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EARLY HISTORY OF V AISHNAV IS M IN SOUTH I NDIA R N A WAM A I Y S . K I SH S I AN GAR , M . A a‘ is r fi A c h P r ofess o r of I Wian H t o y é r ae ology 6 F e llow of th e Madras Univ ers ity Membe r of th e R oy al A sia tic S oc i e ty of Gre a t B ritain <5 I re land F e llow of th e R oy a l H is t o ric al S oc ie ty P rofe sso r (5 S om e time Fe llow of th e My s ore UnQ've rsity R ead e r C a c u tta Uni it v e rs . , l y TH E OXFOR D U I V E R T N S I Y PRESS . L OND ON N E W Y O K , R , TOR ONTO ME L BOUR E , N , BOM BAY A N D MAD R AS . 1 920 P R E F A C E H E c following le tures , presented to the public as the fourth course of Madras University Special L ectures in the Department a r and c a m Indi n Histo y Ar h eology , for ed ” of the subject on which I i nte nded to send a paper to the International Congress of Orient alists was a at d , which to h ve been held Oxfor ! was but for the outbre ak of the War. It suggested as vibrth doing as the result of a dis lc ussion o n the subject which I h ad with Sir G wh o at m was t eorge Grierson , the ti e interes ing himself in the subject; He wanted more of Vaishnava literature sho uld be made known to the E uropean pubh c and suggested the t a a Yatindramatadi ik a a a a o f r nsl tion of p , m nu l a a m and Arth a anc h ak a V ishn vis , the p of Pillai L ok r ac h a y a. The translation work h as been m . in done since , by y friend Mr A . G ov dac h ary a of Mysore ; and the historical part of the u was a a for a a s bject w iting study v rious re sons , a mong which other occupatio n was the principal ontribu § tary . The time ly appe arance of Sir R ’ . Bh andarkar s a a h a m G tre tise on V is n vis , a m and R n S ivis , Minor eligio s made taking up of the subject more urgently me a I s ry . n a review of the work in th of c B a a the Mythic So iety , ng lore , I ind th at I would work up the subj ect so bring to bear upon the question all the th at may be got from sources recently made available . I took advantage o f the occasion offered by the First Oriental Conference a ’ - a R . B h andark ar h i Poon , over which Sir G m self was to h ave presided but was unfortunately prevented from doing so by illness at ‘ the tim ‘ The objection was made in c fértain friend quarters th at it was highly improper th at should have taken up a controversial su this and presented axpape r to a Conference held n . B h nd rk r of S R G . a a a m in honour hi self , ” “ s s c ritic ising h i v iew . The word criticism a a conveys little too often unfortun tely , the s of finding fault which is far from the ac c e p significance of the term . Criticism is of essence of historical research and no o ne is j u fi ed in proceeding o n research work making sure th at th e footing gained al previous work is actually beyond cavil . a t e - e xami be , done only by thorough a a not a the work lre dy done , with vie ix au e h m s a f lt or xhibit s ortco ing only , but to t ke stock of what h as been satisfactorily established ' and what cannot equally satisfac torily be so u an am a l a . h reg rded Wit out s ch ex in tion it wou d , “ be assuming too much to proceed further in a a re se rch work . It is in th t view th at the work was a and h ad undert ken , I not the slightest a doubt , nor do I cherish the le st touch of it d rk r a R . G . Bh an a a m now , th t Sir hi self would r - welcome such a e examination . I t is not want o f respect fo r h im th at prompted the work but muc h rather. the wish to complete the work that he has done in a subject in which such work as he h ad done h ad to be done by him at a a gre t disadvantage . I have no doubt wh at soe ver th at this investigati on will be received in ff as a a the spirit in which it is o ered , critic l study fan . o R . G B a a interesting question , by Sir h nd r k ar h himself . I would appeal to ot er friends who may ch ance to read the bo ok to consider any c riti c ism in th e book in the spirit of the most friendly tigation of the position of other scholars th no f urther object th an the evaluation of tual achievement . I cannot conclude th is e fato ry note better th an by m aking an extract one of the most eminent recent auth orities ‘ su of s L 1 e bject Hi tory , ord Acton Fo r our purpose the main th ing is not th e art a m a a a m r of ccu ul ting m teri l , but the subli e art a o disc ernin tru th ro m of investig ting it , f g f d taint r m d al seh oo and c er o ou bt. f , y f It is by solidity of c ritic is m more than hy t heplenitude ' of erudition th at the study of history streng ” 1 a and . thens , str ightens extends the mind To avoid clumsiness in print transliteration in the body of the book h as been given up . The necessary and the correct pro nou nc iatio n is given in the index whic h the reader is roques to a of or ffi ted consult in c ses doubt di culty . I am grateful to His E xc ellency L ord \V illingdo n for kindly according permission to my insc ribing this c ourse of U niversity L ts me e ectures , the first ; be published by sinc ’ His E xcellency s assu mption of offic e as a of th e U of a a to Ch ncellor niversity M dr s , him as a slight token of my estee m for his sympathy for oriental research . B . I am o bh ge d to Mr . R . Srinivasan th e Y of a a t Work s th e Proprietor the T t Prin ing , for neatness and expeditation with which he put th e work through th e Press . M AD RAS S K RISHNASWAMI A . I YANGAR . 1 ~ S tu o i dy f H story . p . 40 . university of madras Madras Univ e rsity S p e c ial Le c tu re s Fo u rth C o u rse . 23 i h E arly Hist ory o f V aish nav ism n So u t I ndia. h L ec tu re L — a a m a — ' V ishn vis , wh t it is the — subject the stage re ached by research work. — upon this by previous work Sir R . G , ’ ‘ B h andark ar s a a m a m. work V ishn vis , S ivis and rR E nc l ae dia o f mino eligions —in the y p I ndo - Aryan Research Alvars and Ach aryas . ’ - . Bh andark ar previous to R amanuja Sir R . G s - — views his general position R ecognised order - L . ec tu re I I . The specific question of Alvar — — K ulasek h ara his age evidence upon which Sir R . G . Bh andark ar bases his concl usions — evaluation of th e evidence another similar - — view wh o was K ulasek h ara evidence of his . — ! o wn works at wh at period we may h ave to xii — look for him evidence of literature and — inscriptions c h ro nologIc al order of the Alvars . L ec tu re I I I . N am Alvar the last of i— t hem all Arguments in support of th l S posi — — t ion other views general po sI tion of this — Alvar - his works th e name Tiruv ay moli and — its explanation the school of Bh ak tim S aiv ism — looked upon as collaborator Tiruv iruttam a nd Tiruv a moli— a a c a y O ther Alv rs , p rti ul rly — — Pe riy alv ar evidence of his works probable ag e .

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