparing LHC Searches for Heavy Mediators of Dark Matter Production in Visible and Invisible Decay Channels
CERN-LPCC-2017-01 Recommendations of the LHC Dark Matter Working Group: Comparing LHC searches for heavy mediators of dark matter production in visible and invisible decay channels Andreas Albert,1;∗ Mihailo Backovi´c,2 Antonio Boveia,3;∗ Oliver Buchmueller,4;∗ Giorgio Busoni,5;∗ Albert De Roeck,6;7 Caterina Doglioni,8;∗ Tristan DuPree,9;∗ Malcolm Fairbairn,10;∗ Marie-H´el`eneGenest,11 Stefania Gori,12 Giuliano Gustavino,13 Kristian Hahn,14;∗ Ulrich Haisch,15;16;∗ Philip C. Harris,7 Dan Hayden,17 Valerio Ippolito,18 Isabelle John,8 Felix Kahlhoefer,19;∗ Suchita Kulkarni,20 Greg Landsberg,21 Steven Lowette,22 Kentarou Mawatari,11 Antonio Riotto,23 William Shepherd,24 Tim M.P. Tait,25;∗ Emma Tolley,3 Patrick Tunney,10;∗ Bryan Zaldivar,26;∗ Markus Zinser24 ∗Editor 1III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany 2Center for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology - CP3, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium 3Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue Columbus, OH 43210 4High Energy Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom arXiv:1703.05703v2 [hep-ex] 17 Mar 2017 5ARC Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Terascale, School of Physics, Uni- versity of Melbourne, 3010, Australia 6Antwerp University, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. 7CERN, EP Department, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 8Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden 9Nikhef, Science Park 105, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands 10Physics, King's College -
Correspondence
Correspondence A global coalition to [email protected] in money-based laboratory convincingly, even though the sustain core data *On behalf of the Global experiments (see Nature 541, flatness of their outer parts might Life Science Data Resources 294–295; 2017). The assumption convey that impression. As members of an international Working Group (see go.nature. in interpreting such results seems At that time, I and several working group to support the com/2miobmk for full list). to be that consumers aim to other astronomers used the rapidly growing core-data ‘optimize’ the products they buy. 21-centimetre radio wavelength resources in the life sciences, we But unless an optimal product of neutral hydrogen to determine aim to create a sustainable and Zealandia is not a is defined, this hypothesis is rotation curves that often went accessible data infrastructure that continent untestable because it is subjective. well beyond the optical image, will benefit scientists worldwide. Apart from perishable produce, thereby probing the dark matter Although researchers have Now recognized in international I for one do not care about regime more effectively. relied on international resources law, Zealandia — the continental optimality. I care only about Such observations from such as the Protein Data Bank shelf and margin surrounding adequacy: whether an item meets several galaxies, coupled with and Flybase for decades, the New Zealand — is vast and my needs and is available and optical surface photometry, current system is unsustainable worthy of inquiry. However, affordable. Once these criteria are permitted the calculation of local because it is largely funded by we disagree with attempts to satisfied, I need never look again. -
David Kirkby University of California, Irvine, USA 4 August 2020 Expanding Universe
COSMOLOGY IN THE 2020S David Kirkby University of California, Irvine, USA 4 August 2020 Expanding Universe... 2 expansion history a(t |Ωm, ΩDE, …) 3 4 redshift 5 6 0.38Myr opaque universe last scatter 7 inflation opaque universe last scatter gravity waves? 8 CHIME SPT-3G DES 9 TCMB=2.7K, λ~2mm 10 CMB TCMB=2.7K, λ~2mm Galaxies 11 microwave projects: cosmic microwave background (primordial gravity waves, neutrinos, ...) CMB Galaxies optical & NIR projects: galaxy surveys (dark energy, neutrinos, ...) 12 CMB Galaxies telescope location: ground / above atmosphere 13 CMB Atacama desert, Chile CMB ground telescope location: Atacama desert / South Pole 14 Galaxies Galaxy survey instrument: spectrograph / imager 15 Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Vera Rubin Observatory 16 Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Vera Rubin Observatory 17 EXPANSION HISTORY VS STRUCTURE GROWTH Measurements of our cosmic expansion history constrain the parameters of an expanding homogenous universe: SN LSS , …) expansion historyDE m, Ω a(t |Ω CMB Small inhomogeneities are growing against this backdrop. Measurements of this structure growth provide complementary constraints. 18 Structure Growth 19 Redshift is not a perfect proxy for distance because of galaxy peculiar motions. Large-scale redshift-space distortions (RSD) trace large-scale matter fluctuations: signal! 20 Angles measured on the sky are also distorted by weak lensing (WL) as light is deflected by the same large-scale matter fluctuations: signal! Large-scale redshift-space distortions (RSD) trace large-scale matter fluctuations: signal! 21 CMB measures initial conditions of structure growth at z~1090: Temperature CMB photons also experience weak lensing! https://wiki.cosmos.esa.int/planck-legacy-archive/index.php/CMB_maps Polarization 22 CMB: INFLATION ERA SIGNATURES https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023433 lensing E-modes lensing B-modes GW B-modes https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.04473 Lensing B modes already observed. -
Hunting for Supersymmetry and Dark Matter at the Electroweak Scale
HUNTING FOR SUPERSYMMETRY AND DARK MATTER AT THE ELECTROWEAK SCALE By SEBASTIAN MACALUSO A dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Physics and Astronomy Written under the direction of David Shih And approved by New Brunswick, New Jersey October, 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Hunting for Supersymmetry and Dark Matter at the Electroweak Scale By SEBASTIAN MACALUSO Dissertation Director: Professor David Shih In this thesis, we study models of physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) at the electroweak scale and their phenomenology, motivated by naturalness and the nature of dark matter. Moreover, we introduce analyses and techniques relevant in searches at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We start by applying computer vision with deep learning to build a boosted top jets tagger at the LHC that outperforms previous state-of-the-art classifiers by a factor of ∼ 2{3 or more in background rejection, over a wide range of tagging efficiencies. Next, we define a cut and count based analysis for supersymmetric top quarks at LHC Run II capable of probing the line in the mass plane where there is just enough phase space to produce an on-shell top quark from the stop decay. We also implement a comprehensive reinterpretation of the 13 TeV ATLAS and CMS searches with the first ∼ 15 fb−1 of data and derive constraints on various simplified models of natural supersymmetry. We discuss how these constraints affect the fine-tuning of the electroweak scale. -
A New Universe to Discover: a Guide to Careers in Astronomy
A New Universe to Discover A Guide to Careers in Astronomy Published by The American Astronomical Society What are Astronomy and Astrophysics? Ever since Galileo first turned his new-fangled one-inch “spyglass” on the moon in 1609, the popular image of the astronomer has been someone who peers through a telescope at the night sky. But astronomers virtually never put eye to lens these days. The main source of astronomical data is still photons (particles of light) from space, but the tools used to gather and analyze them are now so sophisticated that it’s no longer necessary (or even possible, in most cases) for a human eye to look through them. But for all the high-tech gadgetry, the 21st-Century astronomer is still trying to answer the same fundamental questions that puzzled Galileo: How does the universe work, and where did it come from? Webster’s dictionary defines “astronomy” as “the science that deals with the material universe beyond the earth’s atmosphere.” This definition is broad enough to include great theoretical physicists like Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, and Stephen Hawking as well as astronomers like Copernicus, Johanes Kepler, Fred Hoyle, Edwin Hubble, Carl Sagan, Vera Rubin, and Margaret Burbidge. In fact, the words “astronomy” and “astrophysics” are pretty much interchangeable these days. Whatever you call them, astronomers seek the answers to many fascinating and fundamental questions. Among them: *Is there life beyond earth? *How did the sun and the planets form? *How old are the stars? *What exactly are dark matter and dark energy? *How did the Universe begin, and how will it end? Astronomy is a physical (non-biological) science, like physics and chemistry. -
What Happened Before the Big Bang?
Quarks and the Cosmos ICHEP Public Lecture II Seoul, Korea 10 July 2018 Michael S. Turner Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics University of Chicago 100 years of General Relativity 90 years of Big Bang 50 years of Hot Big Bang 40 years of Quarks & Cosmos deep connections between the very big & the very small 100 years of QM & atoms 50 years of the “Standard Model” The Universe is very big (billions and billions of everything) and often beyond the reach of our minds and instruments Big ideas and powerful instruments have enabled revolutionary progress a very big idea connections between quarks & the cosmos big telescopes on the ground Hawaii Chile and in space: Hubble, Spitzer, Chandra, and Fermi at the South Pole basics of our Universe • 100 billion galaxies • each lit with the light of 100 billion stars • carried away from each other by expanding space from a • big bang beginning 14 billion yrs ago Hubble (1925): nebulae are “island Universes” Universe comprised of billions of galaxies Hubble Deep Field: one ten millionth of the sky, 10,000 galaxies 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe Universe is expanding and had a beginning … Hubble, 1929 Signature of big bang beginning Einstein: Big Bang = explosion of space with galaxies carried along The big questions circa 1978 just two numbers: H0 and q0 Allan Sandage, Hubble’s “student” H0: expansion rate (slope age) q0: deceleration (“droopiness” destiny) … tens of astronomers working (alone) to figure it all out Microwave echo of the big bang Hot MichaelBig S Turner Bang -
SUSY Searches at the LHC Diego Casadei on Behalf of the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations
SUSY searches at the LHC Diego Casadei on behalf of the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations New York University Searches for supersymmetry (SUSY) at the LHC are reviewed, to highlight what exper- imental signatures might lead to a discovery of new physics with early LHC data. AT- miss miss miss LAS and CMS perspectives with jet+pT , lepton+pT , and photon+pT experimental signatures are considered. Both experiments will be sensitive to portions of the pa- rameters space beyond the coverage of the Tevatron already with few hundred pb−1 integrated luminosity. 1 Introduction This papera reviews the experimental signatures that look most promising for early discovery of supersymmetry (SUSY) in high-energy proton-proton collisions produced by the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Actually, the huge amount of work done in the last several years by so many people can not be fully accounted here: we will focus on the possible signatures from R-parity conserving SUSY scenarios that could be detected with O(1) fb−1 of LHC integrated luminosity. Public results from the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations mostly come from two ref- erences, [2] and [3], and all have been estimated with simulations carried on at 14 TeV, whereas LHC will provide collisions at 10 TeV at the startup phase. Hence their results are not representative of the actual reach of early searches: work is in progress to determine the expected performances at the lower energy. Pile-up could also be important in collisions already at the first year of data taking (with luminosity of 1032 cm−2 s−1), though not all simulations have included it (in ref. -
Beyond Einstein
QuarksQuarks toto thethe Cosmos:Cosmos: the deep connections between the largest and smallest scales in the Universe ScalesScales ofof thethe UniverseUniverse LectureLecture SeriesSeries 16 November 2007 Michael S. Turner Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics The UniversityMichael S Turner of Chicago Full Scale Model of Universe a Fraction of a Second After the Beginning Amazing as it is, the connections go far beyond the fact that it began as Quark Soup NB: No deep connections between quarks and chemistry even though are made of quarks! ••TheThe AtomsAtoms wewe andand thethe starsstars ofof mademade ofof ••TheThe DarkDark MatterMatter thatthat holdsholds thethe UniverseUniverse togethertogether ••TheThe DarkDark EnergyEnergy thatthat isis causingcausing thethe expansionexpansion ofof thethe UniverseUniverse toto speedspeed upup ••TheThe SeedsSeeds ofof allall structuresstructures (clusters,(clusters, galaxies,galaxies, stars,stars, ……)) TheThe UniverseUniverse isis gettinggetting biggerbigger –– expandingexpanding ExpandingExpanding UniverseUniverse isis expandingexpanding spacespace • Hubble’s law (correlation between velocity and distance) • Redshift of light • General relativity NoNo CenterCenter JustJust DifferentDifferent PerspectivesPerspectives EvidenceEvidence forfor HotHot BigBig BangBang • Expansion of Universe • Cosmic microwave background: microwave echo of big bang • Abundance of the elements H, D, He, Li • Consistent age: expansion age, oldest stars, age of radioactive elements, cooling of white dwarf stars, age of oldest -
Pos(ICHEP2016)037
Vision and Outlook: The Future of Particle Physics Ian Shipsey University of Oxford PoS(ICHEP2016)037 Oxford, United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] As a community, our goal is to understand the fundamental nature of energy, matter, space, and time, and to apply that knowledge to understand the birth, evolution and fate of the universe. Our scope is broad and we use many tools: accelerator, non-accelerator & cosmological observations, all have a critical role to play. The progress we have made towards our goal, the tools we need to progress further, the opportunities we have for achieving “transformational or paradigm-altering” scientific advances: great discoveries, and the importance of being a united global field to make progress toward our goal are the topics of this talk. Dedication Gino Bolla (September 25, 1968 - September 04, 2016) A remarkable and unique physicist, friend and colleague to many. 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics 3-10 August 2016 Chicago, USA ã Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). http://pos.sissa.it/ Vision and Outlook: Future of Particle Physics Ian Shipsey Introduction ICHEP was like a tidal wave. A record 1600 abstracts were submitted, of which 600 were selected for parallel presentations and 500 for posters by 65 conveners. During three days of plenary sessions, 36 speakers from around the world overviewed results presented at the parallel and poster sessions. The power that drives the wave is the work of >20,000 colleagues around the globe, students, post docs, engineers, technicians, scientists and professors, toiling day and night, making the measurements and the calculations; sharing a common vision that this remarkable cosmos is knowable.