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=VS\TL:WYPUN Marks of a CSUF Graduate from the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Graduates From The College Of Natural Sciences And Mathematics Understand the basic concepts and principles of science and mathematics. Are experienced in working collectively and collaboratively to solve problems. Communicate both orally and in writing with clarity, precision and confidence. Are adept at using computers to do word processing, prepare spreadsheets and graphs, and use presentation software. Possess skills in information retrieval using library resources and the Internet. have extensive laboratory/workshop/field experience where they are utilize the scientific method to ask questions, formulate hypotheses, design experiments, conduct experiments, and analyze data. Appreciate diverse cultures as a result of working side by side with many people in collaborative efforts in the classroom, laboratory and on research projects. In many instances have had the opportunity to work individually with faculty in conducting research and independent projects. in addition to the attributes of all NSM students, these students generate original data and contribute to the research knowledge base. Have had the opportunity to work with very modern, sophisticated equipment including advanced computer hardware and software. Dimensions: The Journal of Undergraduate Research in Natural Sciences and Mathematics is an official publication of California State University, Fullerton. Dimensions is published annually by CSUF, 800 N. St. College BLVD., Fullerton, CA 92834. Copyright ©2011 CSUF. except as otherwise provided, Dimensions: grants permission for material in this publication to be copied for use by non-profit educational institutions for scholarly or instructional purposes only, provided that 1) copies are distributed at or below cost, 2) the author and Dimensions are identified, and 3) proper notice of the copyright appears on each copy. if the author retains the copyright, permission to copy must be attained directly from the author. About the Cover: Man’s tenacious hunger for exploration of the unknown fostered the need to develop new tools… tools for measuring, listening, calculating, and seeing the un-seeable. Tools that are as brilliant as the secrets they may uncover. This journal is a testament to these users of tools. Stainless steel symbolizes the brilliant resolve of these explorers seeking form amid the chaos, a study of trial and error, failure and success. Increasing the corpus of human knowledge through scientific research. Executive Editor College of Natural Amber Shah Sciences and Mathematics Dr. Robert A. Koch, Acting Dean Editors Dr. Mark Filowitz, Associate Dean Ernesto Casillas, Biology Dr. Kathryn Dickson, Acting Chair Department Julie Yang, Chemistry/Biochemistry Acknowledgements of Biological Science Erin Driver, Geology Mikhail Popov, Mathematics Dr. Christopher Meyer, Chair Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry Dr. David Bowman, Chair Department of Advisor Geological Sciences Dr. Rochelle Woods, Assistant Dean Dr. Paul De Land, Chair Department of for Student Affairs Mathematics Dr. James M. Feagin, Chair Department Graphic Design of Physics Carolyn Luu, Layout Editor Brian Bouskill, Cover Designer Special Thanks To President Milton A. Gordon Graphic Design Advisor and Dean Robert A. Koch for their support and dedication to Dimensions. Arnold Holland, Associate Professor College of the Arts Dr. Joseph H. Arnold, Jr., Dean Andi Sims, Assistant Dean for Student Affairs Articles Geology Designing a Test of the Assumption of Neutrality within the Late Cretaceous Holz Shale, Santa Ana Mountains, California 8 By: Michelle Gevedon Incised River Meanders in western and northwestern Thailand: Implications for the late Cenozoic regional tectonics of northwestern Indochina 13 By: Angela Perez Mineralogy And Petrography Of The Polymetamorphic Kings Sequence, Lake Kaweah Pendant, West-Central Sierra Nevada Batholith, Ca. 18 By: Crystal A. Castellanos The Effect of Barriers on Slip Partitioning in an Upward Branching Fault System 19 By: Jennifer Tarnowski, David Bowman, and David Oglesby Chemistry/Biochemistry Partitioned exhumation and thrust faulting in Measuring levels of PM10 pollution in the Chiang northern Prince William Sound, south-central Mai basin in Northern Thailand Alaska constrained by apatite (U-Th)/He dating 20 By: Michael Prior 28 By: Steven Schill Articles Biological Sciences Effects of Artificial Moonlight on the Foraging Behavior of Desert Rodents 32 By: Bryan White Effects of Prairie Dogs on the Diet of Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels Effects of Cactus Removal on Grassland Rodents (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) 36 By: Denise Soto 49 By: Leslie Herington The Effects of Age and Sexual Experience Localization And Identifi cation Of Protein Kinase C on the Mating Success of the Male House Cricket Subtypes Ascidian Sperm Activation Acheta domesticus 40 By: Eric S. Peralta 54 By: Rolando Ruiz Physiological differences of two desert shrubs Infl uence Of Anthropogenic Noise On Song across differently-aged substrates Structure In Calypte Hummingbirds in the Mojave Desert 45 By: Karolis Raudys 63 By: Sarah English Mathematics Remarks on De Sitter Spacetime: Geometry Statistical Modeling of the Fat Fraction in in the Theory of Relativity Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) By: Anne M. Calder, Eden A. Ellis, Li-Hsuan Huang, 71 By: Peter Ho 114 and Kevin Park Economical Generating Sets A Comparative Study of Divergence Metrics for the Symmetric and Alternating Groups in the Analysis of Neuronal Data Consisting of Cycles of a Fixed Length 82 By: Josh Maglione 124 By: Mikhail Y. Popov, David Rock, and Victor Ying Rindler Temperature Result and Distributional Modes 97 By: Joshua Strong The Sayre-Reitsma Direct Proof of the Steiner–Lehmus Theorem Biographies 107 By: Jonathan Sayre and Jeremy Reitsma 138 Designing a Test of the Assumption of Neutrality within the Late Cretaceous Holz Shale, Santa Ana Mountains, California Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA Abstract Michelle Gevedon Recent theory suggests that biodiversity is controlled predominantly and wide-spread preservation; such a forearc basin environment and by species abundance based on two assumptions: fi rst, that species are community is preserved in Silverado Canyon of the Santa Ana Mountains interchangeable, or neutral, and second, that the number of individuals (SAMs) within Irvine Ranch National Natural Landmark (IRNNL) in Irvine, Advisor: Dr. Nicole Bonuso Dr. Advisor: increases linearly with area (Hubbell, 2001). Hubbell’s Unifi ed Neutral California (Figure 1) (Cooper and Sawlon, 2006). Theory of Biodiversity (UNTB) is controversial because it contradicts Of the forearc sediments found in the SAMs, the Holz Shale Member traditional ideas that competition and specialization are the main of the Ladd Formation is the most fossiliferous and represents a shallow infl uences on speciation. UNTB provides many testable theoretical marine shelf to a shallow continental slope environment, the most ideal models that have been applied to modern habitat, but are untested in habitat for benthic marine invertebrates. Here the diverse community the fossil record. The Holz Shale of Silverado Canyon, Irvine, California contains many competing congeneric species, species belonging to a provides an ideal site to test for the existence of the linear relationship single genus, having similar life modes and trophic levels. Traditionally, required for neutrality because well-preserved and abundant fossils are exposed in a complete section. Faunal specimens were sampled California laterally; two sample sets from two communities, for a total of four samples were collected from areas of increasing size. Each fossil was counted and identifi ed to the genus level. Linear change in abundance patterns between samples was examined using the 2-Way t-Statistic. The correlating sample sets from each bedding plane were compared to test for statistical signifi cance between the two populations. The results show a positive correlation and liner relationship between area and abundance. Future tests of the assumption of neutrality should use the methods designed in this study, and must identify potentially neutral species. Using the Paleobiology Database, data regarding the ecologies of collected fauna was collected to isolate potentially neutral species. Based on this research, future tests of the assumption of neutrality can determine the neutrality of species in fossilized communities. Introduction During the Late Cretaceous, approximately 83 mya, the coastal margin of California was dominated by Cordilleran-style tectonics fueled by the subduction of the Farallon plate. Such active tectonics and arc magmatism result in the infl ux of nutrients via large cations shedding into the fl anking forearc basins, allowing communities of marine fauna Figure 1: Study Location Map to fl ourish. Forearc basins provide ideal locations for paleoecological shows the location of the Irvine Ranch National Natural Landmark. The study area is studies due to their rapid sedimentation rates, vast faunal abundance, approximately 1/16 of a mile square located directly off of Silverado Canyon Road. Dimensions 8 Geological Sciences Figure #2: Santa Ana Mountains Stratigraphic Column Stratigraphic column showing units relevant to the study. The study area located at the base of the Holz Shale Member of the Ladd Formation is marked by a star. Notice the accommodation history CURVETOTHERIGHTINDICATINGTHESEALEVELmUXOCCURRINGDURINGSEDIMENTATION3UCHAMAJORMARINETRANSGRESSIONHASTHEABILITYTOALTERTHEPALEOENVIRONMENTANDISEVIDENTINLITHOLOGICCHANGES