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Pacific Northwest Forest and Rangeland Soil Organism Symposium

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Pacific Northwest Forest and Rangeland Soil Organism Symposium This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Technical Editors Robert T. Meurisse (Retired) is formerly Regional Soil Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon. William G. Ypsilantis is District Soil Scientist, USDI, Bureau of Land Management, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Cathy Seybold, is Soil Scientist, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Quality Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Papers were provided in camera-ready form for printing by the authors, who are therefore responsible for the content and accuracy. Opinions expressed may not necessarily reflect the position of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Proceedings: Pacific Northwest Forest & Rangeland Soil Organism Symposium Robert T. Meurisse, William G. Ypsilantis, and Cathy Seybold, Technical Editors Pacific Northwest Forest and Rangeland Soil Organism Symposium: Organism Functions and Processes, Management Effects on Organisms and Processes, and Role of Soil Organisms in Restoration LaSells Stewart Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon March 17-19, 1998 U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, Oregon General Technical Report PNW-GTR-461 April 1999 ABSTRACT Meurisse, Robert T.; Ypsilantis, William G.; Seybold, Cathy, tech. eds. 1999. Proceedings, Pacific Northwest forest and rangeland soil organism symposium; 1998 March 17-19; Corvallis, OR. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- GTR-461. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 215 p. Soil organisms have become a focus of attention for addressing issues of soil quality and health, and ecosystem sustainability. Land managers are challenged to ensure that their actions are beneficial to belowground organisms and processes in the long-term. Research about soil organisms, their populations, roles, and management effects is fragmented and often esoteric. The diversity of soil organisms is tremendous. The principal organisms include bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, arthropods, nematodes, worms, insects, and mammals. In order to provide a "state-of-the-science" about soil organisms related to management, a symposium was convened to address soil organism functions and processes, management effects on soil organisms and processes, and describe some roles of soil organisms in restoration and applications for land management. The focus of the symposium was on Pacific Northwest forest and rangeland ecosystems. Keywords: Soil organisms, soil quality, nutrient cycling, nitrogen transformations, foodwebs, ecosystem integrity, soil resilience, ecosystem resilience, bacteria, fungi, arthropods, root diseases, soil crusts, disturbance, interactions Contents Opening Remarks Opening Remarks 1 William G. Ypsilantis Assessment of Below-ground Organism Functions and Processes A Non-Value Based Framework for Assessing Ecosystem Integrity 3 Kristina A. Vogt, Daniel J. Vogt, Paul Boon, Anna Fanzeres, Philip Wargo, Peter A. Palmiotto, Bruce Larson, Jennifer L. O'Hara, Torel Petel-Weynand, Eva Cuadrado, and Joyce Berry Soil Quality and Health-Some Applications to Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 21 Robert T. Meurisse Soil-dwelling Arthropods: Their Diversity and Functional Roles 33 Andrew R. Moldenke Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Functions of Forest Soil Fungi: Management Implications 45 Randy Molina, Thomas O'Dell, Susie Dunham, and David Pilz Soil Bacteria: A Dynamic Pool of Soil Organic Matter and Catalysts of Key Belowground Processes 59 Jeanette M. Norton Decomposition of Woody Material: Nutrient Dynamics, Invertebrate/Fungi Relationships and Management in Northwest Forests 68 Robert L. Edmonds and James L. Marra Invertebrate Biodiversity, Forestry and Emulation of Natural Disturbance: A Down-to-earth Perspective 80 John R. Spence, Christopher M. Buddie, Kamal J.K. Gandhi, David W. Langor, W. Jan A. Volney, H.E. James Hammond, and Greg R. Pohl Management Effects on Soil Organisms and Processes Soil Organisms and Rangeland Soil Hydrological Functions 91 Jeffrey E. Herrick Effects of Disturbance on Microbial Activity and N-Cycling in Forest and Shrubland Ecosystems 101 John M. Stark and Stephen C. Hart Nitrogen Transformations and Management Interactions in Forests 106 David D. Myrold Wildfire vs. Clearcutting: Impacts on Ectomycorrhizal and Decomposer Fungi 114 S. Visser and D. Parkinson Decomposition and Nitrogen Mineralization in Forests of British Columbia: Effects of Forest Management Practices 124 Cindy E. Prescott and Lisa M. Zabek Tree Species Composition Change-Soil Organism Interaction: Potential Effects on Nutrient Cycling and Conservation in Interior Forests 137 Alan E. Harvey, Russell T. Graham, and Geral I. McDonald Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind: Soil Microorganisms in Moisture-limited Forests 146 Matt D. Busse Managing Root Diseases by Managing Stands 156 Walter G. Thies Role of Soil Organisms in Restoration and Applications to Management Structure and Function of Biological Soil Crusts 161 Jayne Belnap, John Williams, and Julie Kaltenecker The Role of Soil Organisms in Restoration 179 Michael P. Amaranthus, Efrén Cáizares, and David A. Perry Soil Organisms-Applications for National Forest Management 190 Karen Bennett Soil Organisms-Applications to Bureau of Land Management Rangeland Management 193 Mike Pellant Natural Resources Conservation Service-Databases and Analytical Services 198 Carol D. Franks Soil Organisms: Functions and Processes-Management Implications. A Synopsis 205 Martin F. Jurgensen Abstracts of Papers Not Submitted Soil Foodwebs 211 Elaine Ingham Nutrient & Soil Organism Population Dynamics-The Basis of Ecosystem Stability 212 John C. Moore Forest Management Interactions with Soil Organisms 214 James R. Boyle Acknowledgments 215 OPENING REMARKS OPENING REMARKS William G. Ypsilantis1 I'm pleased to join the rest of the steering committee Our goal for this symposium is to share knowledge and speakers in welcoming each and every one of you with you about a topic that has only recently begun to to the Pacific Northwest Forest and Rangeland Soil be recognized and understood as vital to the Organism Symposium. It's encouraging to see so many sustainability and health of ecosystems. When I was in of you in attendance at this important symposium in school we didn't spend that much time studying soil spite of the tight travel restrictions we all are enduring. organisms nor have we dealt with them that much in I understand we have over 200 registrants for the forest and rangeland management up until fairly symposium which is fantastic. We have attendees recently. They have come to the forefront of peoples from several agencies, universities, and the private awareness and now seems a perfect time for this sector, and from as far away as Dundee, Scotland. symposium. Decision makers want to know the long range implications of their management actions. It is The purpose of this symposium is to present state-of- up to the scientific community to provide the the-science information on the important roles and knowledge needed to understand the functions and functions of soil organisms and some key management processes of the soil biological components of the implications in Pacific Northwest forest and rangeland forest and rangeland ecosystems. Another role of the ecosystems. When Bob Meurisse, US Forest Service's scientific community and resource specialists is to Region 6 soil scientist, and I first got together over a convey this information to the decision makers in a year ago to discuss soil organisms, we felt it was clearly understandable manner that relates to the important to focus the efforts of a symposium towards bottom line of ecosystem health and sustainability. forest and rangeland managers and a broad array of Hopefully, the outcome of this symposium will be to do resource specialists. The steering committee wanted exactly that, to convey some of this knowledge in an to make sure that this symposium helped make a easily understandable and digestible manner. Another difference in how we do business in managing forests hoped for outcome is that it brings together some of and rangeland and was not just another symposium to the stakeholders in a way that will lead to partnerships be soon forgotten. and sustainable resource management on our forest and rangeland ecosystems. A diverse partnership of organizations joined together to sponsor this symposium including the Bureau of This is a very ambitious program we have put together. Land Management, US Forest Service, Natural The realm of soil organisms is a vast topic that we Resource Conservation Service's Soil Quality Institute, can't hope to cover in depth in a 3 day symposium. If Oregon State University and Oregon Society of Soil time permits a few questions will be answered by the Scientists. Our steering committee put together a speakers immediately after their presentations. wonderful program and guest list of speakers. The Otherwise, at the end of each half day session there enthusiastic participation by our outstanding lineup of will be 15 minutes set aside for questions for the speakers
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