The Diplomacies of Small States International Political Economy Series General Editor: Timothy M

The Diplomacies of Small States International Political Economy Series General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor and Director, Institute of International Relations, University of the West Indies, Trinidad & Tobago Titles include: Andrew F. Cooper and Timothy M. Shaw (editors) THE DIPLOMACIES OF SMALL STATES Between Vulnerability and Resilience Anthony Leysens THE CRITICAL THEORY OF ROBERT W. COX Fugitive or Guru? Laura Macdonald and Arne Ruckert (editors) POST-NEOLIBERALISM IN THE AMERICAS Paul Bowles, Henry Veltmeyer, Scarlett Cornellissen, Noela Invernizzi and Kwong-Leoung Tang (editors) NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES William Vlcek OFFSHORE FINANCE AND SMALL STATES Sovereignty, Size and Money International Political Economy Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–333–71708–0 hardcover Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–333–71110–1 paperback outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The Diplomacies of Small States Between Vulnerability and Resilience Edited By Andrew F. Cooper Associate Director and Distinguished Fellow, Centre for International Governance Innovation, Canada Timothy M. Shaw Professor and Director, Institute of International Relations, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago Preface, selection and editorial matter © Andrew F. Cooper and Timothy M. Shaw 2009 Foreword © Vaughan A. Lewis 2009 Individual chapters © contributors 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-57549-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identiﬁed as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-36563-0 ISBN 978-0-230-24691-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230246911 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The diplomacies of small states : between vulnerability and resilience / edited by Andrew F. Cooper,Timothy M. Shaw. p. cm. — (International political economy series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. International organization. 2. States, Small—Foreign relations. 3. Security, International. I. Cooper, Andrew Fenton, 1950– II. Shaw,Timothy M. JZ5566.D57 2009 327—dc22 2008052850 10987654321 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 Contents Foreword vii Acknowledgements xvi Notes on Contributors xviii Abbreviations xxiii 1 The Diplomacies of Small States at the Start of the Twenty-first Century: How Vulnerable? How Resilient? 1 Andrew F. Cooper and Timothy M. Shaw Part 1 Challenges/Realities of Practising Small State Diplomacy 19 2 Thucydides or Kissinger? A Critical Review of Smaller State Diplomacy 21 Godfrey Baldacchino 3 Small but Smart: Small States in the Global System 41 Naren Prasad 4 Singapore and the Soft Power Experience 65 Alan Chong 5 Dependency Governance and Future Political Development in the Non-Independent Caribbean 81 Carlyle G. Corbin 6 The Diplomacy of Caribbean Community States: Searching for Resilience 96 Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner Part 2 Case Studies: Small States’ Diplomacy vis-à-vis Regional Organisation 117 7 Can Small States Choose Their Own Size? The Case of a Nordic State – Iceland 119 Baldur Thorhallsson v vi Contents 8 PetroCaribe and CARICOM: Venezuela’s Resource Diplomacy and its Impact on Small State Regional Cooperation 143 Anthony T. Bryan 9 The CARIFORUM–EU Economic Partnership Agreement: Impediment or Development Opportunity for CARICOM SIDS? 160 Debbie A. Mohammed 10 From Afterthought to Centre Stage: The Caribbean and the Summit of the Americas Process 178 Daniel P. Erikson Part 3 Case Studies: Small States’ Diplomacy vis-à-vis International Organisations 193 11 Bringing an Elephant into the Room: Small African State Diplomacy in the WTO 195 Donna Lee 12 Confronting Vulnerability through Resilient Diplomacy: Antigua and the WTO Internet Gambling Dispute with the United States 207 Andrew F. Cooper 13 The Path to ‘International Finance’: Bringing (Caribbean) Offshore Financial Centres In; Attenuating the Western Grand Narrative 219 Don D. Marshall 14 Cultural Industries and Cultural Policy in the Context of Globalisation: An Agenda for SIDS 244 Keith Nurse 15 The Caribbean Confronts the OECD: Tax Competition and Diplomacy 264 William Vlcek Afterword: Vulnerability as a Condition, Resilience as a Strategy 279 Anthony Payne Index 287 Foreword: Studying Small States over the Twentieth into the Twenty-first Centuries Vaughan A. Lewis When the prime minister of newly independent Barbados spoke for the first time at the United Nations General Assembly, he alluded to a view about small states which he felt had become increasingly prevalent since the end of the First World War: that small states tended to be perceived as irritants in international relations, the causes or the occasions of disputation, including war, among larger powers. Events of the post-Cold War period have no doubt given further cur- rency to this view. The dissolution of the World Socialist System and the Soviet Union itself gave way to a myriad of states in Europe and Central Asia generally characterised as small. The new states seemed disposed to a variety of contentions, including: the legitimacy of the boundaries they inherited; the necessity for ethnic or cultural cohesion as the defining characteristic of the ‘nation’-state; and fears of future domination by states larger than themselves, and in particular the now concentrated Russian Federation (for a contemporary review, see Ash 2000). Of course, as is now well recognised, the various contentions in recent times have served as a reminder that certain kinds of issues relating to the behaviour of small states, and the behaviour of larger neighbouring entities towards small states have not changed much. Note the case of the small state inheritors of the Communist Yugoslav state for exam- ple. This suggests that the Cold War can be perceived as simply an interregnum between the First World War and the present period rather than, as used to be thought, a period of relatively peaceful stabilisation and economic expansion favouring integration of small- and medium- sized entities among themselves, or with larger and assumedly more ‘viable’ economic and political systems. Indeed, from today’s perspective it is easy to understand the orientation of the first US president George Bush (and former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger) towards the main- tenance of the Soviet Union after the fall of the socialist bloc, based on a belief that a large agglomeration such as the USSR would be more likely to ensure stability in the East-Europe–Central Asia arena, rather than if vii viii Foreword it were allowed to disintegrate into a number of small, likely unstable states. We can refer to the latter orientation as a certain traditionalist view about the conditions likely to ensure global stability, reflective as it was of the attitude of the European colonial powers towards the movement to independence of their colonies in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean. There, in the post-Second World War period, both Britain and France sought to arrange various kinds of federations (and in the case of France even to seek a welding of autonomous African states and herself in a kind of ‘EurAfrican’ Community). This was in accordance with the view that the construction of large-scale sovereign political entities, even of multiple ethnicities and cultures, were more likely to permit long-term stability in the modern world. Stability, that is, in the multiple senses of security, economic viability and ‘good government’. In the terminology emanating from Britain during that period, good government meant ‘representative and responsible government’, which required reasonable amounts of material and human resources, to be satisfactorily maintained. In addition, these large-scale

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