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Beyond Einstein QuarksQuarks toto thethe Cosmos:Cosmos: the deep connections between the largest and smallest scales in the Universe ScalesScales ofof thethe UniverseUniverse LectureLecture SeriesSeries 16 November 2007 Michael S. Turner Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics The UniversityMichael S Turner of Chicago Full Scale Model of Universe a Fraction of a Second After the Beginning Amazing as it is, the connections go far beyond the fact that it began as Quark Soup NB: No deep connections between quarks and chemistry even though are made of quarks! ••TheThe AtomsAtoms wewe andand thethe starsstars ofof mademade ofof ••TheThe DarkDark MatterMatter thatthat holdsholds thethe UniverseUniverse togethertogether ••TheThe DarkDark EnergyEnergy thatthat isis causingcausing thethe expansionexpansion ofof thethe UniverseUniverse toto speedspeed upup ••TheThe SeedsSeeds ofof allall structuresstructures (clusters,(clusters, galaxies,galaxies, stars,stars, ……)) TheThe UniverseUniverse isis gettinggetting biggerbigger –– expandingexpanding ExpandingExpanding UniverseUniverse isis expandingexpanding spacespace • Hubble’s law (correlation between velocity and distance) • Redshift of light • General relativity NoNo CenterCenter JustJust DifferentDifferent PerspectivesPerspectives EvidenceEvidence forfor HotHot BigBig BangBang • Expansion of Universe • Cosmic microwave background: microwave echo of big bang • Abundance of the elements H, D, He, Li • Consistent age: expansion age, oldest stars, age of radioactive elements, cooling of white dwarf stars, age of oldest astronomers • Formation of structure by gravity The Universe at 400,000 years No galaxies or stars, just a tiny amount of lumpiness (0.001%) – the seeds of all structure WhereWhere diddid thethe lumpylumpy quarkquark soupsoup comecome from?from? OOuurr UnUniiveverrssee ?? Quantum World Projected Across the Sky by the Expansion of the Universe < one billionth the size of a proton HubbleHubble DeepDeep Field:Field: AsAs FarFar asas YouYou CanCan SeeSee onon aa ClearClear DayDay Doesn’t play well with others TheThe GravityGravity ofof thethe StarsStars isis notnot EnoughEnough toto HoldHold ClustersClusters TogetherTogether ZwickyZwicky:: ClustersClusters MustMust bebe HeldHeld TogetherTogether byby thethe GravityGravity ofof UnseenUnseen ““DarkDark MatterMatter”” VeraVera RubinRubin andand FlatFlat RotationRotation CurvesCurves Dark Matter Close to Home CosmicCosmic WebWeb ofof DarkDark MatterMatter Dark Matter Particles Came from the Quark Soup! By the way, where did the atoms come from? There were slightly more quarks than antiquarks (1 per billion) leaving a small of quarks after most of the quarks & antiquarks annihilate. Where did the slight excess of quarks over antiquarks come from? Quark interactions in the early Universe. So, Accelerated Expansion is Caused by the Repulsive Gravity of Dark Energy Any Questions? May 1998 Birth of Funny Energy But, Focus Groups Didn’t Like Name August 1998 Birth of Dark Energy Third Stromlo Symposium astro-ph/9811454 @ Joe Turner, Age 6 FromFrom HereHere toto EternityEternity In the Presence of Dark Energy, a Flat Universe Can Expand Forever, Re-collapse, or Even Experience a Big Rip! Cannot Understand Our Cosmic Destiny Until We Understand What Dark Energy Is! ConnectionsConnections BetweenBetween QuarksQuarks andand CosmosCosmos ProfoundlyProfoundly ShapedShaped OurOur UniverseUniverse Atoms,Atoms, DarkDark Matter,Matter, DarkDark EnergyEnergy andand GalaxiesGalaxies oweowe theirtheir veryvery existenceexistence toto thethe deepdeep connectionsconnections betweenbetween thethe veryvery bigbig andand thethe veryvery small!small! Michael S Turner 26% PoisedPoised toto AnswerAnswer thethe BigBig QuestionsQuestions LotsLots ofof Hot,Hot, XX--rayray GasGas AccountsAccounts forfor MostMost ofof thethe AtomsAtoms inin ClustersClusters …… ButBut aa FactorFactor ofof 66 ShortShort ofof AccountingAccounting forfor thethe DarkDark MatterMatter MoreMore thanthan MeetsMeets thethe EyeEye … but not enough to account for the dark matter.
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