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A Expedição De Henry Walter Bates Ao Brasil (1848-1859)

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A Expedição De Henry Walter Bates Ao Brasil (1848-1859) FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ CASA DE OSWALDO CRUZ PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS E DA SAÚDE ANDERSON PEREIRA ANTUNES UM NATURALISTA E SEUS COLABORADORES NA AMAZÔNIA: A EXPEDIÇÃO DE HENRY WALTER BATES AO BRASIL (1848-1859) Rio de Janeiro 2019 ANDERSON PEREIRA ANTUNES UM NATURALISTA E SEUS COLABORADORES NA AMAZÔNIA: A EXPEDIÇÃO DE HENRY WALTER BATES AO BRASIL (1848-1859) Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Doutor. Área de Concentração: História das Ciências. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Luisa Medeiros Massarani Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Ildeu de Castro Moreira Rio de Janeiro 2019 ANDERSON PEREIRA ANTUNES UM NATURALISTA E SEUS COLABORADORES NA AMAZÔNIA: A EXPEDIÇÃO DE HENRY WALTER BATES AO BRASIL (1848-1859) Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Doutor. Área de Concentração: História das Ciências. BANCA EXAMINADORA ___________________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Luisa Medeiros Massarani (Instituto Nacional de Comunicação Pública da Ciência e Tecnologia, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz) – Orientadora ___________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ildeu de Castro Moreira (Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) – Co-orientador ___________________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Lorelai Brilhante Kury (Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz) ___________________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Magali Romero Sá (Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz) ___________________________________________________________________ Profª Drª Alda Lúcia Heizer (Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro) ___________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Nelson Rodrigues Sanjad (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi) Suplentes: ___________________________________________________________________ Profª Drª Kaori Kodama (Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz) ___________________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Valéria Cristina Lopes Wilke (Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) Rio de Janeiro 2019 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Casa de Oswaldo Cruz e à Fundação Oswaldo Cruz por manterem um programa de pós-graduação do qual me orgulho em fazer parte. Agradeço também a todos os professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde por contribuírem para a minha formação, pelo debate e pelas sugestões sempre honestas, e por serem uma fonte de conhecimento, aconselhamento e inspiração ao longo dos anos de mestrado e doutorado. Agradeço, ainda, à Maria Claudia Cruz, Paulo Chagas e Sandro Hilário, pela paciência e apoio contínuo aos alunos. Agradeço aos meus orientadores, Dra. Luisa Medeiros Massarani e Dr. Ildeu de Castro Moreira que, desde a especialização, apoiaram e guiaram minha caminhada acadêmica, sempre pacientemente indicando caminhos, contribuindo com ideias e colaborando com o meu desenvolvimento, e sem os quais esta tese não teria sido possível. Agradeço à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), pelo apoio financeiro essencial para garantir a dedicação exclusiva a este trabalho de pesquisa e pela bolsa do Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior (PDSE), que possibilitou o acesso a fontes e documentos capitais para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa e a experiências culturais enriquecedoras para minha formação como pesquisador e cidadão. Agradeço, também, ao King’s College London, pelo acolhimento generoso durante o período de pesquisa no exterior e, especialmente ao Dr. Chris Manias, que me orientou e me indicou os caminhos para a pesquisa e acesso aos acervos em instituições britânicas. Agradeço, ainda, à Dra. Lorelai Brilhante Kury, pela mediação e indicação, sem a qual o contato com o Dr. Chris Manias não teria sido possível. Agradeço a todos os professores que aceitaram fazer parte da minha banca de defesa: Drª. Luisa Medeiros Massarani, Dr. Ildeu de Castro Moreira, Drª. Lorelai Brilhante Kury, Drª Magali Romero Sá, Drª Kaori Kodama, Drª Alda Lúcia Heizer, Dr. Nelson Sanjad, Drª Valéria Cristina Lopes Wilke. Minha gratidão e admiração por todos. Agradeço também à minha família. Minha mãe, Raimunda Pereira Antunes, meu pai, Kleber Antunes Francisco, meu irmão, Jeferson Pereira Antunes, minha avó, Isaura Antunes Francisco e meu avô, Anthero Francisco, pela compreensão e pelo apoio constante ao longo de todos estes anos de vida acadêmica. Agradeço também à Ana Paula Oliveira Sene, pelo carinho, companheirismo e apoio incondicional durante esta jornada, e à sua família, Dirceu, Solange e Marília, pela solidariedade nos momentos difíceis e pela promoção dos momentos de descontração necessários para o equilíbrio do duro trabalho acadêmico. “The extent of any naturalist’s knowledge reached only as far as his known acquaintances.” Margaret Meredith. 2009. p. 189. BATES, Henry Walter. The naturalist on the River Amazons. vol. I. 1863. Frontispício. RESUMO Esta tese analisa a viagem do naturalista britânico Henry Walter Bates ao Brasil, entre 1848 e 1859, enfocando suas relações com os habitantes locais e observando de que forma estes colaboraram para o êxito da expedição. Durante os seus 11 anos de estadia no país, Bates coletou espécimes de aproximadamente 14 mil espécies brasileiras, sendo cerca de oito mil até então desconhecidas na Europa e, a partir de suas observações, propôs a teoria hoje conhecida como mimetismo batesiano. Ademais, relatou sua vivência na Amazônia em um dos livros de viagem mais aclamados e bem-sucedidos de seu tempo, sendo reeditado até os dias de hoje. A viagem ao Brasil foi essencial para a inserção de Bates nos círculos científicos ingleses e para sua ascensão social e profissional. Por este motivo, é fundamental olhar para a sua passagem pelo Brasil para compreender o papel transformador de sua viagem e as estratégias empregadas por Bates para garantir o sucesso de sua empreitada. Sem apoio governamental, institucional ou financeiro, reunir uma ampla e diversificada rede de colaboradores locais foi essencial ao naturalista. Ao longo de seu relato de viagem, Bates faz referência a um total de 221 indivíduos, frequentemente nomeando e descrevendo aqueles que o auxiliaram. Desta forma, o livro de viagem, assim como os cadernos de campo mantidos pelo naturalista e algumas de suas correspondências pessoais, são fontes importantes para a compreensão da infraestrutura humana que tornou possível a sua expedição científica. Ao longo desta tese, a análise destas fontes é utilizada como base para a identificação de alguns dos principais indivíduos que compunham a rede de colaboradores de Bates no Brasil e para a observação das formas e dos momentos em que o naturalista buscava suporte na população local. Após a análise textual, uma visualização da rede de colaboradores de Bates foi criada com o software Gephi para complementar a leitura das interações dentro da rede. Observar como se davam estas interações é uma forma de compreender melhor a sociabilidade inerente ao trabalho naturalista de campo e de chamar atenção para uma complexa rede de indivíduos geralmente tornados invisíveis nas narrativas sobre as grandes viagens científicas do século XIX, mas frequentemente mencionados pelos próprios naturalistas em seus relatos de viagem por suas constantes colaborações. Palavras-chave: Henry Walter Bates; Amazônia; século XIX; naturalistas viajantes; redes sociais ABSTRACT This thesis analyses the expedition of British naturalist Henry Walter Bates to Brazil, between 1848 and 1859, focusing on his relationship with local inhabitants and observing how they were able to collaborate to the success of the expedition. During his eleven-year stay in the country, Bates collected specimens of approximately 14 thousand Brazilian species, with around 8 thousand being then unknown in Europe and, from his observations proposed the theory known today as Batesian mimicry. Furthermore, he reported about his life in the Amazon in one of the most acclaimed and successful travel books of his time, and which is edited still today. The expedition to Brazil was fundamental to Bates’ introduction to English scientific circles and his social and profession ascent. For this reason, it is fundamental to look into his time in Brazil to understand the transformative role of travelling and the strategies employed by Bates to assure the success of his undertaking. Without governmental, institutional or financial backing, relying on an ample and diverse network of collaborators was essential to the naturalist. Throughout his travel book, Bates references a total of 221 individuals, frequently naming and describing those who helped him during his stay. Hence, his travel book, as well as his field notebooks and some of his personal correspondence, are important sources for the understating of the human infrastructure that made his scientific expedition possible. On this thesis, the analysis of these sources are used as a basis for the identification of some of the key individuals that were part of Bates’ network of Brazilian collaborators and for the observation of the ways and moments in which the naturalist sought the local population for support. After an analysis of the text, a visualisation
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