Gambling Report – Results from the 2016 Health and Lifestyles Survey

Gambling report – Results from the 2016 Health and Lifestyles Survey February 2018 ISBN: 978-0-478-44924-2 Prepared for the Health Promotion Agency by: Thewaporn (Wa) Thimasarn-Anwar, Dr Hanna Squire, Dr Holly Trowland & Dr Greg Martin Citation: Thimasarn-Anwar, T., Squire, H., Trowland, H. & Martin, G. (2017). Gambling report: Results from the 2016 Health and Lifestyles Survey. Wellington: Health Promotion Agency Research and Evaluation Unit. HEALTH PROMOTION AGENCY PO Box 2142 Wellington 6140 New Zealand www.hpa.org.nz February 2018 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Health for their input in the 2016 Health and Lifestyles Survey (HLS) gambling module. The authors would also like to acknowledge the research companies that carried out the fieldwork for the Gambling Betting Activities Survey (GBAS) and the HLS: CBG Research Ltd for the 2012, 2014 and 2016 HLS, and National Research Bureau for the 2006/07 GBAS and the 2008 and 2010. The 2016 HLS gambling questionnaire was created through a collaborative design process incorporating feedback from the Health Promotion Agency (HPA), Department of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Health. Peer review for this report was provided by Dr Alana Oakly, Api Poutasi, Campbell Moore, Dr Charles Sullivan, and Dr John Wren. This report was funded by the Ministry of Health. The views of the authors do not necessarily represent the views or policy of the Ministry of Health or those of HPA. The Ministry makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any liability or responsibility for use of or reliance on the contents of this report. COPYRIGHT The copyright owner of this publication is HPA. HPA permits the reproduction of material from this publication without prior notification, provided that fair representation is made of the material and the HPA is acknowledged as the source. 2 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS General abbreviations CAPI Computer Assisted Personal Interview CBG CBG Research Ltd GBAS Gaming and Betting Activities Survey HSC Health Sponsorship Council HLS Health and Lifestyles Survey HPA Health Promotion Agency NZDep New Zealand Index of Socioeconomic Deprivation PGSI Problem Gambling Severity Index TAB Totalisator Agency Board Statistical notations ANOVA Analysis Of Variance CI Confidence Interval p Probability of rejection value (p-value) n Sample size 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 2 Copyright 2 Glossary of abbreviations and terms 3 Executive summary 11 1. Introduction 22 1.1 The Health and Lifestyles Survey 22 1.2 Background 22 1.3 Uses of the HLS 23 1.4 Report Objectives 24 2. Gambling: context and background 28 2.1 Gambling as an international issue 28 2.2 Gambling and gambling risk/harm in New Zealand 28 3. Methodology 30 3.1 Sampling frame 30 3.2 Data collection 30 3.3 Respondents 32 3.4 Questionnaire content 33 3.5 Weighting 33 3.6 Sampling errors 33 3.7 95% confidence intervals 34 3.8 Derived variables and Measures 34 3.9 Data analysis 39 4. Gambling Participation 44 4.1 Gambling activities in the previous 12 months 45 4.2 Participation in each gambling activity 52 4.3 Frequency of participation in gambling activities 63 4.4 Participation in continuous and non-continuous forms of gambling 73 4.5 Number of activities taken part in during the previous 12 months 78 5. Gambling Harm 83 4 5.1 Individual gambling harm 83 5.2 Second-hand gambling harm 105 5.3 Gambling harm related knowledge 125 5.4 Views on gambling 138 5.5 Responses to harmful gambling 147 5.6 Advertising 154 6. Class 4 venues and Electronic gaming machines (‘pokies’) 160 6.1 Participation in pokies 160 6.2 Pokies and alcohol 166 6.3 Pokie venues and staff interaction 171 6.4 Help services advertised at pokie venues 171 6.5 Knowledge of host responsibility requirements 172 7. Discussion 174 8. Limitations 178 9. Conclusion 178 10. References 180 APPENDIX A 186 5 Tables Table 1-1: Objectives from the Ministry of Health’s nine-year strategic plan (2016/17 to 2024/25) to prevent and minimise gambling harm 26 Table 3-1: 2016 HLS socio-demographic characteristics 32 Table 3-2: Weighting variables 33 Table 3-4: Levels of PGSI 37 Table 3-5: Sample size of the HLS over time, by total response ethnicity 39 Table 3-6: Participation in gambling activities during the previous 12 months, by demographics, 2016 [Compressed excerpt as an example] 40 Table 3-7: Predictors of going without because of someone's gambling in the household 42 Table 4-1: Gambling expenditure in the four main sectors between 2009/10 and 2014/15 44 Table 4-2: Past-year gambling participation among New Zealand adults (weighted %, estimated number of people in the 2016 New Zealand population) 45 Table 4-3: Past-year participation in gambling, by ethnicity and age group, 2006/07 to 2016 48 Table 4-4: Predictors of past-year gambling participation 50 Table 4-5: Participation in gambling activities in the previous 12 months, by subgroups, 2016 (multiple responses allowed) 56 Table 4-6: Participation in online gambling in the previous 12 months, 2010 to 2016 62 Table 4-7: Predictors of online gambling 63 Table 4-8: Frequency of participation in gambling activities, 2006/07-2016 (%) 66 Table 4-9: Frequency of Lotto tickets purchasing, by subgroups, 2016 68 Table 4-10: Frequency of betting on horse or dog races or sports events, by subgroups, 2016 70 Table 4-11: Frequency of buying Instant Kiwi or scratch tickets, by subgroups, 2016 72 Table 4-12: Past-year participation in continuous and non-continuous forms of gambling, total population aged 15 years and over (unadjusted prevalence), 2016 73 Table 4-13: Gambling participation type, by subgroup, 2016 75 Table 4-14: Gambling participation type, 2006/07 to 2016 77 Table 4-15: Number of gambling activities participated in during the last 12 months, total population ages 15 years and over (unadjusted prevalence), 2016 78 Table 4-16: Number of gambling activities taken part in during previous 12 months, by subgroups, 2016 80 Table 4-17: Number of gambling activities participated in from 2006/07 to 2016 82 Table 5-1: Gambling harm (PGSI) by subgroups, 2016 86 Table 5-2: Levels of gambling harm (PGSI groups) over time, by total response ethnicity 90 Table 5-3: Estimated resident population for levels of gambling harm 91 Table 5-4: Gambling harm, by at least monthly participation in playing gaming machines in pubs or clubs, sports or racing betting, buying lottery tickets, and informal gambling activities, 2010 to 2016 94 Table 5-5: Gambling harm, by gambling participation frequency, 2016 95 Table 5-6: Predictors of low risk gambling 97 Table 5-7: Predictors of moderate-risk/problem gambling 98 Table 5-8: Predictors of any level of risky gambling 98 Table 5-9: Experience of gambling more than intended in the past 12 months, 2006/07 to 2016. 100 Table 5-10: Predictors for participants who spent more time or money than intended 101 Table 5-11: Frequency of gambling more than intended during the previous 12 months, 2016 103 6 Table 5-12: Gambling activities in which people gambled more than intended in the previous 12 months, 2016 104 Table 5-13: Experience of someone close gambling more than intended in the past 12 months, 2006/07 to 2016 108 Table 5-14: Predictor for participants who agreed on the statement of someone close gambling more than intended 109 Table 5-15: Predictors of being impacted by someone else’s gambling 113 Table 5-16: Ever had an argument in the wider family or household about time or money spent on gambling, 2006/07 to 2016 116 Table 5-17: Predictors of experiencing household arguments about gambling 118 Table 5-18: Experience going without or an unpaid bill because someone spent too much on gambling 121 Table 5-19: Predictors of going without because of someone's gambling in the household 122 Table 5-20: Predictors for respondents who believed that some types of gambling were more harmful than others 125 Table 5-21: Recognition of the early signs of gambling harm, 2016 128 Table 5-22: Predictors for accurate identification of early signs of harmful gambling 130 Table 5-23: Actions and strategies identified to help someone who gambles too much (multiple responses allowed), 2016 134 Table 5-24: Gambling help services recognised (multiple responses allowed), 2016 135 Table 5-25: Services recognised by PGSI group (multiple responses allowed), 2016 136 Table 5-26: Views about effects on a community from raising funds through gambling, 2006/07 to 2016 142 Table 5-27: Predictors for respondents who agreed that raising money through gambling does more harm than good 143 Table 5-28: Predictors of reporting concern about the level of gambling in a respondents’ community 146 Table 5-29: Strategies used to avoid gambling too much (multiple responses allowed), 2016 147 Table 5-30: Actions and strategies reported by individual if they were concerned about their own gambling (multiple responses allowed), 2016 151 Table 5-31: Accessed gambling help services for themselves or others (multiple responses allowed), 2016 152 Table 5-32: Predictors for those who contact gambling problem services 153 Table 5-33: Where advertising on gambling harm was seen or heard (multiple responses allowed), 2016 154 Table 5-34: Predictors for respondents who have seen/heard a gambling harm advertisement 155 Table 5-35: Predictors for buying more Lotto tickets as a result of seeing or hearing advertising for big draws 158 Table 5-36: Predictors for gambling on activities other than Lotto as a result of seeing or hearing any advertising or promotion

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