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In the Western Indian Ocean Region L - rwI E MsA UNEP GPA Nairobi Convention UJ\rEP/GPA Coordination QfJice Physital, Aand Destruction. of Habitats (P:ADH,).,, Regional Overview of the Physical Alteration and Habitat Destruction (PAIMI) in the Western Indian Ocean region Globaf ProWwrtme of Actioii for the Prolection ot th Ma rm Enakonrnni ftom Lanbd Acttvihes ii - Rft Physical Alicration and Destruction of Flabitats ACKOW LEDCE'vI ETS The United Nations Environment Programme acknowledges the financial contribution of the Government of Belgium for enabling the GPA Coordination Office and the Nairobi Convention to undertake the research for and publication of this report under the Physical Alterations and Destruction of Habitats (PADH) programme. The GPA Coordination wishes also to thank the authors of this report and WIOMSA (Western Indian Ocean Marine Sccnce Association) for undertaking the research and the production of the manuscript. 1I_._ - UNEP ©2004 United Nations Environment Programme Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the materials in this document do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The document contains the views expressed by the author(s) acting in their individual capacity and may not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP. The GPA Coordination Office does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational purposes and non- profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided that acknowledgement of the source is made. The GPA Coordination Office would appreciate a copy of any publication that uses this material, or part thereof, as a source. No use of this publication may be made for the resale or for ativ other commercial purposes whatsoever without the prio r permission in writing of UNEP. For additional information contact: The Global Programme of Action for the WIOMSA - Western Indian Ocean Nairobi Convention Protectionof the Marine Environment Marine Science Association Division of from Land-based Activities P.O. Box 3298 Environmental Kortenaerkade I Zanzibar. Tanzania Conventions 2518 AX The Hague Tel: +255 24 223 4597 UN EP The Netherlands Fax: +255 24223 3852 P.O. Box 30552 Tel: +31 70 311 4460 Email: wiomsyahopi Nairobi, Kenya Fax: -1-31 703456648 Website: w Email: Email: g ! Nairobi.Convention Website; wwwgpa.unep.org aunep.org Website: www unep.org/east african For bibliography purposes this document may be cited as: UNEP/GPA and WIOMSA. 2004 "Regional Overview of the Physical Alteration and Habitat Destruction (?ADH) in the Western Indian Ocean region Rei:l Overview of the Physical Alteration and Habitat Destruction (PADH) in the \VcLIj Indian Ocean region LIM WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN MARINE SCIENCE ASSOCIATION (WIOMSA) Wi 1IJSA UNEP G P A if CONTENT Listof Figures ............................................................................................. v I_4ist of 'I'ables ..............................................................................................y List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................ vi I BACKGROUND .................................................................................... I 2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 2 3 I1E1'II 0 DO I_AJ1 \' ................................................................................. 5 4 REGIONAL OVERVIEW ..................................................................... 7 5 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MAJOR ECOSYSTEMS ..... 15 5.1 Mangroves ............................................................................................................ 15 5.2 Seagrass beds ....................................................................................................... 16 5.3 Coral reefs ............................................................................................................ 16 5.4 Shorelines ............................................................................................................. 17 6 REGIONAL DIMENSIONS OF PHYSICAL ALTERATION AND DESTRUCTION OF HABITATS (PADH) ........................................ 19 6.1 Coastal Tourism ................................................................................................... 19 6. 1. 1 General Overview .................................. ....................................................... 19 6.1.2 Socio-economic importance ................................... .... ................................... 20 6. 1.3 Environmental impacts ................................................................................. 23 6.1.4 Legal and institutional frameworks ............................................................... 26 6.1.5 Case studies ............................................................................... ...... .... ......... 27 6.2 Mangrove (in relation to activities such as salt works1 aquaculture, agriculture and mangrove harvesting) ...................................................................................28 6.2,1 General Overview. ......... ................................... ... ....... .... .......... 28 ...... ... .......... 6.2.2 General issues of mangrove destruction in relation to tourism in the WlO region............ ... ... ......... ............................................................................... 32 6.2.3 Soclo-economic importance . .............................................................. ........... 33 6.2.4 Environmental impacts ....................................... .................. ... ..................... 36 6.2.5 Legal and institutional frameworks ............ ...................................... ...... ....... .37 6.2.6 Case studies ...... ........... ............................. ........................................ .. .......... 41 6.3 Ports and Land reclamation and damming of rivers .......................................... 44 6.3.1 General Overview ................................................................. .. ........ ..... ......... 44 6.3.2 General issues of pom-ts, land reclamation and damming of rivcrs in relation to tourism in the WlO region ............................................................................ 47 6.3.3 Socio-economic importance .............................. ............... .... ... .... --- ........... 48 6.3.4 Environmental impacts ................................................................................. 52 6.3.5 Legal and institutional frameworks ............................................................... 54 63.6 Case studies ..................... .. .................... .. ........................ ........................ .....60 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................. 63 7.1 Regional Overview: Coastal Tourism ................................................................. 63 MA 7.2 Regional Overview: Mangrove Destruction .64 7.3 Regional Overview: Ports, Land Reclamation, Mining and Damming of Rivers .................................................................................................. 66 7.4 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 68 7.4. 1 National Reconimendat ions ..........................................................................68 7.4.2 Regional Recommendations .........................................................................70 References/Selected Bibliography ........................................................... 72 List of Figures Figure 1: The process of developing PA 1) 11 Regional Report ...................................................... 5 Figure 2: Map of the WIO region ........ ---- ...... ....... ............................ ....... .... ....... .................... 8 Figure 3: Gross Domestic Product Growth Rates ........................................................................9 Figure 4: Relative Urban and Rural Population Growth 1990-95. .......... ........ ............................ 10 Figure 5 a and b: Aerial photograph of Lower Baniburi in 1964 and 2000, Scale: 1: 12,500......14 Figure6: Regional Tourism ......................................................................................................20 Figure 7: Sand mining in a lagoon.. ..... .................................................. ........ ... ........ .......... ....... 50 List of Tables Table 1: Priority issues selected by sonic of the WlO countries ............. ................. ... .................. 3 Table 2: Socio-economic characteristics of the W10 countries ....................................................8 Table 3: Sites of current and potential mineral exploitation and quarrying in coastal areas of Tanzania...................................................................................................................11 Table 4: Sites of current and potential mineral exploitation and quarrying in coastal areas of Kenya, Madagascar and Mozambique .......................................................................11 Table 5: Area coverage of mangroves and coral reefs by country ..............................................IS Table 6: Number of coral reef species.....
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