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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84676-9 - The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell Edited by Jill L. Matus Index More information

Index

3 Beaufort Row (Chelsea), ECG’s childhood Bain, Alexander, on susceptibility to 18 emotional persuasion 31 84 Plymouth Grove (Manchester) 189 Bamford, Samuel 33 ‘‘An Accursed Race’’ (Gaskell) BBC, serialization of ECG’s works 188 ECG’s concerns with social transformation Beard, John Relly 168 148 Bell, Currer see Bronte¨, Charlotte publication 16 Belsham, Thomas 166, 167, 168 reflections of ECG’s European travels 126 Berman, Marshall, on modernity 91 Acre, Battle of (SL) 84, 85, 153 betrayal, psychological effects, ‘‘Half a agricultural revolution 80 Lifetime Ago’’ 115 agriculture and modernity in CP and WD biographical criticism, ECG dislikes 12 94–8 biographical information, ECG’s interest in Albertis, Deirdre d’, literary assessment of 13 ECG 66, 186 biographical writing America ECG’s concerns with gender 4 ECG’s interest in 152 ECG’s significance 4 reflected in LW 123 biography, critical reactions to writing ECG’s American Civil War biography 14 ECG’s attitudes toward 8 Blanchard, Laman (biographer of Laetitia ECG’s concerns with its effects 152 Landon) 60 influence on ECG’s writing of SL 86 Bodenheimer, Rosemarie 62 Anderson, Harriet, ECG voices her dislike of on George Eliot’s reading of LCB 71 biographical criticism 12 Bodichon, Barbara, influences ECG 169 Anglicanism, ECG’s links with 174, 176 Bonaparte, Felicia, on writing ECG’s Angrian tales (CB) 65 biography 14 Arnold, Matthew 174 Bonaparte, Napoleon, in SL 85 Aspland, Robert 166 Bosanquet, Charles, friendship with ECG 170 Atkinson, William, as model for Sylvia Boswell, James 4, 60 Robson’s father in SL 85 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth 119 Auerbach, Nina, literary assessment of ECG Bremer, Frederika, influences ECG 169 185 Bridell-Fox, Eliza, influences ECG 169 Austen, Jane 116 Bright, Henry 176 BBC serializations 188 British and Foreign Unitarian Association concerns with social change 156 166 on history 75 British heritage drama, ECG’s importance for literary assessment of 180 9 authorship Bronte¨, Anne and domesticity concerns with women’s social role 132 effects on women 59–61 The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, sexual in LCB 61–4 ideology in 141 Auxiliary Bible Society (Newcastle upon Bronte¨, Branwell, affair with Mrs. Robinson Tyne) 167 69, 70 Aykroyd, Tabitha (Tabby; Bronte¨s’ servant) Bronte¨, Charlotte 63 Cecil’s literary assessment 183

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challenges ECG on her sense of self 15 Chartism concerns that MB might eclipse Shirley 157 concerns with political and family life 135 conflict between authorship and in MB 30, 138 domesticity 61–4 responses to industrialization 157 critical appreciation of ECG 132 Cheshire, rural customs described by ECG criticizes Wiseman 175 109 death 16 Cheshire’s tourism industry, promotion of ECG’s decision to write biography 59 ECG’s literary reputation 189 ECG’s perception of her social role 132, child/parent relationships, theme in ‘‘Lizzie 133 Leigh’’ 113 ECG’s representation of 4 childrearing, and writing 22 fear of ECG’s ghost stories 109 children, rearing, and unorthodox families 143 Jane Eyre published 13 Cholmondeley, Mary, influenced by LCB 71 literary genius 64–7 Chorley, Henry Fothergill 60 as a model of a woman writer 72 on Felicia Hemans’s literary genius 64, 65 professionalism 67–8 literary appreciation of ECG 179 views about NS 91 praises LCB 69 women’s roles in Shirley 138 Christian Remembrancer, antagonistic Bronte¨, Emily 68 reviews of Jane Eyre 63 Bronte¨, Rev. Patrick ‘‘Clopton Hall’’ (ECG) 20, 22, 111 asks ECG to write a biography of CB 16, Gothic elements 119 59 narrative formula 121 characterization in LCB 70 Coke of Holkham, Thomas 80 praises LCB 5, 68 Collins, Wilkie, use of the Gothic 119 Bronte¨s, concerns with women’s social roles reflections of ECG’s European travels 126 132 on storytelling 109 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett 61 condition-of-England novels 157 critical opinion of ECG 2 MB and NS 3 Buckle, Henry, on history 76 conduct books, effects on women 140 Bulwer, Edward 168 Coniston, setting for reworked ‘‘Martha Bunsen, Karl J. von 173 Preston’’ 115 Burdett-Coutts, Angela, establishment of consciousness/emotions, representations of in Homes for Homeless Women 54 MB and NS 3 Byerley sisters 10, 166 Cornhill Magazine 6, 76, 90, 91 publication of ECG’s work 110 serialization of CP and WD 105–7 ‘‘The Cage at Cranford’’ (ECG), social satire Cousin Phillis (ECG) 129 118 agriculture and modernity 94, 96 Calder, Jenni, literary assessment of ECG Cecil’s literary assessment 184 185 comparison with WD 91 164 Calvin, Jean ECG’s tolerance in 176 157–9 capitalism, women’s relations with history in 78 24 Carlyle, Jane, on ECG’s married status Hughes’s and Lund’s literary assessment Carlyle, Thomas 27 180 75 views of history as influenced by the natural sciences 98 189 Carnforth, linked with Cranford narrative strategy 92 37 Carpenter, William, on the unconscious , as pastoral idyll 90, 91 40 41 , plot, as affected by modernity 105–7 20 169 Carr, Harriet , railways as agent of social change 156 Cecil, Lord David, critical appreciation of sexual ideology 143 2 91 132 134 183–4 185 ECG , , , , , and social transformation 6 168 Channing, William Ellery women’s erotic self-awareness 92 24 Chapman and Hall (publishers) Cowan Bridge School 65 16 185 187 Chapple, J. A. V. , , Cranford (ECG) character BBC’s serialization 189 155 ECG’s concerns with Cecil’s literary assessment 184 and environment, use in ECG’s short comparison with Ruth 46 111–16 stories continuing popularity 1, 2 Stetson’s views 168

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Cranford (cont.) death tolls, in NS 35 ECG’s childhood memories in 16 development, concept, in ECG’s Gothic tales ECG’s concerns with social transformation 119 148 Dickens, Charles 35, 52, 124, 172 female communities in 47–53 alters title of ‘‘A Dark Night’s Work’’ 122 female stereotypes in 4 concerns with fallen women 150 history in 78 concerns with prostitution 113 Hughes’s and Lund’s literary assessment 180 on ECG’s storytelling skills 108 linked with Carnforth 189 edits Household Words 6 Masson’s literary assessment 180 establishment of Homes for Homeless men in 57 Women 54 and modernity 106 frustration at ECG 24 as pastoral idyll 11, 90 and the historical novel 5, 76 Saturday Review’s literary assessment 179 publication of ECG’s short stories 110 sexual ideology 143 publication of ‘‘Lizzie Leigh’’ 113 and social change 154, 155 use of the Gothic 119 social satire 116 ‘‘Disappearances’’ (ECG) use of material from ‘‘The Last Generation Gothic elements 119 in England’’ 117 Disraeli, Benjamin 135 women’s social status 141 and ‘‘condition-of-England’’ question 157 Crimean War, ECG’s attitudes toward 8 Disraeli, Isaac 64, 73 Crompton, Charles (Florence Gaskell’s Dob Lane (Manchester) 165 husband) 173 Dobie, Madeleine, post-heritage drama and ‘‘The Crooked Branch’’ (‘‘The Ghost in the gender 188 Garden Room’’) (ECG), Gothic elements domestic ideology 7 121 domesticity Cross Street Chapel (Manchester) 19, 167, 171 and authorship members of congregation condemn R for effects on women 59–61 its perceived immorality 10 in LCB 61–4 WG appointed as assistant minister 167 theme cross-dressing, in ‘‘The Grey Woman’’ 123 in feminist literary assessment of ECG ‘‘Crowley Castle’’ (‘‘How the First Floor 185 Went to Crowley Castle’’) (ECG), in literary assessment of ECG 183 Gothic elements 121 ‘‘The Doom of the Griffiths’’ (ECG) cultural studies, influence on ECG’s literary Gothic elements 120 reputation 186 ‘‘dram-drinking’’ 106 ‘‘Cumberland Sheep-Shearers’’ (ECG) dreams and trances, language about used to historical development in 125 indicate psychic states in NS 38, 43 ‘‘Curious If True’’ (ECG) Drummond, James (WG’s fellow minister at Gothic elements 125 Cross Street) 173 Du Maurier, George 187 Dunham Park (Altrincham) 112 172 Dante Alighieri duty 175 ‘‘A Dark Night’s Work’’ (ECG) and literary genius 66 122 comparison with ‘‘The Grey Woman’’ theme in LCB 68–9, 72 ECG’s concerns with social transformation Dyce, Alexander (biographer) 59 148 Gothic elements 122 Easson, Angus Darwin, Charles 160 on authorship and domesticity in LCB 63 historical method 76, 81 on ECG’s concepts of genius and duty 66 on the historical sense 83 on third edition of LCB 70 historical sense, influence on SL 87 Eastlake, Lady (Elizabeth Rigby), as model for Roger Hamley in WD 162 antagonistic review of Jane Eyre 63, 64 On the Origin of Species, influence 87 Edgeworth, Maria 116 as pattern for Roger Hamley’s career 98 education Darwinism ECG’s concerns with 139 biological determinism in gender relations, Unitarian views of 134 as pictured in WD 102 and the working classes, in My Lady and social transformation 148 Ludlow 80

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Education Act (1870) 80 and industrialism Eliot, George 7, 13, 129 ECG’s concerns with 136–9 BBC serializations 188 in MB 134 Cecil’s literary assessment 183 fashion sense, in C 48 critical appreciation of ECG 132 fathers, influence 137 and the historical novel 5, 76, 86 female communities influenced by ECG 91 in C 47–53 Middlemarch 118 in C and R 46 importance of the natural sciences 98 in R 48, 54 as a model of a woman writer 72 female love, redemptive power of, theme in narrative strategy 92 ‘‘Lizzie Leigh’’ 113 possibly influenced by ECG 102 female sexuality, in R 47 praises LCB 71 female stereotypes, representation in on realistic representation 150 C and R 4 views on character 168 femininity, theme, in literary assessment of Elwood, Anne Katherine 59 ECG 183 emigration feminism ECG’s views 149 critical appreciation of ECG 2, 185 theme in MB and ‘‘The Moorland in Unitarianism 169 Cottage’’ 8 fiction emotional and psychic states craft 23 in the context of social change, as reflected and fact, in ECG’s Gothic tales 119 in the ‘‘Manchester’’ novels 28–35 presentation of history 75–7 in MB 27, 28–35 representation of truth 10 in NS 27, 35–7 sensation fiction 105 described by the language of Gothic fictionality, and women, in R 53, 57 horror 39 Forster, John (publisher) 24 language of dreams and trances 38, 43 Forster, W. E. 80 portrayed through correlation of Fort Wagner, ECG’s description of storming physiological and mental states 39 of 152 self-control portrayed by 40–3 Fortnightly Review, literary assessment of unconscious processes reflected 37–44 ECG 181 emotions/consciousness, representations of in Fox, Eliza (Tottie) 11, 21, 66 MB and NS 3 Fox, William Johnson 168 English Heritage Society 189 French fiction, influences on ECG 185 environment, and character, use in ECG’s ‘‘French Life’’ (ECG) short stories 111–16 reflections of ECG’s European travels 126 environmental influences, in ECG’s Gothic Froude, Charlotte 66 tales 119 Fuller, Margaret 71 essay form, ECG distinguishes from the novel 110 Gallagher, Catherine, public and private lives European travel, Gaskell’s experiences of in Victorian social writings 134 125 reflected in short stories Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn artistic principles contravened 29 fact and fiction in ECG’s Gothic tales 119 autobiographical references in MB 29 fallen women 47 character 10–11 ECG’s views 150 affects critical reactions 11 in ‘‘Lizzie Leigh’’ 113 critical reactions in writing biographical in R 8, 10, 54, 55–7 studies 14 in ‘‘The Well of Pen-Morfa’’ 114 childhood and adolescence 16–19 families courtship and marriage 169 dysfunctional families critical reputation 9, 11 LW 124 dislike of biographical criticism 12 in ‘‘The Doom of the Griffiths’’ 120 doctrinal and devotional attitudes 172 unorthodox families 143 family and background 165 women’s influence 137 humor 176 family dynamics 7 interest in biographical information 13 family life interest in the unconscious 37, 40, 41

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Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn (cont.) origins of MB 23 letters 11, 12, 25 parental attitudes toward Marianne 170 concerns with women’s social roles urges ECG to write after death of son 133 28 liking for terror and the supernatural Gaskell, William (Willie) (son) 22 176 death literary reputation 1–2 influences writing of MB 134 nineteenth century 178–82 and its effects on ECG 25 twentieth century 183–90 seen as genesis of MB 28, 30 marriage gender at St. John’s parish church (Knutsford) ECG’s concerns with in LCB 4 169 ECG’s concerns with 145 and its effects 19 and post-heritage drama 188 married life 170 relationships as affected by social married status and critical reception 23–5 transformation 8 and motherhood 21–3 and social expectations 131 names under which she published 13 in ‘‘The Grey Woman’’ 123 see also effects upon her critical reputation 25 feminism; girls; women ‘‘Mrs. Gaskell’’ influences her critical gender biases, effects on ECG’s critical reputation 132 reputation 9 non-Unitarian influences 173–5 gender differences 115 political sympathies 7, 149 gender disguise, in C 48 relations with her publishers 24 gender relations, as affected by modernity, in self-assessment 14–16 CP and WD 99–104 self-representation 3 gender roles 7 tolerance 176 influence 137 and Unitarianism 165, 168, 175 genres, hybrid genres, and historical views of her parenting skills see ghost development, in ECG’s short stories stories; individual works by name; short 125–9 stories gentility, in Cranford society 49 Gaskell, Florence (Flossy) (daughter) 173 ‘‘The Ghost in the Garden Room’’ (‘‘The Gaskell, Julia Bradford (daughter) 22, 25 Crooked Branch’’) (ECG) Gaskell, Margaret (Meta) Emily (daughter) Gothic elements 121 12 ghost stories burns ECG’s letters 12 ‘‘Clopton Hall’’ 111 canceled engagement 21 ECG’s skill at telling 109 helps ECG’s biographers 25 girls as secretarial help 21–3 education, in Unitarianism 166 visits Rome with ECG 174 marriage prospects adversely affected by Gaskell, Marianne (daughter) 21, 142 Unitarianism 170 ECG advises on the adoption of political see also gender; women views 150 Gothic horror, language, use in NS 39 ECG’s concerns for during infancy 170 Gothic tales, ECG’s short stories 118–25 as secretarial help 21–3 Grasmere, setting for reworked ‘‘Martha education 139, 172 Preston’’ 115 falls under Manning’s influence 175 Green, Henry (minister, Knutsford’s preserves ECG’s letters 25 Dissenting Chapel) 167 visits Rome with ECG 174 Green, John Philip (son of Mary Green), Gaskell, Samuel (WG’s brother) 167 conversion to Roman Catholicism 175 Gaskell Society 188, 189 Green, Mary (wife of Henry Green) 167, 172, Gaskell Web 186, 189 175 Gaskell, William (ECG’s husband) 19, 21, Greenwood, Frederick, editorial postscript to 166, 167, 168 WD 104 appearance 171 Greg, W. R., literary assessment of MB 181 borrowing records at Portico Library 129 Grey, Herbert 23, 155 on Christian nature of Unitarianism 171 ‘‘The Grey Woman’’ (ECG) dislike of Roman Catholicism 175 Gothic elements 122 notes on Lancashire dialect 33 Guardian, review of WD 91

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‘‘Half a Lifetime Ago’’ (‘‘Martha Preston’’) establishment 110 (ECG) 114, 117 publication of C 46, 117 betrayal 115 publication of ‘‘Half a Lifetime Ago’’ 114 Gothic elements 122 publication of ‘‘Lizzie Leigh’’ 113 women’s independence 114–15 publication of NS 35 ‘‘The Half Brothers’’ (ECG) 116 publication of ‘‘The Old Nurse’s Story’’ hardship, theme in ECG’s short stories 114 124 Hardy, Thomas 7 publication of ‘‘The Squire’s Story’’ 120 agricultural change in his novels 95, 96 ‘‘How the First Floor Went to Crowley influenced by ECG 91 Castle’’ (‘‘Crowley Castle’’) (ECG), Harman, Barbara Leah, on women’s roles in Gothic elements 121 public and private life in ECG’s and CB’s Howitt, Anna Mary 18, 67, 109 works 138 influences ECG 169 Harwood, Philip, on history 76 Howitt, William 109, 111 hats and fashion sense in C 48 Howitt’s Journal 6, 82 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 82, 123 publication of ECG’s short stories 109 ‘‘The Heart of John Middleton’’ (ECG) 116 Howitts (publishers) 24 Gothic elements 119 Hughes, Linda K., literary assessment of ECG redemption in 165 180, 189 Heger, Constantin, ECG’s treatment of LCB human rights and industrial life, ECG’s 5, 12 concerns with 135 Hemans, Felicia Hyde Park, as pattern for Hollingford biographies 60 agricultural society 98 literary genius 65 123 Henson, Louise, on superstition imagination and realism 151 172 Herbert, George In Memoriam (Tennyson), quoted in SL 87 188 heritage drama, ECG’s place in Indian Mutiny (1857–9), influence on ECG’s heroism writing of SL 86 153 military heroism, in SL individual isolation, theme in ECG’s short 112 in ‘‘The Sexton’s Hero’’(ECG) stories 114 148 and social transformation individualism and nationalism, in SL 85 Hill, Captain Charles (former fiance´ of Meta individuality, as personal quality 155 21 Gaskell) industrialization 27 historical development and hybrid genres in and family life, ECG’s concerns with ECG’s short stories 125–9 136–9 historical fiction and human rights, ECG’s concerns with social change pictured in 153 135 76 Victorian period and social change, ECG’s concerns with historical sense 156 81 in Lois the Witch Infant Custody Act (1839) 131 79–81 in My Lady Ludlow ‘‘The Iron Shroud’’ (Mudford) 44 history chronicled history 80 ECG’s concerns with 5, 77 James, Henry 109 and writing of fiction 75–7 on ECG’s storytelling skills 75 77 Holland, Abigail 46 on history , 92 Holland, Elizabeth Gaskell (ECG’s sister-in- narrative strategy 169 law) 14 Jameson, Anna, influences ECG 63 Holland family 166 Jane Eyre (CB) 68 Holland, Thurstan (second cousin of antagonistic reviews 65 Marianne Gaskell) 21 publication and literary genius 70 homes, as spatial representations of their Jay, Elisabeth, on third edition of LCB 173 inhabitants, in MB 32 Jesus Christ, divinity rejected by ECG 60 Homes for Homeless Women 54 Jewsbury, Geraldine 11 13 Hope, George 16 assessment of ECG , 169 Hopkins, Annette, literary assessment of influences ECG 52 ECG 184 Johnson, Dr. Samuel 7 135 136 Household Words 6, 24, 78 Johnston, Susan , , Jowett, Benjamin 174

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Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James 65 hostile reception determines ECG to Keble, John 173 concentrate on fiction 78 Keighley (Yorkshire) 5, 77 influences on ECG’s writing of 61 Kemble, Fanny 172 issues of authorship and domesticity 61–4 Kettle, Arnold literary significance 1 concerns with ECG’s social themes 134 Masson’s literary assessment 180 literary assessment of ECG 184 and modernity 107 Kingsley, Charles 174 provokes libel suits 3 praises LCB 69 and revisions of 69–71 Knutsford 117 reactions to as Barford in ‘‘The Squire’s Story’’ 120 and influence of 71–2 ECG’s childhood 17, 46, 166 on publication 11 ECG’s memories of representation of social setting’s influence on 7 used in ‘‘The Last Generation in and social change 154 England’’ 117 theme of literary genius 64–7 used in Mr Harrison’s Confessions 117 writing of and ECG’s domestic influence on ECG 127 responsibilities 24 Kranzler, Laura, on ECG’s Gothic tales listening, concept in MB 30 119 literary genius and duty, themes in LCB 69, 72 The Ladies’ Companion 6 themes in LCB 64–7 publication of Mr Harrison’s Confessions ‘‘Lizzie Leigh’’ (ECG) 113 117 fallen women theme 150 Lake District, setting for ‘‘The Half Brothers’’ marriage theme 20 116 Lockhart, John Gibson 4, 60, 71 Lamb, Charles 125 on Sir Walter Scott’s literary genius 64 Lancashire, setting for ‘‘The Heart of John Lois the Witch (ECG) 154 Middleton’’ 116 ECG’s interest in American history 152 Lancashire tourism, ECG’s importance for 9, Gothic elements 123 189 history in 5, 77, 78, 81, 86 landholding, decline of 156 superstition in 160 Landon, Laetitia 59, 60 terror in 176 Lanham Place group 67 London, as agent of change in WD 97 Lansbury, Coral, on women’s roles as lost men, theme, ECG’s use affected by affected by Unitarianism in Victorian disappearance of her brother 18 England 134 Loughrigg Fell, setting for reworked ‘‘Martha ‘‘The Last Generation in England’’ (ECG) Preston’’ 115 and social change 155 Lucas, John social satire 117 concerns with ECG’s social themes 134 Lewes, George Henry 71 on ECG’s pastoral idylls 90 praises LCB 68 Luddite movement 157 professionalization of literature 67 Ludlow, John Malcolm 174 on social and physiological bases of mind on married women novelists 24 35 Lumb, Hannah (ne´e Holland) (ECG’s aunt) Lewis, Sarah, concerns with women’s social 18, 46 roles 131 brings ECG up 17, 166 ‘‘Libbie Marsh’s Three Eras’’ (ECG) 20, 111, on ECG as a child 19 112 marriage 20 liberal states, rights in 135 Lund, Michael, literary assessment of ECG The Life of Charlotte Bronte¨ (ECG) 180, 189 CB’s professionalism 67–8 discussion of Shirley 157 MacLean, George (husband of Laetitia ECG’s concerns with CB’s reputation 133 Landon) 60 ECG’s concerns with gender 4 Macmillan’s Magazine 152, 179–80 ECG’s decision to write biography 59 magazines, serialization in, effects on plots of ECG’s dislike of biographical criticism 12 CP and WD 105 favourable reception of 68–9 male-dominated cultures history in 77 replacement by female-dominated cultures

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in C 48 and NS, representation of industrialization in C and R 47 27 Manchester origins 23, 28–35 introduction into ECG’s work in ‘‘Libbie portrayal of emotional and psychic states Marsh’s Three Eras’’ 112 27, 28–35 Portico Library 129 private and public responsibility in 138 promotion of ECG’s literary reputation 189 prostitution theme 113 as setting for ‘‘Lizzie Leigh’’ 113 psychic states in 37 Manchester College 165, 166, 173 psychic suffering in 35 Manchester Guardian, literary assessment of public and private responsibility in 138 ECG 181 published anonymously 14 Manchester Historical Buildings Trust 189 recognition of the loss of individuality ‘‘The Manchester Marriage’’ (ECG) 155 Gothic elements 120 redemption in 165 marriage theme 20 sexual ideology 142, 144 Manchester New College see Manchester and social change 155, 156 College success 159 ‘‘Manchester’’ novels 112 Tillotson’s literary assessment 185 see also Mary Barton; North and South violence in 152 ‘‘manners, terror of’’ (C) 53 working-class suffering in 35 Manning, Henry 174, 175 Masson, David, literary assessment of ECG Mansel, H. M., on sensation fiction 106 179–80, 182 marriage Mather, Cotton 82, 123 ECG’s status and critical reception 23–5 Matsuoka, Mitsuharu 186, 189 ECG’s treatment of 143 Maurice, F. D. 174 theme, in ECG’s fiction 20 men ‘‘Martha Preston’’ (ECG) see ‘‘Half a Cecil denies ECG’s ability to represent 184 Lifetime Ago’’ in C 57 Martineau, Harriet 30 in Cranford society 49, 49–53 autobiography 61 lack of compassion, in ‘‘Lizzie Leigh’’ claims factual inaccuracies in LCB 69 114 praise of LCB 71 presence of, in R 54, 57 on women writers’ professionalism 68 working-class men, responsibility 138 Martineau, James 167, 168 mental states, Victorian preoccupation with Mary Barton (ECG) 3, 14, 22, 98, 154 reflected in ECG’s Gothic tales 119 Chartism in 157 middle classes as ‘‘condition-of-England’’ novel 157 emotions, in NS 37 ECG’s concerns with social transformation fears of working classes 31 149 gender roles 137 ECG’s understanding of trade and labor girls’ awareness of sexuality 142 relations 159 male individualism 137 Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s opinions of 2 sympathy for working classes engaged in emigration in 8, 149 MB 34 emotional feeling in 36 writing associated with 34 environment 112 military heroism 8 fallen women theme 150 Mill, John Stuart family life and industrialism 134 claims factual inaccuracies in LCB 70 gender in 145 concerns with women’s suffrage 84, 131 Harry Carson’s lack of responsibility Mills, Cotton Mather (ECG’s pseudonym) 137 13, 82, 123 see also Gaskell, Elizabeth inclusion of passages from Cross Street Cleghorn Chapel’s mission to the poor 167 Milnes, Richard Monckton as industrial protest fiction 11 on ECG’s character 10 literary reputation 2, 181 literary assessment of ECG 180 Manchester Guardian’s literary assessment Minto, William, literary assessment of ECG 181 181 Masson’s literary assessment 180 Mitford, Mary Russell 116, 125 modernity 106 modernity

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and agriculture in CP and WD 94–8 BBC serialization 188 ECG’s representation 91 CB’s views of 91 effects in CP and WD 105–7 Chorley’s literary assessment 179 effects on gender relations in CP and WD 99 comparison with Shirley 157–9 Mohl, Julius von 24 as ‘‘condition-of-England’’ novel 157 Mohl, Madame 24, 70, 174 ECG’s political sympathies 149 Monthly Repository 169 ECG’s tolerance in 176 ‘‘The Moorland Cottage’’ (ECG) 129 environment 112 ECG’s concerns with social transformation fideism and spirituality 173 148–9 gender in 145 emigration in 8, 150 industrialism and human rights 135 and social change 156 literary reputation 2 sympathetic identification in 151 Manchester Guardian’s literary assessment Morecambe Bay, as setting for ‘‘The Sexton’s 181 Hero’’ 112 Masson’s literary assessment 180 ‘‘Morton Hall’’ (ECG) and MB, representation of industrialization ECG’s concerns with social transformation 27 148 modernity 106 historical development in 127 portrayal of emotional and psychic states social change 153 27, 35–7 motherhood, ECG’s views on 16, 21–3, language of dreams and trances 38, 132 43 mothers language of Gothic horror 39 influence 137 self-control 40–3 social education of daughters 141 through correlation of physiological and ‘‘Mr. Harrison’s Confessions’’ (ECG) 129 mental states 39 social satire 117 unconscious processes in 37–44 Mudford, William (author) 44 private and public responsibility in 138 ‘‘My French Master’’ (ECG) quotation from St. Francis de Sales 172 ECG’s concerns with social transformation Roman Catholicism in 175 148 sexuality in 142 reflections of ECG’s European travels 126 and social change 156 My Lady Ludlow (ECG) 83, 129 social transformation in 148, 149 ECG’s concerns with history 5 superstition illustrative of rural life 159 ECG’s concerns with social transformation trade and labor relations 159 148 Unitarianism in 17 historical sense 77, 78, 79–81, 86, 87, 128 writing of and ECG’s domestic humor 176 responsibilities 24 North Wales 114 Napoleonic wars setting for ‘‘The Well of Pen-Morfa’’ 109 historical background to SL 84, 85 use as setting in ECG’s short stories influence 151 Norton, Caroline, denied access to children 131 narrative strategy in CP and WD 92 for offending her husband 24 162 nationalism and individualism in SL 85 Norton, Charles Eliot , 13 natural sciences assessment of ECG 152 influence on CP and WD 98 correspondence with ECG Molly Gibson’s interest in 104 the novel, ECG distinguishes from the essay 110 Newman, Francis (Professor of Classics at 54 Manchester College) 173 novels, social-problem novels 11 78 Newman, John Henry 173 Nussey, Ellen , 62 Nicholls, J. A. 171 correspondence with CB Nicholls, Reverend Arthur Bell, asks for revisions of characterization of Patrick Oedipus myth, use in ‘‘The Doom of the Bronte¨ in LCB 70 Griffiths’’ 120 Nightingale, Florence, ECG’s views of 172 ‘‘The Old Nurse’s Story’’ (ECG) North American Review, antagonistic history in 77 reviews of Jane Eyre 63 supernatural elements 124 North and South (ECG) 3, 154 Oliphant, Margaret, criticisms of LCB 71

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oral tradition, in ECG’s Gothic tales 119 Reade, Charles, and the historical novel 5, 76 orality, working-class orality, in MB 32–4 realism, ECG’s concerns with 150 ‘‘Our Society at Cranford’’ (ECG), Remond, Sarah Parker 172 publication 117 responsibility, working-class sense of 138 Oxford, ECG’s links with 174 Riddell, Charlotte, influenced by LCB 71 Rigby, Elizabeth (Lady Eastlake), 63 Paine, Tom 80 antagonistic review of Jane Eyre , 6 64 Pall Mall Gazette 121 publication of ECG’s work 110 Right at Last, and other Tales (ECG) parent/child relationships, theme in ‘‘Lizzie ‘‘Right at Last’’ (‘‘The Sin of a Father’’) 113 (ECG) Leigh’’ 121 174 Gothic elements Paris, ECG visits 189 Parkes, Bessie Rayner 67, 169 Ritchie, Anne Thackeray on ECG’s childhood 17 the pastoral 167 in ECG’s novels 90 Robberds, John Gooch 160 antipapal views 175 portrayal in NS 169 theme in literary assessment of ECG 184 marries Mary Turner on WG 171 Perrault, Charles, fairytales, reflected in Robberds, Mary (nee Turner) 169 ‘‘Curious If True’’ 125 ´ advised by father concerning marriage 170 personal sacrifice, theme in ECG’s short 171 stories 114 influence on ECG Roberts, Emma (biographer of Laetitia physiological and mental states, correlation 59 in portrayal of emotional and psychic Landon) Robinson, Mary, on London parks 97 states in NS 39 Robinson, Mrs. Lydia (Lady Scott), threatens Pilling, Richard, concerns with political and family life 135 legal action after publication of LCB 175 69 Pius IX (Pope) 172 politics, ECG’s concerns with 7 Robson, Anne (ECG’s sister-in-law) 187 Rochdale, as setting for ‘‘Lizzie Leigh’’ 113 Pollard, Arthur 175 literary assessment of ECG 185 Roman Catholicism, ECG’s views on Rome, ECG visits 174 ‘‘The Poor Clare’’ (ECG) 128 77 Round the Sofa (ECG) history in 78 supernatural elements 124, 176 history in Portico Library (Manchester) inclusion of rewritten ‘‘Martha Preston’’ 129 114 borrowing records 116 ‘‘possession’’, in C 50 inclusion of ‘‘The Half Brothers’’ Rousseau, Jean Jacques 80 post-heritage drama, and gender 188 Rubenius, Aina, literary assessment of ECG poverty, in Cranford society 48 164 184 predestination 22 press gangs 78 Ruddick, Sara, on maternal thinking historical background to SL 84, 85 rural life see pastoral 164 Ruth (ECG) 82 Priestley, Joseph 179 prostitution Chorley’s literary assessment comparison with C 46 ECG’s concerns with 172 condemnation as scandalous 3 ECG’s representation of 1 113 condemned by members of Cross Street theme in ‘‘Lizzie Leigh’’ 174 provincial life, ECG’s representation of 1 Chapel ECG’s concerns with social transformation psychic pain see emotional and psychic states 149 publishers, ECG’s relations with 24 ECG’s views on education 139 fallen women theme 54, 55–7, 150 Quarterly Review, antagonistic reviews of female communities 49, 54 Jane Eyre 63 female stereotypes in 4 individual responsibility in 137 Radcliffe, Ann 122 industrialism and human rights 136 railways Ludlow’s criticisms of in connection with as agents of social change 156 ECG’s married status 24 effects on rural life 96, 98 Masson’s literary assessment 180

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motherhood in 16 Shaw, Robert Gould 151, 152 and Napoleonic wars 151 Shaw, Sarah Gould (mother of Robert Gould perceived immorality 10 Shaw) 152 presence of men in 54, 57 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 168 prostitution theme 113 Shelston, Alan 187 redemption in 165 short stories 6, 108, 110 social attitudes toward fallen women 8 character and environment in 111–16 and social change 156 environment and oral tradition, in ECG’s unorthodox families 143 Gothic tales 119 women and fictionality in 53, 57 Gothic tales 118–25 women’s education as affected by historical development and hybrid genres Victorian sexual ideology 141 125–9 literary assessment 188 Sable´, Madame de (‘‘Company Manners’’) publication 109 126 social satire 116–18 St. John’s parish church (Knutsford), ECG’s Shorter, Clement, inclusion of ECG’s shorter marriage 169 works in edited editions 108 Salem witch trials 78 Showalter, Elaine in Lois the Witch 81, 123 on CB and George Eliot 72 Sales, St. Francis de 172 literary assessment of ECG 185 Sam (ECG’s uncle), storytelling skills 109 Silverdale, ECG’s visits 189 Sand, George ‘‘The Sin of a Father’’ (‘‘Right at Last’’) influences ECG 169 (ECG) literary assessment of ECG 179 Gothic elements 121 Sartain’s Union Magazine 6, 109, 114, 117, ‘‘Six Weeks at Heppenheim’’ (ECG) 155 ECG’s tolerance in 176 Saturday Review reflections of ECG’s European travels 125 literary assessment of ECG 179 slavery 80, 151 on the themes of duty and literary genius in abolition 153 LCB 69 ECG’s attitude to 172 Schor, Hilary, literary assessment of ECG Smith, Barbara Leigh 67 186 Smith, Elder (publisher) 4, 14, 69 science Smith, George (publisher) 12, 24, 59, 64, 65, authority of, as counter to superstition 160 70, 105, 110, 152 and superstition, in relation to social social change change 159–62 ECG’s recognition of its gradual nature Scott, Lady (Mrs. Lydia Robinson), threatens 154–6 legal action after publication of LCB effected through violence, ECG’s concerns 69 with 151–4 Scott, Sir Walter and industrialization, ECG’s concerns with and historical fiction 5, 77 156 literary genius 64 in relation to superstition and science self-control, and emotional and psychic 159–62 states, as reflected in NS 40–3 social justice, ECG’s concerns 150 self-sacrifice, in SL 153 ‘‘social problem’’ fiction, and ECG’s literary selfhood, in NS 41 reputation 181 Selig, Robert L. 187 social problems, relationship with emotional servants, ECG’s portraits of 22 and psychic states, in NS 35 ‘‘The Sexton’s Hero’’ (ECG) 111 social responsibility, ECG’s concerns with 145 and military heroism 151 social satire, use in ECG’s short stories sexual behavior, women’s ignorance of in 116–18 Victorian Britain 55 social transformation sexual ideology, ECG affected by Victorian ECG’s concerns with 1, 8, 148–9 views 140–5 in CP and WD 6 Shaen, Annie 15 effects on gender relationships 8 Shaen, William 169 social-problem fiction, Tillotson’s views of Sharpe’s London Magazine, antagonistic ECG’s works 185 review of Jane Eyre 64 Socinians 164

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Southey, Robert 116, 117 publication 76 on authorship and domesticity for women sale of copyright 25 63, 64 and self-consciousness 155 Spectator, on the themes of duty and literary sexual ideology 142, 144 genius in LCB 69 social change 153 spinsters 47 unorthodox families 143 ‘‘The Squire’s Story’’ (ECG) writing of and ECG’s domestic Gothic elements 120 responsibilities 24 Stae¨l, Madame de 60 Symonds, Emily Morse, influenced by LCB 72 Stanley, Arthur 174 sympathy, in MB 30, 31 Stanley, Catherine (mother of Arthur Stanley) 174 Taylor, Harriet (wife of J. S. Mill) 70 stepmother–stepdaughter relationships, Taylor, Mary theme 19 assessment of ECG after publication of Stephens, Joseph Raynor, concerns with LCB 11 political and family life 135 character analysis of CB 63 Stetson, Caleb 168 correspondence with CB 62 Stetz, Margaret 72 on third edition of LCB 70 Stevenson, Catherine Thomson (ECG’s Ten Hours Bill 34 stepmother) 18, 19 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord Stevenson, Elizabeth Cleghorn see Gaskell, concerns with gender and social Elizabeth Cleghorn expectations 131 Stevenson, Elizabeth Holland (ECG’s and the loss of individuality 155 mother) 16, 165 quoted in SL 87 Stevenson, John (ECG’s brother) 16, 18, terror, ECG’s liking for 176 166 Thackeray, W. M., and the historical novel 5, disappearance 11 76 Stevenson, William (ECG’s father) 16, 165, Thomson, Anthony Todd 166 166 Tillotson, Kathleen death 11 literary assessment of ECG 184 remarriage 18, 21 on Minto’s literary assessment of ECG 181 second marriage and links with ECG 16 Tourelle, Monsieur de la (‘‘The Grey Unitarianism and relationship with ECG 17 Woman’’) 122 Stoneman, Patsy trade unions, ECG’s fear of 31 critical opinion of ECG 2 ‘‘Traits and Stories of the Huguenots’’ (ECG) on maternal thinking 23 ECG’s concerns with social transformation Story, William Wetmore, on ECG’s 148 storytelling skills 108 reflections of ECG’s European travels 126 storytelling 125 trances and dreams, language about used to ECG’s skill 108, 110 indicate psychic states in NS 38, 43 Stowe, Harriet Beecher 150 ‘‘transmigration’’, as imagination 151 ‘‘subconscious’’ 42 trauma 43 suffering, commonality, in MB 29 Trinity, doctrine of the 164 supernaturalism Trollope, Anthony, BBC serializations 188 ECG’s liking for 176 truth, representation in fiction 10 ECG’s sparing use of 124 Tuckerman, Joseph 167 superstition 123 Turner, William 166, 167 and science, in relation to social change on marital relationships 170 159–62 ‘‘two nations’’ 157 Sylvia’s Lovers (ECG) 82, 84–8 Cecil’s literary assessment 184 Uglow, Jenny 187 ECG’s concerns with history 5, 6, 77, 78 assessment of ECG 10 ECG’s concerns with social transformation on critical neglect of My Lady Ludlow 128 149 ECG’s use of language in ‘‘The Heart of Gothic elements 120 John Middleton’’ 116 heroism and sacrifice placed in historical on effects of ECG’s engagement to be perspective 153 married 20 marriage theme 20 effects of sensation fiction on WD 106

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Index

the ‘‘unconscious’’ 42 on agricultural change in Hardy’s novels ECG’s interest in 37, 40, 41 95, 96 unconscious cerebration 37 concerns with ECG’s social themes 134 Unitarian Association 167 critical opinion of ECG 2 The Unitarian Herald 168 Williams, W. S. 68 literary assessment of ECG 180, 181 Wilson, A. N., on Victorians’ concept of Unitarian Tract Society 168 education 80 Unitarianism 164 Wilson, Anita 187 adverse effects on girls’ marriage prospects Wilson, William Carus (founder of Cowan 170 Bridge School) 66, 69 divisions in 168 Winkworth, Catherine 150, 173, 175 early nineteenth century 166 visits Rome with ECG 174 ECG’s attitudes to 175 Winkworth, Emily 109 influence Winkworth, Susanna 173 on ECG 1, 8, 171 Wiseman, Nicholas (Cardinal Archbishop of on ECG’s views of self-control 40 Westminster) 175 on ECG’s views of women’s social roles ‘‘witch’’, concept 82 133, 135 witchcraft, belief in 83 on industrial life 135 Wives and Daughters (ECG) 1 mid-nineteenth century 167 agriculture and modernity 94, 95, 97 sociability in congregations 169 BBC serialization 188 William Stevenson’s Unitarianism and his Cecil’s literary assessment 184 relationship with ECG 17 Chorley’s literary assessment 179 Unsworth, Anna 187 comparison with CP 91 Upham, Charles, influence on Lois the Witch ECG’s childhood memories in 16 82 ECG’s concerns with social transformation Upper Rumford Street (Manchester) 20 148 ECG’s views on education 140 Verlag Tauchnitz, proposed publication of education of daughters 143 ‘‘A Dark Night’s Work’’ 122 gender relations, as affected by modernity Vicinus, Martha, on women’s ignorance of 100–4 sexual behavior in Victorian Britain 55 history in 77 Victorian ideology, constraints critiqued in C Hughes’s and Lund’s literary assessment 49 180 Victorian literary canon, C and R in 47 influenced by the natural sciences 98, violence 99 ECG’s distaste for 8 Manchester Guardian’s literary assessment and social change, ECG’s concerns with 181 151 marriage theme 20 vulgarity, in Cranford society 49, 52 Masson’s literary assessment 180 narrative strategy 92 Ward, A. A. 187 as pastoral idyll 11, 90, 91 Ward, A. W. 25, 90 as picture of women’s erotic self-awareness Ward, T. A., inclusion of ECG’s shorter 92, 94 works in edited editions 108 plot, as affected by modernity 105–7 Ware, Henry, Jnr. (professor, Harvard Roman Catholicism in 175 Divinity School) 167 sexual ideology 144 Welch, Jeffrey Egan 187 and social change 6, 156 ‘‘The Well of Pen-Morfa’’ (ECG) stepmother–stepdaughter relationships social change 154 theme 19 women’s independence 114 superstition and science in relation to Westminster Review 70 social change 160 Weyant, Nancy S. 187 Wollstonecraft, Mary 170 Whitby ‘‘woman question’’, in connection with as model for Monkshaven in SL 84, 85 ECG’s literary assessment 182 will/volition 31 women role in controlling the psychic 40 beauty as snare 82 Williams, Raymond biographies, before LCB 59–61

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and capitalism 157–9 J. S. Mill’s concerns with 131 conflicts between artistic and domestic and levels of education 84 lives 59–61 see also gender; girls education, in WD 143 Wood, Mrs. Henry 119 and fictionality, in Ruth 53, 57 Wordsworth, William 168, 172 a girl’s arrival at erotic self-awareness, in historical sense 78 CP and WD 92 working classes ignorance with regard to sexual behavior in ECG’s representation of 1, 2 Victorian Britain 55 education, in My Lady Ludlow 80 independence, theme in ECG’s short stories emotional feelings, in MB 36 114–15 emotional and psychic states, as portrayed ‘‘infantilization’’ 50 in MB 27, 30 influence 137 girls’ awareness of sexuality 142 professional women writers, theme in LCB mistrust of writing, in MB 33–4 67–8 orality, in MB 32–4 role responses to industrialization 157 in ‘‘Morton Hall’’ 127 sense of responsibility 138 in My Lady Ludlow 128 strikers’ loss of self-control 41 in NS 138 suffering, in MB 35 sexuality, in ‘‘The Poor Clare’’ 125 world, knowledge of lacking in Cranford single women, social plight 118 society 49, 52, 53 social roles 131 Wright, Edgar, literary assessment of as affected by Victorian sexual ideology ECG 185 140 Wright, Terence, views of NS 41, 44 ECG’s concerns with 132 writing in WD and NS 162 and childrearing 22 status, in C and R 46, 47 working classes’ mistrust, in MB suffrage 33–4

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