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Offshore Gambling by New Zealanders Study

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Offshore Gambling by New Zealanders Study OFFSHORE GAMBLING BY NEW ZEALANDERS STUDY Provider Number: 467589 Agreement Number: 353536/00 FINAL REPORT 11 September 2015 Prepared for: Ministry of Health PO Box 5013 Wellington Authors: Dr Maria Bellringer Dr Nick Garrett Dr Komathi Kolandai-Matchett Professor Max Abbott ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report has been prepared by the Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, National Institute for Public Health and Mental Health Research, School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. The authors would like to thank Dr Sally Gainsbury who peer reviewed this report and provided some very useful comments and suggestions. The study was funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Health. Disclaimer This report was prepared under contract to the New Zealand Ministry of Health. The copyright in this article is owned by the Crown and administered by the Ministry. The views of the authors do not necessarily represent the views or policy of the New Zealand Ministry of Health. The Ministry makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any liability or responsibility for use of or reliance on the contents of this report. 1 Offshore gambling by New Zealanders study / Provider No: 467589, Agreement No: 353536/00 Auckland University of Technology, Gambling and Addictions Research Centre Final Report, 11 September 2015 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 5 1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 12 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 14 2.1 Literature review methodology .............................................................................. 14 2.2 Existing terms and clarification of terms used within the context of this study .... 14 2.3 Offshore online gambling prevalence .................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Offshore online gambling prevalence among New Zealanders ......................... 16 2.3.2 Online gambling: International prevalence trends ........................................... 18 2.4 Offshore online gambling expenditure................................................................... 19 2.4.1 Consumer spending on offshore online gambling in New Zealand ................... 19 2.4.2 International trends in online and offshore online gambling expenditure ........ 23 2.5 Sports and horse/dog race betting .......................................................................... 24 2.6 Population characteristics and associated risks ...................................................... 24 2.6.1 Gender ............................................................................................................... 25 2.6.2 Age ..................................................................................................................... 25 2.6.3 Ethnicity ............................................................................................................. 26 2.6.4 Income ............................................................................................................... 27 2.7 Risks associated with online gambling and online offshore gambling .................. 28 2.8 Differences in findings between gambling participation surveys in New Zealand 30 3 RESEARCH METHODS ............................................................................................... 33 3.1 Ethics approval ....................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Survey instrument .................................................................................................. 33 3.3 Survey methodology .............................................................................................. 34 3.4 Sample size ............................................................................................................ 34 3.5 Weighting ............................................................................................................... 35 3.6 Data analysis .......................................................................................................... 35 3.6.1 Descriptive statistics .......................................................................................... 35 3.6.2 Inferential statistics ........................................................................................... 36 4 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................... 37 4.1 New Zealand and offshore gambling participation ................................................ 37 4.1.1 Participation in modes excluding horse/dog race and sports gambling ........... 37 4.1.2 Participation in horse/dog race and sports gambling ....................................... 39 4.2 Participation by socio-demographic variables and gambling behaviour ............... 41 4.2.1 Participation in modes excluding horse/dog race and sports gambling ........... 42 4.2.2 Participation in horse/dog race and sports gambling ....................................... 43 4.3 New Zealand and offshore gambling expenditure ................................................. 45 4.3.1 Expenditure on modes excluding horse/dog race and sports gambling ............ 45 4.3.2 Expenditure on horse/dog race and sports gambling ........................................ 45 4.4 Associated factors for offshore or online/remote gambling ................................... 47 4.4.1 Gambling modes excluding horse/dog race and sports gambling ..................... 47 4.4.2 Horse/dog race and sports gambling................................................................. 50 4.5 Transitions over time ............................................................................................. 52 4.5.1 Overall gambling participation ......................................................................... 52 4.5.2 Lotto online ........................................................................................................ 53 4.5.3 Horse or dog race betting online/remote (NZ and offshore) ............................. 53 4.5.4 Sports betting online/remote (NZ and offshore) ................................................ 54 4.5.5 Horse/dog race and sports betting combined - online/remote (offshore) .......... 54 2 Offshore gambling by New Zealanders study / Provider No: 467589, Agreement No: 353536/00 Auckland University of Technology, Gambling and Addictions Research Centre Final Report, 11 September 2015 4.6 Comparisons with other studies ............................................................................. 55 4.6.1 Prevalence of New Zealand and offshore online gambling ............................... 55 4.6.2 Expenditure on New Zealand and offshore online gambling ............................. 58 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 62 7 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX 1: Prevalence of gambling in New Zealand and offshore excluding horse/dog race and sports gambling ......................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX 2: Prevalence of gambling in New Zealand and offshore excluding horse/dog race and sports gambling by socio-demographic variables and gambling behaviour ............. 86 APPENDIX 3: Prevalence of gambling in New Zealand and offshore horse/dog race and sports gambling by socio-demographic variables and gambling behaviour ............................ 92 APPENDIX 4: Median monthly expenditure for gambling in New Zealand and offshore excluding horse/dog race and sports gambling........................................................................ 94 APPENDIX 5: Bivariate (unadjusted) and multiple logistic regression (adjusted) odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for gambling excluding horse/dog race and sports gambling .. 97 APPENDIX 6: Bivariate (unadjusted) and multiple logistic regression (adjusted) odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for horse/dog race and sports gambling ................................ 103 APPENDIX 7: Transitions over time .................................................................................... 106 3 Offshore gambling by New Zealanders study / Provider No: 467589, Agreement No: 353536/00 Auckland University of Technology, Gambling and Addictions Research Centre Final Report, 11 September 2015 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Gambling participation percentage by gambling activity in surveys conducted between 1999 and 2012 ........................................................................................................... 17 Table 2: Participants’/respondents’ reported average annual expenditure by activity ............ 20 Table 3: Average typical monthly expenditure by gambling activity - past year participants and all respondents in each activity ......................................................................................... 21 Table 4: Total typical monthly expenditure estimates for New Zealand adult
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