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Introduction to Zoogeography Pdf Introduction to zoogeography pdf Continue zoogeography: The study of the geographical distribution of animals is zoogeography. Vertebrates have characteristic patterns of distribution on land masses. The zoogeography is useful in understanding the evolutionU the increase in the number of animals by reproduction causes them to spread in all directions. The crackdown continues until the barrier is reached. The reason for this intermittent distribution of related groups is the development of barriers or the disappearance of forms in the intermediate area. The idea of zoogeography was originally introduced by P.L Sciater. He studied the geographical distribution of birds in his work Avium Geographicae Distribution Scheme. It divided the continents into six geographical regions. Huxley, grouped into four regions that cover Africa, Eurasia and North America, is called Arktogea. It included South America and Australia under Notogaea. Bluntford divided the land masses into three major divisions of 1,Arctogea; Eurasia; North America and Africa. 2) South American region3) Australian region. According to Darlington, continents around the world can be divided into1. Nearest region2. Palearctic region3. Neotropical region4. Ethiopian region5. Eastern Region6. Australian regions. Adopted system of continental fauna regions.1 . Realm Megagaea : This includes four zoogeographic regions. Region - 1 . Nearctic region : This includes North America and Mexico Abov tropics. Region - 2. Palearctic Region : This region includes Eurasia abo tropics and northern Africa.Region - 3. Eastern Region : This includes tropical Asia and related islands. Ethiopian region : This includes Africa and the southern region of Arabia.II. Neo Realmgaea : Region - 5 . Neotropical region. This includes South America, Central America and southern Mexico.III. Realm Notogaea: Region -6. Australian region: This region includes Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, Newsialand and some neighbouring islands. Wallace's zoogeographic regions, 1876, is an industry of biogeography science that deals with the geographical distribution (present and past) of animal species. As a multifaceted field of research, zoogeography includes methods of molecular biology, genetics, morphology, phylogenetics and geographic information systems (GIS) to distinguish between evolutionary events in certain areas of study around the world. Once proposed by Alfred Russell Wallace, known as the father of zoogeography, phylogenetic similarities can be quantified among zoogeographic regions, further clarifying the phenomena surrounding the geographical distribution of organisms and explaining the evolutionary relationship of taxon. Advances in molecular biology and evolutionary theory in zoological research have solved the questions events of appearance, and expanded to expand relationship between the right. The integration of phylogenetics with GIS provides a means of communicating evolutionary origin through mapping design. Relevant studies linking phylogenetics and GIS were conducted in areas of the South Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific Oceans. Recent innovations in the DNA bar code, for example, have explained the phylogenetic relationship in two families of marine venomous fish, Scorpaenidae and Tetraodontidae, living in the Ingaman Sea. Continued efforts to understand species evolutionary divergence, formulated in a geological timeline based on fossil records for killifish (Aphanius and Aphanolebias) in places in the Mediterranean and Paratetis, revealed climatological influences during the Miocene. providing both environmental and geographic data to provide the basis for taxonomic relationships and the evolutionary branching of benthic polychettes. Modern zoogeography also relies on GIS to integrate a more accurate model of understanding and predicting past, current and future dynamics of animal species populations both on land and in the ocean. Thanks to GIS technology, the links between abiotic habitat factors, such as topography, latitude, longitude, temperature and sea level, can explain the distribution of species populations during geological time. Understanding the correlations of habitat formation and patterns of organism migration at the ecological level helps to explain the events associated with species formation that may have arisen as a result of events of physical geographical isolation or the inclusion of new refugia in order to survive in adverse environmental conditions. The Schmard region (1853) proposed 21 regions, While Woodward proposed 27 terrestrial and 18 nautical, ,11) Blyth (1871) offered 7, 12 Allen (1871) 8 regions, 13 Heilprin (1871) proposed 6, Newton (1893) offered 6, 15 Gadow (1893) suggested 4. Philip Sclater (1858) and Alfred Wallace (1876) identified the major zoogeographic regions of the world used today: Palearctic, Etiope (today Afrotropic), India (today Indian), Australasian, near-gothic and neotropical. The marine regionalization began with Ortman (1896). Similar to geobotanical divisions, our planet is divided into zoogeographic (or fauna) regions (further divided as provinces, territories and areas), sometimes including the Empire and Domain categories. The current trend is to classify the floral kingdoms of botany or zoogeographical areas of zoology as biogeographical spheres. Here are some examples of regionalization: Sclater Creatio Paleogaian I. Reggio Paleoartica II. Reggio Etiopica III. Reggio Indica IV. Reggio Australian Creatio Neogeana W. Reggio Niraktica VI. Regio Neotropica Huxley (1868) Huxley (186 Scheme: Arctogea Nearctic Province Palearctic Province ethiopian province of Indian province Notogea Austro-Colombia Province (I neotropical) Australasia Province (Australia; Eastern Paleotropic) Wallace (1876) Palearctic Region Ethiopian Region Eastern Region Australian Region Neotropical Region Nereacical Region Truessart (1890) (Arctic region Antarctic zone Palearctic zone Nearctic zone Ethiopian zone Eastern region Neotropical zone Australian darlington zone (1957) First scheme: Realm Megagea (Arctogea): the main part of the world 1. Ethiopian region: Africa (except the northern corner), with part of southern Arabia 2. Eastern region: Tropical Asia, with associated continental islands 3. Palearctic region: Eurasia over the tropics, with the northern corner of Africa 4. Nearest region: North America, excluding tropical Mexico Realm Neogea 5. Neotropical region: South and central America with tropical Part of Mexico Realm Notogea 6. Australian Region: Australia, New Guinea, etc. Second scheme: regions with limited climate 1. Palearctic Region 2. Nearest region The main regions of the tropics of the Old World 3. Eastern Region 4. Ethiopian region, limited by barriers, 5. Neotropical Region 6. The Australian Region See also Animal Geography Animal Animal zoology Leon Kreuzat Links - Darlington, PJ, Junior 1957. Zoogeography: Geographical distribution of animals. New York, Archive 2018-08-13 by Wayback. Holt, B.G. et al. (2013). Update of the zoogeographic regions of the wallace world. Science, page 339, No. 6115, p. 74-78. Taylor, E.B., McPhail, J.D., 1998. Evolutionary history of adaptive radiation in pairs of three-par sticklebacks (Gasterosterus): ideas from mitochondrial DNA. The biological journal of the Linnaeus Society. 66: 271-291. Sahitanandam, W., Mohan, P.M., Muruganandam, N., 2015. DNA-barcoding of marine poisonous and poisonous fish of the Scorpaenidae and Tetraodontidae families from the Osama waters. Ecology and Conservation: 351-372. Reichenbacher, B., Kowanke, T., 2009. Neogene and modern zoogeography killifishes (Aphanius and Aphanolebias) in the Mediterranean and Paratethys areas. Paleogeography, paleoclimatology, paleoecology. 281: 43-56. Figue, D., Rami, P.A., Ebb, B., 2010. Polychaeta's diversity and distribution models in the deep South Atlantic. Deep-sea research I.57:1329-1344. Taylor, E.B., McPhail, J.D., 1998. Evolutionary history of adaptive radiation in pairs of three-par sticklebacks (Gasterosterus): ideas from mitochondrial DNA. The biological journal of the Linnaeus Society. 66: S.R., 1996. What molecular genetics can contribute to marine biogeography? A fairy tale. Experimental marine biology and ecology. 203: 75-92. Schmarda L.K. 1853. Die geographische Verbraitung der Tiere. Ven, Herold and Son, Ebach, M.C. (2015). The origin of biogeography. The role of biological classification in the early geography of plants and animals. Dordrecht: Springer, 173 pages, Mollusc Guide; or a rudimentary treatise on the last and fossil shells. Three parts. London, 1851-56, . Murray, A. 1866. Geographical distribution of mammals. London: Day and Son, 5. Blith, E. (1871): Proposed new division of land into zoological regions. Nature 3: 427 - Allen, J. A. 1871. About mammals and winter birds of East Florida. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative zoology 2:161-450. - Heilprin, A. 1887. Geographical and geological distribution of animals. New York: Appleton, Newton, A. (1893). Article on geographical distribution in the bird dictionary, page 311. London, 7. Gadow, H. 1893. Vegel. II. Systematicser Teal. In H. G. Bronn, Klassen and Ordnungen de Tier Reichs, vol. 6. Leipzig: C.F. Winter, S.L. (1858). On the overall geographical distribution of Aves class. J. Proc. Linnean Soc. It's a zol. 2: 130-145, . Wallace A.R. 1876. Geographical distribution of animals. Macmillan, London, 10 pounds. Cox, C.B. (2001). Biogeographic regions have changed their minds. Diary of Biogeography, 28: 511-523, No.11. Holt, B.G. et al. (2013). Update of the
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