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Measuring the Burden of Gambling Harm in New Zealand

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Measuring the Burden of Gambling Harm in New Zealand Measuring the Burden of Gambling Harm in New Zealand Matthew Browne Maria Bellringer Nancy Greer Komathi Kolandai-Matchett Vijay Rawat Erika Langham Matthew Rockloff Katie Palmer Du Preez Max Abbott Central Queensland University and Auckland University of Technology May 2017 Acknowledgements The authors wish to express their gratitude to the participants of this study, including the gambling treatment and other professionals who gave their time and experience, and people who gamble and people affected by others’ gambling who were prepared to share their stories and experiences in focus group interviews. We thank individuals from the general public and the many professionals with expertise in the field of problem gambling, who took time to respond to our surveys. Their input was invaluable to this study. We are grateful to Ruth Herd and Mahina Rerehau-Richards for the skilful manner in which they facilitated focus group discussions with Māori participants complying with kaupapa Māori protocols. We are also grateful to Dr Grace Wang for facilitating the Asian focus group. We thank Dr Nick Garrett for supplying data and information from the New Zealand National Gambling Study and assisting the team in effectively using that data to support the current study. We also wish to thank Christine Hanley for her assistance with the hosting and management of the two online surveys. We are very appreciative of the time that Professor Denise Wilson and Dr Nick Garrett gave to scanning different parts of the report for appropriate language and interpretations in their various areas of expertise. Finally, we thank the New Zealand Ministry of Health who provided the funding for this study. Disclaimer This report was prepared under contract to the New Zealand Ministry of Health. The copyright in this article is owned by the Crown and administered by the Ministry. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views or policies of the New Zealand Ministry of Health. The Ministry makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any liability or responsibility for use of or reliance on the contents of this report. 1 Table of contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. 1 Table of contents .................................................................................................. 2 List of figures ....................................................................................................... 6 List of tables ......................................................................................................... 7 List of appendices ................................................................................................ 9 Executive Summary ........................................................................................... 10 Project overview ............................................................................................................................. 10 Background .................................................................................................................................... 10 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 11 Results ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Literature review ................................................................................................ 14 Literature review objectives and method .................................................................................... 14 Definitions of gambling-related harm .......................................................................................... 14 Theoretical treatments of gambling-related harm ...................................................................... 17 Consumer/Economic.............................................................................................................. 17 Pathological/Medical .............................................................................................................. 19 Harm reduction ...................................................................................................................... 20 Public health .......................................................................................................................... 21 How harm is manifested ................................................................................................................ 23 Harm to the individual ............................................................................................................ 24 Harm to family and significant others ..................................................................................... 32 Harms to the broader community ........................................................................................... 37 Harms in Māori and other New Zealand communities ............................................................ 39 Māori ...................................................................................................................................... 40 Pacific people ........................................................................................................................ 42 Asian people .......................................................................................................................... 43 Social influences on the experience of harm .......................................................................... 44 2 A conceptual framework for gambling harm ............................................................................... 47 Measurement of harm .................................................................................................................... 48 Diagnostic criteria .................................................................................................................. 49 Behavioural indicators ............................................................................................................ 50 Negative consequences ......................................................................................................... 51 How should we be measuring harm? ..................................................................................... 52 Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 54 A definition, conceptual framework, and taxonomy of harms ....................... 55 Aims and objectives ...................................................................................................................... 55 Background .................................................................................................................................... 55 Positioning gambling-related harm as an outcome ................................................................ 56 Measuring gambling-related harm by its levels and mechanisms .......................................... 56 Defining gambling-related harm ............................................................................................. 57 Conceptualising gambling-related harm ................................................................................. 57 Enumerating gambling-related harm ...................................................................................... 59 Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 59 Study method ......................................................................................................................... 59 Participant recruitment ........................................................................................................... 59 Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 62 Findings specific to the objectives for this phase: .................................................................... 64 Definition of gambling-related harm ....................................................................................... 64 Refinement of the conceptual framework and development of a taxonomy of harms ............. 64 Gambling harms experienced in New Zealand ...................................................................... 66 Cultural differences in the experience of gambling harm ....................................................... 110 Inadvertent creation or enhancement of risk resulting from aspects of culture ..................... 110 Contribution of culture to the meaning and experience of harm ........................................... 112 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 113 A national survey of harms arising from gambling ....................................... 129 Measuring gambling-related harms ...................................................................................... 129 Aims ....................................................................................................................................
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