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A superior to other writing systems, Acosta, José de, 104–12, 133n96, 78, 106, 109–10, 112, 139 134n98, 135n111, 137, 139, 142, Arthus, Gotthard, 139, 151, 151, 160, 163n14, 170n60 153, 160–61, 162n7, 167n33, Acquaviva, Claudio, 88, 144 170n57, n59 Alemanha . See Germany Artieda, Diego de, 55 Almayne . See Germany Aston, Edward, 29 Almeida, Luis de, 38 Augustinians . See Religious orders: Ammianus Marcellinus, 21 Augustinian alphabet, 5, 53n42, 76, 105–8, 160 Augustodunensis, Honorius . absent in China, 86–87, 99, 103, See Honorius of Autun 111, 138, 141, 145, 153, 159, 174n90 Cathayan, 31, 131n87 . See also B Cathay: spoken and written Bacon, Francis, 111–12, 137 language of Bacon, Roger, 27–29, 53n39, n41, n43 Chinese, 38, 84, 97, 126n66, n72, Balbi, Gasparo, 84, 138 131n87, 151, 183n10 Barbaro, Giosafat, 47n4 Hebrew, 73, 128n76. See also Barbosa, Duarte, 34, 151 Hebrew language and script Barbuda, Luís Jorge de, 83–84, Japanese, 37, 80, 97, 126n66, n72, 162n6 131n87, 151 Barros, João de, 34, 112n2, 151 Latin alphabet, attractive to the Bartoli, Daniello, 88, 171n68 Chinese, 115n16, 131n87 Beauvais, Pierre de . Latin-Chinese, 165n24 See Pierre de Beauvais

© The Author(s) 2016 235 D. Luca, The Chinese Language in European Texts, Chinese Literature and Culture in the World, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-50291-9 236 INDEX

Beauvais, Vincent de . See Vincent de barbarous, 78, 80, 99, 111, Beauvais 139, 179 Belleforest, François de, 34, 54n47, better than speech at conveying 58n57, n58, 62n71, 151 meaning , 97, 147 Benedictines . See Religious orders: devilish, 33, 43, 101–2, 179 Benedictine diffi cult, 38, 69n97, 78–79, 86, Boemus, Johannes, 29, 31, 54n47, 92–93, 95, 99–103, 120n40, 58n57, 61n68 127n72, 133n94, 138–40, Bridia, C. de, 51n33 145, 153, 159, 172n81, Bright, Timothe, 138 174n90, 180 intricate, 89, 93, 95, 100, 103, 127n72, 140, 167n31 C similar to Arabic numerals, 107–8, Cabral, Francisco, 68 141, 163n14 Canton (Guangzhou), 32, 34, (large) number of, 36, 69n95, 38–39, 101 76–78, 80–81, 84, 86–89, 93, Carletti, Francesco, 45, 116n19, 100–4, 107, 110, 120n41, 146–51, 154, 168n37, n41, 121n42, 132n90, 138, 141–42, 169n46, n48, n49 146, 157, 163n17, 164n22, Carpini, John of Plano, 4, 25–27, 167n31, 172n72, n81 51n33 practical aspects related to the Castanheda, Fernão Lopes de, 34, 91 production of, 75, 79, 88–89, Cathay (Catai, Cataia, Cataio, Catay, 93–94, 99–100, 118n29, Chataj, Kitai, Kytay), 4–9, 19–20, 121n44, 147, 170n60, 172n83 25–29, 31, 38, 43, 49n21, 57n50, prestige deriving from mastery of, 100, 111, 170n60, 179 35, 79, 87–90, 140, 178 identical to China, 20, 26, 45, 150 referred to as: characters, 37, 69n95, inhabitants of (Cathayans, Cataini, 75–80, 84, 86, 90–92, 95–97, Cathaïns, Kitayans, Kithai), 99–102, 105, 111, 114n11, 19–20, 26–29, 31, 42–43, 46n4, 121n42, n44, 123n49, 125n61, 53n43, 54n47, 56n48, 58n57, 127n72, 134n102, 138, 140–42, n58, 131n87 149, 153, 155–60, 163n14, n17, spoken and written language of, 168n42, 172n81, 173n89, 178, 25–31, 43, 51n32, n33, 53n39, 180 n41, n43, 57n54, 58n58, ciphers, 81, 83, 96, 103–4, 106, 59n60, 82, 95, 100, 131n87 110, 131n87, 134n102 Cattaneo, Lazzaro, 143, 173n88 fi gures, 75–76, 80–83, 86–88, 90–91, Cayet, Pierre-Victor Palma, 95, 97, 99–100, 104, 107–10, 153, 170n59 118n30, 120n40, 123n49, Chinese characters 125n61, 131n89, 132n90, described as: ambiguous, 104, 142, 138–41, 145, 157, 159–60, 164n22 163n17, 174n90, 182n3 INDEX 237

hieroglyphs (hieroglyphic characters, grammar, 89–90, 108–9, 135n108, fi gures, or letters) , 79–80, 84, 140, 173n84 86–87, 93–96, 125n61, 140–41, Mandarin: the common language 145–47, 153, 155–56, 161, (like Latin in Europe) , 7, 74, 163n14, 168n42, 170n54, 91–94, 107–8, 112, 123n49, 173n89, 174n90 . 124n50, n53, 132n90, 141, See also hieroglyphs 144, 147, 159, 174n90; images, 41, 79, 102–3, 125n61 the language of the law, 74, letters, 33–39, 41, 69n95, 71n101, 92–94, 120n42, 123n49, 75–81, 84, 87–94, 96, 99–103, 124n50, 138, 159; referred 107–8, 110, 120n40, 122n45, to as such, 88, 91–92, 94, 123n49, 127n72, 128n76, 107–9, 120n42, 123n49, 131n89, 132n90, 133n94, 138, 124n50, 132n90, 144, 147; 140–42, 145–47, 153–59, the (refi ned) language of the 164n22, 166n28, 167n31, elites , 88, 91–94, 103–4, 168n42, 172n70, n71, n81, 107–8, 112, 120n39, 173n89, 182n3 121n42, 123n49, 124n50, notes, 80, 86, 95–96, 123n49, n53, 132n90, 141, 144, 153, 163n14 153–55, 159, 170n58, 174n90 pictures, 79, 103–4, 106–10 pronunciation, 94, 97, 102–4, 122, signs, 34, 86, 102–4, 106, 110, 142, 131n87, 138, 144–45, 181n1; 149, 163n14, 168n42 similar to or different from syllables, 131n87. See also German or Greek , 34, 42, Ciceronian notes; ideography 80, 89 Chinese language tones, 89, 121n45, 140, 143–45, described as: ambiguous, 89, 121n45, 147, 153, 157–58, 160, 166n24, 143–44, 153, 157, 164n22, 173n88 170n58 ; concise, 141, 153, varieties, 34, 42, 74, 76, 78, 160, 172n83 83–84, 86, 90, 92–94, 107, different, 68, 102 111, 113n9, 123n49, 124n50, diffi cult, 100, 102–3, 109, 121n42, 132n90, 138–39, 142, 155–56, n44, n45, 129n80, 132n90, 158–60, 174n90. See also 142, 142–44, 153–55, 158–59, universality myth 164n22, 167n31, 170n58, chinoiserie , 83 173n84, 181n1 Chirino, Pedro, 5, 143 an impediment to, or a useful tool Cicatora (Tawara Chikatora), for, conversion, 75, 102 95–96, 170n60 monosyllabic, 89, 140, 143–44, Ciceronian notes, 96, 146–47, 153, 156, 163n17, 126n71, 127n72 . See also 166n28, 170n58, 172n70, n83, stenography 173n88 ; phonetically defective, Cobo, Juan , 142–43 114n12, 160, 173n89 Columbus, Christopher, 24 238 INDEX

Conti, Nicolò de’, 54n47 fi gurism, 131n89 Cruz, Gaspar da, 7, 73–77, 81, 83, 99, Fornari, Martino de, 88 114n12, 115n13, 118n29, 139, 151 Frampton, John, 81–82 Franciscans . See Religious orders: Franciscan D Fréret, Nicolas, 6 Da Cruz, Gaspar . See Cruz, Gaspar da Frisius, Gemma, 23 D’Anania, Giovanni Lorenzo, 34, 41, Fróis, Luís, 96 72n108, 79–80, 86 D’Avity, Pierre, 58n57, 139 De Christiana expeditione apud G Sinas… ( Christian Expedition to Gago, Baltasar, 38–40, 71n102, China…). See Ricci, Matteo 72n104 DeFrancis, John, 3–4, 35, 75, 83, García, Gregorio, 134n102 113n9 . See also ideography; Germany (Alemanha, Almayne): universality myth cultural connections with East Derrida, Jacques, 3, 9 Asia , 34, 64n82 Dias, Manuel, Sr., 167n31 linguistic connections with China, Dionysius Periegetes, 25 34, 42, 80, 88 Dominicans . See Religious orders: Góis, Bento de, 20, 46n2 Dominican Góis, Damião de, 91 Dueñas, Francisco de, 92 Góis, Estevão de, 129n80 Duret, Claude, 42, 117n27, 127n72, Golius, Jacob, 46n2 139, 151, 153–54, 161, 167n33, Gómez, Pedro, 120n41 170n54, n55, n57, n59, n60 Grimeston, Edward, 139 Grynaeus, Simon, 29 Guzmán, Luis de, 140–41 E Eco, Umberto, 31 Eden, Richard, 55 H Emformação da Chyna, mandada Hakluyt, Richard, 26, 45, 51n32 per hũu homem a mestre Hayton , 28–29, 31, 54n45, 57n54, Framçysquo , 35 59n60 Empoli, Giovanni da, 45 Hebrew language and script, 73, 79, Escalante, Bernardino de, 73–74, 93–94, 97–98, 106, 111, 128n76, 81–84, 97, 117n26, n27, 118n29, 141–42 139, 151, 154, 161, 168n41 Herodotus, 20, 48n8, 50n25 Eustathius of Thessalonica, 25 Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de , 140 Heylyn, Peter, 116n19 F hieroglyphs, 5, 7, 72n108, 73, 79–80, Fenollosa, Ernest, 42 84, 86, 94–96, 111, 125n61, Fernandes, Sebastião, 143 128n76, 135n111, 138, 141, 156, INDEX 239

166n28, 171n69, 180 . See also Latin . See alphabet: Latin alphabet, Chinese characters: referred to as attractive to the Chinese; Honorius of Autun, 22 alphabet: Latin-Chinese; Chinese language: Mandarin Latini, Brunetto, 23, 49n19 I Legazpi, Miguel López de, ideography, 4, 7, 19, 36–37, 41, 75–76, 181n1 86, 92, 108, 112, 179 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 6, India, 24, 34, 38, 41, 46n2, 54n47, 84 160, 180 The Indies (Spanish America), Le Roy, Louis, 31, 62n71 105–6, 109–10, 134n98 Lipsius, Justus, 139–40 Loarca, Miguel de, 45, 78–79 Longobardo, Niccolò, 144–46, J 153, 162n7, 163n17, Japan (Giapan, Iapan, Iappon), 6, 35, 170n59, 177 89–90, 107–8, 141–42, 170n60 Lucena, João de, 45, 141 inhabitants of, 105, 116n19 language and writing system of, 5, 7, 35–41, 64n82, 65n86, M 67n92, n93, 68, 71n101, Macao, 74, 88, 91, 111, 121n42, 138 72n104, 75, 79–80, 89–91, Maffei, Giovanni Pietro, 93, 94, 97, 107–8, 113n9, 118n30, 139, 151 123n49, 125n61, 126n66, Magini, Giovanni Antonio, 139 128n76, 131n87, 133n94, Mandarin . See Chinese language: 140–41, 147, 150–51, 154, Mandarin 159, 163n17, 168n37, Mandeville, John, 31 172n81. See also alphabet: Mangi (Manzi), 6, 29–30, 60n63, Japanese 61n68 . See also Cathay Jarric, Pierre de, 141, 151, 163n17, Martianus Capella, 21–22 167n33 Mela, Pomponius . Jean le Long d’Ypres, 52n36, 57n54 See Pomponius Mela Jesuit letter collections, 41, 74, 80 Memorial to the Council, by Citizens Jesuits . See Religious orders: Jesuit of the Filipinas Islands (Memorial general de todos los estados de las Islas Filipinas) , 101 K Mendoza, Juan González de, 2, 81, Kircher, Athanasius, 95, 166n24, 180 97–99, 128n77, 134n102, 139, 147, 151, 158, 161, 170n57, 180 L Mercurian, Everard, 87 Landa, Diego de, 101 Mexia, Lourenço, 68, 116n19, Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 24 118n30 240 INDEX

missionaries, 6–8, 25, 34–35, 37–38, Pound, Ezra, 42 40–41, 69n95, 74–75, 78, 104, Poussines, Pierre, 36–37 109, 113n4, 135n108, 137, Ptolemy , 24, 46n2, 139 142–43, 145–46, 164n19, Purchas, Samuel, 53n43, 56n48, 177–78, 181n1 59n60, 60n63, 64n82, like little children, 37, 67n95, 104 157–59, 181n1 like mute statues, 37 Pynson, Richard, 29 Mongols, 25–26, 31 monosyllabic myth . See Chinese language: described as R Montserrat, Antoni de, 120n39 Rada, Martín de, 45, 78, 83–84, 92, Münster, Sebastian, 54n47, 58n57 99, 139, 151, 181n1 Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 26, 30, 59n60, 151 O Religious orders: Augustinian, 45, 78, Odoric of Pordenone, 31 111, 138–39, 180 Ortelius, Abraham, 84, 118n32, Benedictine, 141 138–39, 162n6 Dominican, 24–25, 30, 74, 111, Osório, Jerónimo, 91, 151 114n12, 142, 178 Franciscan, 27, 53n43, 92, 140–41 Jesuit, 4–5, 7, 20, 36–38, 40–41, 45, P 46n2, 65n82, 67n95, 74–75, Pantoja, Diego de, 45, 67n95, 143, 86–88, 90, 92–96, 100–1, 104–7, 146, 151, 166n24, 167n34 109, 111–12, 124n50, 128n76, paper money, 27, 52n36 129n80, 135n111, 138, 140–41, Patrizi, Francesco, 41–42, 72n108, 73 143–46, 151, 153–55, 158–60, Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci, 62n73 162n7, 167n31, 171n61, 175n92, Pereira, Amaro, 38 177–78, 180 Pereira, Galiote, 112n1 Ribadeneyra, Marcello de, 140 Perot de Garbelai, 22 Ricci, Matteo, 4, 8, 13n8, 45, 88–90, Petris, Francesco de, 133n94 92–93, 97, 100, 104, 120n41, Philippines, 5–6, 8, 55, 78, 100, 111, 121n44, 122, 133n94, 137, 131n87, 141–42, 164n19, 143–46, 151, 153–56, 158–59, 165n22, 180 161, 169n52, 170n58, 171n61, Piccolomini, Enea Silvio, 23–24, 49n21 n62, n68, n69, 172n70, n72, n78, Pierre de Beauvais, 22 n81, n83, 173n84, n88, 174n90, Pigafetta, Antonio, 34 175n92, 177–78, 180, 181n1, Pipino, Francesco, 30 182n3, n5 Pires, Tomé, 32, 45 De Christiana expeditione apud Pliny , 20–22 Sinas… ( Christian Expedition Polo, Marco, 29–31, 61n68 to China… ) , 4, 88, 143, 155–56, Pomponius Mela, 20 160–61, 171n62, 177 INDEX 241

Rocca, Angelo, 139–40, 166n24 Spanish projects for invading China, Rodrigues, João, 68, 128n76, 163n17 100–1, 129n80, 130n83 . romanization, 121n45, 143, 149, See also Sánchez, Alonso 166n24, 182n5 stenography, 5 Román, Jerónimo, 138–39, 142, 160 Román, Juan Bautista, 100 T Rubruck, William of, 4, 20, 26–28, Támara, Francisco de, 61n68 53n39, n43 Teixeira, Manuel, 74–75, 80, 91 Ruggieri, Michele, 87–88, 106, 120n39, Tenshō embassy, 94, 125n61 n41, 121n44, n45, 138–39, 143, Thevet, André, 34, 131n87, 151 166n24, 174n90, 177, 181n1 Tibetan script, 27, 53n42 tones . See Chinese language: pronunciation S Tovar, Juan de, 135n111 Sánchez, Alonso, 100–5, 108–12, Trigault, Nicolas, 4, 8, 12n8, 124n50, 131n87, n89, 132n90, 88, 90, 137, 143, 155–59, 133n95, n96, 142, 145, 154, 159, 161, 171n61, n62, n69, 170n59 172n81, n83, 173n89, Sande, Duarte de, 138 175n90, 180, 181n1 . Sande, Francisco de, 131n87 See also Ricci, Matteo San Román de Rivadeneyra, Antonio de , 141 Santaella, Rodrigo Fernández de, U 61n68 universality myth, 35–36, 76, Santa María, Juan de, 141, 160 83–86, 89, 108, 112, Sassetti, Filippo, 84–87, 97, 180 113n9, 119n35, 159, 179 . Seres . See Serica: inhabitants of See also DeFrancis, John; Serica, 5–7, 9, 20, 25, 29, 31, 38, 43, ideography 100, 179 universal language, 4, 7, 9, 83, inhabitants of (Seres, Seirs, 175n90, 180 . See also Chinese Seretines), 5, 9, 19–26, 28, 31, language: Mandarin 42–43, 45, 46n2, 48n7, 49n19, Uyghur script, 26–27, 53n39, n43, n21, 50n23, n28, 51n30, 54n45 58n57, 62n70, 111 . See also silent trade silent trade, 20–25, 27, 31, V 48n7, n10, 179 Valignano, Alessandro, 67n95, Silva, Duarte da, 38 90–94, 116n19, 120n41, sinophilia, 42, 137, 144, 160, 180 121n44, n45, 124n49, 125n61, Solinus, 21–22, 24, 51n30 135n109, 138, 177 Sousa, Leonel de, 91 Valori, Baccio, 86, 119n34 242 INDEX

Van Linschoten, Jan W Huyghen, 139 Watreman, William, 29 Vieira, Cristóvão, 32–33, 39, 63n78, 101, 109 Vigenère, Blaise de, 41, X 81, 94–97, 103, 126n66, Xavier, Francis, 35–38, 41, 67n93, n72, 140, 151, 170n54, 69n98, 88, 104, 141 n55, n60 Vilela, Gaspar, 41, 68 Vincent de Beauvais, 25–27, Z 29, 51n30 Zhong Mingren. See Fernandes, Sebastião