MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS, NEW DELHI

Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

INDIA MIZORAM DETAILED NH 54 PROJECT REPORT

INDO MYANMAR VOLUME IV: ENVIRONMENTAL BORDER IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT KALETWA

PALETWA

RATHEDAUNG RIVER KALADAN

PROPOSED ROAD MAGYICHAUNG SETTLEMENT MARCH 2013 SITTWE

IRCON INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES LIMITED Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

CONTENTS

S. No. Description Pages 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1 to 1-2 1.1 The Project and Project Proponent 1.1 1.2 Brief Description of the Project 1-1 1.3 Purpose of the Report 1-1 1.4 Scope of Present Report 1-2 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2-1 to 2-27 2.1 Project Road 2-1 2.2 Silent Features 2-1 2.3 Traffic Scenario 2-2 2.4 Proposed Project Description 2-2

3.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 3-1 to 3-4 3.1 Selection of Alternatives 3-1 3.2 Alignment Selection 3-1

4.0 METHODOLOGY 4-1 to 4-3 4.1 Approach to EIA Study 4-1 4.2 Steps in EIA 4-1 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS 5-1 to 5-8 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Physical Resources 5-1 5.3 Ecological Resources 5-6 5.4 Socio-Economic Environment 5-7 6.0 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 6-1 to 6-6 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6-2 Impact During Design Phase 6-1 6.3 Impact During Construction Phase 6-2 6.4 Impact During Operation Phase 6-5

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 7-1 to 7-9 7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Design Phase 7-1

Contents 1 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

S. No. Description Pages 7.3 Construction Phase 7-2 7.4 Operation Phase 7-8 7.5 Environmental Enhancement 7-8 FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND 8.0 8-1 to 8-1 CONCLUSION 8.1 Findings of the Study 8-1 8.2 Recommendations 8-1 8.3 Conclusion 8-1

Contents 2 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

TABLES 2.1 List of villages on the Project Road 2-1 2.2 List of Bus Bays 2-3 3.1 Merits and demerits of Altenative-1 & Alternative-2 3-4 4.1 Valued Environmental Components 4-3 5.1 List of Quarry Areas 5-3 5.2 Monthly Mean Temperature of Hakha Station 5-4 5.3 Monthly Mean Temperature of Hakha Station 5-5 5.4 Distribution of forest area 5-7 5.5 Administrative Districts of Chin State 5-7 5.6 Total Sex Ratio 5-8 6.1 Impact on water bodies 6-4 6.2 Details of Trees to be affected 6-5 7.1 Design Phase Measures – General 7-1 7.2 Mitigation Measures in Project Road Design 7-2 7.3 Mitigation Measures for Land Environment 7-2 7.4 General Measures for Air & Noise Pollution Control 7-3 7.5 Areas of Air Pollution and Noise Control during Construction 7-4 near Settlements 7.6 Measures for Protection of Water Resources 7-4 7.7 Mitigation Measures for Tree Loss 7-5 7-8 Mitigation Measures to be adopted during construction 7-6 7-9 Safety Measures 7-6 7.10 Mitigation Measures for Workers’ Camps 7-7 7.11 Guidelines related to stone quarries, noise levels 7-7 7.12 Operation Phase Mitigation Measures 7-8

FIGURES 5.1 Myanmar Map 5-1 5.2 Location of Chin State 5-1 5.3 Topographical Sheet of Chin State 5-2

Contents 3 Detailed Project Report

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Project and Project Proponent

Under the bilateral agreement between Government of India and Government of Myanmar, there is a proposal to develop a trade route between the two countries along the river Kaladan known as “Chhimtuipui” river inside Indian border (Mizoram State). River Kaladan (Chhimtuipui) emanates from central Mizoram and flows into Bay of Bengal at Sittwe, a port located in the State of Rakhine, Myanmar. For connectivity from Sittwe Port to India- Myanmar border, the trade route is proposed to provide transportation by two modes of transport i.e. from Sittwe port to Paletwa by waterway and from Paletwa to India-Myanmar border by road. The proposed road link from Paletwa to Kaletwa forms a part of the proposed development of trade route along the river Kaladan (Chhimtuipui) between Mizoram (India) and Chin State in Myanmar. The connectivity would boost the trade between India and Myanmar. While India trades in cement, bicycle parts, medicines and horticulture products of Mizoram. From Myanmar handicrafts and clothes, apart from electronic goods and shoes, arrive in plenty.

1.2 Brief Description of the Project

The project road is located in Myanmar to link the areas namely Paletwa and Zorinpui on India-Myanmar Border for enhancing the trade route between two countries.

1.3 Purpose of the Report

Road projects are meant for improving the quality of life for people and developing the country’s economy. For all positive impacts of the road projects, there may be also some significant detrimental impact on near by communities and natural environment. There may be impact on properties of people, their livelihood and other social components. Similarly there can be direct or indirect impact on flora, fauna, water resources, land use etc. To account for all these issues, environmental and social impact assessment is utmost necessary. These concerns for environmental and social issues in road projects have also become a part of legal requirements and requirements for obtaining financial support. Environmental considerations are therefore of prime importance in road projects. New development may cause different types of impacts on its surrounding environment and on human beings. To assess the impact and to ensure environmental quality, environmental impact assessment is a very necessary exercise. The objective of the Environmental Impact Assessment is characterization of the existing status of the environment, to identify the probable impact on the environment due to the proposed project, delineate the mitigative measures to reduce the impact and finally to assess the overall impact. The environment has a limited carrying capacity and it can only sustain a negative impact up to a level without further degradation. Several systems, however, temporarily disturb it leading to a new balance

Introduction 1-1 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

in order to re-establish the equilibrium between human activity and nature. But sensitive systems are not so resilient to cope up with changes in physical and natural Environment, thus not only leading to negative impact on them but also, socio-economic losses may occur. The Environmental Impact Assessment provides tools for decision-making as well as it also helps in ensuring the sustainable development with least environmental damage by providing proper Management Plan.

1.4 Scope of Present Report

Environmental assessment is a detailed process, which starts from the conception of the project and continues till the operation phases. The steps for environmental assessment are therefore different at different phases. The present report details the environmental setting of the project zone, collects the baseline data and then assesses the impact. Finally it offers an environmental management plan. The report is structured as given below: Chapter 1 : Introduction: EIA report. Chapter 2 : Project Description Chapter 3 : Analysis of Alternatives Chapter 4 : Methodology Chapter 5 : Environmental Setting Chapter 6 : Assessment of Environmental Impacts Identification Chapter 7 : Environmental Management Plan: To implement the environmental mitigation measures. Chapter 8 : Recommendations and Conclusion.

Introduction 1-2 Detailed Project Report

CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

CHAPTER 2

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Project road

The project road runs, in the South - North direction in the Chin State of Myanmar, parallel to Kaladan River. The project road takes off from Eastern bank of Kaladan River, where jetty of waterway terminal has been proposed as part of “Waterway Project” between Sittwe port and Paletwa and end at India Myanmar Border. The total length of the proposed alignment of the Project Road has been estimated at 109.200 km (Package I (Paletwa to Kaletwa) is 60.7 km and package II ( Kaletwa to Zorinpui /India-Myanmar Border) is 48.500 km). The road passes mostly through Hilly terrain. There are twenty four villages situated nearby the proposed alignment of the project road. The hills are covered with jungles and thick undergrowth of evergreen bush, bamboo and kail. The hills are steep and separated by rivers Kaladan, Milewa chaung, Daletme and Dalesta chaung, paron Chaung, Kaletwa river, Niiti Chaung, Kannu Chaung, Twoase Chaung, Kun Chaung, Thala Chaung, Sat Chaing Chaung, Do Chaung, Tangbel Chaung, Sulahi Chaung, Sulewvi Chaung and Tapu Chaung, creating valleys between hill ranges.

2.2 Salient Features

Salient features of the Project Road are given as under: State : Chin State Length of Project Road : 109.200 km Kilometerage : 0 to 60.700 km (Package I) 0 to 48.500 km (Package II) Villages : There are 24 villages on the road. Table 2.1 provides the list of the villages. Table 2.1: List of villages on the Project Road Sr. No. Name of Villages 1 Paletwa 2 Milawa 3 Leik kon 4 Mang khoil 5 Mang Ta 6 Tuki Alog 7 Urin Wa 8 Dalet Sa 9 Ye Lawa 10 Dong Lawa

Description of project 2-1 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Sr. No. Name of Villages 11 Ke Kuwa 12 Uwfu Wa 13 We Kuwa 14 Setpyitpyin 15 Rake 16 KaunChaung 17 Kwan Taung 18 Laung Gyaing 19 Sat Gyaing 20 Kyauktan 21 Do Chaung 22 Yechantha 23 Sun Laung Pwi 24 Samai

Land use : The project road passes through agricultural land, barren/forest areas. Some section of road passes parallel to the rivers and agricultural land consists of Paddy, mango and orchards. 2.3 Traffic Scenario

The traffic on the project road would primarily of the International trade between India and Myanmar. AADT, Design Service Volume, and Capacity of road have been derived as an input for pavement design. 2.4 Proposed Project Description

Preliminary Assessment: The scope of work envisaged project road which is located in Myanmar to link the areas namely Paletwa, Kaletwa and Indian Myanmar Border for enhancing trade route between two countries. 2.4.1 Carriageway Width Proposed carriageway width of the project road is 7m with 2.5 paved shoulder on both sides. 2.4.2 Bus Bays It is proposed to provide bus bays with bus “Q” shelters, at identified locations. Such Bus bays and bus “Q” shelters are proposed to be provided close to track/paths linking the villages. A list of bus bays is given as under:

Description of project 2-2 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Table 2.2: List of Bus Bays S. No. Location (km) Package I – Paletwa to Kaletwa 1 0+000 2 1+400 3 10+300 4 14+400 5 19+800 6 28+300 7 31+300 8 34+200 9 37+900 10 43+400 11 45+800 12 51+500 13 57+900 14 60+700 Package II- Kaletwa to Zorinpui / Indian – Myanmar Border 1 0+100 2 4+100 3 6+700 4 8+500 5 11+500 6 14+400 7 16+400 8 22+600 9 28+500 10 31+800 11 38+800

2.4.3 Implementation The entire project is proposed to be implemented in time span of 3 years.

Description of project 2-3 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Paletwa Distance From : 600 m LHS across Kaladan Alignment River

Population : 5481

Male : 2609 Female : 2872 Number of Houses : 1000

Predominant Religion : Buddhists Social Infrastructure : School : Primary/ Secondary

Post Office/Post Box : Post Office Health Facilities : Hospital Shops : 50 Weekly Market : Daily

Source of Water : Water tank Electricity : 2 Hours Landuse : Built up Land cover : Agriculture

Description of project 2-4 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Mi La Wa Distance From Alignment : 100 m LHS Population : 400

Male : 210 Female : 190 Number of Houses : 80

Predominant Religion : Buddhists Social Infrastructure : School : Primary

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : No Shops : 2 Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaldan River Electricity : No Landuse : Built up/ Agriculture Land cover : Agriculture/Forest

Description of project 2-5 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Leik Kon Distance From Alignment : 100 m LHS Population : 400

Male : 210 Female : 190 Number of Houses : 80

Predominant Religion : Christian Social Infrastructure : School : Primary

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : River Melawa Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture Landcover : Agriculture

Description of project 2-6 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Mang Khoi Distance From Alignment : 300m from Alignment Population : 90

Male : 45 Female : 45 Number of Houses : 20

Predominant Religion : Social Infrastructure : School : No

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : River Milava Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/Forest Landcover : Agriculture/Forest

Description of project 2-7 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Mang Ta Distance From Alignment : 200 m from Alignment Population : 40

Male : 20 Female : 20 Number of Houses : 9

Predominant Religion : Social Infrastructure : School : No

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : River Melawa Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/Forest Land cover : Agriculture/Forest

Description of project 2-8 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Tuki Alog Distance From Alignment : 800 m from alignment Population : 135

Male : 70 Female : 65 Number of Houses : 30

Predominant Religion : Christian Social Infrastructure : School : Primary

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Electricity : No Landuse : Forest/Mango/Banana trees Land cover : Forest/Mango/Banana trees

Description of project 2-9 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Urinva Distance From : 1000 m from alignment Alignment Population : 190

Male : 100 Female : 90 Number of Houses : 40

Predominant Religion : Christian Social Infrastructure : School : Primary

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Electricity : No Landuse : Forest/Mango/Banana trees Land cover : Forest/Mango/Banana trees

Description of project 2-10 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Da-Let SA, Wa Distance From Alignment : 2000 m across River Population : 104

Male : 55 Female : 49 Number of Houses : 26

Predominant Religion : Christian Social Infrastructure : School : No

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaladan Electricity : No Landuse : Forest/Mango/Banana trees Land cover : Forest/Mango/Banana trees

Description of project 2-11 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Ye la va Distance From Alignment : 2000 m from alignment Population : 350

Male : 175 Female : 175 Number of Houses : 48

Predominant Religion : Christian Social Infrastructure : School : Primary

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : River Dalema Electricity : No Landuse : Forest/Mango/Banana trees Land cover : Forest/Mango/Banana trees

Description of project 2-12 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Dong La Wa Distance From Alignment : 1500 m from Alignment Population : 505

Male : 253 Female : 252 Number of Houses : 84

Predominant Religion : Christian Social Infrastructure : School : Primary

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : Medical Shop Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : River Kaladan Electricity : No Landuse : Forest/Mango/Banana trees Land cover : Forest/Mango/Banana trees

Description of project 2-13 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Ket Ku Wa Distance From Alignment : 2500 m from Alignment Population : 295

Male : 148 Female : 147 Number of Houses : 54

Predominant Religion : Christian Social Infrastructure : School : Primary

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaladan Electricity : No Landuse : Forest/Mango/Banana trees Land cover : Forest/Mango/Banana trees

Description of project 2-14 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Wu Phu Wa Distance From Alignment : 300 m from alignment Population : 270

Male : 135 Female : 135 Number of Houses : 41

Predominant Religion : Christian Social Infrastructure : School : Primary

Post Office/Post Box : Yes Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Electricity : No Landuse : Forest/Mango/Banana trees Land cover : Forest/Mango/Banana trees

Description of project 2-15 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Wet Ku Wa Distance From Alignment : 600m from alignment Population : 129

Male : 65 Female : 64 Number of Houses : 42

Predominant Religion : Christian Social Infrastructure : School : No

Post Office/Post Box : Yes Health Facilities : Yes Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Paragon River Electricity : No Landuse : Forest/Mango/Banana trees Land cover : Forest/Mango/Banana trees

Description of project 2-16 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Set Pyit Pyin Distance From Alignment : 50 m from alignment Population : 364

Male : 184 Female : 180 Number of Houses : 84

Predominant Religion : Buddhist Social Infrastructure : School : Primary

Post Office/Post Box : Yes Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaladan Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/Orange/ Forest Land cover : Agriculture/Orange/ Forest

Description of project 2-17 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Rake Distance From Alignment : 300 m from alignment Population : 100

Male : 55 Female : 45 Number of Houses : 18

Predominant Religion : Buddhist Social Infrastructure : School : No

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : No Shops : -- Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaletwa Chaung Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/ Forest Land cover : Agriculture/ Forest

Description of project 2-18 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Kaun Chaung

Distance From : 500 m from alignment Alignment

Population : 240

Male : 135

Female : 105

Number of Houses : 54

Predominant Religion : Buddhist

Social Infrastructure :

School : Yes

Post Office/Post Box : No

Health Facilities : No

Shops : Two

Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaletwa Chaung

Electricity : No

Landuse : Agriculture/ Bananas Trees/ Forest

Land cover : Agriculture/Bananas Trees /

Forest

Description of project 2-19 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Kaun Chaung Distance From : 400 m from alignment Alignment Population : 528

Male : 262 Female : 266 Number of Houses : 116

Predominant Religion : Buddhist Social Infrastructure : School : Yes

Post Office/Post Box : Yes Health Facilities : No Shops : Three Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaletwa Chaung Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/ Bananas Trees/ Forest Land cover : Agriculture/Bananas Trees / Forest

Description of project 2-20 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Laung Gyaing Distance From : 1Km from alignment Alignment Population : 400

Male : 195 Female : 205 Number of Houses : 65

Predominant Religion : Buddhist Social Infrastructure : School : Yes

Post Office/Post Box : Yes Health Facilities : Yes Shops : Two Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaletwa Chaung Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/Orange Trees/Forest Land cover : Agriculture/Orange Trees/Forest

Description of project 2-21 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Sat Gyaing Distance From Alignment : 600 m from alignment Population : 395

Male : 204 Female : 191 Number of Houses : 80

Predominant Religion : Buddhist Social Infrastructure : School : Yes

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : ---- Shops : Two Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaletwa Chaung Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/Forest Land cover : Agriculture/Forest

Description of project 2-22 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Kyauktan Distance From : 900 m from alignment Alignment Population : 108

Male : 56 Female : 60 Number of Houses : 52

Predominant Religion : Buddhist Social Infrastructure : School : Yes

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : ---- Shops : Two Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaletwa Chaung Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/Banana Trees/ Forest Land cover : Agriculture/ Banana Trees /Forest

Description of project 2-23 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Do Chaung Distance From : 1.0K m from alignment Alignment Population : 1118

Male : 500 Female : 618 Number of Houses : 231

Predominant : Buddhist Religion Social Infrastructure : School : Yes

Post Office/Post Box : Yes Health Facilities : ---- Shops : Five Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaletwa Chaung Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/Orange/Bananas/Forest Land cover : Agriculture/Orange//Bananas Forest

Description of project 2-24 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Yechantha Distance From Alignment : 450m from alignment Population : 189

Male : 87 Female : 102 Number of Houses : 26

Predominant Religion : Buddhist Social Infrastructure : School : No

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : ---- Shops : One Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaletwa Chaung Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/Forest Land cover : Agriculture/Forest

Description of project 2-25 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Sun Laung Pwi Distance From : 50m from alignment Alignment Population : 303

Male : 195 Female : 108 Number of Houses : 87

Predominant Religion : Buddhist Social Infrastructure : School : Yes

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : ---- Shops : Two Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaletwa Chaung Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/Forest Land cover : Agriculture/Forest

Description of project 2-26 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Village : Samai Distance From : 300m from alignment Alignment Population : 147

Male : 81 Female : 66 Number of Houses : 27

Predominant Religion : Buddhist Social Infrastructure : School : Yes

Post Office/Post Box : No Health Facilities : ---- Shops : One Weekly Market : No

Source of Water : Kaletwa Chaung Electricity : No Landuse : Agriculture/Bananas Trees/ Forest Land cover : Agriculture/ Bananas Trees/ Forest

Description of project 2-27 Detailed Project Report

CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

CHAPTER 3

3.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

3.1 Selection of Alternatives

The term alternatives in this context refer to the reasonable and potentially viable alternatives for the proposed project activities. Selection of appropriate highway design decisions, specifically from the environment point of view, is considered with different alternatives. Also social issues like displacement are to be considered in selection of alternatives. The major issues where alternative proposals need to be considered are discussed below. 3.2 Alignment Selection

The alignments options were studied in detail based on the topographical sheets collected, detailed contours developed with the help of the satellite imaginaries. All the options were studied in detail with respect to the following aspects: Easy : To construct and maintain easy gradients and curves for vehicular traffic to ply. Safe : During construction, maintenance and operation, passes through Stable slopes, geometric etc. Economical : Total cost including initial construction cost, maintenance cost and Vehicle-operating cost is least. Short : It is desirable to have the shortest distance between two terminal points.

In addition to the above the following Guiding principles of route selection and location applicable to hill roads General  The alignment should be as direct as possible between the obligatory and control points to be linked. A direct road link results in economy in construction, maintenance and operation.  The route location should result in minimum interference to agriculture and industry. It should be clear of obstructions such as cemeteries, burning ghats, places of worship, archeological and historical monuments and public facilities like hospitals, schools and playground etc.  Where the proposed locations interface with utility services like overhead transmission lines, water supply lines etc., decision between changing the road alignment or shifting the utility services should be based on the study of the relative economics and feasibility.  As far as possible, frequent crossing and re-crossing of canals, watercourses, ridges etc. should be avoided.

Analysis of Alternatives 3-1 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

 The alignment should avoid large-scale cutting and filling, and follow the lie of the land as far as possible. Use of tunnels to avoid to deep cuts should be considered where feasible and economical. If the road has to be in cutting, the location and the grade lines should permit the adoption of half cut and half fill, type of cross section which involves least disturbance to the natural ground subject however, to considerations of economy and road stability being satisfied. Obligatory Points  The obligatory points to be connected from administrative, strategic or other considerations should be ascertained and taken into account while finalizing the road alignment. Similarly, control points like mountain passes, saddles, river crossing etc. should be kept in view when deciding the alignment.  When crossing mountain ranges, the road should preferably cross the ridges at their lowest elevation. In certain cases it may be more expedient to negotiate high mountain ranges through tunnels. This decision should be taken after considering the relative economics or the strategic requirements. Grades and Curvature  The route should enable running gradient to be attained in most of its length.  As far as possible the alignment should permit adoption of a uniform design speed and easy curvature in the entire length.  The route should avoid the introduction of hairpin bends as far as possible and their location in valleys avoided. The bends should be located on stable and flat hill slopes. Also, a series of hairpin bends on the same face of the hill should be avoided.  Needless rise and fall must be avoided where the general purpose of route is to gain elevation from a lower to a higher point. Also, deep cuts involving destabilization of natural hill slopes should be avoided. River Crossings  It is preferable that crossings of major rivers should be at right angles to the river flow. Crossings of medium/minor streams may also sometimes govern the choice of alignment in the case of hill roads due to foundation problems, though their position will be determined generally by requirements of the road proposed, and the crossings could be even skew or on curve if necessary.  As far as possible, efforts should be made to locate bridges where: i. The river is straight both on the upstream and downstream side ii. The location is sufficiently away from confluence of tributaries iii. The channel is well defined and narrow iv. The banks are high, rocky/firm and well-defined above high flood level (HFL)

Analysis of Alternatives 3-2 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Areas to be avoided  As far as possible, attempts should be made to avoid the following areas: i. Unstable hill features and areas having perennial landslide or settlement problems ii. Areas subject to seepage/flow from springs, hydel channels etc. iii. Steep hillsides iv. Areas subject to flooding or water logging v. Areas liable to snow drift or avalanches, and vi. Locations involving unnecessary and expensive destruction of wooded areas Miscellaneous  Location along a river valley has the inherent advantage of comparatively gentle gradients, proximity of inhibited villages, and easy supply of water for construction purposes. But this solution is best with disadvantages such as the need for a large number of cross drainage structures and protective works against erosion. These pros and cons should be kept in view while making initial selection of the alignment.  The location should be such that the road is fully integrated with the surrounding landscape of the area. It would be desirable to study the environmental impact of the road and ensure that the adverse effects are kept to the minimum. Based on the above criteria, the alignment options were studied in detail based on the topographical sheets collected, and detailed contours developed with the help of the satellite imaginaries. All the possible alignment options have been marked on the topographical sheets of survey of Myanmar obtained from the ministry of construction, Myanmar. Based on the detailed reconnaissance survey and detailed discussions with the Ministry of Construction, Government of Myanmar, the jetty location is proposed between the Melawa Chaung (river) and Paletwa Chaung on the right side of the Kaladan river. Since the project road is a part of the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport project, the two options on the right side of the Kaladan River are further considered for the feasibility study. The two alignments were studied on the aforesaid maps, which showed in general outline, river/streams, Chaung, hill ranges, spot levels of high peaks and approximate contours at 20m intervals. After study of the topographical features on the map, two alignments, feasible in a general way were selected keeping in view the guiding principles given above. Reconnaissance surveys were carried-out along the alignments. Ground reconnaissance consists of general examination of ground by walking along or nearby probable routes and collecting all available information necessary for evaluating the same. Points on which data were collected during reconnaissance are given below:  Details of route ( Topography of the area)  Terrain and soil condition ( geology of the area, nature of soil, cliffs and gorges, total length passing through steep hills, rocky stretches, slip prone area)  Existing transportation tracks  Sources of materials and their availability

Analysis of Alternatives 3-3 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Based on the desk study and field reconnaissance, proposed alignment were analyzed and evaluated, the comparison is presented in Table 3.1 Table 3.1: Merits and demerits of Alternative-1 & Alternative-2 for Package I (from Paletwa to Kaletwa) S.No Item Alternative I Alternative II 1 Length of Road 60km 62km Number of bridge Major Bridge 1 1 2 Minor Bridge 20 24 Cross Drainage works 120 180 3 Existing / known paths yes no Approximate plain / rolling 4 10 km ( approx) 2.0 to 2.5 km terrain 5 No. of villages connecting 14 12 6 Prone to land slide 1 km 3km 7 Tress Cutting 5150 7250 Availability of construction Use of Kaladan River Use of Kaladan River 8 material material (lead is less) material (lead is more) 9 Construction cost Rs 700 Crores Rs 800 Crores

The first alignment (Alternative 1) follows the established foot paths and passes through the tribal villages all along side. Hills along the proposed alignment are stable and consist of alternate beds of brownish sandstone and carbonaceous shales. The alignment runs parallel to Me La Chaung and Daletma Chaung. Construction materials are available along the Kaladan River and Melawa Chaung and other Chaung crossing the road alignment. The second alignment (Alternative 2) follows the same alignment as option1 for the first 2 km and moves towards Paletwa Chaung and runs parallel to Paletwa Chaung. To move towards the Paletwa Chaung the alignment is passing through steep hills between Me la Chaung and Paletwa Chaung which is prone to landslide and would be difficult for construction and requiring high cost. As observed from the merits and demerits of two alternatives, it is seen that Alternative 1 meets the basic requirements of the ideal alignment for Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport project and also goes straight vertical from Paletwa to Kaletwa. Therefore alternative I have been selected for the project road.

Analysis of Alternatives 3-4 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

LEGEND Proposed Alignment Options from Paletwa to Kaletwa Kaladan River

Port Location

Alignement Option 1 End of Alignment Alignement Option 2

Bridge Near Setpyit pyin Alignement Option 3

Proposed Alignment

Kaladan River

Start of the Alignment

Paletwa Port Tentative Location

Proposed Alignment options from Paletwa to Kaletwa Section of the Paletwa -Indian Myanmar Figure 3.1 Border Road

Analysis of Alternatives 3-5 Detailed Project Report

CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

CHAPTER 4

4.0 METHODOLOGY

4.1 Approach to EIA Study

Environmental Impact Assessment is a holistic process, which requires considering all aspects of environment which may be impacted due to the proposed project. The major issues of consideration are i) identification of potential impacts due to the project; ii) baseline scenario; iii) assessment of impacts; iv) mitigation measures and v) environmental management plan.

4.2 Steps in EIA

EIA process mainly consists of following steps:

 Study of Background information on project  Preparation of Screening Report  Baseline Data Collection  Assessment of Impact  Mitigation Measures  Public Consultation  Environment Management Plan The steps are detailed below:

(a) Study of Background information

First task is to study the project documents to have the understanding of the project objectives, its main components, boundary etc. Unless the project is well understood, its different impacts on environment and social issues cannot be properly identified.

(b) Preparation of Screening Report

A Screening Report was prepared to identify the important issues on environment from a preliminary study. This included:

Collection of data from secondary sources: After having the background information about the project and its environmental aspects from policy points, guidelines on such studies, next step involves collection of data from secondary sources. The data are collected on meteorology, demography, forests, wildlife, biodiversity, geology and related aspects, landuse pattern, topography etc. Following are some important information available from secondary sources.

Methodology 4-1 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Information Source Demography Census Handbook Landuse District Census Handbook Report and Maps of Soils Meteorology Data collected by Meteorology Department Topography Toposheets by Ministry of Construction Rivers, Nullah etc. Toposheets by Ministry of construction Geological Data Geological Survey and Maps Geology department

Reconnaissance survey of the project impact zone: Reconnaissance survey along the project road was carried out by a team of environmental experts. Important environmental components along the corridor of impact zone were identified. These were trees, forests, wildlife, biodiversity, and community resources. Discussions with local people, people from Forest and wildlife department and administrators were also conducted to obtain their opinion about the project.

(d) Baseline Data collection

The study was carried out in details for the environmental components. The findings were used to evaluate the impact.

(e) Assessment of Impacts

Reviewing the project activities and baseline conditions, the design was improved to consider environmental aspects. The impacts can be assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Project impacts on different environmental components are generally identified in a checklist matrix (known as Leopold Matrix also) method, which is a qualitative approach. The present trend is to quantify the impact using a common unit of measurement. This methodology called weighing-scaling checklist method has been developed by a number of groups. The approach assigns some relative value to the environmental components also called valued environmental components (VEC). Then it assigns importance weights to impact scales for each alternative activity relative to each environmental component. The basic concept can be expressed as

m n EIV =  i=1  j=1 (IS)i (PI)j Where, EIV = Environmental Impact Value th (IS)i = Impact Scale value for i activity th (PI)j = Environmental component value for j environmental component m = No. of activities n = No. of environmental components However actual quantification is difficult because of subjective nature of the valuation of environmental component and the impacts. Both environmental and social impacts are difficult to quantify, specifically to judging a project. So, quantification approach has not been

Methodology 4-2 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

considered further. However valued environmental components have been identified and the impact assessed based on the impact on these components. Environmental components considered for assessment of impact for this project are given below: Table 4.1: Valued Environmental Components Environmental Detail of Components components Land Soil Physical Environment Water Resources Noise Roadside Plantation Ecological Environment Forest flora Forest Fauna Rehabilitation Employment Social Environment Housing Agriculture Culture

(f) Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures have been suggested based on environmental and social criteria and also relying on best engineering practices. Besides the mitigation measures, environmental enhancement programmes have also been considered.

(g) Public Consultation

Public opinion is an important criterion in development programme. Any development activities need grassroot level suggestions to be implemented right from design phase. Public consultation was done with the villages following along the alignment to discuss the merits and demerits of the alignment, normally the meeting were conducted at village head men house.

(h) Environment Management Plan

Finally an environmental management plan has been developed to ensure the implementation of the mitigation measures and other environmental improvement activities underling specific responsibilities of different participating organisations. A budgetary cost for environmental measures has also been presented.

Methodology 4-3 Detailed Project Report

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

CHAPTER 5

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS

5.1 Introduction

The present chapter aims to describe existing environmental conditions of the influence area of the project. It deals with physical, natural and human components of the environment. However, as a specific socio-economic report has been produced and available, the reader is pleased to refer to it to find more detailed elements on this issue.

5.2 Physical Resources 5.2.1 Location

Chin State is located in the north-west of Myanmar between 200 40' N and 240 06' N latitudes and 920 37' E and 940 09' E longitudes. To the north and east of Chin State is Sagaing Division, to the south are Magway Division and Rakhine State, and to the west are Bangladesh and India. The area of the State is 13,907 square miles and capital is Hakhar.

Chin state

Fig 5.1: Myanmar Map Fig 5.2: Location of Chin State 5.2.2 Geography

Many natural watercourses are flowing among mountain ranges running from north to south forming a number of valleys and gorges. Mount Khawnusoum (also known as Mount Victoria), 10,500 feet (3,200 m) or Khonumthung, or Khonuamtung high is the highest peak in Chin State and the second highest peak in Myanmar. The state has a lot of rivers and the Manipura River flows through its northern territory. Longest water fall in Chin state is Bungtla water fall it is located in Matupi. The Chin state located in the Northwest of Myanmar is a very ragged land. Its eastern border faces Sagaing Division and Magwae

Environmental Setting 5-1 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Division, while the west faces the state of Mizoram in Bangladesh, north the state of Assam in India and south the state of Rakhine. Population is approx. 450,000 and they spread around within some 9 provinces, which cover some 130,907square miles. Mountain regions start in the north where steep peaks and valleys continue towards south. The highest peak is Mt. Victoria (10,200feet/ 3,109m). There run many rivers including River Manipur, River Kaladam in the southwest of the Chin state which starts in India going through Chin state into River Rakhine. Rivers in the south- east area of Chin such as River Yaw Creek, Salin Creek and Mon Creek run toward east. Those streams are fast and strong as they run in the hills and valleys. In recent years due to the deforestation for forest resources and cultivation, lot of mud pour into the stream, causing the frequent flood after heavy rain.

CHIN STATE

Fig 5.3: Topographical Sheet of Chin State

Environmental Setting 5-2 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

5.2.3 Geology

The Chin State is found to be made up of 8 different rock types as shown below: Sedimentary: (1) Irrawaddian type of rocks (2) Peguan type of rocks (3) Kennedy Sandstone (4) Chunsung Mudstone Turbidite (5) Falam Mudstone Micrite (6) Pane Chaung Group Metamorphic: (7) Kanpetlet schist and khwekha metamorphic Lgneous: (8) Ultra - basic rock (Nickel and Chromite bearing rock) 5.2.4 Soil and Land Use

Soil is the most valuable life supporting natural resource for the society since it produces food, fiber and fodder, which are basic to our very existence. Knowledge of different soils in respect of their characteristics, extent, productive capacity and use potential, is therefore extremely important for their sustained utilization for optimum land use. The state has diversity of climate and is endowed with varied litho logy, geomorphology and vegetation, which have considerable effect on soil genesis. The project area falls in region of Chin state. The whole region is made up of high hills and deep valleys, and there is hardly any plain or plateau. The highest peak is Nat Ma Taung or Mt. Victoria in southern Chin state at 3100 meters above sea level. The Project road passes through the elevation of 100 to 300 meters.

5.2.5 Quarries and Borrow Areas

Road construction requires stones, soil and sand. These are to be obtained from suitable areas, which will be suitable for quality. Also environmental issues are considered. Table 5.1 presents the list of quarry areas.

Table 5.1: List of Quarry Areas S. No. Location Chainage (Km) Package I – Paletwa to Kaletwa 1 Lymyo 112 km (from Project Road) 2 Sin Ma (Yellow) 200 km (from Project Road) 3 Sin Ma (Blue) 200 km (from Project Road) 4 Milawa River 3 km (on Project Road) 5 Milawa River 7.0 km (on Project Road) 6 Milawa River 8.0 km (on Project Road) 7 Rock sample 13 km (on Project Road)

Environmental Setting 5-3 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

S. No. Location Chainage (Km) 8 Milawa River 17.0 km (on Project Road) 9 Dalesta River 26.0 km (on Project Road) 10 Dalema River 31.0 km (on Project Road) 11 Ket Ku Wa C River 41.0 km (on Project Road) 12 Paron Chaung 50 km (on Project Road) 13 Vaku Chaung 56 km (on Project Road) Package II- Kaletwa to Zorinpui / Indian – Myanmar Border 1. Kan Chaung 7.5 km (on Project Road) 2. Twaose chaung 10.9 km (on Project Road) 3. Thala chaung 14.6 km (on Project Road) 4. Sat Chaing chaung 18.9 km (on Project Road) 5. Dou chaung 22.7 km (on Project Road) 6. Tangbel chaung 26.8 km (on Project Road) 7. Sulahi chaung 28.8 km (on Project Road) 8. Sulewvi chaung 33.1 km (on Project Road) 9. Phuhlai Chaung 37.7 km (on Project Road) 10. Tapu Chaung 48.5 km (on Project Road) 11. Water Fall 14.6 km (on Project Road)

5.2.6 Climate

Chin state owns a tropical climate with three seasons – the summer season from mid-February to mid-may, the rainy season from mid-may to mid- October and the cold season from mid- october to mid- February . Basically, it has a mild hot, wet climate. April and May are the hottest months of the year. 5.2.6.1 Temperature

The average temperatures of the months range from 60°F (10.5 Degrees Centigrade) to 70°F (19.5 Degrees Centigrade). In the cold season, temperatures fall as low as freezing point of water in the higher parts of towns like Haka, Foshaik and Kanpetlet. The monthly mean temperature at selected stations is given in Table 5.2. Table 5.2: Monthly Mean Temperature of Hakha Station S.no. Months Average Temperature (1999-2008) in C0 1 January 10.6 2 February 12.7 3 March 15.7 4 April 18.6 5 May 18.7 6 June 19.3 7 July 19.2

Environmental Setting 5-4 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

8 August 19.0 9 September 18.5 10 October 17.1 11 November 13.1 12 December 10.4 Source: Department of Metrological, Myanmar 5.2.6.2 Rainfall

Average annual rainfall is 80-100 inches. The southern part of Chin State gets more rain due to the storms that come from Bay of Bengal. The monthly rainfall at selected towns is given in Table 5.3. Table 5.3: Monthly Mean Temperature of Hakha Station S.no. Months Average Rainfall (1999-2008) in mm 1 January 17 2 February 5 3 March 12 4 April 54 5 May 203 6 June 256 7 July 317 8 August 357 9 September 339 10 October 217 11 November 36 12 December 17 Source: Department of Metrological, Myanmar

5.2.7 Water Resources

Water resources can be classified in two broad categories: Surface water and ground water. The following sections have elaborated on the available water resources.

Environmental Setting 5-5 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

5.2.7.1 Surface water

The river Kaladan arises in central Chin State as the Timit, 22° 49′ 28″ N 93° 31′ 57" E, and flows south and is soon joined by the Chal, after which it is known as the Boinu River. It continues south until just before it is joined by the Twe River at 22° 08′ 40″ N 93° 34′ 30″ E, when it swings west. It continues west until 22° 05′ 20″ N 93° 14′ 12″ E, when it heads northwest. At 22° 11′ 06″ N 93° 09′ 29″ E, below Mount Phabipa, it turns north and becomes the international border between India and Burma. It flows north to 22° 47′ 09″ N 93° 05′ 47″ E, where the international border continues north along the Tyao River and the Boinu heads northwest into Mizoram State, at which point it is known as the Kaladan. At 22° 56′ 21″ N 92° 58′ 55″ E it reaches its northern-most point, and turns south west, is joined by the Tuichong River from the right and then heads south. The Kaladan is joined from the right by the Mat River at 22° 43′ 39″ N, 92° 54′ 46″ E. It continues south and is joined by the Kawrthingdeng River from the right. It again enters Chin State, Myanmar, at Raithaw Ferry, 22° 03′ 40″ N 92° 51′ 05″ E, just northwest of Khenkhar. The Mi River joins from the left at 21° 06′ 56″ N 92° 57′ 42″ E. At Ngame the river enters the Rakhine State of Burma and continues south to Sittwe where it enters the Bay of Bengal. Beside the river Kaladan, its tributuries comoprising of Milewa, Dalesta, Dalme, Parong and Vaku also drains the project area. 5.2.7.2 Ground Water

The impact on ground water is different from that of surface water. In case of ground water the impact can be quantitative as well as qualitative. The probability of contamination of ground water due to leaching is rare in this type of development project. However, extraction of ground water would temporarily affect the quantity available but as the water table is high in the area the water would flow from the surrounding areas. Since construction of road requires considerable amount of water, as abundant surface water sources are available, as far as possible the ground water should not be utilized for road construction work. In case the ground water is to be utilized for construction work the prior approval of the concerned ministry would be taken before usage of ground water. 5.3 Ecological Resources 5.3.1 Flora

The project road passes through light jungle with bushes and trees such as mango, banana, teak, oak etc. The alignment have been selected considering that the teak and mango plantation in the area and proposed alignment is not passing through these plantation areas. The flora, directly or indirectly, provides a resource base for livelihood of the people, and fundamentally accounts for all the economy of this province. It is intricately woven with the social, cultural and religious customs of the inhabitants, and satisfies their bio-aesthetic and ethical needs. Besides, all the animals depend on floristic primary producers. Forest Resources: An integral part of the economy, forests in Chin state occupies great importance in the raising the economy. Several plant species are utilized to meet the

Environmental Setting 5-6 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

requirements of timber, fuel wood, and fodder, from the wild as well as from the plantations maintained for these purposes. 5.3.2 Fauna

Chin state is having greatly rich in the variety of faunal diversity, which consist mainly elephants, tigers, black bears, leopards, wild boars, monkeys, barking deers, mountain goats, porcupine, mythan and a great variety of birds. However, along the project road area between Paletwa and Indian Myanmar Border the fauna such as monkey, deers, snake and birds are available in scatter manner. 5.4 Socio-Economic Environment 5.4.1 Administrative divisions of Chin State

The Chin State is divided into districts and townships. It consists of two district Falam in northern Chin state and Mindat in southern Chin state and was further subdivided into nine townships. The districts and the number of townships are shown in the Table 5.4.

Table 5.4: Administrative Districts of Chin State

Administrative Districts of Chin State Districts No. of Townships Falam 5 Mindat 4 Total 9

5.4.2 Area and Land Use

The total area of the State of Chin State within the Myanmar Union is 30, 019 Sq. km, which is 4.4 percent of Myanmar total area (678500 Sq. km). The project road passes through the district of Paletwa. 5.4.3 Demographic features of Chin State 5.4.3.1 Population

The project state has an estimated total population of 510000. The population, area and population density in the project districts is given in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5: Total Population, Area and Density in Project Area

Name of the State Total Area (in Sq. Total Population Density (persons per Sq. Mile) mile) Chin state 130,907 510000 3.89 Source: Department of Population, Myanmar

The chin state is having very low density i.e. 3.89 person per sq mile. The major factor responsible for this density pattern is its mountainous terrain that is mostly inhabitable.

Environmental Setting 5-7 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

5.4.3.2 Sex Ratio

The Statewide sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males) is 1049 as per estimate by department of population in 2008 so it depict that the percentage of women is more in the project area. The Table 5.6 gives the details of total sex ration in the state.

Table 5.6: Total Sex Ratio Name of the state Total Sex Ratio Chin state 1049/1000 male Source: Department of population, Myanmar

5.4.4 Socio-Cultural Environment

There are Fourteen Villages along the Project road impacts that are envisaged to be affected. There would be no structures which would require shifting with the proposed alignment.

Environmental Setting 5-8 Detailed Project Report

CHAPTER 6 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

CHAPTER 6

6.0 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

6.1 Introduction

This chapter identifies and assesses the probable impacts on different environmental parameters due to planning, construction and the operation of the proposed development. After studying the existing baseline environmental scenario, initial field surveys, reviewing the process and related statutory norms, the major impacts can be identified and assessed during the design, construction and the operation phases. Road construction related impacts occur at three stages of the project: (i) Planning and Design (ii) Construction (iii) Operation Planning and Design plans the road alignment, required bypasses, construction details, materials of construction etc. which ultimately decides the impact during later phases. Most of the impacts are during construction and operation phase. While some of the construction phase impacts are temporary, some also are permanent. Operation phase impacts are continuous in nature. To identify these impacts broadly on physical, ecological and social environment Impact Identification Matrix are developed. Other important criterion for identification of impact is identification of the impact zone. For present screening studies, a Corridor of Impact (COI) of 60 m width of road alignment has been considered. Environmental parameters are broadly classified into three groups. (i) Physical Environment (ii) Biological Environment (iii) Human Environment Physical environment includes Water Resources, Water Quality, Air Quality, Noise and Land environment, Biological Environment includes, Flora and fauna and Plantation. Social Environment includes Rehabilitation, Employment, Agriculture, Housing, Culture etc. 6.2 Impact during Design Phase

The major impact associated with Design or Pre-construction phase deals with loss of land, properties and livelihood due to acquisition of properties. The design of alignment also decides the acquiring or impacting water bodies, flora and fauna, cultural sites etc. Design phase study these issues along with environmental and social specialists to minimize the impact. Besides the impact on environment and social factors, there should also be consideration for legal issues so that the project can be operated with ease.

Assessment of Environmental Impact 6-1 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

6.3 Impact during Construction Phase 6.3.1 Possession and Displacement

Construction phase starts from taking possession of the site. The possession of land is the first major step in the project construction. Being a new alignment while land need to be developed. The alignment has been selected keeping in view that there is no rehabilitation of people living along the alignment. 6.3.2 Land Requirement

It is calculated that total land requirement for the Package 1 from (Paletwa to Kaletwa) is 273.15 hectares and for package II (Kaletwa to Zorinpui / Indian – Myanmar Border ) is about 218.25 hectares. 6.3.3 Soil Erosion

The most important issue in land environment for road construction or improvement is the soil erosion. The construction activities require excavation of soil and removal of vegetation. These activities lead to loss of topsoil leading to localized ecological degradation. The soil erosion and landslides become a very important issue in the high embankment and elevated section of road. The soil erorision will be limited to the Right of Way of the project road. Suitable measures such as turfing, plantation of tree, stone pitching, breast wall and retaining walls have been provided to minimise the impact.

Soil erosion potential of an area depends on the slope of that area and the geological structure, soil type and climate variation. However, slope is predominant factor amongst these. The road passes through land slide prone area for about 500mts. The retaining walls and breast wall has been proposed in these area to minimise the impact.

Excavation of borrows pits and quarries are the other important activities, which has impact on land environment. Extraction of fill materials from hilly area or riverbed can cause significant environmental impacts due to erosion and affecting local ecology. Unplanned excavation of borrow pits can waste good agricultural land. Under the management plan the excavated pit sites are required to be restored and reclaimed in a satisfactory manner on completion of mining operations. As the quarry will be restored and reclaimed by the contractor, impact on land environment will be of short duration and could be managed by the management plans

A mitigation measure for soil erosion has been suggested in Chapter 7. Borrow pits and queries have been identified. Mitigation measures for borrow pits and quarries have also been suggested in Chapter 7. With the proper mitigation measures these impacts can be minimized. 6.3.4 Noise

Major noise pollution will be generated during construction phase from operation of heavy machineries; movement of heavy vehicles will also generate some noise. A lot of this problem can be reduced by proper mitigation measures. Also construction phase noise is a very much

Assessment of Environmental Impact 6-2 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

temporary affair. Each type of activity can generate different type and level of noise but that continue for a short period during the construction phase. The Construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 72-98 dB(A) at 50 ft distance which will decrease with increase in distance. The major construction works will be carried out during the day time. The noise produced during the construction will however not have a significant impact on existing ambient noise levels. Due to the high noise levels of construction machinery, the personnel operating the machines and the workers stationed close to the machines are prone to exposure of high levels of noise. Use of proper personal protective equipment can mitigate the adverse impacts of noise generated by such equipment on personnel.

6.3.5 Water Resources

The construction of the proposed road will not have any major impact on the surface water quality in the area. Contamination of water bodies may result due to spilling of construction materials, oils and greases and paint during transportation and at the equipment yards and asphalt plants. But the quantity of such spill will be negligible. Care however, needs to be taken to provide adequate sanitary facilities and drainage in the temporary colonies of the construction workers. Provision of adequate washing and toilet facilities with septic tanks and appropriate refuse collection and disposal system should be made obligatory.

Ground water contamination can take place only if chemical substances get leached by precipitation of water and percolate to the ground water table and by dumping of the used water from construction colony. This is not the case with the present project, as the activity does not contain any harmful ingredients, which could leach down to water table. Therefore, no impact on ground water quality is anticipated from the project during the construction and operation phase.

The water requirement will be increased during construction phase. Sufficient water for construction purpose is available by surface water of river, digging borehole / borewell all along the project road. All these activities shall have to be located within the vicinity of the project site during construction phase, hence proper care have to be taken while deciding the location of these activities. Identification of suitable locations shall have to be carried out based on the present ground water table which is quite high in the area in order to safeguard the nearby environment.

Water resources can be impacted in different ways during construction of the roads. Construction work close to this River can cause significant disturbances to the users of Kaladan. The piling or storing of earth, aggregates or other construction materials close to the River can be source of pollution. The materials can settle by wind, by surface runoff or accidentally during transfer or handling in the River. The storing of aggregates and other

Assessment of Environmental Impact 6-3 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

construction material has been planned away from the river along the alignment at the plant locations. Areas where sensitive issues are likely to have impact on water bodies are given in Table 6.1. Table 6.1 : Impact on Water bodies Chainage (km) Sensitive issues Remarks Package I – Paletwa to Kaletwa 0 to 1.2 Kaladan River May be affected 2.8 to 3.0 Milawa River May be affected 17.9 to 18.0 Milawa River May be affected 30.6 to 30.8 Dalesta River May be affected 50.4 to 50.6 Pargon River May be affected 56.2 to 56.3 Vaku River May be affected 59.9 to 60.6 Kaladan River May be affected Package II- Kaletwa to Zorinpui / Indian – Myanmar Border 2.800 to 2.900 Kannu Chaung May be affected 7.300 to 7.400 Kan Chaung May be affected 10.400 to 10.700 Twoase Chaung May be affected 14.000 to 14.100 Thalan Chaung May be affected 17.100to 17.250 Sat Chaing Chaung May be affected 21.100 to 21.200 Do Chaung May be affected 25.200 to 25.300 Tangbel Chaung May be affected 27.150 to 27.250 Sulehi Chaung May be affected 31.850 to 31.950 Sulewvi chaung May be affected 36.850 to 36.950 Phuhlai Chaung May be affected

Mitigation measures to reduce impact on these rivers have been suggested in Chapter 7. It is envisaged with proper implementation of the suggested mitigation measures and proper monitoring, the impact will be negligible. 6.3.6 Trees

The road passes through the hilly terrain and therefore the tress falling on the alignment needs to be cut. The impact will depend on the number, density, and type of species of trees on each road. As discussed before that this area is blessed with so many natural resources and greenery is one of them. Table 6.2 provides the total number of trees on the roadside. Also compensatory plantation and plantation along the total road will be carried out as detailed in chapter on mitigation measures. With the proposed mitigation measures, there will be several times more trees after the project is completed.

Assessment of Environmental Impact 6-4 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

Table 6.2: Details of Trees to be affected Chainage Number of Trees Package I – Paletwa to Kaletwa 0-5 300 5-10 350 10-15 450 15-20 375 20-25 400 25-30 425 30-35 450 35-40 450 40-45 500 45-50 500 50-55 450 55-60 500 Sub Total 5150 Package II- Kaletwa to Zorinpui / Indian – Myanmar Border

0-10 700 10-20 750 20-30 750 30-40 850 40-48.5 750 Sub Total 3800 Total 8950

6.4 Impact during Operation Phase 6.4.1 Air Quality

During the operation phase of the project the air quality impacts due to the project will be primarily due to the flow of traffic on the project road. The extent of these impacts will depend upon i) the rate of vehicular emission and ii) the prevailing meteorological conditions and iii) number of vehicles. As the traffic plying of the road would be of low level the impact on the air quality would be minimal. 6.4.2 Noise

During the operation phase of the project uninterrupted movement of heavy and light vehicles is expected to give rise to higher ambient noise levels. The sensitive receptors such as schools and hospitals are not situated in the near vicinity of the project site. As the traffic plying of the road would be of low level the impact on the surrounding area would be negligible.

Assessment of Environmental Impact 6-5 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

6.4.3 Water Quality

During operation phase there is less possibility of any impact on waterbody. However water quality can be impacted due to washing of the vehicles near the rivers, water bodies etc. Washings from road can contain oil, which may end up in local water bodies. 6.4.4 Flora and Fauna

During operation phase there is least possibility of impact on flora and fauna.

Assessment of Environmental Impact 6-6 Detailed Project Report

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Setpyitpyin (Kaletwa) in Chin State of Myanmar

CHAPTER 7

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

7.1 Introduction

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the key to ensure that the environmental quality of the zone under impact does not deteriorate beyond the expected level due to the construction and operation of the project. As discussed in the previous chapters, the road design, construction and operation activities can have various levels of environmental impacts. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) covers all aspects of the construction and operation phases related to environment. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) needs to be implemented right from the conception and should continue till the end. The Plan can be divided into three phases - (a) Design phase (b) Construction phase and (c) Operational phase.

7.2 Design Phase

Design will also be based on social and environmental criteria. Important environmental components e.g. soil erosion points, water resources, drainage, trees, wild life, sensitive locations etc, and social components e.g, school, hospitals, religious places, residential areas, commercial place etc. will be preliminarily identified on existing road plan. While finalizing alignments and deciding on corridor of impact, this data will be considered and based on same design will be incorporated to minimize the impact on environment. Table 7.1: Design Phase Measures – General Impacts Mitigation Measures Land Acquisition Alignment design to minimize the land acquisition (inevitable as project road is new alignment) Major Displacement None Removal of Trees Alignment has been designed to reduce the number, alignment selected to avoid forest, Orchid etc. Compensatory plantation has been planned. Impact on public utilities. Alignment design to consider. In case of removal alternate arrangement to be done before. Impact on Cultural Sites None Borrow pits Locations to be selected considering minimum loss of productive land and redevelopment Environmental Environmental qualifications specification should be Specifications for included in pre-qualification packages for the contractors Contractors

These mitigation measures have been considered during finalizing the road design. Table 7.2 shows some special mitigation measures adopted in project design.

Environmental Management plan 7-1 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Setpyitpyin (Kaletwa) in Chin State of Myanmar

Table 7.2: Mitigation Measures in Project Road Design Impacts Mitigation Measures Major Displacement None Removal of Trees Alignment design has saved 6000 trees with selection of project road. Compensatory plantation of double the number of trees will be carried out. Besides the total road section will be planted with ten thousand trees. Impact on public utilities In case of removal alternate arrangement will be done e.g. community wells etc. before. Kaladan and other Rivers The road section is parallel to the tributaries of Kaladan River at some locations. Wherever required retaining wall has been proposed. Borrow Pits and queries Due to environment sensitivity, the project has plan for borrow pits, far away from hills, so that there is no direct impact on environment. Air Quality and Noise The compensatory plantation along the project road would reduce the impact of air and noise pollution.

7.3 Construction Phase

7.3.1 Land Environment

The impact of road construction starts with land environment. General mitigation measures are suggested in Table 7.3. Table 7.3: Mitigation Measures for Land Environment Impacts Mitigation Measures Soil Erosion Proper planning for slope stabilization, topsoil storage, plantation and turfing on slopes. Loss of topsoil Most of the earth work would be done from the cut volume of the project road. Borrowing of fill Excavation from pre-selected locations. After excavation, the materials borrow pits will be dressed to match with surroundings. In specific cases borrow pits can be excavated in consultation with local people to use those pits as water harvesting points. Disposal of No haphazard dumping of construction waste. Only pre-selected Construction waste location maintaining local environmental regulations will be used. Disposal of human Specific landfill sites should be identified to manage solid waste waste by generated from habitation of construction workers. construction workers.

Environmental Management plan 7-2 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Setpyitpyin (Kaletwa) in Chin State of Myanmar

7.3.2 Air Quality and Noise

Construction activities at different phases can generate significant air quality problems. So air quality and noise will be one of the major environmental issues. Mitigation measures would be taken to reduce the impact as presented in Table 7.4. Specific areas for air and noise pollution control have been identified and given in Table 7.4. Table 7.4: General Measures for Air & Noise Pollution Control Impact Measures Generation Water will be sprayed during construction phase, in earth handling sites, of Dust asphalt mixing sites and other excavation areas for suppression of dust. Dust emission from piles of excavated material should also be controlled by spraying water on the piles. Special care should be taken when working near schools and medical facilities. Dust emission is a high-risk problem in the Stone Crushing activities. Workers are exposed to high level of dust pollution. It will be responsibility of the project proponent to ensure that stone crushers supplying materials for this project implement air pollution control and workers are provided with masks. Gaseous Vehicles and machineries will be regularly maintained to conform to the Pollution emission standards stipulated under Environment (Protection), Rules 1986. Asphalt mixing sites should be sufficiently away from residential quarters and not in forest area. Workers working in asphalt mixing and subsequent application of asphalt mix on road surface are exposed to high level of carcinogenic emission. These workers should be provided with masks and it will be responsibility of the supervising officers that the workers use the masks. Noise Workers shall not be exposed to noise level more than permitted for industrial premises, i.e. 90 dBA (Leq) for 8 hours. Workers exposed to high noise level should use ear plugs Construction work generating noise pollution near the health facilities and residential areas should be stopped during night. Noise attenuation measures e.g. planting of trees, noise attenuation structures to be done as required.

However some specific areas need to be identified for air and noise quality control. Table 7.5 provides the locations and measures for air and noise quality control.

Environmental Management plan 7-3 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Setpyitpyin (Kaletwa) in Chin State of Myanmar

Table 7.5: Areas of Air Pollution and Noise Control during Construction near Settlements Chainage (km) Settlement Sensitive issues

10.3 (Package I) Likeo School – RHS

19.8 (Package I) Mang Ta PHC – LHS

7.3.3 Water Resources

The project work will have some impact on water environment along the roadside and also the requirement of water for construction activities may have some impact on local water resources. Mitigation measures would be taken to reduce the impact as presented in Table 7.6.

Table 7.6: General Measures for Protection of Water Resources Impacts Mitigation Measures Loss or impact on The water body or a part if lost will be replaced immediately. water bodies The embankments of water bodies will be raised to prevent any contamination from road run-off. Flooding due to Excavated earth and other construction materials should be siltation of stored away to prevent washing away. drainage channel Water use for Water sources would be selected so that local availability is not construction affected. Local water bodies, tube wells, wells will not be used. Borehole by contractors will be done with permission from concerned department. Contamination All practical measures will be taken to prevent any uncontrolled from wastes effluent discharge from construction workers camps and storages to water sources. The campsite will be provided with proper drainage connected with local drain. Contamination Vehicle maintenance will be carried out in a confined area, away from fuel and from water sources, and it will be ensured that used oil or wastes lubricants are not disposed to watercourses. Sanitation and Construction camp will be organized in a planned manner. Water use in Workers shall be provided proper sanitation facilities including Construction toilets. Camps will have water supply facilities like tube wells or Camps from other sources without affecting the local water source.

During Construction work for the bridges over Kaladan River, it will be taken care that the river water is not polluted due to the work. Also river should not be polluted by washing of vehicles or use by the construction workers. Otherwise local users and aquatic ecology of the river may be affected

Environmental Management plan 7-4 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Setpyitpyin (Kaletwa) in Chin State of Myanmar

There will be impact on Kaladan River through sedimentation either due to tree cutting and other construction activities as discussed in Chapter-6. To mitigate this problem stabilize and elevate the riverbank before construction. Construction material should be keep away from Riverside.

7.3.4 Flora

A tree census has been carried out noting all tree sizes and species. About 8950 trees will have to be removed during construction activities. Major mitigation measures to be taken up are given in Table 7.7. Table 7.7: Mitigation Measures for Tree Loss Impacts Mitigation Measures Loss of Tree felling will be restricted to requirement of construction activities. Trees About 8950 trees will have to be removed during construction activities. Two times the number of trees cut will be planted. Besides there will be more plantation on roadsides where there are no trees at present. Total length of the road will be about 110.050 km. Plantation will be done as near as the old site, most preferably just beyond the existing position within Right of Way (ROW). To compensate the felling of trees and improve environmental quality, trees will be planted in nearby areas beyond the project site. The species will be selected depending on site, plantation design and in consultation with local community in the plantation program and forest department. Tree plantation will continue as part of construction process and will be included in Environmental Management Plan. The trees will be planted by project authorities by the roadside within ROW. The cost for plantation has been included in Environmental Cost. Medicinal Efforts will be made to save medicinal trees. Afforestation program Plants will be taken up.

7.3.5 Fauna

Different fauna are affected due to construction activities. Mitigation measures for birds will be planting of more trees, which will improve the condition much better than the present. For wildlife in the remote areas, specific restrictions will be imposed. These include restriction in timing of work; setting up of workers’ camp, use of water sources, traffic speed etc.

Environmental Management plan 7-5 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Setpyitpyin (Kaletwa) in Chin State of Myanmar

Table 7.8: Mitigation Measures to be adopted during construction Impacts Mitigation Measures Loss of habitat for Compensatory Plantation program will be taken up. avifauna No harvesting of wild foods or hunting of animals. Impact on Wildlife Speed restriction in night.

7.3.6 Safety

Safety at different stages of construction is an important issue both for local people as well as for the construction workers. Table 7.9: Safety Measures Impacts Mitigation measures Information to Public Signs will be posted on road before construction areas informing public and travelers about the work and safety provisions. Restriction to Access Safe and convenient passage for vehicles, pedestrians and livestock to and from the side roads and property across the road will be arranged during construction work Occupational Safety for Contractor will arrange all safety measures for workers Construction Workers as per Factories Act Occupational Safety for All workers employed on mixing asphaltic material, Asphalt plant workers and cement, lime mortars, concrete etc., will be provided Crusher plant. with protective footwear and protective goggles. For crusher workers, masks should be provided. Explosive use The Contractor shall at all times make full liaison with and inform well in advance and obtain such permission as is required from all Government Authorities, public bodies and private parties whatsoever concerned or affected or likely to be concerned or affected by blasting operations.

7.3.7 Storage Site

Storage of construction related materials, like machineries, materials etc. will not be stored near any waterbody, school, health facilities and residential areas. The discarded materials from the storage site will be kept in a specific place at the storage site and disposed according to environmental laws and regulations. Especially, two relevant rules – Manufacture, Storage & Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules and Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules – should be always considered. For storage of explosives, Explosives Act should be followed. Storage site should have proper signs for safety.

Environmental Management plan 7-6 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Setpyitpyin (Kaletwa) in Chin State of Myanmar

7.3.8 Workers’ Camp

Construction workers are a much neglected group in the country. Unless the workers are provided proper amenities to live at the construction site, the environmental issues of road construction cannot be properly met. Following mitigation measures are suggested in Table 7.10. In accordance with Environment (Protection) Act, for any environmental pollution from the workers’ camp, the responsibility would lie with the project authority and subsequent penal action can be taken against them. Table 7.10: Mitigation Measures for Workers’ Camps Issue Measures Location Workers’ camps will be located away from water bodies, schools, and residential areas. Construction Camp will be constructed with proper accommodation facilities, should look aesthetically good as this will be a roadside feature during construction period Water Contractor will arrange for potable water supply for the workers so that local water sources are not disturbed. Bore well for the camp will be suitable for this region. Sanitation Workers’ camp will be provided with proper sanitation facilities, toilets with septic tank and soak pits. Other amenities Crèche, first aid etc as required under Factories Act Some important guidelines related to stone quarries, noise levels of machineries and vehicle standards are given in Table 7.11.

Table 7.11: Guidelines related to stone quarries, noise levels Source Regulations Stone Crusher i) Implementation of following pollution control measures: a) Dust containment cum suppression system for the equipment. b) Construction of wind breaking walls. c) Construction of metalled roads within the premises. d) Regular cleaning and wetting of the ground within premises e) Growing of a green belt within the periphery ii) Quantitative standard for SPM: The SPM contribution value at a distance of 50 meters from a controlled isolated as well as from a unit located in a cluster should be less than 600 mg/m3. The measurements are to be conducted at least twice a month for all the 12 months a year. Vehicles Petrol driven: 4 wheelers: Idling CO not to exceed 3 % by volume. 3 & 2 Wheelers: Idling CO not to exceed 5.5 % by volume Diesel driven: Smoke Density a) At full load and 70% maximum speed: 3.2 Light Absorption Co- eff b) At free acceleration: 2.3 Light Absorption Co-eff

Environmental Management plan 7-7 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Setpyitpyin (Kaletwa) in Chin State of Myanmar

Source Regulations General Emission Particulate matters: 150 mg/Nm3 Automobiles 2 and 3 wheeler : 80 dB (A) Passenger car : 82 dB(A) Passenger or commercial vehicles upto 5T : 85 dB(A) Passenger or commercial vehicles 5-12 T : 89 dB(A) Passenger or commercial vehicles 5-12 T : 91 dB(A) Machineries Compactors, Front loaders, Concrete mixtures, Cranes, Vibrators, Saws : 75 dB(A)

7.4 Operation Phase

Environmental issues change during operation phase and its mitigation plan also has to look towards a longer period of time. Operation phase environmental aspects are thus more related to vehicular emission. The mitigation measures for different environmental aspects are discussed below in Table 7.12. Table 7.12: Operation Phase Mitigation Measures Impacts Mitigation measures Dust Bad road maintenance of road gives rise to dust pollution. Road surface will be maintained properly. Gaseous All vehicles should be checked for “Pollution Under Control” certificates Pollution and occasional spot testing of emission from vehicles will be carried out. Surface Surface runoff from the road will not be disposed directly in the water runoff bodies used by people for bathing etc. It should also not be disposed directly in to any watercourse with good water quality. Wild Life There should be speed restrictions through specific area in the night to prevent accident with wild animals. There will be proper sign for the drivers to inform about this. Flora Tree plantations will be monitored continuously. Safety Safety signs should be kept always clean and updated Public Bus Stops, Underpasses etc. should be kept in order. amenities

7.5 Environmental Enhancement

Environmental enhancement considers additional provisions, which can be included in the execution of highway widening project to enhance better road service facilities, public amenities, safety provisions and environmental quality. Also it suggests improvement of aesthetic qualities of the project corridor. Following are the provisions for the environmental enhancement.

7.5.1 Road Service Facilities

Bus lay-byes: Bus Lay-byes are also proposed to be set up near the villages.. The location will be developed aesthetically with ornamental plantations, shade trees and shrubs.

Environmental Management plan 7-8 Detailed Project Report Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Setpyitpyin (Kaletwa) in Chin State of Myanmar

7.5.2 Public Amenities

Bus Stops: New bus stops with sitting bench and shade will be provided at all the settlement areas. The shades will be of aesthetic design improving the visual quality of the highway. Traffic Safety Signs: Traffic safety signs will be provided prominently at all places where it is required for public safety like schools, heath centers, market area etc.

7.5.3 Water bodies

As discussed before, a number of water bodies will be affected by proposed alignment. There will be mitigation measures as also discussed earlier. However there will be further effort to enhance the aesthetics of these water bodies as well as public utility. Landscaping: The slopes of the Kaldan River and its tributaries particularly near bridges will be vegetated and landscaping will be done to improve the aesthetics of the place. The slope will rise slowly from the roadside and there will be plantation of trees, which will reduce soil erosion. Improvement of Navigation Points: The Kaladan River has Navigation points along the road. These navigation points will be improved with maintenance. Local styles will be adopted developing new navigation points.

7.5.4 Workers’ Camps

As said before workers’ camps are most neglected. One of the important tasks of environmental enhancement will be to build model workers’ camps, which then can be replicated in all road construction projects. The workers’ camps will be clean, the camp houses will be properly painted, the housing area nicely separated from the surroundings. There may be flower plants etc to make the place beautiful. There should be sign stating it as workers’ camp so that people traveling along the road can learn about the model camps.

Environmental Management plan 7-9 Detailed Project Report

CHAPTER 8 FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION Preparation of Detailed Engineering Project Report for Two Lane Road from Paletwa to Zorinpui (India Myanmar Border) in Chin State of Myanmar

CHAPTER 8

8.0 FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

8.1 Findings of the Study

The major findings of the study are: a) This project is a part of Kaldan Multimodal Project between India and Myanmar Government. Once the road is developed, the traffic, mainly freight and passenger can travel with ease and in less time from Sittwe to Mizoram. b) As road passed through a number of villages, which would improve connectivity to the project area. c) The selection of alignment option has significantly reduced the number of trees to be cut. d) River Kaladan and its tributaries by the side of the road, which may be partly impacted. Environmental Management Plan has taken care of this aspect.

8.2 Recommendations

The EIA report has discussed the environmental issues in details and then suggested an Environmental Management plan. The plan with proper implementation monitoring schedule needs to be followed. Major recommendations in these plans are given below: a) An Environmental Management Group should be established to implement Environmental Management Plan and regular monitoring of environmental quality. b) No campsite, extraction of water and work after evening within social forest area. c) Air pollution and noise pollution control measures to be implemented during construction, specifically in the identified sensitive areas. d) Water bodies will not be impacted as far as possible. e) Workers camp will be located away from water bodies and will have proper water supply and sanitation facilities. f) All machineries should conform to noise and emission limits as per Indian laws or Myanmar Laws.

8.3 Conclusion

It has been discussed at the onset that this road is a part of bilateral agreement between Government of India and Government of Myanmar, there is a proposal to develop a trade route between the two countries. The road development will no doubt have some impact on environmental components. However with EMP as suggested in this report would reduce the impact on the project surroundings.

Findings, Recommendations and Conclusions 8-1 Detailed Project Report