Cosmic Rays I
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Nuclear Technology
Nuclear Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY Sourcebooks in Modern Technology Space Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. Sourcebooks in Modern Technology Nuclear Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Angelo, Joseph A. Nuclear technology / Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. p. cm.—(Sourcebooks in modern technology) Includes index. ISBN 1–57356–336–6 (alk. paper) 1. Nuclear engineering. I. Title. II. Series. TK9145.A55 2004 621.48—dc22 2004011238 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2004 by Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004011238 ISBN: 1–57356–336–6 First published in 2004 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 To my wife, Joan—a wonderful companion and soul mate Contents Preface ix Chapter 1. History of Nuclear Technology and Science 1 Chapter 2. Chronology of Nuclear Technology 65 Chapter 3. Profiles of Nuclear Technology Pioneers, Visionaries, and Advocates 95 Chapter 4. How Nuclear Technology Works 155 Chapter 5. Impact 315 Chapter 6. Issues 375 Chapter 7. The Future of Nuclear Technology 443 Chapter 8. Glossary of Terms Used in Nuclear Technology 485 Chapter 9. Associations 539 Chapter 10. -
Sterns Lebensdaten Und Chronologie Seines Wirkens
Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens Diese Chronologie von Otto Sterns Wirken basiert auf folgenden Quellen: 1. Otto Sterns selbst verfassten Lebensläufen, 2. Sterns Briefen und Sterns Publikationen, 3. Sterns Reisepässen 4. Sterns Züricher Interview 1961 5. Dokumenten der Hochschularchive (17.2.1888 bis 17.8.1969) 1888 Geb. 17.2.1888 als Otto Stern in Sohrau/Oberschlesien In allen Lebensläufen und Dokumenten findet man immer nur den VornamenOt- to. Im polizeilichen Führungszeugnis ausgestellt am 12.7.1912 vom königlichen Polizeipräsidium Abt. IV in Breslau wird bei Stern ebenfalls nur der Vorname Otto erwähnt. Nur im Emeritierungsdokument des Carnegie Institutes of Tech- nology wird ein zweiter Vorname Otto M. Stern erwähnt. Vater: Mühlenbesitzer Oskar Stern (*1850–1919) und Mutter Eugenie Stern geb. Rosenthal (*1863–1907) Nach Angabe von Diana Templeton-Killan, der Enkeltochter von Berta Kamm und somit Großnichte von Otto Stern (E-Mail vom 3.12.2015 an Horst Schmidt- Böcking) war Ottos Großvater Abraham Stern. Abraham hatte 5 Kinder mit seiner ersten Frau Nanni Freund. Nanni starb kurz nach der Geburt des fünften Kindes. Bald danach heiratete Abraham Berta Ben- der, mit der er 6 weitere Kinder hatte. Ottos Vater Oskar war das dritte Kind von Berta. Abraham und Nannis erstes Kind war Heinrich Stern (1833–1908). Heinrich hatte 4 Kinder. Das erste Kind war Richard Stern (1865–1911), der Toni Asch © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2018 325 H. Schmidt-Böcking, A. Templeton, W. Trageser (Hrsg.), Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55735-8 326 Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens heiratete. -
Cornell Gets a New Chair
PEOPLE APPOINTMENTS & AWARDS Cornell gets a new chair Two prominent accelerator physicists and Cornell alumni, Helen T Edwards and her husband, Donald A Edwards, have endowed a chair in accelerator physics at Cornell.The chair is named after Boyce D McDaniel, pro fessor emeritus at Cornell. The first holder of the new chair is David L Rubin, professor of physics and director of accelerator physics at Cornell.The donors David Rubin is the first incumbent of the new Boyce McDaniel Chair of Physics at Cornell, asked that the new professorship should be endowed by Helen and Donald Edwards. The chair is named after Boyce D McDaniel. Left awarded to a Cornell faculty member whose to right: Boyce McDaniel, Donald Edwards, David Rubin, Helen Edwards and Maury Tigner, discipline is particle-beam physics and who director of Cornell's Laboratory of Nuclear Studies. would teach both graduate and undergradu ate students in addition to doing research. McDaniel, a previous director of nuclear ingthe commissioning of the Main Ring at Helen Edwards is a 1957 graduate of science at Cornell, was Helen Edwards' thesis Fermilab and providing advice for numerous Cornell, where she also earned her PhD in adviser. Initially a graduate student at Cornell, accelerator projects throughout the US, in 1966. She works at Fermilab and at DESY in he left during the Second World War to join the addition to his notable contributions to the Germany. She played a prominent role in the Manhattan Project and returned to complete accelerator and elementary particle physics construction of Fermilab'sTevatron and has his PhD, joining the faculty in 1946. -
Arxiv:1211.4061V3 [Physics.Hist-Ph] 8 Feb 2013
From cosmic ray physics to cosmic ray astronomy: Bruno Rossi and the opening of new windows on the universe Luisa Bonolis Via Cavalese 13 – 00135 Rome, Italy [email protected] Abstract Bruno Rossi is considered one of the fathers of modern physics, being also a pioneer in virtually every aspect of what is today called high-energy astrophysics. At the beginning of 1930s he was the pioneer of cosmic ray research in Italy, and, as one of the leading actors in the study of the nature and behavior of the cosmic radiation, he witnessed the birth of particle physics and was one of the main investigators in this fields for many years. While cosmic ray physics moved more and more towards astrophysics, Rossi continued to be one of the inspirers of this line of research. When outer space became a reality, he did not hesitate to leap into this new scientific dimension. Rossi’s intuition on the importance of exploiting new technological windows to look at the universe with new eyes, is a fundamental key to understand the profound unity which guided his scientific research path up to its culminating moments at the beginning of 1960s, when his group at MIT performed the first in situ measurements of the density, speed and direction of the solar wind at the boundary of Earth’s magnetosphere, and when he promoted the search for extra-solar sources of X rays. A visionary idea which eventually led to the breakthrough experiment which discovered Scorpius X-1 in 1962, and inaugurated X-ray astronomy. -
Physiker-Entdeckungen Und Erdzeiten Hans Ulrich Stalder 31.1.2019
Physiker-Entdeckungen und Erdzeiten Hans Ulrich Stalder 31.1.2019 Haftungsausschluss / Disclaimer / Hyperlinks Für fehlerhafte Angaben und deren Folgen kann weder eine juristische Verantwortung noch irgendeine Haftung übernommen werden. Änderungen vorbehalten. Ich distanziere mich hiermit ausdrücklich von allen Inhalten aller verlinkten Seiten und mache mir diese Inhalte nicht zu eigen. Erdzeiten Erdzeit beginnt vor x-Millionen Jahren Quartär 2,588 Neogen 23,03 (erste Menschen vor zirka 4 Millionen Jahren) Paläogen 66 Kreide 145 (Dinosaurier) Jura 201,3 Trias 252,2 Perm 298,9 Karbon 358,9 Devon 419,2 Silur 443,4 Ordovizium 485,4 Kambrium 541 Ediacarium 635 Cryogenium 850 Tonium 1000 Stenium 1200 Ectasium 1400 Calymmium 1600 Statherium 1800 Orosirium 2050 Rhyacium 2300 Siderium 2500 Physiker Entdeckungen Jahr 0800 v. Chr.: Den Babyloniern sind Sonnenfinsterniszyklen mit der Sarosperiode (rund 18 Jahre) bekannt. Jahr 0580 v. Chr.: Die Erde wird nach einer Theorie von Anaximander als Kugel beschrieben. Jahr 0550 v. Chr.: Die Entdeckung von ganzzahligen Frequenzverhältnissen bei konsonanten Klängen (Pythagoras in der Schmiede) führt zur ersten überlieferten und zutreffenden quantitativen Beschreibung eines physikalischen Sachverhalts. © Hans Ulrich Stalder, Switzerland Jahr 0500 v. Chr.: Demokrit postuliert, dass die Natur aus Atomen zusammengesetzt sei. Jahr 0450 v. Chr.: Vier-Elemente-Lehre von Empedokles. Jahr 0300 v. Chr.: Euklid begründet anhand der Reflexion die geometrische Optik. Jahr 0265 v. Chr.: Zum ersten Mal wird die Theorie des Heliozentrischen Weltbildes mit geometrischen Berechnungen von Aristarchos von Samos belegt. Jahr 0250 v. Chr.: Archimedes entdeckt das Hebelgesetz und die statische Auftriebskraft in Flüssigkeiten, Archimedisches Prinzip. Jahr 0240 v. Chr.: Eratosthenes bestimmt den Erdumfang mit einer Gradmessung zwischen Alexandria und Syene. -
Curriculum Vitae Paul T. P. Ho
Curriculum Vitae Paul T. P. Ho Address: Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan [email protected] Positions: 2015- Director James Clerk Maxwell Telescope 2014- Director General East Asian Observatory 2021- Corresponding Fellow 2002-2021 Distinguished Research Fellow 2005-2014 Director 2002-2003 Director Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2011- Greenland Telescope Principal Investigator 2019-2021 ELT/METIS Co-Investigator 2013-2018 ERG-Taiwan Principal Investigator 2005-2015 ALMA-Taiwan Principal Investigator 2002-2014 AMiBA Principal Investigator 2005-2014 SMA-Taiwan Principal Investigator 2008-2014 Subaru HSC-Taiwan Principal Investigator 2011-2014 SUMIRE/PFS-Taiwan Principal Investigator 2015-2018 Distinguished Visiting Fellow Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute 1989-2015 Senior Astrophysicist 1989-2005 SMA Project Scientist Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 1 2018- Joint Professor of Physics National Cheng Kung University 2006- Adjunct Professor of Physics National Tsing Hua University 2003- Adjunct Professor of Astronomy National Central University 2003-2015 Joint Professor of Physics National Taiwan University 1986-1990 Associate Professor of Astronomy 1982-1986 Assistant Professor of Astronomy Harvard University 1979-1982 Miller Fellow, Research Associate Radio Astronomy Laboratory University of California, Berkeley 1977-1979 Research Associate Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory -
Bruno Benedetto Rossi
Intellectuals Displaced from Fascist Italy Firenze University Press 2019- Bruno Benedetto Rossi Go to personal file When he was expelled from the Università di Padova in 1938, the professor Link to other connected Lives on the move: of experimental physics from the Arcetri school was 33 years old, with an extraordinary international reputation and contacts and experiments abroad, Vinicio Barocas Sergio De Benedetti and had just married. With his young wife Nora Lombroso, he emigrated at Laura Capon Fermi Enrico Fermi once: first to Copenhagen, then to Manchester, and in June 1939 to the Guglielmo Ferrero United States. where their children were born. America, from the outset, was Leo Ferrero Nina Ferrero Raditsa his goal. Correspondence with New York and London reveals from Cesare Lombroso Gina Lombroso Ferrero September 1938 almost a competition to be able to have «one of the giants» Nora Lombroso Rossi of physics in the 20th century, whom fascism was hounding for the so-called Giuseppe (Beppo) Occhialini defence of the race. He was reappointed at the Università di Palermo in 1974, Leo Pincherle Maurizio Pincherle at the age of 70, when he was by then retired from MIT. Giulio Racah Bogdan Raditsa (Radica) Gaetano Salvemini Education Bruno was the eldest of three sons of Rino Rossi (1876-1927), an engineer who worked on the electrification of Venice, and of Lina Minerbi, from Ferrara (1868-1967). After attending the Marco Polo high school in Venice, he enrolled at the Università di Padova, and then at Bologna, where he graduated on 28 December 1927,1 defending a thesis in experimental physics on imperfect contacts between metals. -
Vol. 6 No. 14 ... Enrico Fermi, Distinguished Physicist, Whose Name Will Head Illinois Research Laboratory ••• ... H. Ande
Vol. 6 No. 14 April11, 1974 The National Accelerator Laboratory will become the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory at a dedication cere mony to be held at the Laboratory on Saturday, May 11, 1974. The plan to change the name of the Laboratory was announced on April 29, 1969 by Glenn T. Seaborg, then chair man of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. It was understood then that the dedication and the changing of the name would take place when construction was complete. May of 1974 will find the Laboratory close to completion and running strongly in all areas. In announcing the AEC's plans, Seaborg said in 1969: ... Enrico Fermi, distinguished "It is particularly fitting that we honor Dr. Fermi in this physicist, whose name will head manner, for in so doing we further acknowledge his many con Illinois research laboratory ••• tributions to the progress of nuclear science, particularly his work on nuclear processes. Enrico Fermi was a physicist of great renown who contributed in a most significant way to the defense and welfare of his adopted land and to the enhancement of its intellectual well-being. His greatest achievement, the first sustained nuclear chain reaction, took place in a small laboratory in Chicago. It seems sin gularly appropriate, therefore, that the Federal Government recognize the memory of a man who was at the forefront of science in his day by naming in his honor a laboratory near Chicago -- a laboratory which will have a major internationa: impact on our understanding of the basic structure of matter." ... H. Anderson, student and long-time Enrico Fermi was born in Rome, Italy, on September 29, colleague of Fermi, on visit to NAL 1901. -
Early Reactors from Fermi’S Water Boiler to Novel Power Prototypes
Early Reactors From Fermi’s Water Boiler to Novel Power Prototypes by Merle E. Bunker n the urgent wartime period of the Canyon. Fuel for the reactor consumed the morning and then spend his afternoons down Manhattan Project, research equip- country’s total supply of enriched uranium at the reactor. He always analyzed the data ment was being hurriedly com- (14 percent uranium-235). To help protect as it was being collected. He was very I mandeered for Los Alamos from uni- this invaluable material, two machine-gun insistent on this point and would stop an versities and other laboratories. This equip- posts were located at the site. experiment if he did not feel that the results ment was essential for obtaining data vital to The reactor (Fig. 1) was called LOPO (for made sense.” On the day that LOPO the design of the first atomic bomb. A nuclear low power) because its power output was achieved criticality, in May 1944 after one reactor, for example, was needed for checking virtually zero. This feature simplified its final addition of enriched uranium, Fermi critical-mass calculations and for measuring design and construction and eliminated the was at the controls. fission cross sections and neutron capture and need for shielding. The liquid fuel, an LOPO served the purposes for which it scattering cross sections of various materials, aqueous solution of enriched uranyl sulfate, had been intended: determination of the particularly those under consideration as was contained in a l-foot-diameter stainless- critical mass of a simple fuel configuration moderators and reflectors. -
UNESCO – Kalinga Prize Winner – 1971 Pierre Victor Auger a Life in the Service of Science
Glossary on Kalinga Prize Laureates UNESCO – Kalinga Prize Winner – 1971 Pierre Victor Auger A Life in the Service of Science French Physicist, Discoverer of the Atomic Auger Electronic Effect. [Born : Paris 14th May, 1899 Died : Paris 25th December 1993] Professor Auger’s outstanding professional career covered Physics, Nuclear Power & Space Research, Organization and Administration of Research, Diplomatic Services & Pedagogics but also extended in to Modern Biology, Humanistic Sciences, Poetry & Arts. He was awarded with the most Prestigious Gaede – Langmuir Award “For establishing the Fundamental Principle of Auger Spectroscopy which has led to the most widely used surface analysis technique of importance to all aspects of Vacuum Science & Technology”. Energy with the Earth Atmosphere can be considered like discoverer of gigantic particle rains generated by the interaction of cosmic rays of Extreme Discharge ...Pierre Auger 1 Glossary on Kalinga Prize Laureates Pierre Victor Auger Pierre Victor Auger (May 14, 1899 – December 25, 1993) was a French Physicist, born in Paris. He worked in the fields of atomic physics, nuclear physics and cosmic ray physics. The Auger process where Auger electrons are emitted from atoms was named after him, despite the fact that Lise Meitner discovered the process a few years before in 1923. In his work with cosmic rays, he found that the cosmic radiation events were coincident in time meaning that they were associated with a single event, an air shower. He estimated that the energy of the incoming particle that creates large air showers must be at least 1015eV (electron-volts) = 106 particles of 108eV (critical energy in air) and a factor of ten for energy loss from traversing the atmosphere (Auger et al., 1939). -
Modern Rossi Alpha Measurements
c 2014 George E. McKenzie IV MODERN ROSSI ALPHA MEASUREMENTS BY GEORGE E. MCKENZIE IV THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Master’s Committee: Professor Tomasz Kozlowski, Advisor Professor Rizwan Uddin ABSTRACT The Rossi-↵ method determines the prompt neutron decay constant in a nuclear fissioning system at or near delayed critical. Knowledge of the prompt neutron decay constant is important for a critical system as it is a major contributor to the dynamic system behavior. The classical method for the Rossi experiment used gated circuitry to track the time when a neutron was incident upon the detector. The downside of this method is that the circuitry was complex and only one single fission chain could be measured at a time. The modern method allows many chains to be measured simultaneously by a pulse time tagging system such as the LANL custom designed List-mode module. This thesis examines the implementation of the modern Rossi-↵ method on the all highly enriched uranium, HEU, Zeus experiment. Measurements are taken at several subcritical configurations, at critical in the presence of a source, and at one supercritical point. During the experiment, the List-mode module generates time tags of incoming neutron pulses. After the experiment, this list of neutron pulses is complied using custom software into a histogram. This histogram is fit using o↵the shelf graphing software to determine the value of ↵. The subcritical measurements of ↵ are used to extrapolate ↵ at delayed critical. -
Measurements of the Maximum Depth of Air Shower Profiles at LHC Energies with the High-Elevation Auger Telescopes
Measurements of the maximum depth of air shower profiles at LHC energies with the High-Elevation Auger Telescopes Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften an der Fakultät für Physik des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) genehmigte Dissertation von Dipl.-Phys. Alaa Metwaly Kuotb Awad aus El Fayoum/Egypt Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 21.12.2018 Referent: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Johannes Blümer Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Ralph Engel Betreuer: Dr. Ralf Ulrich ii Abstract More than 100 years after their discovery, the nature of cosmic rays is still a mystery in many aspects. The subject of this thesis is to measure the mass composition of the cosmic rays at an energy range from 1015.8eV to 1017eV. This relies on the Cherenkov light emitted in the forward direction of the shower, directly pointing towards the telescopes. A new technique was proposed for the reconstruction named Profile Constrained Geometry Fit (PCGF). The benefit of this special technique is a high accuracy geometry reconstruction, which is pos- sible using only the telescope signals. A full PCGF dataset is produced for the Cherenkov dominated showers observed by the High Elevation Auger Telescopes (HEAT). The mass composition is deduced from the distribution of the maximum depth of those showers, Xmax. The first two moments of the distribution, hXmaxi, and s(Xmax), are compared to their counterparts of proton and iron simulations. The performance of the reconstruction and the analysis is studied using a complete time-dependent Monte Carlo simulation. It is a novel technique that is used for the first time in Pierre Auger, and by which the mass composition is measured in the energy region where there are signatures of cosmic ray transition from galactic to an extragalactic origin.