Handbook of Cannabis Therapeutics From Bench to Bedside 9780789030979 Handbook of Cannabis Therapeutics From Bench to Bedside Size: 212 x 152mm Spine size: 26 mm Color pages: Binding: Paperback THE HAWORTH PRESS® Haworth Series in Integrative Healing Ethan Russo Editor The Last Sorcerer: Echoes of the Rainforest by Ethan Russo Professionalism and Ethics in Complementary and Alternative Medicine by John Crellin and Fernando Ania Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential by Franjo Grotenhermen and Ethan Russo Modern Psychology and Ancient Wisdom: Psychological Healing Practices from the World’s Religious Traditions edited by Sharon G. Mijares Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Clinic Design by Robert A. Roush Herbal Voices: American Herbalism Through the Words of American Herbalists by Anne K. Dougherty The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes by Joseph P. Hou and Youyu Jin Alternative Therapies in the Treatment of Brain Injury and Neurobehavioral Disorders: A Practical Guide edited by Gregory J. Murrey Handbook of Cannabis Therapeutics: From Bench to Bedside edited by Ethan B. Russo and Franjo Grotenhermen Handbook of Cannabis Therapeutics From Bench to Bedside Ethan B. Russo, MD Franjo Grotenhermen, MD Editors Routledge Taylor &. Francis Croup NEW YORK AND LONDON First Published by The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. Transferred to Digital Printing 2010 by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN For more information on this book or to order, visit http://www.haworthpress.com/store/product.asp?sku=5741 or call 1-800-HAWORTH (800-429-6784) in the United States and Canada or (607) 722-5857 outside the United States and Canada or contact [email protected] © 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. PUBLISHER’S NOTE The development, preparation, and publication of this work has been undertaken with great care. However, the Publisher, employees, editors, and agents of The Haworth Press are not responsible for any errors contained herein or for consequences that may ensue from use of materials or infor- mation contained in this work. The Haworth Press is committed to the dissemination of ideas and information according to the highest standards of intellectual freedom and the free exchange of ideas. Statements made and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Publisher, Directors, management, or staff of The Haworth Press, Inc., or an endorse- ment by them. This book is a compilation of articles previously published in the Journal of Cannabis Therapeu- tics: Studies in Endogenous, Herbal, and Synthetic Cannabinoids, 1(1) (2001): 5-70, 85-88; 1(2) (2001): 15-20; 1(3/4) (2001): 5-16, 103-132; 2(1) (2002): 3-57; 2(2) (2002): 51-79; 2(3/4) (2002): 5-34, 49-81, 103-131, 159-173; 3(1) (2003): 3-51; 3(4) (2003): 163-174; 4(1) (2004): 29-78, pub- lished by The Haworth Press, Inc. This book has been published solely for educational purposes and is not intended to substitute for the medical advice of a treating physician. Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new re- search and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment may be required. While many potential treatment options are made herein, some or all of the options may not be ap- plicable to a particular individual. Therefore, the author, editor, and publisher do not accept respon- sibility in the event of negative consequences incurred as a result of the information presented in this book. We do not claim that this information is necessarily accurate by the rigid scientific and regula- tory standards applied for medical treatment. No warranty, expressed or implied, is furnished with respect to the material contained in this book. The reader is urged to consult with his/her personal physician with respect to the treatment of any medical condition. Photographs by Ethan B. Russo. Medicine bottle from the collection of David Watson, HortaPharm, Amsterdam. Cover design by Kerry E. Mack. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of cannabis therapeutics : from bench to bedside / Ethan B. Russo, Franjo Grotenhermen, editors. p. cm. “A compilation of selected articles from the Journal of cannabis therapeutics . from 2001 to 2004”—Introd. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7890-3096-2 (hard : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7890-3096-9 (hard : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-7890-3097-9 (soft : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7890-3097-7 (soft : alk. paper) 1. Cannabis—Therapeutic use—History. I. Russo, Ethan. II. Grotenhermen, Franjo. III. Journal of cannabis therapeutics. [DNLM: 1. Cannabis—Collected Works. 2. Phytotherapy—methods—Collected Works. 3. Cannabinoids—history—Collected Works. 4. Cannabinoids—therapeutic use—Collected Works. 5. Plant Extracts—therapeutic use—Collected Works. WB 925 H236 2006] RM666.C266H36 2005 615'.7827—dc22 2005029271 CONTENTS About the Editors xiii Contributors xv Foreword xvii Introduction 1 Franjo Grotenhermen PART I: HISTORICAL NOTES Chapter 1. The Therapeutic Use of Cannabis sativa (L.) in Arabic Medicine 5 Indalecio Lozano Introduction 5 Materials and Methods 6 Results 6 Conclusion 10 Update 12 Chapter 2. Cognoscenti of Cannabis I: Jacques-Joseph Moreau (1804-1884) 13 Ethan B. Russo Chapter 3. Cognoscenti of Cannabis II: Simeon Seth on Cannabis 17 David Deakle Chapter 4. The Medical Use of Cannabis Among the Greeks and Romans 23 James L. Butrica Introduction 23 Absence of Mention 24 The Emergence of Cannabis 25 Appendix I: Passages Discussing Wild Cannabis Possibly Misunderstood As Discussing Domesticated Cannabis 40 Appendix II: Cannabis in Veterinary Medicine 41 Update 42 Chapter 5. A Homelie Herbe: Medicinal Cannabis in Early England 43 Vivienne Crawford Introduction 43 Cannabis History in England 45 The Modern Era 49 Update 51 Chapter 6. Future of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Therapeutics 53 Ethan B. Russo Introduction 53 New Indications for Cannabinoid Pharmaceuticals 56 Cannabinoids and Neuroprotection 57 Spasmodic Disorders 58 Forbidden Territories 58 Update 63 PART II: PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOKINETICS Chapter 7. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Cannabinoids 69 Franjo Grotenhermen Introduction 69 Pharmacokinetics of ∆9-THC 74 Absorption 75 Distribution 80 Metabolism 84 Course of Plasma Concentration of THC and Metabolites 87 Elimination 88 Time Effect Relationship 94 Pharmacokinetics of Other Cannabinoids 99 Metabolic Interactions 101 Conclusion 103 Chapter 8. Clinical Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids 117 Franjo Grotenhermen Introduction 117 Mechanism of Action 119 Cannabinoid Receptors 121 Endocannabinoids 122 Pharmacological Effects of THC 125 Toxicity 125 Psyche, Cognition and Behavior 127 Central Nervous System and Neurochemistry 128 Circulatory System 130 Some Other Organ Systems and Effects 131 Pharmacological Activity of THC Metabolites 133 Pharmacological Effects of Other Cannabinoids 135 Tolerance and Dependency 138 Therapeutic Uses 139 Hierarchy of Therapeutic Effects 140 Basic Research Stage 141 Drug Interactions 143 Conclusions 144 Update 165 Chapter 9. Cannabis and Cannabis Extracts: Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts? 171 John M. McPartland Ethan B. Russo Introduction 171 Materials and Methods 172 Results and Discussion 172 Cannabinoids 173 Terpenoids 178 Flavonoids 187 Conclusions 190 Update 201 PART III: ENDOCANNABINOIDS AND CANNABINOID RECEPTORS Chapter 10. The Endocannabinoid System: Can It Contribute to Cannabis Therapeutics? 207 Vincenzo Di Marzo The Endocannabinoid System 207 Endocannabinoid Pharmacology: More Than Meets the Eye 209 Levels of Endocannabinoids in Tissues: Physiology and Pathology 211 New Drugs From the Endocannabinoid System: Curative or Palliative? 216 Update 225 Chapter 11. Cannabinoids and Feeding: The Role of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System As a Trigger for Newborn Suckling 227 Ester Fride Interactions of the Endocannabinoid System with Hormones Regulating Food Intake 228 Endocannabinoids in Food Substances 229 Developmental Aspects of the Endocannabinoid-CB1 Receptor System 230 Blockade of CB1 Receptors in Newborn Mice 231 Mechanisms of the CB1 Receptor Blockade-Induced Growth-Stunting Effects 233 Conclusions 234 Update 238 PART IV: MEDICINAL USES Chapter 12. Marijuana (Cannabis) As Medicine 243 Leo E. Hollister Introduction 243 Indications with Evidence for Medical Efficacy 245 Indications with Sparse Evidence of Efficacy 253 Discussion 257 Conclusion 258 Update 263 Chapter 13. Effects of Smoked Cannabis and Oral 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Nausea and Emesis After Cancer Chemotherapy: A Review of State Clinical Trials 265 Richard E. Musty Rita Rossi Tennessee 266 Michigan 267 Georgia 268 New Mexico (1983) 270 New Mexico (1984) 271 California 272 New York 273 Discussion 275 Update 278 Chapter 14. Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Clinical Cannabis: To Eat or Not to Eat? 281 Wei-Ni Lin Curry HG, Its Medicalization, and the Survivors 282 Cannabis, Pregnancy, and HG 288 Two Women’s Stories of Using Folk, Alternative Medicine 293 Conclusion 297 Update 302 Chapter 15. Therapeutic Cannabis (Marijuana) As an Antiemetic and Appetite Stimulant in Persons with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 303 Richard E. Bayer AIDS