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Writing the Lives of Charlotte Bronte

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Writing the Lives of Charlotte Bronte THE BIOGRAPHICAL PROCESS: WRITING THE LIVES OF CHARLOTTE BRONTE BARBARA MITCHELL Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Ph.D THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS SCHOOL OF ENGLISH December 1994 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. THESIS ABSTRACT CANDIDATE: BARBARA MITCHELL TITLE: THE BIOGRAPHICAL PROCESS: WRITING THE LIVES OF CHARLOTTE BRONTE DEGREE: Ph.D SUBMITTED: DECEMBER 1994 Focusing on multiple versions of the life of Charlotte Bronte, I explore the development of biography over a period of 140 years, examining a range of biographical forms, the process of re-visioning the subject, and the relationships between biographies and their historical placement. Eight versions of the life of Charlotte Bronte, from Elizabeth Gaskell’s first Life published in 1857 to Rebecca Fraser’s 1988 biography, are examined in detail, with consideration of ten additional Bronte biographies. The impact of the discoveries of new documents is noted, but of particular interest is how strategies of interpretation and form have altered, thereby influencing the conceptualization of the subject. A study of versions of Charlotte Bronte’s life illustrates that, within one relatively stable set of documents, there can be numerous stories. Versions of Bronte biographies interact with one another manifesting an interesting development from competitive displacement to complementary inclusiveness. In following the development of the genre, I examine the impact on biography of changing attitudes to subjectivity and objectivity, completeness and definitiveness, the relationship of the biographer to the subject, the construction of self, and the use and types of novelistic strategies. One dominant mode of conceptualization, the view of Charlotte as a divided personality, has significantly changed over this period, particularly as a result of the different emphases adopted by feminist biographers and by the postmodern challenges to the concept of a unitary self. Each chapter of the thesis deals with specific developments in the genre, illustrating the particular contributions of individual biographers and the correlation between interpretation, form and historical placement. I cannot measure or judge of such a character as hers, cannot map out vices, and virtues, and debateable land. Elizabeth Gaskell The Life of Charlotte Bronte (1857) TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction Chapter One Writing the First Life Elizabeth Gaskell: The Life of Charlotte Bronte Chapter Two The "Rainbow" Years The Modern Period: The 1920s and 1930s Chapter Three The "Granite" Years Practical to Scholarly Biography Chapter Four "We See Ourselves" Feminist Biography of the 1970s Chapter Five "Unsentimental Scrutiny" Documentary Approaches of the 1980s Conclusion Bibliography ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am immensely grateful to Professor Sally Shuttleworth and Professor John Barnard for their insightful and challenging scrutiny of my work, for their guiding suggestions and for meticulous editorial advice. Reading for a research degree can be an isolating experience, and I appreciated the opportunity to attend seminars in the Nineteenth Century Novel and Contemporary Culture, and in Theories of History and Difference. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance I received at the Bronte Parsonage Museum, at the Brotherton Collection, University of Leeds, and at the Oxford University Press Archives (with special thanks to Mr Peter Foden). The undertaking of this degree was made possible by financial support from the Overseas Research Students Award and the Tetley Lupton Award. I would like to thank Mr John Lock for kindly agreeing to be interviewed about his own work and about Winifred Gerin’s biographies. I am enormously grateful for the friendship and encouragement of numerous people in Barmby Moor and Dunnington where, for two years, I grew to appreciate Yorkshire village life. Experiencing Haworth, the moors and the dales through their eyes helped create for me a more intimate relationship with Charlotte Bronte and her works. Friends at home in Canada have been a mainstay of support, and I am especially grateful to Florence Treadwell for always listening, and to Michael, Fred, and Annette for caring. Didi and Zailig Pollock generously provided last minute computer expertise, and Joanne Heath-Menger put up with me in the office for two days of printing. My family, Geoff, Bernadette, Sara and James, have been a tremendous support in reminding me of life outside academe. My greatest debt is to my husband, Orm, who encouraged me in my project, who took a leave to be with me in England, who kept me sane through numerous crises, who read my work and talked with me endlessly and patiently, and, who, most of all, has faith in me. ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations will be used to refer to these frequently cited works: BB T. Winnifrith, The Brontes and Their Background: Romance and Reality. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan Press, 1988). BST Bronte Society Transactions Circle Clement K. Shorter, Charlotte Bronte and Her Circle (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1896). FFF Ira B. Nadel, Biography: Fiction. Fact & Form (London: Macmillan, 1984). Letters The Letters of Mrs. Gaskell. ed., J.A.V. Chappie and Arthur Pollard (Manchester University Press, 1966). LFC The Brontes: Their Lives. Friends and Correspondence, ed., T.J. Wise and J.S. Symington (Philadelphia, Porcupine Press, 2 vols. 1980. First published: 4 vols. Oxford: Shakespeare Head Press, 1932). LL The Brontes: Life and Letters, ed. Clement K. Shorter, 2 vols. (New York: Haskell House Publishers. 1969. First published: London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1908). INTRODUCTION THE BIOGRAPHICAL PROCESS: WRITING THE LIVES OF CHARLOTTE BRONTE By 1850, five years before her death, Charlotte Bronte had already become a legend. In a letter to a friend she writes of the gossip in Yorkshire about her socializing in London, and, on the other hand, the rumours in London of her strange Yorkshire existence: "the London quidnuncs make my seclusion a matter of wonder, and devise twenty romantic fictions to account for it" (LFC III 164). Indeed she, herself, contributed to the "romantic fictions," by talcing the pseudonym of Currer Bell and creating what one early biographical essayist called a "furore": "Jane Eyre was written by a man! no—Jane Eyre was written by a woman."1 Those "twenty romantic fictions" have grown to twenty full length biographies since her death, and the romanticizing or fictionalizing of the subject is still an issue. The first Bronte biographical study was, in fact, Charlotte’s "Biographical Notice of Ellis and Acton Bell"2 which appeared in the 1850 reprint of Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey. Paradoxically, her few pages have been construed as initiating "romantic fictions" about her sisters: the view of Anne as a morbid, didactic and slightly inferior writer; the view of Emily as a genius but also an unworldly and immature writer. Many of the conditions and attributes she ascribes to her sisters are incorporated in Elizabeth Gaskell’s Life of Charlotte Bronte3 and often transferred to Charlotte. Both the divided personality model and the correlation between writing and landscape are concepts that Gaskell found already formulated by Charlotte in the "Biographical Notice" and in the "Preface" for this new edition."4 Another biographical version 1 "A Few Words About ’Jane Eyre’," Sharpe’s London Magazine June 1855: 340. It was this article which, because of its "malignant falsehoods," prompted Ellen Nussey to suggest to Mr Bronte and Mr Nicholls that Mrs Gaskell be asked to undertake an authorized biography (LFC IV 189). 2 Charlotte Bronte, "Biographical Notice of Ellis and Acton Bell,” Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte (1850: New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1990) 313-319. 3 Elizabeth Gaskell, The Life of Charlotte Bronte, ed. Alan Shelston (1857; London: Penguin, 1975). 4 Charlotte Bronte, "Preface", Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte (1850: New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1990) 320. 2 which pre-dated Gaskell’s Life was Harriet Martineau’s tribute to Charlotte published in the Daily News in April 1855, just after Charlotte’s death. She presents in miniature the portrait that Gaskell rounds out in her Life: Charlotte is seen as "morbidly sensitive," having the "habit of self-control, if not of silence," living a "secluded and monotonous life" and, contradictorily, being both "a perfect household image" and a writer whose books contained a degree of "coarseness."5 Thus, the "romantic fictions"6 that Gaskell is often accused of initiating, the feminine, passive, long-suffering view of Charlotte, are encoded in the culture and discourse of the time well before she writes her Life, underlining the very complex process involved in writing a life of Charlotte Bronte. Since the death of Charlotte Bronte, 31 March 1855, nearly one hundred and forty years ago, there have been between fifty and sixty full-length biographies of the lives of the Bronte family.7 Aside from the twenty full-length biographies of which she is the main subject, Charlotte is frequently the focus of the biographies of the family since the approximately 380 letters (BB 6) to her friend, Ellen Nussey, constitute the main source of material for the history of the family. Katherine Frank, critic and biographer of Emily Bronte, writes that the Brontes are "perhaps the most exhaustively documented and well-studied figures in literary history."8 The field of Bronte biography is particularly animated by the presence of such a unique first 5 Harriet Martineau, "Death of Currer Bell," LFC IV 180-184. 6 Harold Nicolson in The Development of English Biography (London: Hogarth, 1927) referred to Gaskell’s Life as a "sentimental novel" (128), and Alan Shelston in his introduction to the Penguin edition of the Life wrote of Gaskell’s "instinctive ’fictionalization’" (25). 7 Such statistics depend on what is meant by "major" and "full-length." Katherine Frank in 1979 states that there are "forty major lives of the Bronte family" ("The Bronte Biographies: Romance, Reality and Revision," biography 2 (1979): 141).
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